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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/floraofnorthwestOOpiperich 


FLORA  OF  THE 
NORTHWEST  COAST 


INCLUDING  THE  AREA  WEST  OF  THE  SUMMIT  OF 
THE  CASCADE  MOUNTAINS  FROM  THE  FORTY-NINTH 
PARALLEL  SOUTH  TO  THE  CALAPOOIA  MOUNTAINS 
ON  THE  SOUTH  BORDER  OF  LANE  COUNTY,  OREGON. 


BY 

CHARLES  V.  PIPER 

PROFESSOR   OF    BOTANY,    THE   STATE   COLLEGE   OF   WASHINGTON,    1893-1903. 


AND 

R.  KENT  BEATTIE 

PROFESSOR   OF    BOTANY,    THE   STATE   COLLEGE   OF   WASHINGTON,    I903-I912. 


PRESS  OF 

THE  NEW  ERA  PRINTING  COMPANY 

LANCASTER,  PA. 


I9I5 


Copyright,  1915-  by 
C.  V.  Piper  and  R.  Kent  Beattie 


Issued  November  lo,  igi5 


V 


■i< 


4 


P 


^ 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  region  covered  by  this  flora  is  that  lying  between  the  summit  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  from  the  49th  parallel  of  latitude 
across  the  southern  portion  of  Vancouver  Island,  south  to  the  headwaters 
of  the  Willamette  River  or,  more  specifically,  to  the  southern  boundary  of 
Lane  County,  Oregon,  marked  in  part  by  the  Calapooia  Mountains.  In  the 
Umpqua  Valley  just  south  of  these  mountains,  many  California  plants  reach 
their  northern  limits;  while  in  the  Rogue  River  Valley,  the  next  southward, 
the  flora  is  predominantly  Californian. 

The  northern  boundary  chosen  is,  from  a  botanical  standpoint,  purely 
artificial.  Naturally,  as  marked  by  the  northern  limit  of  the  characteristic 
lowland  trees,  it  would  extend  to  about  latitude  54°,  that  is,  nearly  to  the 
southernmost  extremity  of  Alaska. 

In  general  the  flora  below  5,000  feet  altitude  is  characterized  by  dense 
coniferous  forests,  the  commonest  tree  being  the  Douglas  spruce.  Along  the 
narrow  river  valleys,  however,  the  tree  flora  is  in  large  part  made  up  of  de- 
ciduous trees,  such  as  alder,  cottonwood,  and  maple.  The  only  break  in  this 
continuous  forest  cover  consisted  originally  of  a  series  of  prairies  extending 
from  the  upper  Willamette  Valley  northward  to  Vancouver  Island.  North 
of  the  head  of  Puget  Sound,  however,  these  prairies  are  small  and  are  limited 
in  the  main  to  the  extremities  of  points  and  to  a  portion  of  the  islands  in  the 
Sound.  In  Washington  these  prairies  are  all  gravelly  and  are  mainly  the 
deposit  of  glacial  streams.  In  the  Willamette  Valley  they  appear  at  least 
in  part  to  have  been  due  to  the  periodic  burning  of  the  dry  grass  by  the  Indians. 

The  flora  of  the  region  may  be  classified  into  four  life  zones: 

The  Humid  Transition  zone  includes  the  great  forests  of  Douglas  spruce, 
as  well  as  the  included  prairie  regions.  Other  characteristic  trees  are  giant 
cedar,  red  alder,  broadleaf  maple  and  Scouler  willow.  Along  the  seacoast 
the  Sitka  spruce  is  abundant,  accompanied  by  other  northern  plants.  This 
coastal  strip  may  be  looked  upon  as  a  southward  extension  of  the  Canadian 
zone  rather  than  as  typical  Humid  Transition. 

The  Canadian  zone  is  not  sharply  limited.  Such  trees  as  western  white 
pine,  amabilis  fir,  and  Engelmann  spruce  mark  it  best.  Western  hemlock 
is  particularly  abundant  in  this  zone  but  also  descends  to  sea  leveH 

The  Hudsonian  zone  is  indicated  by  subalpine  fir,  Alaska  cedar,  black 
hemlock,  and  white-bark  pine.  At  their  extreme  altitudinal  limits  all  of  these 
become  prostrate  mats  of  branches. 

The  Arctic  zone  consists  of  the  alpine  flora  above  the  limits  of  trees. 

From  a  botanical  standpoint  the  region  is  of  unusual  interest  on  account 
of  its  magnificent  coniferous  forests,  its  wonderful  mountain  meadows,  and 
the  large  percentage  of  species  that  are  peculiar  to  its  flora.     The  extensive 


iv  INTRODUCTION. 

systems  of  high  mountains  within  its  limits  contain  a  very  varied  flora  and 
provide  a  wide  field  for  further  botanical  explorations.  Without  doubt  these 
mountains  contain  many  species  of  plants  new  to  botanists,  while  many  others 
as  yet  are  known  from  but  single  collections.  The  lack  of  a  suitable  handbook 
has  doubtless  deterred  many  from  studying  the  plants  of  the  region.  If  this 
book  shall  stimulate  greater  activity  and  interest  in  its  flora,  the  authors  will 
feel  amply  repaid  for  their  labors. 

The  material  upon  which  this  flora  is  based  is  mainly  that  contained  in 
the  herbarium  of  the  State  College  of  Washington.  Thanks  are  due  to  the 
officials  of  that  institution  for  encouragement  and  support  in  the  preparation 
of  this  volume. 


ANALYTICAL   KEYS  TO  THE   FAMILIES. 

Plants  with  woody  bundles,  reproducing 

by  spores.  Phylum  PTERIDOPHYTA,  v. 

Plants  with  woody  bundles,  reproducing 

by  seeds.  Phylum  SPERMATOPHYTA,  v. 

Phylum  PTERIDOPHYTA. 

Leaves  few,  large;  stems  mostly  underground. 

Leaves  4-foliolate,  clover-like;  spore  cases  in  closed 

pod-like  sporocarps.  Marsileaceae,  10. 

Leaves  not  4-foliolate;  spore  cases  not  in  sporo- 
carps. 
Spore  cases  in  the  tissue  of  a  prominent  and 

distinct  fertile  lobe  of  the  leaf.  Ophioglossaceae,  8. 

Spore  cases  formed  of  outgrowths  from  the 

surface  of  the  leaf.  Polypodiaceae,  1. 

Leaves   numerous,   small;   stems  aerial   and   under- 
ground. 
Leaves  whorled;  stems  jointed,  hollow.  Equisetaceae,  11. 

Leaves  not  whorled;  stems  not  jointed,  solid. 
Spore  case  in  the  enlarged  base  of  the  leaf; 

stems  short,  corm-like.  Isoetaceae,  15. 

Spore    case    in   the    axil    of    the    leaf;    stems 
elongated. 
Spores  all  alike.  Lycopodiaceae,  13. 

Spores  of  two  kinds,  large  and  small.  Selaginellaceae,  14. 

Phylum  SPERMATOPHYTA. 

Ovules  and  seeds  not  in  a  closed  cavity,  usually  on  the  face  of  an  open  scale- 
leaf;  stigmas  none.  Class  Gymnospermae,  v. 
Ovules  and  seeds  contained  in  a  closed  cavity  surrounded  by  one  or  more 
closed  and  modified  leaves  forming  an  ovary;  stigmas  present. 
Cotyledon  one;  stem  with  no  distinction  into  bark,  wood  and  pith  {endog- 
enous);   leaves    usually   parallel-veined;    parts   of    the   flowers   nearly 
always  in  threes.  Sub-class  Monocotyledones,  v. 
Cotyledons   two;   stem   (with  rare  exceptions)   of  bark,  wood  and   pith 
{exogenous);   leaves  usually  net-veined;   parts  of  the  flower  in  fours, 
fives  or  sixes,  never  in  threes.                 Sub-class  Dicotyledones,  vi. 

Class  GYMNOSPERMAE. 
Fruit  a  cone.  Pinaceae,  17. 

Fruit  drupe-like.  Taxaceae,  16. 

Class  ANGIOSPERMAE. 

Sub-class  MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Plants  small,  floating,  with  no  distinction  of  stem 
.  and  leaves.  Lemnaceae,  86. 

Plants  with  normal  foliage. 


VI 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 


Inflorescence  a  fleshy  spadix. 
Inflorescence  not  a  fleshy  spadix. 

Perianth  none,  or  of  bristles,  chaflfy  scales 
or  a  hyaline  envelope. 
Flowers  in  the  axils  of  chaffy  bracts. 
Stems  mostly  hollow,  jointed;  leaves 

2-ranked. 
Stems  solid;  leaves  3-ranked. 
Flowers  not  in  the  axils  of  chaffy  bracts. 
Perianth  herbaceous  or  none. 
Carpels  1-5,  separate. 
Carpels  3  or  6,  united  into  a  com- 
pound ovary. 
Perianth  of  bristles  or  chaffy  scales. 
Flowers    in    terminal    cylindrical 

spikes. 
Flowers  in  axillary  globular  heads. 
Perianth  present,  the  parts  glume-  or  petal- 
like. 
Perianth  of  glume-like  segments. 
Perianth  at  least  in  part  petal-like. 
Carpels  distinct. 
Carpels  united. 
Ovary  superior. 

Flowers  more  or  less  irregular, 

surrounded  by  a  spathe. 
Flowers    regular,    without    a 
spathe. 
Ovary  inferior. 

Aquatic  plants;  flowers  dioe- 
cious or  polygamous. 
Terrestrial    plants;        flowers 
perfect. 
Flowers  regular. 
Flowers  irregular. 


Araceae,  85. 


POACEAE,  31. 

Cyperaceae,  65. 


Najadaceae,  25. 
Scheuchzeriaceae,  29. 


Typhaceae,  23. 
Sparganiaceae,  24. 


JUNCACEAE,  87.  J 

Alismaceae,  30.  i 

I 
PONTEDERIACEAE,  86. 

LiLIACEAE,  92.  \ 

\ 

Hydrocharitaceae,  30.  ! 

i 
Iridaceae,  104.  ' 

Orchidaceae,  106.  ! 


Sub-class  DICOTYLEDONES. 

I.    Petals  Distinct  to  the  Base  or  Wanting. 

A.     Petals  None. 

Plants  parasitic  or  saprophytic  and  usually  with- 
out chlorophyll. 
Flowers  dioecious;  stamens  2-6.  Loranthaceae, 

Flowers  perfect;  stamens  10.  Allotropa,  271. 

Plants  neither  parasitic  nor  saprophytic  but  hav- 
ing chlorophyll. 
Trees  or  shrubs. 

Leaves  small,   linear  or  scale-like;  plants 

heath-like. 
Leaves  large;  plants  not  heath-like. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Leaves  silvery-scurfy. 
Leaves  not  silvery-scurfy. 

Fruit  a  drupe.  Garrya,  269. 

Fruit  a  samara. 


122. 


Empetraceae,  232. 


Elaeagnaceae,  244. 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 


vil 


Fruit   2-celled,   a  double  sa- 
mara. 
Fruit  1-celled,  a  single  samara. 
Leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  not  in  aments. 
Flowers  or  some  of  them  in  aments. 
Staminate    flowers    in    aments; 
pistillate    flowers     1-3     in    a 
cluster. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers 
both  in  aments. 
Ovary  1-celled,  many-ovuled; 

calyx  not  present. 
Ovary    1-2-celled,    each    cell 
1-ovuled. 
Pistillate  flowers  2-3  un- 
der each    scale   of   the 
ament;  fruit  not  waxy; 
calyx  present. 
Pistillate  flowers  1  under 
each  scale  of  the  ament; 
fruit    waxy;    calyx   not 
present. 
Herbs  (sometimes  woody  at  base). 
Leaves  opposite. 

Flowers  monoecious. 

Ovary  1-celled;  stamens  2-5. 
Ovary  more  than  1-celled;  stamen  1. 
Ovary  4-celled. 
Ovary  3-celled. 
Flowers  perfect. 
Leaves  fleshy. 
Leaves  not  fleshy. 
Style  1. 

Calyx  petal-like. 
Calyx  not  petal-like. 
Styles  2-5. 

Disk  conspicuous;  ovules  on 

2  parietal  placentae. 
Disk     not     conspicuous,     if 
present;  ovules  on  a  basal 
or  central  placenta. 
Leaves  not  opposite. 
Leaves  whorled. 

Calyx  present,  closely  investing  the 

ovary. 
Calyx  none. 
Leaves  not  whorled. 
Flowers  monoecious. 

Ovary  3-celled,  3-ovuled. 
Ovary  1-celled,  l-ovuled. 

Flowers  with  scarious  bracts. 
Flowers     bractless,      or,      if 
bracted,     the    bracts    not 
scarious. 
Flowers  perfect  or  dioecious. 
Pistils  more  than  one. 


aceraceae,  235. 
Oleaceae,  287. 

Rhamnus,  236. 
Fagaceae,  121. 
Salicaceae,  112. 

Betulaceae,  119. 
Myricaceae,  118. 

Urticaceae,  122. 

Callitrichaceae,  231. 
euphorbiaceae,  230. 

Glaux,  285. 


Nyctaginaceae,  135. 
Isnardia,  247. 


Chrysosplenium,  193. 
Caryophyllaceae,  141. 


Haloragidaceae,  253. 
Ceratophyllaceae,  151. 


EUPHORBIACEAE,  230. 

Amaranthaceae,  134. 
Chenopodiaceae,  132. 


via 


EY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 


Stamens  perigynous. 
Stamens  hypogynous. 
Pistil  one. 

Anthers  opening  by  uplifted 

valves. 
Anthers  not  opening  by  up- 
lifted valves. 
Ovary  more  than  1-celled. 
Ovary  2-celled. 
Ovary   more   than    2- 
celled. 
Ovary  6-celled. 
Ovary  3-5-celled. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Ovary  partly  inferior. 
Flowers  on  a  scape. 
Flowers  on  a  leafy 
stem. 
Ovary  superior. 
Fruit  an  akene. 
Akene  enclosed 
in      the     re- 
ceptacle. 
Akene   not  en- 
closed in  the 
receptacle. 
Fruit  not  an  akene. 
Fruit  a  utricle. 
Fruit  a  capsule. 
Stamens  8. 
Stamens  5. 


rosaceae,  197. 
Ranunculaceae,  151. 


Achlys,  164. 


Cruciferae,  166. 


Aristolochiaceae,  124. 

AlZOACEAE,  136. 


Heuchera,  196. 
Santalaceae,  124. 


RoSACEAE,  197. 
POLYGONACEAE,  125. 

Chenopodiaceae,  132. 

Chrysosplenium,  193. 
Claytonia,  139. 


B.     Petals  Present. 

1.  Stamens  numerous,  at  least  more  than  ten 
sepals  or  calyx-lobes. 

Calyx  free  and  separate  from  the  ovary. 
Pistils  more  than  one. 

Ovaries  cohering  in  a  ring  around  a  central 

axis. 
Ovaries  separate,  or,  if  united,  not  cohering 
in  a  ring  around  a  central  axis. 
Stamens  perigynous. 
Stamens  hypogynous. 

Aquatic  plants;  leaves  not  dissected. 
Terrestrial  plants,  or,  if  aquatic,  the 
submersed  leaves  dissected. 
Pistil  one,  with  one  to  several  styles  and  stig- 
mas. 
Leaves    minutely    punctate    with    pellucid 

dots. 
Leaves  not  punctate  with  pellucid  dots. 
Ovary  simple. 

Stamens  hypogynous. 
Stamens  perigynous. 
Ovary  compound. 


and  more  than  twice  the 


Malvaceae,  238. 

Rosace  AE,  197. 
Nymphaeaceae,  150. 
Ranunculaceae,  151. 

Hypericaceae,  239. 


Ranunculaceae,  151. 
RoSACEAE,  197. 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 


IX 


Ovary   1-celled   with   a  central   pla- 
centa. 
Ovary  several-celled. 
Ovary  5-celled. 
Ovary  10-20-celled. 
Calyx  more  or  less  coherent  with  the  surface  of  the 
compound  ovary. 
Ovary  more  than  1-celled. 

Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules. 
Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Placenta  basal;  plants  leafy. 
Placenta   parietal;    plants   leafless   or   with 
minute  leaves. 


portulacaceae,  136. 

oxalidaceae,  229. 
Nymphaeaceae,  150. 


ROSACEAE,  197. 

Philadelphus,  188. 
portulacaceae,  136. 
Cactaceae,  244. 


2.  Stamens  not  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 


Stamens  opposite  the  petals. 
Ovary  2-4-celled. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 
Anthers  not  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 
Stamens  not  opposite  the  petals. 
Ovary  at  least  half  inferior. 

Ovules  and  seeds  more  than  one  in  each  cell 

of  the  ovary. 
Ovules  and  seeds  but  one  in  each  cell  of  the 
ovary. 
Petals  5. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  flowers  in  corymbs. 
Herbs;  flowers  in  umbels  or  heads. 
Petals  2  or  4. 

Stamens  4;  fruit  a  drupe. 
Stamens  2  or  8;  fruit  indehiscent  and 
nut-  or  bur-like. 
Style  1;  stigma  2-4-lobed. 
Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  4. 
Ovary  wholly  superior. 
Ovaries  two  or  more. 

Ovaries  somewhat   united  at  the  base, 
separate  above. 
Trees. 
Herbs. 
Ovaries  entirely  separate. 
Stamens  hypogynous. 
Carpels  numerous. 
Carpels  4  or  5. 
Stamens  perigynous  or  epipetalous. 
Stamens  just  twice  as  many  as  the 

pistils. 
Stamens  not  just  twice  as  many 
as  the  pistils. 
Leaves  without  stipules. 
Leaves  with  stipules. 
Ovary  only  one. 

Ovary    3-5-lobed    and    beaked    with    a 
united  style. 


Rhamnaceae,  236. 

Berberidaceae,  163. 
portulacaceae,  136. 


Onagraceae,  246. 


Crataegus,  200. 
Umbelliferae,  255. 

Cornaceae,  268. 


Onagraceae,  246. 
Haloragidaceae,  253. 


Aceraceae,  235. 
Saxifragaceae,  184. 


Ranunculaceae,  151. 
Crassulaceae,  182. 


Crassulaceae,  182. 


Saxifragaceae,  184. 

RoSACEAE,  197. 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 


Carpels  5;  stipules  present. 

Carpels  2-4;  stipules  none. 

Ovary  neither  lobed  nor  beaked. 

Ovary  simple  with  1  parietal  placenta. 
Ovary  compound,  as  shown  by  the 
number     of     cells,     placentae, 
styles  or  stigmas. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Corolla  irregular. 

Stamens  6;  petals  4. 
Stamens  and  petals  5. 
Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so. 
Ovule  1. 

Shrubs  or  trees. 
Herbs. 
Ovules  more  than  1. 

Placenta      central      or 

basal. 
Placentae  parietal. 
Leaves         punctate 
with  pellucid  dots. 
Leaves    not    punc- 
tate. 
Plants  not  green, 
parasitic       or 
saprophytic. 
Plants        green, 
neither 
parasitic 
nor   sapro- 
phytic. 
Leaves    with 
bristly 
glandular 
hairs, 

forming  in- 
sect traps. 
Leaves  with- 
out bristly 
glandular 
hairs. 
Ovary  2-several-celled. 

Stamens  neither  just  as  many 
nor  twice  as  many  as  the 
petals. 
Trees  or  shrubs. 
Stamens  2. 

Stamens  more  than  2. 
Herbs. 

Stamens  6,   tetradyna- 

mous. 
Stamens  5,  regular. 
Stamens  either  just  as  many 
or  twice  as  many  as  the 
petals. 
Ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell 
of  the  ovary. 


Geraniacpae,  228. 

LiMNANTHACEAE,  232. 

Leguminosae,  212. 


Papaveraceae,  164. 

ViOLACEAE,  241. 


Anacardiaceae,  233. 
Cruciferae,  166. 


Caryophyllaceae,  141. 
Hypericaceae,  239. 

Pyrolaceae,  270. 


Droseraceae,  182. 


Saxifragaceae,  184. 


Oleaceae,  287. 
aceraceae,  235. 


Cruciferae,  166. 
Balsaminaceae,  236. 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 


XI 


Herbs. 

Geraniaceae,  228. 

Shrubs  or  trees. 

Leaves      pinnately- 

veined;  shrubs. 

Celastraceae,  234. 

'■', 

Leaves     palmately- 

veined;  trees. 

ACERACEAE,  235. 

Ovules     several-many     in 

each  cell  of  the  ovary. 

Leaves    opposite,    with 

1 

stipules. 

Elatinaceae,  241. 

Leaves,  when  opposite, 

without  stipules. 

\ 

Stamens  on  thecalyx. 

1 

Style  I. 

Lythraceae,  245. 

Styles  2  or  3. 

Saxifragaceae,  184. 

Stamens    free    from 

the  calyx. 

Style  I. 

Herbs. 

Pyrolaceae,  270. 

Shrubs. 

Ericaceae,  275. 

Styles  2-5. 

ii 

Stamens  and 

1 

calyx    uni- 

ted to  the 

^ 

ovary. 

Araliaceae,  254. 

i 

Stamens  and 

calyx 

free 

from 

1 

the 

■i 

ovary. 

.; 

Leaves 

trifolio- 

late. 

OXALIDACEAE,  229. 

Leaves 

i 
1 

simple. 

Caryophyllaceae,  141. 

1 1.     Petals  More  or  Less  United  into  One  Piece. 


Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  corolla-lobes. 
Ovary  1 -celled. 

White  or  reddish  chlorophyll-less  parasitic 

or  saprophytic  herbs. 
Green  chlorophyll-bearing  herbs,  not  para- 
sitic nor  saprophytic. 
Ovary  with  1  parietal  placenta. 
Ovary  with  2  parietal  placentae. 
Ovary  3-many-celled. 

Stamens  united  with  the  base  of  the  corolla. 
Stamens  free  from  the  corolla. 

Chlorophyll-less  parasitic  or  saprophytic 

herbs. 
Chlorophyll-bearing  herbs,  not  parasitic 
nor  saprophytic. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  or  fewer. 
Stamens  opposite  the  corolla-lobes. 

Style    1;    fruit   a   several   to    many-seeded 

capsule. 
Styles  5;  fruit  a  1-seeded  utricle. 


Pyrolaceae,  270. 


Leguminosae,  212. 
Papaveraceae,  164. 

Malvaceae,  238. 


Pyrolaceae,  270. 
Ericaceae,  275. 


Primulaceae,  283. 
Plumbaginaceae,  286. 


Xll 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 


Stamens  alternate   with    the   corolla-lobes   or 
fewer. 
Ovary  inferior. 

Tendril-bearing  herbs. 
Tendrils  none. 

Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head  on  a 
common  receptacle. 
Anthers    united    into   a    ring   or 

tube  (syngenesious). 
Anthers  not  united. 
Flowers  not  in  an  involucrate  head 
nor  on  a  common  receptacle. 
Stamens  on  the  ovary. 
Stamens  on  the  corolla. 
Stamens  1-3. 
Stamens  4  or  5. 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled, 
when  opposite  with  stip- 
ules. 
Leaves  opposite,   without 
stipules. 
Ovary  superior. 

Corolla  more  or  less  irregular. 

Ovules  solitary  in  the  cells  of  the 
ovary. 
Ovary  4-lobed,   the  style  rising 

from  between  the  lobes. 
Ovary  not  lobed,  the  style  rising 
from  its  apex. 
Ovules  2  or  more,  usually  numerous, 
in  each  cell. 
Ovary  and  pod  2-celled. 
Ovary  and  pod  1-celled. 

Chlorophyll-less        terrestrial 

herbs. 
Chlorophyll-bearing     aquatic 
herbs. 
Corolla  regular. 

Stamens  fewer  than  the  corolla-lobes. 
Trees  or  shrubs. 
Herbs. 

Corolla  scarious. 
Corolla  not  scarious. 
Style  2-lobed. 
Style  simple. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes. 
Ovaries  2,  separate. 
Ovary  I. 

Ovary  deeply  4-lobed  around 
the  style. 
Leaves  alternate. 
Leaves  opposite. 
Ovary  not  deeply  lobed. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Leaves  entire,  opposite. 
Leaves     alternate     or 
basal,   rarely  en- 
tire. 


CUCUREITACEAE,  341. 


COMPOSITAE,  345. 
DiPSACACEAE,  341. 


Campanulaceae,  342. 
Valerianaceae,  339. 

RUBIACEAE,  334. 

Caprifoliaceae,  336. 


Labiatae,  306. 
Verbenaceae,  305. 

scrophulariaceae,  315. 

Orobanchaceae,  330. 
Lentibulariaceae,  332. 

Oleaceae,  287. 

Plantaginaceae,  333. 

Lycopus,  307. 
Veronica,  322. 

Apocynaceae,  290. 


BORAGINACEAE,  299. 

Mentha,  308. 


Gentianaceae,  287. 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 


Xlll 


Corolla      conspicu- 
ously bearded  on 
the     upper     sur- 
face. 
Corolla  not  conspic- 
uously bearded. 
Ovary  2  or  more  celled. 
Stamens  free  from  the 

corolla. 
Stamens  on  the  corolla- 
tube. 
Stamens  4. 
Stamens  5. 

Fruit    a    many- 
seeded  pod  or 
berry. 
Fruit      a      few- 
seeded  pod. 
Style  3-lobed. 
Style     undi- 
vided 
or2- 
cleft. 
Whitish 
or  yel- 
low 

chloro- 
phyll- 
less 
plants. 
Green 
plants. 


Menyanthaceae,  289. 
Hydrophyllaceae,  297. 

Ericaceae,  275. 

Plantaginaceae,  333. 

solanaceae,  314. 
Polemoniaceae,  292. 


CUSCUTACEAE,  291. 
CONVOLVULACEAE,  290. 


Flora  of  the  Northwest  Coast 


PHYLUM  I.  PTERIDOPHYTA.     Fern  Plants. 

Plant  containing  woody  tissue  and  vessels  in  the  stem 
and  producing  spores  asexually  which,  on  germination, 
develop  very  small  structures  called  prothallia,  on  which 
are  borne  the  sexual  reproductive  organs  from  which  the 
asexual  plant  is  developed.  The  sexual  plant  is  rarely 
collected,  and  the  classification  is  based  mainly  on  the 
characters  of  the  asexual  plant. 

Class  I.     FILICINEAE. 

Plant  highly  organized,  vascular,  with  green  usually 
large  leaves;  spores  borne  within  the  tissue  of,  or  in  modi- 
fied hairs  on,  modified  or  unmodified  foliage  leaves;  stem 
solid,  underground  (in  ours). 

Family  1.     POLYPODIACEAE.     Fern  Family. 

Sporangia  stalked,   surrounded  by  a  more  or  less  complete 

vertical  annulus  and  bursting  transversely;  fruit  dots  on  the 

backs  or  the  margins  of  the  leaves,  with  or  without  indusia. 

Indusium  none. 

Fruit  dots  usually  linear,  obscured  by  a  powder 

on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaf.  1.  Ceropteris,  2. 

Fruit  dots  roundish,  not  obscured  by  a  powder. 

Leaves  entire  or  simply  pinnate.  2.  Polypodium,  2. 

Leaves  bipinnatifid  or  ternate.  3.  Phegopteris,  3. 

Indusium  present. 

Fruit  dots  with  marginal  false  indusia  formed  of 
the  more  or  less  altered  edge  of  the  leaf. 
Sporangia  on  a  marginal  vein  which  connects 

the  ends  of  the  lateral  veins.  4.  Pteridium,  4. 

Sporangia  at  or  near  the  ends  of  unconnected 
veins. 
False  indusium  continuous.  5.  Cryptogramma,  4. 

False  indusium  not  continuous. 

Fruit  dots  large,  on  a  reflexed  portion 

of  the  margin  of  the  leaf.  6.  Adiantum,  4. 

Fruit    dots    minute,    finally    running 
together    and    covering    the     leaf- 
2  I 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


segments  which  are  small  and  bead- 
like (in  ours). 
Fruit  dots  on  the  lower  surface  or  margin  of  the 
leaf,  each  with  a  special  indusium. 
Fruit  dots  linear  or  oblong;  indusium  more 
than  twice  as  long  as  broad. 
Fruit  dots  all  parallel  with  the  midribs. 
Veins  free. 

Veins  forming  a  network. 
Fruit  dots  all  oblique  to  the  midribs. 

Fruit  dots  straight,  on  the  upper  side 

of  the  veins. 
Fruit  dots  curved,  often  crossing  the 
vein. 
Fruit  dots  roundish;  indusium  less  than  twice 
as  long  as  broad. 
Indusium  conspicuous,  centrally  attached. 
Indusium  rotund  and  attached  at  its 

center. 
Indusium  heart-shaped  and  attached 
at  the  middle  of  the  sinus. 
Indusium  inconspicuous,  not  attached  at 
the  center. 
Indusium  hood-like  or  arched,  attached 
by  a  broad  base  on  the  inner  side 
partly    under    the    fruit-dot,    early 
withering. 
Indusium   rotund    or  star-shaped,  at- 
tached under  the  fruit-dot. 


7.  Cheilanthes,  5. 


8.  Struthiopteris,  5. 

9.  woodwardia,  5. 


10.  asplenium,  6. 

11.  Athyrium,    6. 


12.  polystichum,  6. 

13.  Dryopteris,  7. 


14.  FiLix,  8. 

15.  WOODSIA,  8. 


1.   CEROPTERIS. 

Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  following  the  course  of  the  vein- 
lets,  and  like  them  simple,  forked,  pinnate  or  variously  anasto- 
mosing, obscured  by  a  yellowish  or  white  powder  on  the  back  of 
the  leaf  (in  ours) ;  indusia  wanting. 

Ceropteris  triangularis  (Kaulf.)  Underw.  {Gymnogramme  triangularis 
Kaulf.)  Gold-back  Fern.  Stalks  tufted,  slender,  dark  brown,  shiny,  15-30  cm. 
long;  blades  triangular  or  pentagonal,  5-12  cm.  broad  and  long,  pinnate; 
lower  divisions  largest,  bipinnatifid,  the  others  pinnately  lobed;  under  surface 
of  the  leaf  covered  with  a  yellow  powder. 

Crevices  of  rocks,  mostly  near  the  sea  coast.  Vancouver  Island  to  Cali- 
fornia and  Arizona.  Nanaimo,  Mount  Finlayson,  Victoria,  San  Juan  Island, 
Port  Angeles,  Eatonville.     More  common  on  the  Oregon  coast. 


2.   POLYPODIUM. 

Fruit  dots  round,  without  indusia,  on  the  back  of  the  leaf, 
in  one  or  more  rows  on  each  side  of  the  midrib,  or  irregularly 
scattered;  petioles  jointed  to  the  root-stock. 

Leaves  leathery;  veins  more  or  less  netted.  P.  scouleri. 
Leaves  membranous;  veins  free. 

Leaflets  attenuate,  acute  or  acuminate.  P.  occidentale. 

Leaflets  short,  obtuse.  P.  hesperium. 


POLYPODIACEAE.  3 

Polypodium  scouleri  Hook.  &  Grev.  Leather-leaf  Polypody,  Rootstock 
stout,  scaly,  not  licorice-flavored;  leaves  large,  fleshy,  6-30  cm.  long,  5-15  cm. 
wide;  divisions  obtuse,  the  lower  ones  largest. 

On  trees  and  rocks  along  the  ocean  coast,  Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

Polypodium  occidentale  (Hook.)  Maxon.  (P. /a/ca/«w  Kellogg.)  Licorice- 
root  Fern.  Leaf-stalks  pale  green,  10-20  cm.  long;  blades  thin,  20-40  cm. 
long,  8-12  cm.  wide,  divided  to  the  midrib;  divisions  lanceolate,  broadest  at 
the    base,  sharply  serrate,   attenuate-acuminate;    veins   mostly  4-branched. 

Common  in  moss  on  rocks,  logs  and  trees,  Alaska  to  California.  The 
rootstocks  taste  much  like  licorice,  and  are  eaten  by  children.  Occasionally 
the  divisions  of  the  leaf  are  deeply  cleft. 

Polypodium  hesperium  Maxon.  Leaves  small,  5-15  cm.  long,  including 
the  stalk;  divisions  few,  short  and  obtuse. 

In  crevices  of  rocks,  especially  in  the  mountains.  British  Columbia  to 
Montana  and  Arizona.     The  rootstocks  taste  like  licorice. 

3.  PHEGOPTERIS.     Beech  Fern. 

Medium  sized  or  small  ferns;  leaves  twice  to  thrice  pinnate  or 
ternate;  leaf-stalk  continuous  with  the  rootstock;  fruit  dots 
small,  round,  without  an  indusium,  borne  on  the  backs  of  the 
veins  below  or  near  their  ends;  veins  free  or  reticulate. 

United  by  some  botanists  with  Dryopteris. 

Plant  densely  tufted;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  tripinnatifid.      P.  alpestris. 
Plant  spreading  by  rootstocks;  leaves  triangular. 

Leaves  bipinnatifid;  rachis  winged.  P.  phegopteris. 

Leaves  ternate,  the  stalked  divisions  pinnate  or  bipinnate; 

rachis  wingless.  P.  dryopteris. 

Phegopteris  alpestris  (Hoppe)  Mett.  In  crown-like  tufts;  rootstock 
short,  stout;  leaf-stalks  10-25  cm.  long,  bearing  a  few  brown  scales;  blades 
oblong-lanceolate,  30-60  cm.  long,  tripinnatifid;  ultimate  divisions  ovate- 
lanceolate,   doubly  incised   and  toothed. 

Common  in  rock  talus  in  the  mountains  at  1500  -2000  m.  elevation.  British 
Columbia  to  Montana  and  California.     Eurasia. 

Phegopteris  phegopteris  (L.)  Keyserling.  Rootstocks  creeping;  leaf-stalks 
15-20  cm.  long;  blades  triangular,  longer  than  broad,  10-20  cm.  long,  pubes- 
cent on  the  veins  beneath;  divisions  lanceolate,  pinnately  parted  into  many 
oblong  obtuse  lobes  or  segments. 

Alaska  to  Greenland,  south  to  Washington,  Iowa  and  Virginia.  Rare  in 
our  limits.  Monte  Cristo,  Misses  Coffin  &  Goodspeed.  Gorge  of  the 
Columbia  River,  Skamania  County,  Suksdorf. 

Phegopteris  dryopteris  (L.)  Fee.  Rootstock  slender,  horizontally  creeping; 
petioles  15-25  cm.  tall,  pale  straw-colored,  shiny,  bearing  a  few  brownish 
scales  toward  the  base;  blades  broadly  triangular  in  outline,  10-20  cm.  wide, 
ternate,  the  lateral  primary  divisions  bipinnate,  the  terminal  usually  tripinnate, 
all  naked  at  the  base;  pinnae  oblong,  2-5  cm.  long,  glabrous,  pinnately-cleft 
or  divided  into  15-25  obtuse  lobes;  fruit  dots  near  the  margin,  on  the  ends  of 
free  veins. 

In  woods,  especially  at  400-1000  m.  elevation,  but  occasionally  near  sea 
level.     Alaska  to  Oregon;  widely  distributed  in  the  northern  hemisphere. 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


4.  PTERIDIUM. 


Large,  mostly  coarse  ferns,  with  variously  divided  leaves; 
fruit  dots  marginal,  linear,  continuous  on  a  slender  thread-like 
receptacle  which  connects  the  tips  of  free  veins;  false  indusium 
membranous,  formed  of  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  leaf. 

Pteridium  aquilinum  pubescens  Underw.  Bracken  or  Brake.  Root- 
stock  stout,  black,  subterranean,  horizontally-creeping;  petioles  30-120  cm. 
high,  erect,  pale-green  or  straw-colored ;  leaf-blades  60-120  cm.  long,  30-90  cm. 
wide,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath,  ternate,  the  three  branches  each 
bipinnate;  ultimate  segments  oblong,  acutish,  mostly  entire,  the  uppermost 
coalescent,  the  lower  more  or  less  lobed. 

Common  and  difficult  to  eradicate  from  newly  tilled  land.  In  rich  woods 
this  fern  is  sometimes  eight  feet  tall.  British  Columbia  to  California  and 
Arizona. 

5.   CRYPTOGRAMMA. 

Spore-cases  on  the  back  of  the  free  forking  veins,  forming 
oblong  or  roundish  fruit-dots,  which  at  length  run  together 
and  cover  the  backs  of  the  smallest  subdivisions  of  the  leaf; 
indusium  continuous,  formed  of  the  membranous  somewhat 
altered  margin  of  the  leaf,  at  first  reflexed  along  the  two  sides 
and  meeting  at  the  midrib,  at  length  opening  out  flat. 

Margins  of  the  fertile  leaflets  scarious,  forming  a  false  indus- 
ium; ultimate  segments  of  the  sterile  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, acute.  C.  densa. 

Margins  of  fertile  leaflets  not  scarious;  ultimate  segments  of 

the  sterile  leaves  ovate,  obtuse.  C.  acrosHchoides. 

Cryptogramma  densa  (Brack.)  Diels.  {Pellaea  densa  (Brack.)  Hook.) 
Densely  tufted,  10-20  cm.  high;  petioles  dark  brown,  longer  than  the  blades; 
blades  3-6  cm.  long,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  tripinnate;  leaflets  crowded,  linear- 
lanceolate,  6-12  mm.  long,  mucronate,  entire  on  the  fertile  leaves,  serrate  on 
the  sterile  ones. 

In  rock  crevices  in  the  mountains,  British*  Columbia  to  Montana  and 
California.  Rare  in  our  limits,  Olympic  Mountains,  Clallam  County,  Wash- 
ington, Elmer;  Mt.  Finlayson,  British  Columbia,  Macoun.  4 

Cryptogramma  acrostichoides  R.  Br.  Stalks  tufted,  straw-colored;  blades 
of  two  sOrts,  the  outer  sterile  ones  on  shorter  stalks,  the  ovate  or  obovate 
ultimate  segments  crenate  or  incised;  the  inner  fertile  ones  long-stalked,  the 
ultimate  segments  elliptic  or  oblong,  pod-like. 

Common  among  boulders  at  low  elevations  in  the  mountains,  Alaska  to 
Lake  Superior,  Colorado  and  California.  First  collected  by  Menzies  at 
Nootka  Sound. 

6.  ADIANTUM.    Maiden  Hair  Fern. 

Fruit-dots  marginal,  short,  covered  by  the  reflexed  portion 
of  the  more  or  less  altered  margin  of  the  leaf  which  bears  spore- 
cases  on  its  under  side  from  the  tips  of  the  free  forking  veins. 

Adiflntijjn  ppHflj^iyn  fllfi^^^initn  Rupr.  Maidenhair.  Leafstalks  dark 
brown  or  black,  pcjlishcd,  30-40  cm.  high;  blades  nearly  circular,  the  principal 


POLYPODIACEAE.  5 

divisions   10-25  cm.   long;    ultimate  divisions  numerous,  oblong  or  ovate, 
obtuse,  lobed  on  the  outer  margin. 

Wet  banks  and  woods,  not  uncommon.     Alaska  to  California. 

7.    CHEILANTHES. 

Mostly  pubescent  or  tomentose  rock-loving  and  small  ferns 
with  much  divided  leaves;  fruit  dots  on  or  near  the  ends  of  the 
veins,  at  first  small  and  distinct,  afterwards  crowded;  sporangia 
often  concealed  in  the  scales  or  hairs  which  in  many  species 
cover  the  segments. 

The  species  occurring  within  our  limits  has  the  ultimate 
segments  of  the  leaflets  very  small  and  circular  in  form  and  the 
false  indusia  formed  by  the  incurving  of  the  whole  of  the  leaf 
margin. 

Cheilanthes  gracillima  D.  C.  Eaton.  Lace  Fern.  Petioles  densely  tufted, 
shining  brown,  4-8  cm.  high,  bearing  a  few  scattered  lanceolate  scales;  blades 
2-8  cm.  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  bipinnate;  leaflets  numerous,  crowded,  pin- 
nately  divided  into  5-9  oval  mostly  entire  segments,  glabrate  above,  pubescent 
beneath  with  rusty  matted  woo.. 

Common  in  rock  crevices  in  the  mountains  at  1000-1500  m.  altitude. 
British  Columbia  to  Idaho  and  California.  Common  in  the  Olympic  Moun- 
tains and  on  Vancouver  Island. 

8.     STRUTHIOPTERIS. 

Fruit-dots  in  a  continuous  band  next  the  midrib  of  the  con- 
tracted ultimate  segments  of  the  spore-bearing  leaf,  covered 
until  mature  by  an  elongated  indusium  parallel  to  and  within 
the  margin ;  veins  of  the  sterile  leaf  segment^  oblique  to  the  midrib, 
simple  or  forked  and  free;  leaves  pinnate,  of  two  kinds,  the  spore- 
bearing  commonly  much  contracted. 

Struthioperis  spicant  (L.)  Weiss.  Deer  Fern.  Tufted;  sterile  leaves 
short-stalked,  linear-lanceolate  in  outline,  15-60  cm.  long,  3-9  cm.  wide,  the 
numerous  segments  oblong  and  obtuse;  fertile  leaves  taller,  longer-stalked  and 
more  erect,  the  segments  longer,  narrower  and  less  crowded. 

In  wet  places  in  woods,  Alaska  to  California.     Also  in  the  Old  World. 

9.     WOODWARDIA. 

Fruit  dots  oblong  or  linear,  sunk  in  cavities  in  the  leaf,  ar- 
ranged in  a  chain-like  row  parallel  and  near  to  the  midribs  of 
the  leaf-segments;  indusium  fixed  by  its  outer  margin  to  a  vein 
and  covering  the  cavity  like  a  lid ;  veins  more  or  less  in  a  network. 

Woodwardia  spinulosa  Mart.  &  Gal.  Rootstock  stout,  covered  with 
pale-brown  scales ;  leaves  in  a  round  cluster,  long-stalked,  ovate-oblong,  pinnate, 
leathery,  1-2  m.  long;  principal  divisions  lanceolate,  10-40  cm.  long,  deeply 
pinnatifid,  the  lobes  spinulose-serrate,  acuminate. 

In  woods,  British  Columbia  to  Mexico.  Near  Tacoma,  Flett]  Texada 
Island,  Anderson.     More  common  southward. 


6  POLYPODIACEAE. 

10.     ASPLENIUM.     Spleen  WORT. 
Fruit  dots  oblong  or  linear, oblique,  separate;  indusium  straight, 
attached  to  the  upper  side  of  the  vein;  veins  free. 

Rachis  of  the  leaf  brown;  leaflets  oval,  slightly  crenate.  A.  trichomanes. 

Rachis  of  the  leaf  green;  leaflets  ovate,  deeply  crenate.  A.  viride. 

Asplenium  trichomanes  L.  Common  Spleen-wort.  Leaf-stalks  tufted, 
dark-brown,  shiny;  blades  simply  pinnate,  linear  in  outline,  6-20  cm.  long; 
leaflets  oval  or  oblong,  unsymmetrical,  obscurely  crenate,  15-30  pairs,  firm 
and  evergreen,  with  a  brown  rachis. 

Mossy  rocks,  rare  in  our  limits.  Alaska  to  Arizona.  Widely  distributed 
in  the  Northern  Hemisphere. 

Asplenium  viride  Huds.  Much  like  A.  trichomanes,  but  the  thinner 
paler  leaflets  deeply  crenate  and  the  rachis  of  the  leaf  green. 

Mount  Baker,  Washington,  Flett;  Ucluelet,  Vancouver  Island,  British 
Columbia,  Macoun.  A  rare  but  widely  distributed  fern.  Alaska  to  Washing- 
ton, Colorado  and  New  England.     Eurasia. 

11.     ATHYRIUM. 

Large  or  small  ferns  with  simple,  lobed,  2-3-pinnate  or  pin- 
natifid  leaves;  fruit  dots  oblong  or  linear  (nearly  round  when 
young),  oblique,  separate;  indusium  more  or  less  curved,  some- 
times horseshoe-shaped,  often  crossing  to  the  outer  or  lower  side 
of  the  vein;  veins  free. 

Ath3rritmi  cyclosorum  Rupr.  Rootstock  creeping,  short,  densely  covered 
by  the  bases  of  the  petioles;  petioles  tufted,  20-30  cm.  long,  straw-colored  or 
brownish;  blades  delicate,  glabrous,  broadly  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong- 
ovate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  30-90  cm.  long,  bipinnate  to  tripinnatifid; 
leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  5-20  cm.  long;  ultimate  segments  oblong,  obtuse, 
obscurely  9-13-lobed,  the  "lobes  serrate;  terminal  segments  confluent;  fruit 
dots  short,  straight  or  curved. 

In  swampy  places,  common.  Very  similar  to  the  more  eastern  Lady-fern, 
A .  filix-foemina.     Alaska  to  Arizona  and  Nebraska. 

12.     POLYSTICHUM. 

Large  or  medium  sized  ferns,  mostly  with  firm  evergreen  leaves, 
pinnate,  bipinnate  or  bipinnatifid,  the  leaflets  serrate  and  usually 
auricled  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side;  veins  free;  indusium 
orbicular  and  peltate,  depressed  in  the  center  and  attached  by  a 
stalk  to  the  middle  of  the  fruit  dot;  fruit  dots  round. 

Leaflets,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  lobed.  P.  scopulinum. 

Leaflets  all  simple. 

Leaf-stalk  short;  segments  triangular  or  broadly  lanceolate.  P.  lonchitis. 

Leaf-stalk  long;  segments  linear-lanceolate.  P.  munitum. 

Polystichum  scopulinimi  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Maxon.  Leaves  lanceolate  in 
outline,  short-stalked,  15-25  cm.  long;  divisions  ovate,  obtusish,  serrate,  the 
lower  ones  usually  pinnately  lobed. 

In  loose  rocks  in  the  mountains,  rare.  Eatonville,  Fleit',  Mount  Adams, 
Henderson.     Washington  and  Idaho  to  California  and  Utah. 


POLYPODIACEAE.  7 

Polystichiim  lonchitis  (L.)  Roth.  Holly  Fern.  Leaves  densely  tufted, 
20-40  cm.  long,  very  short  stalked,  pinnate;  divisions  broadly  lanceolate, 
auricled  on  the  upper  side,  spinulose-dentate,  2-4  cm.  long,  the  lowest  ones 
much  shorter  and  triangular. 

In  rocky  places  in  the  mountains.  Alaska  to  Quebec,  Colorado  and  Cal- 
ifornia.    Eurasia. 

Polystichum  munitum  (Kaulf.)  Presl.  Pacific  Christmas  Fern.  Leaves 
simply  pinnate,  60-120  cm.  long,  forming  a  crown;  petioles  stout,  chaflfy  with 
numerous  brown  scales;  rachis  also  chaffy;  leaflets  linear  or  lanceolate-linear, 
acuminate,  very  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate,  sometimes  chaffy  on  the 
midvein  beneath,  3-10  cm.  long;  fruit  dots  abundant,  arranged  in  a  row  on 
each  side  of  the  midrib  half-way  to  the  margin. 

Very  common  in  the  woods.     Alaska  to  Idaho  and  California. 

Polystichum  munitum  imbricans  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Maxon.  Like  the  species 
but  smaller,  the  leaves  20-40  cm.  long;  divisions  much  overlapping  each  other, 
oblique  to  the  rachis  and  cuspidate  at  the  apex. 

Among  rocks  in  the  mountains  at  1000  to  1700  m.  elevation.  British 
Columbia  to  California,  rather  rare. 

Polystichum  munitum  inciso-serratimi  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Maxon.  Differs 
from  the  species  mainly  in  the  leaflets  being  deeply  incised  and  the  lobes 
serrate;  the  base  of  the  leaflets  usually  conspicuously  auriculate. 

Rare,  British  Columbia  to  California. 

13.     DRYOPTERIS.     Shield  Fern. 

Fruit-dots  round,  borne  on  the  back  or  rarely  at  the  apex  of 
the  veins;  indusium  flat  or  flattish,  heart-shaped  and  attached 
at  the  middle  of  its  sinus;  veins  nearly  always  free. 

Veins  simple  or  once  forked;  leaves  glandular.  D.  oreopteris. 

Veins  freely  forking;  leaves  not  glandular. 

Leaves  bipinnate,  thin  and  delicate.  D.  spinulosa. 

Leaves  tripinnate,  firm,  half-evergreen.  D,  rigida. 

Dryopteris  oreopteris  (Sw.)  Maxon.  Tufted;  leaf-stalks  short,  scaly  at 
base;  leaves  bipinnatifid,  broadly  lanceolate,  glandular,  60-90  cm.  long; 
ultimate  segments  oblong,  nearly  entire;  indusia  delicate,  toothed  on  the  mar- 
gins. 

In  the  mountains,  Alaska  to  Washington.  Eurasia.  Shawnigan  Lake, 
Vancouver  Island,  Macoun;  Bridge  Creek,  Okanogan  County,  Elmer.  Very 
rare  south  of  Alaska. 

Dryopteris  spinulosa  dilatata  (Hoffm.)  Underw.  Wood  Fern.  A  tufted 
delicate  fern;  leaf-stalks  15-40  cm.  long  with  slender  dark  brown  scales;  blades 
tripinnate  or  tripinnatifid,  broadly  ovate  in  outline,  30-40  cm.  long;  ultimate 
divisions  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lowest  ones  longest,  spinulose-toothed; 
indusia  minutely  glandular  ciliate. 

In  rich  woods,  common.  Alaska  to  Newfoundland,  south  to  California, 
Montana  and  Virginia.    Eurasia. 

Dryopteris  rigida  arguta  (Kaulf.)  Underw.  Leaf-stalks  clustered;  blades 
firm,  half -evergreen,  30-90  cm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  bipinnate;  ultimate 
segments  oblong,  incised  and  spinulose;  indusia  bearing  stalked  glands. 

Principally  in  rocky  places.  Alaska  to  California,  more  common  south- 
ward.    Victoria,  Anderson;  Sauvies  Island,  Oregon,  Howell. 


8.  POLYPODIACEAE. 

14.     FILIX. 

Delicate  rock-ferns;  leaves  2-3-pInnate  or  pinnatifid;  leaf- 
stalks slender;  fruit-dots  round,  borne  on  the  backs  of  the  veins; 
indusium  attached  by  a  broad  base  on  the  inner  side  partly  under 
the  fruit  dot,  early  opening  and  withering  away. 

Filix  fragilis  (L.)  Underw.  Bladder  Fern.  Rootstock  short;  petioles  10- 
20  cm.  long;  blades  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  only  slightly  tapering  below,  10-25 
cm.  long,  3-7  cm.  wide,  2-3-pinnatifid  or  pinnate;  leaflets  lanceolate-ovate, 
irregularly  pinnatifid  with  bluntly  or  sharply-toothed  segments  along  the  mar- 
gined or  winged  rachis;  texture  membranous. 

On  moist  cliffs  in  the  mountains,  rare  in  our  limits.  Alaska  to  California, 
eastward  to  Labrador.     Eurasia. 

15.     WOODSIA. 

Small  or  medium  sized  ferns,  growing  In  rocky  places;  leaves 
once  or  twice  pinnate  or  pinnatifid;  fruit  dots  round,  borne  on 
the  backs  of  simply  forked  free  veins;  indusium  attached  under 
the  fruit  dot,  round  or  star-shaped,  delicate,  early  withering. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  lobes  of  the  indusium  hair-like.       W.  oregana. 
Leaves  viscid-puberulent ;  lobes  of  the  indusium  broader  at  base.  W.  scopulina. 

Woodsia  oregana  D.  C.  Eaton.  Rootstock  short;  petioles  glabrous,  not 
jointed,  brownish  below;  blades  glabrous  or  slightly  roughened,  5-28  cm.  long, 
elliptic-lanceolate,  the  sterile  shorter  than  the  fertile;  pinnae  triangular- 
oblong,  obtuse,  pinnatifid;  lower  leaflets  reduced  in  size  and  somewhat  remote 
from  the  others;  rachis  straw-colored;  segments  oblong  or  ovate,  dentate  or 
crenate,  the  teeth  often  reflexed  and  covering  the  fruit  dots;  indusium  deeply 
cleft  into  hair-like  segments. 

Cowichan  River,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun.  Common  east  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains. 

Woodsia  scopulina  D.  C.  Eaton.  Densely  tufted,  whole  plant  puberulent 
with  minute  white  jointed  hairs  and  stalked  glands;  blades  pinnate,  10-20  cm. 
long,  the  numerous  ultimate  divisions  oblong-ovate,  acutish,  deeply  cleft  into 
5-7  pairs  of  short  obtuse  lobes;  indusium  deeply  divided  into  segments  that 
are  broader  at  base. 

On  moist  cliffs,  rare  in  our  limits.  Victoria,  Anderson;  Cape  Horn,  Colum- 
bia River,  Piper.     British  Columbia  to  Ontario,  Arizona  and  California. 

Family  2.    OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.    Adder's  Tongue  Family. 

Plant  consisting  of  an  underground  stem  bearing  one  or  more 
leaves  which  rise  above  ground  and  are  divided  usually  into  two 
parts,  a  fertile  portion  and  a  sterile  portion,  the  latter  being  the 
foliage  part  of  the  leaf;  frequently  the  fertile  portion  lacking  in 
some  of  the  leaves;  sporangia  borne  within  the  tissue  of  the  fertile 
portion,  ringless,  opening  by  a  transverse  slit. 

Sterile  portion  of  leaf  simple.  i6.  Ophioglossum,  9. 

Sterile  portion  of  leaf  compound.  17.  Botrychium,  9. 


OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.                                            9  j 

16.     OPHIOGLOSSUM.     Adder  Tongue.  '; 

Rootstock  erect  and  fleshy,  with  slender  fleshy  roots;  sterile  ] 

part  of  leaf  somewhat  fleshy,  simple,  entire;  veins  reticulated;  1 

fertile  segment  simple,   unbranched,  with   two   rows  of  sessile  1 

connate  sporangia;  spores  numerous,  sulphur-yellow.  j 

Ophioglossum  vulgatum  L.     Plant  5-40  cm.  high,  the  leaf  usually  solitary;  j 

sterile  segment  of  leaf  sessile,  oblong  to  ovate,  obtuse,  5-9  cm.  long;  veins  ' 

forming  a  loose  network.  ;. 

In  moist  meadows,  rare.     Falcon  Valley,  Mount  Adams,  and  in  Skamania  i 

County,  Suksdorf.  \ 

17.    BOTRYCHroM.     Grape  Fern.  ^ 

Rootstock  very  short,  with  clustered  fleshy  roots;  sterile  part  ! 

of  the  leaf  ternately  or  pinnately  divided  or  compound;  veins  | 

free;  fertile  segment  1-3-pinnate,  each  pinnule  bearing  a  double  j 

row  of  sessile  sporangia;  spores  numerous,  sulphur-yellow.  ^ 

Bud  in  a  cavity  at  one  side  of  the  base  of  the  stem ;  leaves  thin,  « 

ternate,  then  pinnately  much  divided.                                        B.  virginianum.  \ 

Bud  inclosed  in  the  base  of  the  stalk;  leaves  thickish,  rather  ] 

fleshy.  \ 

Sterile  portion  of  leaf  arising  near  the  base  of  the  rather  j 

large  leaf  stalk;  buds  pilose.                                                   B.  silaifolium.  ; 

Sterile  portion  of  leaf  arising  near  the  middle  of  the  usually  \ 

small  leaf  stalk;  buds  glabrous.  \ 

Green  part  of  leaf  oblong,  its  segments  fan-shaped.  ^ 

Segments  truncate  at  base,  overlapping.  B.  lunaria. 

Segments  cuneate  at  base,  distant.                               B.  onondagense.  . 

Green  part  of  leaf  triangular  or  ovate,  the  segments  < 

not  fan-shaped.  [ 

Segments  lanceolate,  acute;  midvein  continuous.       B.  lanceolatum.  \ 

Segments  ovate-oblong,  obtuse;  midvein  dissipated.  B.  ramosum. 

Botrychium  virginianum   (L.)   Sw.     Rattlesnake  Fern.     Plant  15-60  cm. 

high;  sterile  portion  of  the  leaf  above  the  middle  of  the  stalk,  triangular  in  '\ 

outline,   sessile,   delicate  in  texture,  ternate;   ultimate  divisions  numerous,  < 

oblong,  cut-toothed  near  the  apex.             ^    ^  ' 

Borders  of  wet  meadows,  rare  in  our  limits.                                                         -  1 

Botrychium  silaifolium  Presl.     Stout,  rather  fleshy,  10-35  cm.  high;  stem 

very  short  and  stout,  swollen  with  the  contained  bud  of  the  succeeding  season;  \ 

leaves  one  or  two,  their  petioles  stout,  2-12  cm.  long;  sterile  blades  8-20  crn.  j 

wide,  scarcely  as  long,  ternate,  the  primary  divisions  tripinnate  or  quadri-  '\ 

pinnatifid;  ultimate  segments  obliquely  ovate,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  thick,    entire  ! 

or  wavy,  the  veins  few,  obscure;  sporophyll  erect,  the  petiole  stout,  the  fruiting  | 

portion  quadripinnate  below,  gradually  simpler  above;  sporangia  numerous,  j 

crowded,  bright  yellow.  .j 

Borders  of  wet  meadows,  infrequent.     First  found  by  Haenke  at  Nootka  y 

Sound.      This  is  very  closely  allied  to    B.  ternatum  (Thunb.)  Sw.  and  is  j 
perhaps  better  referred  as  a  subspecies  to  that  species  which  is  very  variable 
and  occurs  throughout  the  north  temperate  zone. 

Botrychium  lunaria  (L.)  Sw.     Moonwort.     Plant  5-20  cm.  high;  sterile ^j/ ^ /41t  At 
portion  of  leaf  not  stalked,  oblong,  simply  pinnate.  _  .       /  o  ftt^P^,^^ 

In  mountain  meadows,  very  rare  in  our  limits.     Mount   Rainier,   Smith;  j\J.*. 

Mount  Adams,  Suksdorf.  ^^*  'f  «^: 


lO  OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 

Botrychium  onondagense  Underw.  In  habit  like  B.  lunaria;  leaf -segments 
7-9,  not  overlapping,  broadly  wedge-shaped. 

Moist  meadows,  Olympic  Mountains.  Probably  only  a  variant  of  B. 
lunaria  to  which  it  is  reduced  by  some  botanists. 

Botrychium  lanceolatum  (Gmel.)  Angstroem.  Plant  8-30  cm.  high; 
sterile  portion  of  the  leaf  sessile  near  the  top,  triangular,  twice  pinnatifid, 
rather  thin;  ultimate  segments  lanceolate,  acute,  toothed. 

In  the  mountains,  very  rare.  Mount  Rainier,  Allen;  Olympic  Mountains, 
Flett. 

Botrychium  ramosum  (Roth)  Ascherson.  Somewhat  fleshy,  10-25  cm. 
high;  sterile  segment  of  the  leaf  pinnate  or  bipinnatifid,  short-petioled;  ultimate 
segments  oblong  to  ovate-oblong,  obtuse;  sporophyll  bipinnate  or  tripinnate, 
erect  on  a  long  petiole. 

Agassiz,  B.  C,  Macoun;  Mount  Adams,  Suksdorf.  The  American  plant  is 
sometimes  considered  distinct  from  that  of  the  Old  World  under  the  name 
B.  neglectum  Wood. 

Family  3.     MARSILEACEAE. 

Plant  perennial,  herbaceous,  rooting  in  the  mud,  with  slender 
creeping  rootstock  and  4-foliolate  or  filiform  leaves;  sporangia 
borne  within  closed  receptacles  (the  sporocarps)  which  arise 
from  the  rootstock  near  the  leafstalks  or  are  consolidated  with 
them;  spores  of  two  kinds,  large  ones  (megaspores)  and  small 
ones  (microspores)  f  both  contained  in  the  same  sporocarp. 

18.     MARSILEA. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  plants;  leaves  slender  petioled,  quadri- 
foliolate,  commonly  floating  on  the  surface  of  shallow  water; 
sporocarps  ovoid  or  bean-shaped,  peduncled  and  rising  from 
the  petiole  or  from  the  rootstock  at  the  base  of  the  petiole,  com- 
posed of  two  vertical  valves  having  several  transverse  com- 
partments (sort)  in  each  valve;  also  provided  inside  with  a  ring 
which  at  the  opening  of  the  valves  swells  and  tears  the  sori  from 
their  positions;  sori  composed  of  both  megasporangia  and  micro- 
sporangia. 

Marsilea  vestita  Hook.  &  Grev.  Rootstock  slender,  creeping;  leaves  more 
or  less  pubescent  with  white  hairs;  petioles  slender,  4-12  cm.  long;  leaflets 
deltoid-obovate,  4-12  mm.  long,  mostly  entire;  sporocarps  solitary  on  the 
stalks,  4-8  mm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide,  with  a  short  raphe,  a  short  blunt  lower 
tooth,  and  an  acute  upper  one,  densely  pubescent  with  white  appressed  hair- 
like scales;  sori  6-11  in  each  valve. 

Rare  in  our  limits.  Reported  as  common  on  Menzies  Island  opposite 
Fort  Vancouver,  Washington. 

Class    II.     EQUISETINEAE. 

Plants  rush-like  with  hollow  jointed  stems  rising  from 
subterranean  rootstocks;  sterile  leaves  reduced^tcr  "^cades, 


MARSILEACEAE.  II 

whorled,  forming  sheaths  at  the  joints;  fertile  leaves 
forming  a  short  spike  terminating  the  stem;  epidermis 
rough. 

Family  4.  EQUISETACEAE,  Horsetail  Family. 
Branches  when  present,  whorled;  sporangia  1-celled,  clus- 
tered under  the  scales  of  the  terminal  cone-like  spikes ;  spores  of 
but  one  kind  furnished  with  narrow  ribbon-like  appendages 
{elaters)  attached  at  the  middle,  coiling  around  them  when 
moist  and  spreading  in  the  form  of  a  cross  when  dry  and  mature; 
epidermis  impregnated  with  silica,  rough. 

19^  EQUISETUM.     Horsetail. 

Perennial  plants  with  extensively  creeping  rootstocks;  stems 
simple  or  with  whorled  branches,  furrowed  lengthwise,  mostly 
hollow;  sporangia  adhering  on  the  under  side  of  the  shield-shaped 
scales  of  the  spike,  1-celled,  opening  down  the  inner  side;  spores 
of  one  kind,  with  elaters. 

Stems  annual;  spikes  not  mucronate  at  summit. 

Stems  of  two  kinds;  the  pale  brown  fertile  ones  appearing 
in  spring  before  the  green  branched  sterile  ones. 
Fertile  stems  branched  and  green  when  old,  only  the 

top  withering.  E.  praiense. 

Fertile  stems  dying  after  fruiting. 

Sterile  stems  6-19-furrowed,  30-60  cm.  high.         E.  arvense. 
Sterile  stems  20-40-furrowed,  60-120  cm.  high.      E.  telmateia. 
Stems  all  similar,  green,  naked,  branched,     fruiting    in 
summer. 
Sheaths    closely    appressed;    branchlets    not    wing- 
angled.  E.  fluviatile. 
Sheaths  loose,  especially  the  upper  one;  branchlets 

wing-angled.  E.  Utorale. 

Stems  perennial;  spikes  mucronate  at  summit,  fruiting  in 
summer. 
Plant  tall  and  stout;  stems  many-grooved. 

Branches  numerous,  regularly  whorled.  E.  ramosissimum. 

Branches  irregular,  few  or  wanting,  E.  hyemale. 

Plants  tufted,  slender;  stems  5-10-grooved. 

Sheaths  5-10-toothed;  stems  hollow.  E.  variegatum. 

Sheaths  3-toothed;  stems  solid.  E.  scirpoides. 

Equisetum  pratense  Ehrh.  Stems  annual,  of  two  kinds,  the  fertile  appear- 
ing before  the  sterile,  15-30  cm.  high;  fertile  stems  at  length  green  and 
branched  like  the  sterile  ones;  sterile  stems  with  8-20  ridges  and  furrows,  the 
slender  branches  in  whorls,  mostly  3-angled;  sheaths  cylindric  or  somewhat 
broadened  at  top,  those  of  the  stem  with  10-12  teeth,  those  of  the  branches 
3-toothed. 

Vancouver  Island,  Macoun. 

Jj^dnigpfnTTi  flfYfipse  T..  Common  Horsetail.  Aerial  stems  annual,  of  two 
kinds,  the  fertile  pale- brown  and  short-liVCd,  appearing  in  early  spring  before 


12  EQUISETACEAE.  I 

the  sterile;  fertile  stems  10-20  cm.  tall,  simple,  terete,  bearing  about  four  loose  ; 

scarious  distant    sheaths,  these  whitish  with  about  12  brownish  acuminate  ; 
teeth;  sterile  stems  pale  green,  10-40  cm.  tall,  marked  with  6-19  furrows,  with 

numerous  whorls  of  mostly  simple  solid  branches,  these  4-angled  or  rarely  ■ 

3-angled,  the  sheaths  with  as  many  teeth;  spike  2-3  cm.  long.  ■ 

Common  in  low  ground.     In  rare  cases  fruiting  spikes  are  found  on  green 

branched  plants.  1 

Equisetum  telmateia  Ehrh.     Sterile  stems  stout,  60-120  cm.  high,  20-40-  | 

furrowed,  with  numerous  whorls  of  long  spreading  4  or  5-angled  branches;  i 

fertile  stems  30-40  cm.  high,  pale-brown,  the  sheaths  loose,  often  longer  than  i 

the  internodes  and  deeply  20-30-toothed;  spikes  stout,  3-5  cm.  long.  ; 

Very  common  in  moist  soil  and  difficult  to  eradicate.     Rarely  spikes  are  ' 

found  on  the  green  branched  plants.  j 

Equisetum   fluviatile    L.     Pipes.     Stems   60-90   cm.    high,    rather   soft,  j 

smooth,  simple  or  with  few  branches;  central  cavity  of  the  stem  large;  air-  ■ 

cavities  under  the  grooves  wanting;  sheaths  closely  appressed,  the  teeth  rigid  i 

and  acute;  branches  4-6-angled,  hollow,  not  wing-angled.  I 

In  shallow  water  at  the  margins  of  lakes  and  ponds. 

Equisetum  litorale  Kiihlewein.     Stems  30-90  cm.  high,  simple  or  with  few  i 

or  many  branches;  air  cavities  under  the  grooves  present;  sheaths  loose,  ; 

especially  the  upper,  the  teeth  not  rigid,   membranous  at  margin,   acute;  j 

branches  3-5-wing-angled,  the  smaller  solid.  j 

Shawnigan  Lake,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun;  Agassiz,  British  Columbia,  j 

Macoun.     The  spores  of  this  species  are  said  usually  to  be  abortive  and  the  ! 

elaters  wanting.     These  facts  combined  with  the  erratic  occurences  of  the  . 

plant  lead  to  the  suspicion  that  it  is  a  hybrid.  J 

Equisetum  ramosissimimi  Desf.     Stems  6-26-grooved;  sheaths  dilated,  the  ; 
leaves  more  or  less  distinct,  each  with  3-4  ridges  which  do  not  extend  into  {he 

teeth;  branches  4-angled.  i 

Shawnigan  Lake,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun.  ' 

Equisetum  hyemale  L.     Scouring  Rush.     Aerial  stems  evergreen,  all  alike,  ; 
40-120  cm.  tall,  5-20  mm.  thick,  marked  with  20^8  furrows;  ridges  roughened 
usually  with  a  single  series  of  siliceous  tubercles;  sheath  short,  commonly 

marked  with  a  black  girdle  at  the  base  and  another  at  the  base  of  the  early-  ; 
falling  teeth;  spike  nearly  sessile  in  the  uppermost  sheath,  2-3  cm.  long,  tipped 
with  a  rigid  point. 

Common  and  variable.     Several  subspecies  have  been  described  but  they 

are  not  clearly  separable.  \ 

Equisetum  variegatum  Schleich.     Stems  slender,  tufted,  ascending,  15-^0  ; 

cm.  high,  each  5-10-furrowed;  sheaths  loose,  green  below,  black  above,  with  , 

5-10  bristle-tipped  white-margined  teeth;  central  cavity  of  stem  small.  i 

Vancouver  Island,  Macoun,  and  probably  farther  south  as  it  occurs  in  i 

Klickitat  County  in  eastern  Washington.  I 

Equisetum  scirpoides  Michx.     Stems  tufted,  very  slender,  flexuous,  6-;15  j 

cm.  long,  each  6-furrowed;  sheaths  with  3  bristle-tipped  teeth;  central  cavity  j 

of  stem  wanting.  ! 

Hastings,  British  Columbia,  Macoun,  and  probably  to  be  found  in  our 
limits. 


Class    III.     LYCOPODINEAE. 

Plant  moss-like;  stems  branched,  solid,  with  numerous  . 
small  leaves;  sporangia  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or 
on  their  upper  surface. 


LYCOPODIACEAE.  13 

Family  5.     LYCOPODIACEAE. 

Plant  somewhat  moss-like  in  appearance,  evergreen,  usually 
branching;  stem  solid;  leaves  small,  numerous,  not  whorled; 
spore-cases  on  the  upper  surfaces  or  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves; 
spores  of  one  kind. 

20.    LYCOPODIUM.     Ground-pine. 

Perennial,  terestrial  plants,  with  evergreen  1 -nerved  leaves, 
arranged  in  4-16  ranks;  spore-cases  flattened,  1 -celled,  in  the 
axils  of  ordinary  leaves  or  of  bracts  arranged  in  spikes;  spores 
abundant,    minute,   sulphur-yellow. 

Sporangia  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves. 

Sporangial  leaves  forming  a  terminal  spike.  L.  inundatum. 

Sporangial  leaves  subterminal,  the  terminal  leaves  sterile. 

Stems  rigid;  leaves  all  alike,  ascending.  L.  selago. 

Stems  not  rigid;  leaves  spreading,  of  two  sorts,  long 

and  short.  ^  L.  lucidulum. 

Sporangia  in  the  axils  of  modified  leaves  which  are  crowded  in 
spikes. 
Sterile  branches  flattened,  the  leaves  on  the  under  side 
reduced. 
Stems  of  the  fruiting  branches  leafy  to  the  spikes  or 

nearly  so.  ^  L.  obscurum. 

Stems   of  the   fruiting   branches  with  much  reduced 

leaves.  L.  complanatum. 

Sterile   branches   not    flattened,   the    leaves    uniformly 
spreading. 
Stems  of  the  fruiting  branches  nearly  naked.  L.  clavatum. 

Stems  leafy  up  to  the  spikes  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  6-8-ranked,  spreading.  L.  annotinum. 

Leaves  5-ranked,  appressed.  L.  sitchense. 

Lycopodium  inundatum  L.  Stems  creeping  close  to  the  earth,  3-12  cm. 
long;  fertile  branches  erect,  2-10  cm.  high,  bearing  solitary  spikes;  sporangial 
leaves  like  the  sterile,  lanceolate  or  awl-shaped,  with  thin  margins. 

In  bogs,  Olympia,  Henderson;  Spanaway  Lake,  Flett;  Vancouver,  British 
Columbia,  Macoun. 

Lycopodium  selago  L.  Stems  ascending  or  erect,  rigid,  not  creeping,  6-10 
cm.  high;  leaves  all  alike,  broadest  at  the  hollowed  base,  acuminate  or  mucron- 
ate,  closely  appressed,  some  of  them  commonly  bearing  a  bulblet  in  the  axil; 
terminal  leaves  sterile,  those  just  below  bearing  spore-cases. 

Common  in  the  mountains  at  1500-2800  m.  elevation. 

Lycopodiimi  lucidulimi  Michx.  Stems  decumbent  at  base,  10-v30  cm.  high, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched;  leaves  spreading  or  deflexed,  linear-obovate, 
denticulate,  acute,  in  alternate  zones  of  longer  and  shorter  leaves,  the  latter 
most  commonly  bearing  the  sporangia. 

In  deep  woods,  rare. 

Lycopodium  obscurum  L.  Stems  erect,  branched  above,  arising  at  inter- 
vals from  subterranean  rootstocks;  leaves  6-ranked,  linear-lanceolate,  entire, 
acute,  the  lateral  with  spreading  tips,  the  two  upper  and  the  lower  ranks 


14  LYCOPODIACEAE. 

smaller  and  closely  appressed;  fruiting  branches  with  leaves  like  the  sterile,  . 
each  bearing  1-3  spikes.  i 

Known  in  our  limits  only  from  a  station  23  miles  northeast  of  Snoqualmie,  | 
Washington,  L.  A.  Nelson. 

Lycopodium    complanatum    L.     Stems    widely    creeping,    with    suberect 
irregularly  forked  fan-like  flattened  branches;  leaves  4-ranked,  very  small,  ] 
closely  appressed,  the  lateral  with  spreading  tips,  the  dorsal  and  ventral  smaller,  \ 
wholly  appressed;  fruiting  branches  with  much  reduced  leaves,  each  bearing  ' 
1-3  cylindric  spikes. 

Not  definitely  known  in  our  limits  but  abundant  at  Lake  Keechelus  near  i 
the  summit  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  j 

Lycopodium  clavatum  L.  Running-pine.  Stems  prostrate,  creeping,  ] 
often  very  long;  sterile  branches  similar  but  ascending;  leaves  pale  green,  awl-  j 
shaped,  bristle-tipped;  fertile  branches  with  minute  leaves,  erect,  bearing  2-4  i 
fruiting  cones. 

In  woods,  not  common. 

Lycopodium  amiotintmi  L.     Stems  creeping,  often  1  m.  long;  leaves  dark 
green,  linear-lanceolate,  spreading,  minutely  serrate;  fruiting  cones  solitary,  i 
sessile  at  the  tips  of  ordinary  branches.  | 

In  mountain  woods,  not  common.  j 

Lycopoditmi  sitchense  Rupr.  Stems  creeping,  often  half-buried,  with  ! 
erect  forked  branches,  5-7  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  5  mm.  long,  5-  ! 
ranked;  fruiting  cones  on  very  short  nearly  naked  penducles. 

Common  in  wet  meadows  at  1200-1800  m.  altitude. 

Family  6.     SELAGI  NELL  ACE  AE.  '    \ 

Terrestrial,  annual  or  perennial  moss-like  plants  with  branching  i 
stems  and  scale-like  leaves,  which  are  many-ranked  and  uniform, 
or  four-ranked  and  of  two  kinds  spreading  in  two  planes; sporangia 
1 -celled,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  leaves  which  are  so  arranged  as  to  ' 
form  more  or  less  quadrangular  spikes;  spores  of  two  kinds,  some  | 
sporangia  {megasporangia)  containing  four  megaspores,  others  I 
(microsporangia)  containing  numerous  microspores.  i 

21.     SELAGINELLA.  j 

*  Sporangia  solitary  in  the  axils  of  leaves  forming  terminal  cone-  ■ 
like  spikes;  sporangia  minute,  subglobose,  opening  transversely;  ' 
megaspores  globose,  four  in  each  megasporangium ;  microspores  | 
small,   numerous.  ' 

Leaves  of  two  sorts,  4-ranked.  S.  douglasii.           * 

Leaves  all  alike,  many-ranked. 

Stems  slender,  elongate;  leaves  loosely  imbricated.  5.  struthioloides.    ' 

Stems  short;  leaves  closely  imbricated.  S.  rupestris. 

Selaginella  douglasii  (Hook.)  Spring.  Stems  reclining,  10-40  cm.  long,  ; 
pinnately  branched;  lateral  leaves  oval,  oblique,  obtuse,  2  mm.  long;  upper  i 
leaves  half  as  long,  oval,  cuspidate,  acuminate.  \ 

On  wet  rocks,  local;  abundant  in  the  Cascade  gorge  of  the  Columbia  River.    ■ 

i 


SELAGINELLACEAE.  15 

Selaginella  struthioloides  (Presl)  Underw.  Stems  weak,  soft,  30-180 
cm,  long,  often  more  or  less  pendent,  much  branched;  leaves  about  1  mm. 
long,  linear-lanceolate,  loosely  imbricated,  not  bristle-tipped. 

On  trees  along  the  coast,  often  hanging  in  great  masses;  Vancouver  Island 
to  the  southern  boundary  of  Oregon.     First  found  at  Nootka  Sound. 

Selaginella  rupestris  (L.)  Spring.  Stems  loosely  tufted,  10-25  cm.  long, 
prostrate  or  ascending,  much  branched;  leaves  closely  imbricate,  narrowly 
lanceolate,  ciliate  margined,  channeled  on  the  back,  each  tipped  with  a  slender 
white  awn,  0.3-0.5  mm.  long;  spikes  quadrangular,  1-1.5  cm.  long;  bracts  like 
the  leaves  but  the  awns  shorter  and  the  margin  more  ciliate. 

On  rocks,  often  very  abundant.  Hieronymus  has  recently  distinguished 
from  true  6".  rupestris  numerous  new  species  and  subspecies.  The  form  common 
in  our  limits  is  S.  sartorii  oregonensis  Hieronymus. 

Family  7.    ISOETACEAE.     Quillwort  Family. 

Plant  aquatic,  usually  submersed  or  sometimes  growing  on 
moist  soil,  consisting  of  a  short,  two  or  three-lobed  fleshy  stem 
with  a  dense  tuft  of  fibrous  roots  and  a  compact  cluster  of  rush- 
or  grass-Hke  leaves;  sporangia  in  small  lobes  enclosed  in  the 
bases  of  the  leaves;  spores  of  two  kinds,  large  (megaspores)  and 
small   (microspores) . 

22.    ISOETES.    Quillwort. 

Stem  a  fleshy  corm  rooting  just  above  the  base,  surrounded 
above  by  the  swollen  bases  of  the  awl-shaped  linear  leaves; 
sporangia  large,  enclosed  in  the  bases  of  the  leaves,  those  of  the 
outer  leaves  with  megaspores,  those  of  the  inner  with  micro- 
spores; the  sides  of  the  sporangia  more  or  less  covered  with  a 
fold  of  the  inner  side  of  the  leaf  base  (velum). 

Plants  terrestrial,  in  muddy  places;  leaves  with  stomata. 

Stems  3-lobed;  leaves  setaceous;  velum  complete.  /.  nuttallii. 

Stems  2-lobed;  leaves  stout,  rigid;  velum  incomplete.  /.  maritima. 
Plants  aquatic,  often  in  deep  water;  stems  bilobed. 

Stomata  none;  leaves  rigid.  /.  piperi. 

Stomata  present;  leaves  slender.  /.  echinospora. 

Isoetes  nuttallii  A.  Br.  Growing  in  wet  places;  leaves  15-50,  slender, 
bright  green,  6-20  cm.  long;  megaspores  grayish,  warty  or  rarely  nearly  smooth; 
microspores  brown,  papillose. 

Vancouver  Island  to  Oregon.     Apparently  rare,  but  quite  inconspicuous. 

Isoetes  maritima  Underw.  Terrestrial  in  salt  marshes;  trunk  slightly 
bilobed;  leaves  8-15,  rigid,  2-5  cm.  long;  megaspores  densely  spinulose,  the 
spines  blunt  but  rarely  confluent;  microspores  smooth,  white. 

Known  only  from  salt  marshes  at  Alberni,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun. 

Isoetes  piperi  A.  A.  Eaton,  Leaves  10-20,  5-8  cm.  long,  somewhat  spread- 
ing, rigid;  velum  incomplete;  megaspores  with  low  distinct  warts;  microspores 
smooth  or  nearly  so. 

Green  Lake,  Seattle,  Piper. 


1 6                                               ISOETACEAE.  j 

I 

Isoetes  echinospora  braunii   (Durieu)   Engelm.     Leaves   10-20,   slender,  ' 

spreading,  not  rigid,  6-15  cm.  long,  with  stomata  present  near  the  tips;  spor-  , 
angia  broadly  elliptic,  spotted,  more  than  half  covered  by  the  broad  velum; 

macrospores  spinulose  but  the  spines  often  united  into  jagged  crests;  micros-  j 

pores  smooth.  ] 

In  quiet  lakes  and  ponds,  with  muddy  bottoms.  , 

Isoetes    echinospora   flettii   A.    A.    Eaton.     Differs   from   /.   echinospora  I 

braunii  mainly  by  its  spinulose  microspores.  j 

Spanaway  Lake,  Pierce  County,  Washington.  ; 

PHYLUM     II.     SPERMATOPHYTA.     Seed  Plants. 

Highly  organized  plants,  mostly  producing  flowers  and  ' 

always  producing  seeds,  each  of  which  contains  a  young  i 

plant  {embryo)  usually  composed  of  a  stem-like  structure  I 

(caulicle  or  hypocotyl),  one  or  more  rudimentary  leaves  • 

(cotyledons)    and   a   terminal   bud    {plumule   or   epicotyl);  \ 
megasporangia  {ovules)  usually  borne  on  the  side  or  face 

of  an  open  or  closed  modified  leaf  {carpel) ;  microsporangia  | 
{anther-sacs)  on  the  end  or  side  of  a  modified  leaf  {filament) 

and  bearing  numerous  microspores  {pollen  grains).  ' 

\ 

Class  IV.     GYMNOSPERMAE.  \ 

Ovules  {megasporangia)  naked,  not  enclosed  in  an  ovary,  ; 

usually  on  the  face  of  an  open  scale  but  sometimes  on  the  1 

axis,  in  which  case  the  scale  is  rudimentary  or  wanting;  j 

stigmas  none;  cotyledons  mostly  several  in  a  whorl,  oc-  ] 

casionally  only  two;  perianth  none.  j 

Family  8.    TAXACEAE.      Yew  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  evergreen  linear  leaves;  flowers  dioecious,  . 

the  staminate  of  a  few  scaly  bracts  and  a  few  naked  stamens,  the  ' 

ovule-bearing  of  an  erect  ovule  which  in  fruit  becomes  a  bony  '> 

seed  surrounded  by  a  fleshy  disk.  j 

23.    TAXUS.    Yew.  : 

Evergreen    trees    or    shrubs    with    spirally    arranged,    short-  ! 

petioled  linear  flat  leaves,  spreading  so  as  to  appear  2-ranked ;  j 

aments  very  small,  axillary  and  solitary,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  ; 

staminate   aments   consisting  of   a   few   scaly   bracts   and   5-8  i 

stamens;  ovules  solitary,  axillary,  erect,  subtended  by  a  fleshy  ! 


TAXACEAE.  1 7 

ring-shaped  disk;  fruit  consisting  of  the  red  fleshy  dish  which  has 
become  cup-shaped  and  nearly  encloses  the  bony  seed. 

Taxus  brevifolia  Nutt.  Western  Yew.  Small  tree,  4-10  m.  high,  some- 
times much  larger,  the  bark  loose  and  reddish;  branches  slender,  horizontal 
or  drooping;  leaves  horizontal,  1-2  cm.  long,  linear,  acuminate,  cuspidate, 
with  revolute  margins,  shiny  green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  abruptly  narrowed 
at  the  base  into  a  short  petiole;  staminate  aments  globose,  3  mm.  broad;  fruit 
bright  red,  insipid  in  taste;  stone  broadly  ovate,  acute,  somewhat  flattened, 
3-4  mm.  long. 

Quite  common,  especially  along  mountain  streams.  Very  large  trees 
become  75  cm.  in  diameter.  Extreme  southern  Alaska  to  Tulare  County, 
California  and  eastward  to  the  Blue  and  Bitterroot  Mountains. 

Family  9.  PINACEAE.  Pine  Family. 
Resinous  trees  or  shrubs  mostly  with  evergreen  narrow  entire 
or  scale-like  leaves;  flowers  in  aments,  usually  monoecious, 
rarely  dioecious;  ovules  solitary  or  several  together  on  the  sur- 
face of  a  scale,  which  in  most  genera  is  in  the  axile  of  a  bract; 
fruit  a  cone  with  numerous  several  or  few  woody  papery  or 
fleshy  scales;  seed  wingless  or  winged. 

Scales  of  the  cone  few   (3-12);   leaf-buds   naked; 
leaves  mostly  scale-like. 
Cone  modified  into  a  fleshy,  drupe-like  fruit.  24.  JUNIPERUS,  17. 

Cone  composed  of  dry  scales. 

Scales  of  the  globose  cone  peltate.  26.  Chamaecyparis,  18. 

Scales  of  the  oblong  cone  not  peltate. 

Cone-scales  8-12,  rather  thin,  imbricate.     26.  Thuja,  18. 
Cone-scales  6,  thick,  valvate.  27.  Libocedrus,  19. 

Scales  of  the  cones  numerous;  leaf-buds  scaly;  green 
leaves  needle-like. 
Cone-scales  woody;  leaves  needle-shaped,  2-5  in 

a  sheath.  28.  PiNUS,  19. 

Cone-scales    thin;    leaves    linear,   scattered    or 
clustered,  not  in  sheaths. 
Cones  erect;  scales  deciduous.  29.  Abies,  20. 

Cones  pendent;  scales  persistent. 

Branchlets  smooth;  bracts  3-toothed.         30.  Pseudotsuga,  21. 
Branchlets  roughened  by  the  persistent 
leaf-bases. 
Leave  sessile,  pungent-pointed.  31.  Picea,  22. 

Leaves  petioled,  not  pungent.  32.  Tsuga,  22. 

24.     JUNIPERUS.     Juniper. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  small  trees;  leaves  scale-like  or  needle-like, 
opposite  or  in  whorls  of  three;  flowers  dioecious  or  monoecious, 
small  and  lateral;  anther-cells  3-6,  attached  to  the  lower  edge  of 
the  shield-shaped  scale;  ovule-bearing  aments  ovoid,  of  3-6 
fleshy  coalescent  scales,  each  1-ovuled,  in  fruit  forming  a  bluish- 
black   berry. 

3 


I8  PINACEAE.  I 

i 
Prostrate  shrub;  leaves  uniformly  awl-like.  /.  sibirica.  < 

Erect  shrub  or  tree;    leaves   of   two    forms,    some   scale-like, 

others  awl-like.  J.  scopulorum.    \ 

^0  /Mt/^a/**^«    Junipenis    sibirica    Burgsd.     Mountain    Juniper.     A    prostrate    shrub;  1 

^-_  leaves  linear-subulate,  sharp-pointed,  glaucous  on  the  upper  side,  arranged  in  ] 

^^Tt^^^j^    whorlsof  three;  fruit  dark  blue,  as  large  as  a  pea. 

*^***^*~'^         Common  in  the  mountains  at  900-1000  m.  elevation.     Many  botanists  j 

«..  consider  this  a  subspecies  of  /.  communis  L.  under  the  name  of  /.  communis  I 

montana  Ait. 

I 

Juniperus  scopulorum  Sarg.  Rocky  Mountain  Juniper.  A  shrub  or  ; 
scraggly  tree,   1-6  m.  high,  much  branched,  the  branches  often  drooping; 

foliage  often  glaucous;  leaves  small,  acute,  each  with  a  linear  indistinct  gland  ! 

on  the  back;  berries  blue-black  with  a  thick  whitish  bloom,  maturing  the  I 

second  year;  seeds  usually  2,  grooved  longitudinally.  ; 

On  the  islands  and  mainland  about  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  and  the  northern  '■ 

part  of  Puget  Sound.     Not  elsewhere  known  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  ■ 

but  common  from  these  mountains  eastward  to  the  Black  Hills.  j 

25.     CHAMAECYPARIS. 

Evergreen  trees  with  flattened  2-ranked  branchlets  and  small  i 

scale-like  leaves;    aments  terminal;    staminate  small,   globose,  i 

with  shield-shaped  filaments;    pistillate  erect,  with   6-10  very  i 

thick  scales  in  pairs;   cones  small,  globose,  maturing  the  first  j 

year;  seeds  few,  at  the  base  of  each  scale,  angled  or  more  or  less  I 

winged.  | 

Chamaecjrparis  nootkatensis   (Lamb.)   Spach.     Alaska    Cedar.     Medium  | 

sized  tree,  20-30  m.  tall,  30-100  cm.  in  diameter;  bark  thin,  pale  gray;  leaves  i 

small,  sharply  acute;  cones  globose,  8  mm.  in  diameter.  i 

Common  in  the  mountains  at  1200-1800  m.  elevation.     Alaska  Cedar  ! 

ranges  from  Prince  William  Sound,  Alaska,  to  Mount  Hood,  Oregon.     It  is  | 

not  known  to  occur  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  The  tree  first  became  \ 
known  to  botanists  from  specimens  collected  at  Nootka  Sound. 

26.    THUJA.    Arbor  Vitae. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  small  or  minute,  scale-like,  ; 
appressed,  opposite,  4-ranked;  flowers  monoecious,  both  kinds  i 
terminal,  the  staminate  globose,  the  ovule-bearing  ovoid  or  ; 
oblong,  small,  their  scales  opposite,  each  bearing  2,  rarely  3-5  , 
erect  ovules;  cones  ovoid  or  oblong,  mostly  spreading  or  recurved,  I 
their  scales  6-10,  coriaceous,  opposite,  dry,  spreading  when  j 
mature. 

Thuja  plicata  Donn.     Giant  Cedar.     Handsome  pyramidal  tree,  30-50  or 
even  80  m.  high,  1-5  m.  in  diameter,  the  trunk  rapidly  tapering  from  the  large  ! 
base;  branches  usually  somewhat  drooping;  bark  pale  grayish,  thin  fibrous, 
longitudinally  fissured;  wood  soft,  the  heart- wood  reddish,  odorous;  leaves  | 
oblong-ovate,  bright  green,  rapidly  tapering  to  an  acuminate  cuspidate  apex;  i 
staminate  aments  minute,  dark  purple;  pistillate  aments  usually  crowded  near  i 
the  tips  of  the  branchlets;  cones  oblong,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  light  colored,  con- 
sisting of  about  6  pairs  of  scales,  these  elliptical,  mucronate  on  the  back  near  j 
the  apex.  j 


PINACEAE.                                                   19  ■ 

A  common  lowland  tree,  especially  in  moist  soil,  ranging  from  Alaska  to  ^ 

northern  California.     Found  originally  by  Menzies  at  Nootka  Sound.     The  j 

northernmost  station  known  is  the  head  of  Lynn  Canal,  Alaska.  ^ 

27.  LIBOCEDRUS.  ] 

Resinous  trees  with  scaly  bark  and  spreading  branches ;  leaves  \ 

scale-like,  dimorphic,  opposite,  persistent;  flowers  naked,  monoe-  j 

cious  or  dioecious,  terminal,  solitary;  stamens  numerous;  anther-  ■ 

cells  usually  4;  scales  of  pistillate  cone  4  or  6,  acuminate;  ovules  ! 

2;  fruit  maturing  in  one  season.  s 

Libocedrus  decurrens  Torr.     Incense  Cedar.     Tree,  30-50  m.  high;  bark  \ 

fibrous,  loose;  leaves  opposite,  adnate,  the  acute  tips  spreading;  cones  20-30  : 
mm,  long. 

In  the  mountains,  Clackamas  County,  Oregon,  and  southward  to  Lower 

California.  .] 

28.  PINUS.     Pine.  \ 

Evergreen  trees  with  two  kinds  of  leaves;  the   primary  ones  ' 

scale-like   with  deciduous  tips;  the  secondary  ones  forming  the  \ 
ordinary  foliage,  needle-like,  arising  from  the  axils  of  the  former 

in  clusters  of  2-5;  ovule-bearing  aments  solitary  or  clustered,  i 

each  composed  of  numerous  minute  bracts,  each  with  an  ovule-  \ 

bearing  scale  in  its  axil;  ament,  upon  maturing,  becoming  a  cone,  j 

the  scales  elongating  and  becoming  woody;  seeds  two  on  the  ] 

base  of  each  scale.  ; 

Leaves  5  in  each  fascicle;  scales  of  the  cones  unarmed.  \ 
Cones  ovoid  to  subglobose,  4-8   cm.    long;   wing   of   seed 

shorter  than  the  body.                                                              P.  alhicaulis.  \ 

Cones  cylindric-oblong;  wing  of  seed  longer  than  body.  1 

Seeds  5-7  mm.  long;  cones  usually  10-20  cm.  long.         P.  monticola.  \ 

Seeds  9-12  mm.  long;  cones  usually  20-30  cm.  long.        P.  lambertiana.  \ 

Leaves  2  or  3  in  each  fascicle;  scales  of  the  cones  thickened,  1 

each  armed  with  a  sharp  spine  on  the  back. 

Leaves  in  twos;  cones  small,  4-5  cm.  long.                               P.  contorta.  ' 

Leaves  in  threes;  cones  larger.  • 

Cones  persistent  for  several  years,  formed  well  below  \ 

the  apex  of  the  shoot;  small  tree.  P.  attenuala. 

Cones  falling  after  the  second  year,  formed  subter-  ' 
minally  on  the  young  shoot;  large  tree.                          P.  ponderosa. 

Pinus   albicaulis    Engelm.      White-hark  Pine.      Scraggly   tree,  20-30    m.  J^/ifl   ^'^ 

high;  bark  nearly  white;  leaves  4-7  cm.  long;  cones  oval,  5-7  cm.  long,  the  '*"' 
scales  much  thickened;  seeds  large,  edible. 

British  Columbia  to  Montana  and  California.     In  our  limits  only  in  the 
Cascade  Mountains  at  1500-2100  m.  elevation. 


Pinus  monticola  Dougl.  Western  White  Pine.  Tree  50-100  m.  high,  1-2 
m.  in  diameter;  bark  gray,  rather  smooth,  longitudinally  cracked;  leaves  pale 
green,  in  fascicles  of  five,  4-7  cm.  long;  cones  narrowly  cylindrical,  15-30  cm. 
long,  about  4  cm.  thick. 

This  tree  usually  occurs  in  colonies  along  with  the  red  fir.  It  ranges  from 
the  sea  level  to  1700  m,  altitude  and  extends  from  British  Columbia  to  Montana 
md  California.     It  does  not  extend  farther  north  than  Vancouver  Island. 


je»w<A. 


20  PINACEAE. 

Pinus  lambertiana  Dougl.  Sugar  Pine.  Tree  50-100  m.  high,  2-6  m.  in 
diameter;  bark  brown,  splitting  into  small  plates;  leaves  8-10  cm.  long;  seed 
wings  less  than  twice  as  long  as  broad. 

In  the  mountains  at  400-1000  m,  elevation,  Clackamas  County,  Oregon, 
and  southward  to  Lower  California.  First  found  by  Douglas  in  the  mountains 
near  the  present  site  of  Roseburg,  Oregon. 

Pinus  contorta  Dougl.  Lod^efole  Pine.  Small  tree,  10-20  m.  tall,  the 
dark  bark  usually  deeply  checked;  leaves  4-8  cm.  long,  dark  green:  cones 
small,  ovoid,  4-5  cm.  long;  scales  thickened  at  the  apex,  each  armed  with  a  stout 
point^^^P.  /cY>*^ZrU^  ^^^k^^^^^v^^*-^-**-**^^ 

^ — Common  in  sterile  gravelly  soil.  It  also  occurs  occasionally  in  peat  bogs. 
In  the  mountains  it  often  forms  dense  pure  growths  of  small  trees  whence  the 
name  "lodgepole."  The  tree  ranges  from  Alaska  to  the  Black  Hills,  Colorado 
and  California.  Douglas's  original  specimens  came  from  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Columbia  River. 

Pinus  attenuata  Lemmon.  Knohcone  Pine.  Small  pyramidal  tree,  5-10, 
rarely  20-25  m.  high;  bark  thin,  pale  brown,  scaly  on  the  old  trunk;  leaves 
pale,  8-16  cm.  long;  cones  pale,  narrowly  ovate,  unsymmetrical,  reflexed,  7-12 
cm.  long,  the  scales  on  the  outer  side  much  thickened,  each  armed  with  a  spine. 

Lane  County,  Oregon,  and  south  to  southern  California,  in  the  mountains 
at  300-2000  m.  elevation.  The  cones  usually  in  whorls  persist  for  many  years 
and  give  the  trees  a  very  characteristic  appearance. 

Pinus  ponderosa  Di)ugl.  Yellow  or  T^tM  Pi.np  Large  tree,  30-80  m.  tall, 
1-4  m.  in  diameter,  the  reddish  bark  thick  and  deeply  furrowed;  leaves  in 
fascicles  of  three,  ,15-25  cm.  long,  minutely  serrulate;  staminate  aments 
cylindric,  somewhat  flexuous,  4-6  cm.  long,  crowded  at  the  base  of  young 
shoots;  pistillate  aments  1-6,  greenish  or  purplish,  borne  near  the  apex  of  the 
shoots  of  the  season;  cones  brown,  ovoid,  7-10  cm.  long,  5-6  cm.  thick,  fre- 
quently in  clusters  of  3-5;  scales  much  thickened  near  the  apex,  each  bearing 
a  stout  sharp  point. 

Gravelly  prairies.  Pierce  County,  Washington,  and  southward.  Abundant 
in  the  interior  but  rare  along  the  coast.  The  timber  of  this  tree  is  quite  differ- 
ent from  the  true  yellow  pine  of  the  interior.  The  coast  tree  has  been  consider- 
ed a  distinct  species,  P.  benthamiana  "Oregon  Committee." 

29.     ABIES.     Fir. 

Evergreen  trees  with  linear  flat  scattered  sessile  leaves,  spread- 
ing so  as  to  appear  2-ranked  but  in  reality  spirally  arranged, 
commonly  quite  persistent  in  drying;  staminate  aments  axillary; 
ovule-bearing  aments  lateral,  erect;  ovules  two  on  the  base  of 
each  scale,  reflexed;  scale  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the  thin 
papery  bract;  cones  erect,  subcylindrical  or  ovoid,  their  orbicular 
or  broader  scales  deciduous  from  the  persistent  axis. 

Cones  with  conspicuous  exserted  reflexed  bracts.  A .  nobilis. 

Cones  with  the  bracts  concealed. 

Cross  section  of  leaf  showing  the  two  resin  ducts  surrounded 

by  green  tissue.  A .  lasiocarpa. 

Cross  section  of  leaf  showing  the  resin  ducts  close  to  the 
lower  surface. 
Cones  purple,  large;  bracts  long  attenuate  at  apex.  A.  amahilis. 

Cones  usually  green,  medium  sized;  bracts  not  attenuate 
at  apex. 


PINACEAE.  21  j 

Leaves  green  and  shiny  above  with  stomata  only  on  J 

the  lower  side.                                                                  A .  grandis.  ] 

Leaves  pale  above  and  below  and  with  stomata  on  I 

both  sides.                                                                         A.  concolor.  \ 

Abies  nobilis  Lindl.      Nohle  Fir.      Very  large  tree,  70-100  m.  high,  and 

1-2  m.  in  diameter;  leaves  of  the  upper  branches  curved  upwards,  short,  ! 

rigid,  mostly  acute,  channeled  above;  cones  12-20  cm.  long,  nearly  covered  by  { 

the  large  reflexed  bracts.  ] 

In  the  mountains  from  Mount  Baker  and  the  Olympic  Mountains  to  near  \ 

the  southern  boundary  of  Oregon.  ^ .  /        r-  \  '■ 

1,^^    Abies  lasiocarpa  (Hook.)  Nutt.     Suhalpine  Fir.     Narrowly  conical  usually  ■ 

^^^densely  branched  trees,  20-30  m.  high   and    20-40  cm.  in   diameter;    bark  | 

pale,  rather  smooth  but  with  large  resin  blisters;  leaves  3-5  cm.  long,  acute,  ^ 

^      usually  sharp-pointed,  with  abundant  stomata  on  the  upper  leaf  surface;  I 

cones  narrowly  barrel-shaped,  usually  dark-purple,  puberulent,  5-10  cm.  long; 

bracts  lacerate,  usually  not  exserted. 

Alaska  southward  in  the  mountains  to  Oregon  and  Colorado.  In  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains  the  southern  limit  is  near  Crater  Lake,  Oregon.  It  commonly 
occurs  at  1500-2500  m.  altitude.  In  the  Olympic  Mountains,  there  is  a  form 
with  the  bracts  exserted.  This  tree  was  first  found  by  Douglas,  probably  in 
the  Blue  Mountains  of  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon.  ! 

»>H^       Abj^es  amabilis  (Loud.)  Forbes.     Amabilis  Fir.     Graceful  tree,  30-50  m.  S/  /     AjfA 
^h^  high;  leaves  with  few  or  no  stomata  on  the  upper  surface,  those  of  the  lower  ^*A^        ^ 

branches  flat,  obtuse  or  retuse,  those  of  the  upper  branches  curved  upward,  Hit^^Bf.' 
-r     mostly  acute;  cones  dark-purple,  8-15  cm.  long,  puberulent.  /^/^^ 

S"  In  the  mountains  mostly  at  1000-1500  m.  altitude,  ranging  from  extreme 

southern  Alaska  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  Crater  Lake,  Oregon,  and  in  '       \ 

the  Coast  Mountains  to  Saddle  Mountain,  near  Astoria,  Oregon. 

Abies  grandis  Lindl.     White  Fir.     Large  tree,  sometimes  100  m.  tall  and  ff/iO  A^ > 
2  m.  in  diameter,  with  thin,  dark  gray,  rather  smooth  bark;  branches  hori-  ^ujl^^^<.r^^ 
zontal  or  the  lower  drooping;  leaves  Imear,  obtuse  or  notched,  shining  green 
above,  marked  beneath  by  two  white  lines,  18-30  mm.  long,  usually  arranged  ' 

in  two  ranks,  giving  the  foliage  a  flattened  appearance;  cones  cylindric-oblong,  •] 

7-10  cm.  long,  dark  green,  more  or  less  covered  with  drops  of  resin;  scales  \ 

broader  than  long,  entire;  bracts  small,  deeply  notched,  each  sometimes  bearing  -; 

a  short  point.  ' 

Common  in  moist  land  at  low  altitudes,  from  the  northern  end  of  Vancouver 
Island  to  Sonoma  County,  California,  and  eastward  to  Montana  and  Wyoming.  : 

Abies  concolor  (Gord.)  Parry.     Large  tree,  reaching  a  height  of  50-70  m.  ^ 

and  a  diameter  of  1-2  m.;  bark  ash-gray,  deeply  furrowed;  leaves  pale,  those  , 

of  the  lower  branches  2-ranked,  flat,  obtuse  or  retuse,  5-7  cm.  long,  those  of  the  '' 

fruiting  branches  curved  upward  and  acute;  cones  olive  green  or  yellowish,  j 

sometimes  purple  tinged,   8-10  cm.   long;   bracts  small,    narrowly  oblong,  < 

truncate  or  slightly  notched,  sometimes  bearing  a  short  point.  ; 

In  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Oregon  from  Mount  Jefferson  southward  ' 
through  California;  also  in  the* Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah  and  Ariz- 
ona. ' 


1 


30.     PSEUDOTSUGA. 


Very  large  trees,  at  first  pyramidal  and  spruce-like,  often  in 
ge    more    spreading;    leaves    linear,    flat,    somewhat    2-ranked 
by  a  twist  at  the  base;  aments  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of 
the  preceding  year;  staminate  aments  clustered  in  an  oblong  or 


22  .  PINACEAE. 

I 

cylindrical  column,  surrounded  or  partly  enclosed  by  numerous,  > 
conspicuous,  rotund  bud-scales;  ovule-bearing  aments  with  the  : 
scales  much  shorter  than  the  broadly  linear  acutely  2-lobed  ' 
bracts;  cones  maturing  the  first  year;  scales  persistent.  ^j^     I 

/      AJHr- AJ  JPRftiidotsnga  m^cTQu^tfi  (Kai.)  Sudw._^gg^  F^'r.     Doudas  Spruce,  ^^ery  I 

/2i)/wrAk^-**^arge  tree,  50-100  m.  high,  1-4  m.  in  diameterT  bark  thick,  reddish  within,  ; 

mfT-  Swo-^^**^  deeply  cracked  longitudinally;  branches  usually  short  and  horizontal;  leaves  ; 

'y./VuJ^/iv'  •      linear,  obtusish,  2(>-30  mm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  dark  green  above,  i 

paler  beneath;  staminate  aments  light  brown,  oblong-cylindric,  1  cm.  long,  : 

half  enclosed  in  the  large  bracts;  pistillate  aments  green  or  purplish;  cones  j 

pendent,  cylindric-ovoid,  6-10  cm.  long,  the  tridentate  bracts  conspicuously  I 

exceeding  the  scale.  j 

The  common  forest  tree  of  the  region.     Subalpine  forms  have  the  cones 

uniformly  shorter  and  thicker.     Red  fir  ranges  from   British  Columbia  to  | 

Mexico.     It  does  not  extend  northward  quite  to  the  Alaska  boundary.     The  | 

first  knowledge  of  the  tree  was  Lewis's  description  of  it  as  it  occurs  I 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River. 

')PRUCE. 

Evergreen  conical  trees,  with  linear  sharp  pointed  short  four-  \ 
sided  leaves,  spreading  in  all  directions,  falling  away  from  the 
twig  in  drying,  leaving  it  covered  with  small  projections;  leaf- 
buds  scaly;  staminate  aments  axillary,  nearly  sessile;  ovule-  j 
bearing  aments  terminal,  ovoid  or  oblong;  ovules  two  on  the  : 
base  of  each  scale,  reflexed,  ripening  into  two  more  or  less  winged  j 
seeds;  cones  ovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse,  pendulous,  their  scales  | 
numerous,  spirally  arranged,  thin,  obtuse,  persistent.  i 

Leaves  distinctly  flattened ;  lowland  tree.  P.  sitchensis.      ^ 

Leaves  quadrangular;  subalpine  tree.  P.  engelmanni,  i 

Picea  sitchensis  Carr.     Sitka  or  Tideland  Spruce.     A  very  large  tree,  50-70  , 

m.  tall,  and  2-3  m.  in  diameter;  bark  dark  gray,  scaly;  twigs  glabrous;  leaves  ; 

10-15  mm.  long,  distinctly  flattened,  very  sharp  pointed;  cones  oblong  or  oval,  ' 

pale  brown,  3-6  cm.  long,  the  oblong-ovate  scales  denticulate.  ] 

Common  along  the  seacoast  and  on  low  river  bottoms,  ranging  from  Kodiak  ' 
Island,  Alaska,  to  Mendocino  County,  California.     It  was  first  found  at  Sitka 
by  Mertens. 

Picea  engelmanni  Parry.     Engelmann  Spruce.     Handsome  pyramidal  tree,  1 

30-40  m.  tall,  the  bark  gray  and  scaly;  branchlets  pubescent;  leaves  dark-  i 

green,  quadrangular  in  cross  section,  very  sharply  pointed,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  ■ 

cones   cylindric-ovate,   3-6   cm.    long;    scales   ovate,   truncate,   rounded   or  • 

retuse,  crenulatc.  ■ 

From  the  Yukon  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  mainly  in  the  interior  but  ■ 

occuring  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  at  300-1000  m.  altitude  from  British  \ 

(  J  ) Columbia  to  the  southern  boundary  of  Oregon.  1 

(f^.^'^'^r^'  32.    TSUGA.     Hemlock. 

/*V'*  

Evergreen    trees   with    flat   or   angled    leaves   which    appear  ' 

2-rankecl;  branchlets  rough  from  persistent  leaf-bases;  staminate  ; 
aments  in  subglobose  clusters  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  pre-  ! 


PINACEAE.  '     23 

vious  year;  ovule-bearing  aments  terminal  on  year-old  .branch- 
lets;  bract  somewhat  shorter  than  the  cone-scale;  cones  maturing 
the  first  year,  pendulous. 

Leaves  8-18  mm.  long;  cones  2  cm.  long.  T.  heterophylla. 

Leaves  12-25  mm.  long;  cones  5-7  cm.  long.  T.  mertensiana. 

Tsuga  heterophylla  (Raf.)  Sarg.  Western  Hemlock.  Handsome  tree, 
30-60  m.  tall  and  50-200  cm.  in  diameter;  branches  slender,  usually  bent  down- 
ward; leaves  linear,  flattened,  unequal  in  length,  8-18  mm.  long;  cones  oblong, 
10-16  mm.  long. 

A  common  forest  tree,  most  abundant  at  about  1000  m.  altitude.  It  ranges 
from  Prince  William  Sound,  Alaska,  to  Marin  County,  California.  It  was 
originally  described  by  Lewis  and  Clarke  from  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia 

,  TfT"g«  mprtensiana  (Rnngr.^  Carr.^  M^^/ff/zrV^r 'V^r  Blnfl^  TJfmln^h  Tree 
30-50  m.  high  and  50-200  cm.  in  diameter;  leaves  1-2  cm.  long,  acutish, 
convex  above,  bearing  stomata  on  both  surfaces;  cones  oblong,  dark  purple, 
5-7  cm.  long. 

Common  in  the  mountains  at  about  the  limit  of  trees;  at  the  highest  altitude 
it  becomes  a  prostrate  shrub.  The  Black  Hemlock  ranges  from  Prince 
William  Sound,  Alaska,  where  it  occurs  at  sea  level,  southward  in  the  moun- 
tains to  Montana  and  California.  It  was  first  found  by  Mertens  Oixi  the  moun- 
tain at  Sitka. 

Ovules  {megasporangia)  enclosed  in  a  cavity  (the  ovary) 
formed  by  the  infolding  and  uniting  of  the  margins  of 
a  modified  rudimentary  leaf  {carpel),  or  of  several  such 
leaves  joined  together,  in  which  the  seeds  are  ripened; 
stigmas  present;  cotyledons  one  or  two,  very  rarely  want- 
ing; perianth  present  or  wanting. 

Sub-class  I.     MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Embryo  of  the  seed  with  but  a  single  cotyledon,  that  is 
with  the  first  leaves  of  the  germinating  plantlet  alternate; 
stem  composed  of  a  mass  of  soft  tissue  in  which  the  woody 
bundles  appear  in  cross  section  to  be  irregularly  imbedded, 
there  being  no  distinction  into  bark,  wood  and  pith; 
leaves  usually  parallel- veined,  mostly  alternate  and  entire, 

iommonly  sheathing  the  stem  at  the  base  and  often  with 
LO  distinction  of  blade  and  petiole;  parts  of  the  flowers 
aostly  in  threes. 
i 


Family  10.     TYPHACEAE.     Cat  Tail  Family. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  linear 
at  sheathing  leaves;  stems  erect,   terete;  flowers  monoecious, 


*24  TYPHACEAE. 

densely  crowded  in  a  terminal  spike,  often  subtended  by  spatha-  . 
ceous  bracts;  ovary  one,  1-  or  2-celled,  with  as  many  persistent  | 
styles;  fruit  nutlike.  I 

33.    TYPHA. 

Flowers  in  a  dense  cylindrical  spike;  staminate  and  pistillate  ; 
portions  of  the  spike  contiguous ;  stamens  with  very  short  con-  j 
nate  filaments,  mixed  with  numerous  long  hairs;  ovary  long-  i 
stalked,  1 -celled,  surrounded  by  numerous  bristles  and  rudi-  ' 
mentary  ovaries;  fruit  minute,  usually  splitting  on  one    side.  • 

Typha  latifolia  L.  Cat-tail.  Stout,  1-3  m.  tall;  leaves  flat,  sheathing  at  • 
base,  1-2  cm.  wide;  pistillate  and  staminate  portions  of  the  spike  close  to-  , 
gather,  each  8-30  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  dark  brown;  stigmas  rhombic-  j 
spatulate;  pollen  grains  in  fours.  I 

Margins  of  lakes  and  ponds,  abundant.  I 

i 

Family  11.    SPARGANIACEAE.    Bur-reed  Family.         | 

Marsh  or  pond  herbs  with  creeping  roots tocks  and  erect  or  ; 

floating  stems ;  leaves  linear,  alternate,  2-ranked,  sessile,  sheath-  , 

ing  at  the  base;  flowers  monoecious,  densely  crowded  into  globose  : 

heads  which  are  in  a  raceme  on  the  upper  parts  of  the  stem  and  | 

branches,  the  staminate  above;  spathes  linear;  perianth  of  a  few ' 

chaffy  scales;  stamens  usually  5;  fruit  mostly  1-celled,  nut-like.  , 

I 
34.     SPARGANIUM.     Bur  Reed.  \ 

Characters  of  the  family.  \ 

Heads  all  axillary;  inflorescence  branched.  S.  androcladum.    ; 

Heads,  or  at  least  some  of  them,  supra-axillary.  j 

Leaves,  or  at  least  the  larger  ones,  keeled;  plants  usually  ; 

terrestrial.  S.  simplex.            \ 

Leaves  not  keeled;  floating  aquatics.  ! 

Beak  of  fruit  short-conical;  stigma  oblong.  6*.  minimum.         i 

Beak  of  fruit  slender;  stigma  linear.  S.  angustifolium.  ' 

Sparganium  androcladum  (Engelm.)  Morong.  Stems  stout,  40-100  cm.  i 
high;  leaves  5-12  mm.  wide,  dark  green;  inflorescence  branched,  the  branches  j 
strictly  axillary,  each  bearing  3-7  staminate  heads  and  usually  1  or  2  pistillate  | 
heads;  fruiting  heads  2-2.5  cm.  in  diameter;  fruit  dull,  the  fusiform  body  i 
5-6  mm.  long,  the  beak  about  3  mm.  long.  j 

Margins  of  ponds  and  lakes,  common.  ' 

Sparganium  simplex  Huds.  Stems  rather  stout,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  i 
thin,  6-15  mm.  broad,  scarious-margined  below;  inflorescence  simple;  fruiting  ; 
heads  12-25  mm.  in  diameter,  some  of  them  supra-axillary;  fruit  fusiform,  j 
somewhat  shiny,  the  body  3-4  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a  beak  about  as  long;  | 
stalk  1-2  mm.  long;  stigmas  linear. 

More  common  than  S.  androcladum  and  occurring"  in  similar  places. 

\ 


SPARGANIACEAE.  25 

Sparganium  minimum  Fries.  Aquatic;  stems  very  slender,  10-40  cm.  long; 
leaves  thin  and  grass-like,  2-4  mm.  broad,  floating;  inflorescence  simple; 
heads  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  pistillate  about  1  cm.  in  diameter  when  mature; 
nutlets  smooth,  ovoid,  conically  short-beaked,  easily  detached. 

In  mountain  ponds  and  lakes.  San  Juan  Lake,  Vancouver  Island,  Rosen- 
dahl  &  Brand;  Mount  Rainier,  Piper. 

Sparganium  angustifoliimi  Michx.  Aquatic;  stems  slender,  30-100  cm. 
long;  leaves  very  long  and  narrow,  rather  firm,  2-4  mm.  wide;  inflorescence 
simple;  heads  sessile  or  the  lower  peduncled,  the  pistillate  15-20  mm.  in  di- 
ameter when  mature;  nutlets  abruptly  slender-beaked,  firmly  attached. 

In  ponds  and  lakes;  Mount  Arrowsmith,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun. 

Family    12.     NAJADACEAE.    Pondweed  Family. 

Submersed  or  floating  fresh-water  or  marine  aquatic  herbs 

or  marsh  plants;  leaves  flat  or  filiform,  opposite,   alternate  or 

whorled;   flowers   unisexual   or   perfect,    mostly   small,   solitary 

axillary   or   in   spikes;   perianth   none   or   sheath-like;   stamens 

1-4;  carpels  1-5,  each  1-ovuled. 

Flowers  perfect ;  stamens  more  than  one. 

Perianth  of  4  sepals;  stamens  4;  fruit  sessile.  35.  Potamogeton,  25. 

Perianth  none;  stamens  2;  fruits  stalked.  36.  Ruppia,  27. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious;  stamen  solitary. 
Leaves  many,  opposite;  flowers  axillary,  sessile. 
Monoecious;  pistils  2-5,  in  a  cup-shaped  invo- 
lucre; stigmas  short.  37.  Zannichellia  27. 
Dioecious;  pistil  solitary,  naked;  stigma  slender.  38.  Najas,  28. 
Leaves  alternate,  rather  few. 

Stigma  capitate;  fertile  flowers  in  an  exserted 

naked  spike;  fresh  water  or  marsh  plant.         39.  Lilaea,  28. 
Stigma  linear;  fertile  flowers  on  an  enclosed 
spadix;  marine  plants. 
Monoecious;  fruit  rounded  at  base.  40.  Zostera,  28. 

Dioecious;  fruit  cordate  at  base.  41.  Phyllospadix,  28. 

35.     POTAMOGETON.     Pondweed. 

Leaves  alternate  or  the  uppermost  opposite,  often  of  two 
kinds,  the  submersed  mostly  linear,  the  floating  lanceolate, 
ovate  or  oval;  spathes  enclosing  the  young  buds,  usually  perish- 
ing soon  after  expanding;  flowers  small,  perfect,  spicate,  green 
or  red;  perianth  of  4  sepals,  valvate  in  bud;  stamens  4,  opposite 
the  sepals;  ovaries  4,  sessile,  distinct,  1-celled,  1-ovuled. 

Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  floating  ones  thickish,  the  submersed 
thin  and  of  different  form. 
Submersed  leaves  linear. 

Floating  leaves  subcordate  at  base;  stipules  long.  P.  natans. 

Floating  leaves  acute  at  base;  stipules  short.  P.  epihydrus. 

Submersed  leaves  lanceolate  or  oval. 

Floating  leaves  oval,  30-50-nerved.  P.  amplifolius. 

Floating  leaves  narrowly  elliptic,  10-20-nerved. 


26  NAJADACEAE.  ; 

Stipules  acuminate;  fruiting  spike  4-5  cm.  long.      P.  americanus.      \ 
Stipules  obtuse;  fruiting  spikes  2-3  cm.  long.  P.  heterophyllus.  \ 

Leaves  alike,  all  submersed. 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong. 

Not  clasping  at  base.  P.  heterophyllus.  • 

Half  clasping  at  base.  i 

Apex  boat-shaped  or  hooded.  P.  praelongus. 

Apex  acuminate,  not  hooded.  P.  richardsonii.    \ 

Leaves  linear. 

Stipules  free  from  the  base  of  the  leaf.  , 

Leaves  tape-like;  spike  cylindric;  fruit  large.  P.  zosterifolius. 

Leaves  very  narrow;  spike  not  cylindric;  fruit  small.  P.  pusillus. 
Stipules  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  4-8   mm.   wide,  ciliate, 

many-nerved.  P.  rohhinsii.  ' 

Leaves  linear-setaceous,  1  mm.  wide,  not  ciliate, 

1-nerved  P.  pectinatus. 

Potamogeton  natans  L.     Floating  leaves  ovate  or  elliptical,  somewhat 
cordate  at  base,  5-8  cm.  long;  upper  submerged  leaves  with  a  lanceolate  blade,  | 
the  lower  linear  and  grass-like;  upper  stipules  long,  acute;  spike  3-5  cm.  long,  1 
emersed. 

Common  in  still  ponds  and  lakes.  i 

Potamogeton  epihydrus  Raf.  (P.  nuttallii  C.  &  S.)  Stems  simple  or  I 
branched,  compressed,  60-120  cm.  long;  floating  leaves  oblong,  obtuse  or  i 
acutish,  each  attenuate  into  a  short  petiole;  submersed  leaves  numerous,  linear,  j 
thin,  5-7-nerved,  with  a  coarse  cellular  reticulation  between  the  inner  nerves;  j 
stipules  short,  obtuse;  spikes  1-4  cm.  long,  on  stout  peduncles;  fruit  obovoid,  i 
apiculate,  2-3  mm.  long,  3-keeled  when  dry.  I 

Frequent  in  lakes  and  quiet  rivers. 


Potamogeton   amplifollus   Tuckerm.     Stem   stout,   simple   or   branched; 
floating  leaf-blades  oblong-oval,  acute,  rounded  at  the  base,  5-10  cm.  long, 


I 
_    < 

long-petioled;  submersed  leaves  mostly  linear-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  the  \ 


uppermost  frequently  oval  or  oblong;  stipules  large,  5-10  cm.  long,  acute; 
spike  stout,  dense,  2-4  cm.  long,  stout  peduncled;  fruit  large,  4-5  mm.  long,  \ 
with  a  broad  beak.  j 

Rarely  collected  in  our  limits;  Coupeville,  Gardner;  Whatcom  County,  | 
Washington,  Suksdorf.  i 

Potamogeton  americanus  C.  &  S.  (P.  lonchitis  Tuckerm.)  Stems  ^ 
slender,  flaccid,  branched,  50-100  cm.  or  more  long;  floating  leaves  narrowly  j 
elliptic,  pointed  at  each  end,  5-10  cm.  long,  many-nerved,  narrowed  at  base  ' 
into  a  petiole  about  as  long;  submersed  leaves  lanceolate;  stipules  narrow,  3-8 
cm.  long;  spike  dense,  2-4  cm.  long,  on  rather  stout  peduncles;  fruit  about  3-4  ' 
mm.  long.  i 

In  ponds  and  streams,  not  common.  ! 

Potamogeton  heterophyllus  Schreb.  Floating  leaves  thin,  obtuse,  9-15-  ] 
nerved,  3-5  cm.  long;  submersed  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  3-7-  , 
nerved;  stipules  obtuse;  fruit  small,  subglobose.  i 

Victoria,  Macoun,  and  common  eastward.  i 

Potamogeton  praelongus  Wulf.     Leaves  all  submersed,  numerous,  oblong 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  half-clasping  at  base,  5-20  cm.  long;  peduncles  ; 
usually  very  long;  spikes  2-5  cm.  long,  thick,  loosely  flowered;  fruit  sharply  i 
keeled  when  dry,  4-5  mm.  long.  ; 

In  lakes,  rare  in  our  limits.  i 


NAJADACEAE.  •  2^] 

Potamogeton  richardsonii  (Benn.)  Rydb.  Leaves  all  submersed,  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  cordate  and  clasping  at  base,  6-10  cm.  long;  stipules  large, 
often  split  into  shreds;  peduncles  rather  short,  thicker  upward;  spikes  loose, 
1-1.5  cm.  long. 

Very  common  in  lakes  and  ponds. 

Potamogeton  zosterifolius  Schumacher.  Stems  branching,  flattened; 
leaves  grass-like,  clasping  at  base,  3-nerved;  stipules  obtuse;  spikes  cylindric, 
12-15-flowered,  shorter  than  the  peduncles. 

Quiet  waters,  rare. 

Potamogeton  pusillus  L.  Stems  very  slender,  flattened,  usually  much 
branched;  leaves  all  submersed,  narrowly  linear,  2-5  cm.  long,  each  bearing 
two  glands  at  the  sessile  base;  stipules  obtuse,  early  disappearing;  spikes  in- 
terrupted, 5-8-flowered. 

Common  in  still  lakes. 

Potamogeton  robbinsii  Oakes.  Stems  stout;  leaves  numerous,  all  submer- 
sed, linear  or  lanceolate,  minutely  serrulate,  8-12  cm.  long,  2-ranked;  stipules 
obtuse;  fruit  obovoid,  sharp  beaked,  conspicuously  keeled. 

In  quiet  lakes,  very  local  and  seldom  fruiting;  abundant  in  Lake  Cushman, 
Mason  County,  Washington. 

Potamogeton  pectinatus  L.  Stems  filiform,  branched,  30-90  cm.  long; 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  attenuate  to  the  apex,  1-nerved,  2-10  cm.  long;  ped- 
uncles slender;  flowers  in  whorls;  fruit  obliquely  ovoid,  compressed,  turgid, 
3.5-4.5  mm.  long;  style  straight  or  nearly  so. 

Columbia  River,  Scouler,  Suksdorf;  occurs  most  commonly  in  brackish 
water  but  rare  in  our  limits. 

36.     RUPPIA. 

Slender  submersed  branching  herbs  growing  in  salt  or  brackish 
water  with  thread-like  stems  and  with  thread-like  alternate 
leaves  broadly  sheathing  at  the  base;  flowers  perfect,  two  or 
more  near  each  other  on  a  spadix  enclosed  in  the  sheathing  base 
of  a  leaf,  later  being  thrust  out;  perianth  none;  stamens  2,  ses- 
sile; ovaries  4,  at  first  sessile,  in  fruit  stalked. 

Ruppia  maritima  L.  Stems  slender,  much  branched,  leafy;  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  2-8  cm.  long;  spikes  small,  2-8-flowered. 

In  brackish  shallow  water  on  the  seashore.  A  polymorphous  species,  of 
which  at  least  two  subspecies  occur  in  our  limits. 

Ruppia  maritima  intermedia  (Thed.)  Aschers.  &  Graebn.    Carpels  ovoid, 
slightly  oblique  but  not  curved,  bluntly  and  inconspicuously  beaked. 
Seattle,  Piper. 

Ruppia  maritima  rostrata  Agardh.  Carpels  strongly  oblique  or  curved  and 
conspicuously  beaked. 

Victoria,  British  Columbia,  Macoun;  Seattle,  Piper  &  Smith. 

37.     ZANNICHELLIA. 

Submersed  herbs;  leaves  small,  opposite,  linear;  flowers 
unisexual,  in  axillary  clusters,  each  composed  of  one  staminate 
and  2-5  pistillate  flowers;  staminate  flower  naked;  pistillate 
flowers  enclosed  in  a  funnel-shaped  undivided  involucre;  style 
short;  stigma  disk-shaped  or  bilobed;  ovary  flask-shaped. 


28  •  NAJADACEAE.  \ 

Zannichellia  palustris  L.  Horned  Pondweed.  Stems  slender,  branching,; 
leafy,  10-60  cm.  long;  leaves  thin,  filiform,  1-nerved,  5-8  cm.  long;  fruit  nearly: 
sessile,  flattened,  somewhat  incurved,  often  more  or  less  toothed  on  the  back,  i 
2-3  mm.  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  style.  i 

In  ponds  and  quiet  streams,  rare  in  our  limits. 

38.  NAJAS.  i 

Submersed    aquatic    herbs    with    slender    branching    stems;- 
leaves  numerous,   short,   opposite  or  in   threes,   linear;   flowers; 
monoecious  or  dioecious,   solitary  axillary,   the    staminate  en- 
closed in  a  membranaceous  sheath;  stamen  1;  carpel  1,  with  a 
short  style  and  a  1 -celled  1-ovuled  ovary.  ' 

Najas  flexilis  (Willd.)  Rostk.  &  Schmidt.  Stems  slender;  leaves  numerousi  \ 
linear,  acute  or  acuminate,  1-2  cm.  long,  minutely  serrulate,  the  sheath  broadly-  i 
oblong;  fruit  3  mm.  long,  oblong-linear,  tipped  with  the  persistent  style;  seed  j 
pale-brown,  shining.  ! 

In  lakes  and  slow  streams,  common  and  widely  spread.  I 

39.  LILAEA. 

Marsh  or  freshwater  grass-like  plant  with  fibrous  roots  ;i 
leaves  alternate;  flowers  monoecious,  naked,  in  separate  spikes' 
or  intermixed ;  staminate  floret  a  solitary  nearly  sessile  2-celled 
anther  subtended  by  a  distinct  bract;  pistillate  florets  consisting i 
of  naked  sessile  ovaries;  styles  short  in  the  upper  florets,  elongated  ' 
in  the  lower  ones;  stigma  cuspidate;  ovule  solitary.  \ 

Lilaea  subulata  HBK.  {Heterostylus  gramineus  Hook.)  Leaves  grass- i 
like,  15-30  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  broad,  thin;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  ' 
spikes  crowded;  spathe  boat-shaped  at  base;  styles  of  the  lower  flowers  long! 
and  filiform,  gradually  reduced  upwards;  akenes  elliptical,  acute,  wing-  ' 
margined;  lower  ones  largest  and  with  a  lateral  tooth  on  each  side  at  the  base  of  : 
the  style. 

In  ponds,  rare.  Sumas  River,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun;  Oregon,  Scouler,  ' 
Howell.  j 

40.     ZOSTERA.  ■ 

Submersed  marine  perennial  herbs  with  creeping  and  rooting  \ 
stems  or  rootstocks;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  ribbon-shaped ;  j 
flowers  rnonoecious;  perianth  none;  flowers  of  single  stamens, 
and  ovaries  alternately  in  rows  on  a  leaf-like  spadix  enclosed  in  < 
the  membranous  base  of  a  leaf.  I 

Zostera  marina  L.     Eel-grass.     Leaves  tape-like,  obscurely  3-7-nerved,  | 

50-100  cm.  long.  .1 

Very  common  along  the  seashore  just  at  low  tide  mark  but  very  seldom  ' 

flowering.     There  are  perhaps  two  species  on  our  coast.  j 

i 
41.     PHYLLOSPADIX.  | 

Perennial  submersed  marine  herbs  with  thick  rootstocks  and  i 
slender  stems;  leaves  elongated,  linear;  flowers  dioecious;  per-, 
ianth  none;  staminate  flower  a  single  sessile   1-celled  anther;  i 


SCHEUCHZERIACEAE.  29 

pistillate  flowers  of  sessile  carpels  in  two  vertical  rows  on  the 
face  of  a  broadly  linear  sessile  spadix  enclosed  in  a  boat-shaped 
spa  the. 

Leaves  2-2.5  mm.  wide;  spathes  solitary  or  rarely  two.  P.  scouleri. 

Leaves  1-L5  mm.  wide;  spathes  several,  on  short  lateral  peduncles.    P.  torreyi. 

Phyllospadix  scouleri  Hook.  Stems  stout,  2-5  cm.  long,  bearing  a  single 
spathe;  leaves  strongly  3-nerved,  1-2  m.  long,  2-5  cm.  broad. 

On  rocky  seacoasts,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia  to  California. 
First  found  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River  by  Scouler. 

Phyllospadix  torreyi  Wats.  Stems  slender,  bearing  one  or  two  axillary 
peduncles  at  each  joint;  leaves  narrow,  2  mm.  wide,  1-nerved  or  faintly  3- 
nerved,  often  a  meter  or  more  long. 

Vancouver  Island  to  California,  on  rocky  shores. 

Family    13.    SCHEUCHZERIACEAE.    Arrow  Grass 
Family. 

Swamp  plants  with  narrow  leaves  and  terminal  racemose  or 

spike-like  inflorescences;  flowers  perfect  or  unisexual,  naked  or 

with  a  usually  evanescent  bract-like  perianth;  stamens  2  or  3; 

carpels  3-6,  each  1-2-ovuled,  more  or  less  united  till  maturity, 

dehiscent  or  indehiscent. 

Leaves   all    basal;    flowers    numerous,    in    spikes    or 

racemes,  on  scapes.  42.  Triglochin,  29. 

Stem  leafy;  flowers  few,  in  a  loose  raceme.  43.  Scheuchzeria,  29. 

42.    TRIGLOCHIN.    Arrow  Grass. 

Flowers  small,  perfect,  in  a  terminal  spike-like  raceme  borne 
on  a  naked  scape;  perianth  segments  3-6,  greenish,  evanescent; 
stamens  3-6;  anthers  2-celled,  on  very  short  filaments;  carpels 
3-6,  united  into  a  compound  pistil;  ovules  solitary;  capsule, 
when  ripe,  splitting  into  3-6  carpels  with  a  persistent  central 
axis. 

Triglochin  maritima  L.  Scapes  subterete,  20-40  cm.  high,  exceeding  the 
leaves;  leaves  thickish,  narrow;  raceme  elongate,  15^0  cm.  long;  fruit  ovoid, 
angled,  5-6  mm.  long;  carpels  usually  6,  sometimes  3. 

Common  in  marshes  along  the  seashore. 

43.     SCHEUCHZERIA. 

Rush-like  bog  perennials  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  erect 
leafly  stems;  flowers  small,  in  racemes;  perianth  6-parted, 
regular,  in  two  series. 

Scheuchzeria  palustris  L.  Stems  flexuous,  15-20  cm.  high,  exceeded  by  the 
leaves;  raceme  loose,  few-flowered;  bracts  sheathing;  carpels  ovoid,  divergent 
in  fruit. 

In  sphagnum  bogs,  widespread  but  infrequent.  Near  Seattle,  Piper \ 
Tacoma,   Flett. 


I 


30  ALISMACEAE. 

Family  14.    ALISMACEAE.    Water  Plantain  Family. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs  with  fibrous  roots,  scape-like  stems  j 
and  basal  long-petioled  leaves;  inflorescence  a  raceme  or  panicle;  ! 
flowers  regular,  perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious;  pedicels  whorled  | 
and  subtended  by  bracts;  sepals  3,  persistent;  petals  3,  deciduous;  . 
stamens  6  or  more;  ovaries  numerous  or  rarely  few,  1-celled,  j 
usually  1-ovuled;  carpels  becoming  akenes  in  fruit;  endosperm  i 
none.  i 

Carpels  in  a  ring  upon  a  small  flat  receptacle;  leaves  | 
ovate  (in  ours).                                                                44.  Alisma,  30. 

Carpels  crowded  in  many  series  upon  a  large  convex  re-  j 

ceptacle;  leaves  sagittate  (in  ours).  45.  Sagittaria,  30.  ! 

44.     ALISMA.  : 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs  with  erect  or  floating  leaves;  [ 
inflorescence  a  panicle  or  umbel-like  panicle;  flowers  perfect,  j 
small,  numerous,  on  unequal  pedicels;  petals  small;  stamens  | 
6  or  9 ;  ovaries  few  or  many,  more  or  less  in  one  whorl  on  a  small  ' 
flat  receptacle.  \ 

Alisma  plantago-aquatica  L.  Water  Plantain.  Scapes  stout,  30-100  cm.  , 
tall;  leaves  all  radical,  erect  or  floating,  the  petioles  usually  long,  the  blades  '■ 
ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  5-15  cm.  long,  5-7- 
nerved;  flowers  in  a  large  panicle  composed  of  3-6  whorls  of  branches,  these  ' 
again  branched  once  or  twice;  flowers  on  pedicels  1-5  cm.  long;  petals  white,  i 
hardly  exceeding  the  sepals;  akenes  obliquely  obovate,  compressed.  ; 

Common  in  ponds  and  wet  places.  ; 

I 

45.     SAGITTARIA.    Arrowhead.  1 

^■~^~"~"— ^.— ^-— 

Perennial  aquatic  or  marsh  herbs  with  basal   long-petioled  ; 
leaves;  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  borne  near  the  summits  ■ 
of  the  scapes  in  whorls  of  3,  the  staminate  usually  uppermost;  I 
petals  usually  conspicuous;  stamens  usually  numerous;  ovaries 
numerous,  crowded  in  globose  heads.  \ 

Sagittaria  latifolia  Willd.  Wappato.  Leaves  sagittate,  but  varying  '■ 
greatly  in  width,  10-20  cm.  long,  long-petioled;  petals  white,  1-1.5  cm.  long;  ■ 
akenes  flat,  each  with  a  thin  margin  and  bearing  a  stout  lateral  beak;  rootstock  ] 
tuberous. 

Common  in  shallow  water  on  the  margins  of  lakes,  the  tubers  eaten  by  the  i 
Indians.  In  lakes  and  rivers  where  the  European  carp  is  introduced  the  : 
plant  has  become  very  rare  as  the  fish  eat  the  tubers. 

Family    15.     HYDRO CH ARIT ACE AE.     Frog's  Bit  Family.    ; 
Aquatic   mostly   perennial    herbs   with   opposite   or  whorled  J 
leaves   (in  ours) ;   flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,   sessile  or  i 
peduncled,    surrounded    by    a    membranous    spa  the;    perianth 


HYDROCHARITACEAE.  31 

regular,  of  3  or  6  segments,  these  united  and  tubular  at  base; 
stamens  3-12;  stigmas  3  or  6,  bifid;  ovary  inferior;  fruit  inde- 
hiscent. 

46.     ELODEA. 

Perennials  with  opposite  or  whorled  1 -nerved  leaves;  flowers 
polygamo-dioecious,  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  axils;  spathe 
tubular,  2-cleft;  perianth  of  the  staminate  flowers  with  3  nearly 
separate  sepals  and  3  or  more  narrower  petals;  perianth  of  the 
pistillate  flowers  with  a  long  scarious  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary 
and  a  6-parted  limb;  stamens  3-9,  the  short  filaments  united  at 
base;  stigmas  3-6,  bifid. 

Elodea  canadensis  Michx,  (Anacharis  canadensis  Planch.)  Water-weed. 
Stems  10-100  cm.  long;  leaves  in  whorls  of  3  or  4,  oval  or  oblong,  acute, 
usually  serrulate. 

In  ponds,  not  common  in  our  limits. 

Family  16.     POACEAE.     Grass  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  shrubs  or  trees;  stems  (culms) 
generally  hollow;  nodes  closed;  leaves  2-ranked,  sheathing,  the 
sheaths  usually  split  to  the  base  on  the  side  opposite  the  blade; 
a  scarious  or  membranous  appendage  (ligule)  borne  at  the 
opening  of  the  sheath,  rarely  obsolete;  inflorescence  a  spike,  a 
raceme  or  a  panicle,  consisting  of  spikelets  composed  of  two  to 
many  2-ranked  imbricated  bracts;  the  lowest  two  (glumes) 
without  flowers  or  rarely  wanting;  one  or  more  of  the  upper 
(lemma)  containing  in  its  axil  a  flower,  which  is  usually  enclosed 
by  a  bract-like,  generally  2-keeled,  awnless  organ  (palea)  oppo- 
site the  lemma  and  with  its  back  toward  the  axis  (rachilla)  of  the 
spikelet;  lemma  sometimes  bearing  a  hard  thickening  (callus) 
at  the  base;  flowers  perfect  or  sometimes  monoecious  or  dioecious, 
subtended  by  1-3  minute  hyaline  scales  (lodicules) ;  stamens 
1-6,  usually  3;  ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled;  styles  1-3,  commonly 
2  and  lateral;  stigmas  hairy  or  plumose;  fruit  a  seed-like  grain 
(caryopsis)  or  rarely  a  utricle;  endosperm  starchy. 

Spikelets  with  two  or  more  perfect  flowers. 

I  Spikelets  sessile  on  the  rachis;  inflorescence  a 
spike.  Tribe  8.     Hordeae. 

Spikelets  pedicelled ;  inflorescence  a  panicle,  spike- 
like panicle  or  raceme. 
Lemma  shorter  than  the  glumes,  usually  with 
a  bent  awn  rising  from  the  back.  Tribe  5.     Aveneae. 

Lemma  longer  than  the  glumes,  awnless  or 
with  a  straight  apical  awn.  Tribe  6.     Festuceae. 


32 


POACEAE. 


Spikelets  with  one  perfect  flower. 

Spikelets  with  a  staminate  or  neutral  flower  in 
addition  to  the  perfect  one. 
Rachilla  jointed  below  the  glumes  which  fall 

with  the  seed. 
Rachilla  jointed  above  the  glumes  which  do 
not  fall  with  the  seed. 
Imperfect  flower  below  the  perfect. 

Arrhenatherum  in 
Imperfect  flower  above  the  perfect. 

Holcus  in 
Spikelets  with  only  one  flower. 

Rachilla  jointed  below  the  glumes  which  fall 
with  the  seed. 
Spikelets  compressed  dorsally  or  terete; 

glumes  2. 
Spikelets    compressed    laterally;    glumes 
none. 
Rachilla  jointed  above  the  glumes  which  do 
not  fall  with  the  seed. 
First  two  lemmas  empty,  variously  modi- 
fied, the  third  with  a  flower. 
First  lemma  flower-bearing. 

Spikelets  crowded  in  two  rows  in  one- 
sided spikes. 
Spikelets  not  in  one-sided  spikes. 
Spikelets  in  two  opposite  rows. 

Hordeum  in 
Spikelets  not  in  two  opposite  rows. 


Tribe  1. 

Paniceae. 

Tribe  5. 

AVENEAE. 

Tribe  5. 

AVENEAE. 

Tribe  1. 
Tribe  2. 

Tribe  3. 
Tribe  7. 


Tribe  8. 
Tribe  4. 


Paniceae. 
Oryzeae. 

Phalarideae. 
Chlorideae. 


Hordeae. 
Agrostideae. 


Tribe  1.    Paniceae. 

Spikelets  in  clustered  racemes  or  spikes. 
Spikelets  not  in  clusters. 

Inflorescence  a  dense  spike-like  panicle;  pedicels 

bristly. 
Inflorescence  a  loose  panicle;  pedicels  not  bristly. 
Lemma  one;  spikelets  in  two  rows  on  a  flat- 
tened rachis. 


47.    ECHINOCHLOA,  34. 


48.  Chaetochloa,  35. 


49.  Paspalum,  35. 


Lemmas  two;  spikelets  not  in  two  rows  on  a 
flattened  rachis.  50. 


Panicum,  35. 


Tribe  2.     Oryzeae. 
Spikelets  perfect;  glumes  none;  lemmas  awnless.       5L  Homalocenchrus,  36. 


Tribe  3.    Phalarideae. 

First    and    second    lemmas    narrow,    bristle-like; 

glumes  strongly  compressed.  52.  Phalaris,  36. 

First  and  second  lemmas  broadly  ovate  or  oblong; 
glumes  not  strongly  compressed. 
Glumes  very  unequal;  first  and  second  lemmas 

much  shorter  than  the  glumes,  awned.  53.  Anthoxanthum,  37. 

•  Glumes  nearly  equal,  scarcely  exceeding  the 
first  and  second  lemmas  which  are  awnless 
or  short-awned.  54.  Hierochloe,  37. 


POACEAE. 


33 


Tribe  4.     Agrostideae. 

Lemma  with  a  long  terminal  awn  and  closely  en- 
veloping the  grain. 
Fruiting  lemma  thin  and  membranaceous.  55. 

Fruiting  lemma  firm  and  indurated.  56. 

Lemma  awnless  or  short-awned  and   loosely  en- 
veloping the  grain. 
Inflorescence    a    dense    spike-like    raceme    or 
panicle. 
Lemma  awnless. 

Rachilla  prolonged  behind  the  floret. 
Rachilla  not  prolonged  behind  the 
floret. 
Lemma  awned. 
Glumes  awned. 
Glumes  awnless. 

Glumes  saccate   at   base;   palea 

none. 
Glumes  not  saccate  at  base;    palea 
present. 
Inflorescence  not  spike-like. 
Palea  1 -nerved;  stamen  1. 
Palea  2-nerved;  stamens  3. 

Glumes  none;  plant  very  small. 
Glumes  2;  plant  larger. 

Callus  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  the 

base. 
Callus  naked. 


muhlenbergia, 
Stipa,  38. 


37. 


59. 

Gastridium,  39. 

57. 

Phleum,  38. 

58. 

POLYPOGON,  39. 

59. 

Gastridium,  39. 

60. 

Alopecurus,  39. 

6L 

CiNNA,  40. 

62. 

Coleanthus,  40. 

63.  Calamagrostis, 

64.  Agrostis,  42. 


4L 


Tribe  5.     Aveneae. 
Perfect  flower  only  one,  the  other  staminate. 
Lower  flower  perfect,  awnless;  upper  stami- 
nate, awned. 
Lower  flower  staminate,  long  awned;  upper 
^perfect,  awnless. 
Perfect  flowers  two  or  more. 

Rachilla  not  prolonged    beyond    the  upper 

flower. 
Rachilla  prolonged  beyond  the  upper  flower. 
Awn  of  lemma  from  between  the  two  ter- 
minal teeth. 
Awn  of  lemma  dorsal  or  none. 

Spikelets   large,    more   than    15   mm. 

long. 
Spikelets    small,    less    than    15    mm. 
long. 
Lemma  erose-truncate. 
Lemma  2-toothed. 


65.  HoLCUs,  44. 

66.  Arrhenatherum,  45. 

67.  AiRA,  45. 

68.  Danthonia,  45. 

69.  AvENA,  46. 


70.  Deschampsia,  46. 

71.  Trisetum,  47. 


Tribe  6.     Festuceae. 

Lemma  3 -nerved,  rarely  i-nerved. 

Panicle  loose;  spikelets  usually  many-flowered. 
Panicle  dense,  spike-like;  spikelets  2-4-flowered. 
Spikelets  of  two  kinds  in  the  same  inflores- 
cence, perfect  and  sterile. 
Spikelets  all  alike  in  the  same  inflorescence. 

4 


72.  Eragrostis,  48. 


73.  Cynosurus,  48. 

74.  Koeleria,  48. 


34 


POACEAE. 


Lemma  5-nerved  or  more. 

Keels  of  the  palea  winged.  75.  Pleuropogon,  49. 

Keels  of  the  palea  not  winged. 

Spikelets  with  the  upper  florets  sterile  and 

folded  about  each  other.  76.  Melica,  49. 

Spikelets  with  the  upper  florets  perfect,  or 
narrow  and  abortive. 
Spikelets    cordate:    lemmas    cordate    at 

base.  77.  Briza,  49. 

Spikelets  not  cordate;  lemmas  not  cordate 
at  base. 
Stigmas  arising  below  the  apex  of  the 

ovary.  78.  Bromus,  50. 

Stigmas  arising  at  the  apex  of  the 
ovary. 
Lemmas  compressed  and  keeled. 

Lemma  awn-pointed.  79.  Dactylis,  52. 

Lemmas  pointless. 

Glumes  1-3-nerved.  80.  Poa,  52. 

Glumes  5-nerved  or  more.      81.  Distichlis,  56. 
Lemmas  convex  or  rounded  on  the 
back. 
Lemmas  acute  or  awned.  82.  Festuca,  56. 

Lemmas  obtuse  and  scarious  at 


apex. 
Lemmas  prominently   5-7- 

nerved  83. 

Lemmas  obscurely  5-nerved.  84. 


Panicularia,  58. 
Puccinellia,  59. 


Tribe  7.     Chlorideae. 

Spikelets  not  in  digitate  clusters. 

Spikelets  much  flattened;  glumes  unequal,  keeled.  85.  Spartina,  60. 

Spikelets  subterete;  glumes  equal,  convex.  86.  Beckmannia,  60. 
Spikelets  in  terminal  digitate  clusters. 

Spikelets  I -flowered;  stems  creeping.  87.  Cynodon, 

Spikelets  several-flowered ;  stems  not  creeping.  88.  Eleusine, 


60. 
6L 


Tribe  8.     Hordeae. 

Spikelets  solitary  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis. 

Spikelets  with  one  edge  against  the  rachis;  empty 

glume  1. 
Spikelets  with  their  sides  againsc  the  rachis;  empty 
glumes  2. 
Spikelets  2  to  4  at  each  notch  of  the  rachis. 

Rachis  not  readily  breaking  into  joints;  spikelets 

1-7-flowered,  2^  at  each  joint. 
Rachis  readily  breaking  into  joints. 

Spikelets  i-flowered,  three  at  each  joint,  only 

the  central  one  perfect. 
Spikelets  1-5-flowered,   2-4  at  each  joint,  all 
perfect. 


89.  LoLiuM,  6L 

90.  Agropyron,  61. 


91.  Elymus,  62. 


92.  HORDEUM,  63. 

93.  SiTANION,  64. 


47.     ECHINOCHLOA. 

Coarse  annuals    with    long  leaves;  spikelets  1 -flowered,  with 
sometimes  a  staminate  flower  below,  nearly  sessile  in  panicled 


POACEAE.  35 

1-sided  spikes  or  racemes;  glumes  unequal,  hispid,  mucronate; 
sterile  lemma  similar  and  usually  awned  from  the  apex. 

Echinochloa  crus-galli  (L.)  Beauv.  Barnyard  grass.  Glabrous;  stems 
stout,  branching  at  the  base,  30-120  cm.  tall;  panicle  dense,  10-20  cm.  long, 
composed  of  many  ascending  or  spreading  racemes;  spikelets  green  or  purple, 
3  mm.  long,  densely  crowded  in  3  or  4  rows;  sterile  lemma  awned  or  in  some 
forms  awnless. 

Introduced  from  Europe,  a  weed  in  moist  ground. 

48.     CHAETOCHLOA. 

Annual  grasses  with  erect  stems  and  flat  leaves ;  spikelets  with 
one  perfect  flower  and  rarely  also  a  staminate  one,  in  spike-like 
panicles;  pedicels  bearing  bristles;  glumes  and  lower  lemma 
membranous,  the  latter  often  containing  a  palea  and  rarely  a 
staminate  flower;  upper  lemma  papery  with  a  similar  palea  and 
a  perfect  flower. 

Chaetochloa  viridis  (L.)  Scribn.  Green  Foxtail.  Annual,  usually  tufted, 
green;  stems  30-90  cm.  high;  leaf-blades  flat,  4-10  mm.  wide,  scabrous  on  the 
margins;  spikes  green,  3-5  cm.  long,  the  rachis  villous;  bristles  1-3,  upwardly 
barbed,  6-12  mm.  long;  spikelets  2  mm.  long;  fertile  lemma  faintly  wrinkled. 

Sparingly  introduced. 

49.     PASPALUM. 

Perennials  with  1 -flowered  spikelets  in  2  rows  along  one  side 
of  a  rachis  forming  racemes;  lower  glume  usually  wanting; 
lemma  hard  and  firm,  its  margin  inrolled;  palea  firm;  grain 
oblong,  inclosed  within  the  hardened  glume  and  palea. 

Paspalum  distichum  L.  Stems  ascending  from  a  creeping  base;  leaves  4- 
12  cm.  long;  spikes  in  terminal  pairs,  2-5  cm.  long;  spikelets  acute,  2.5-3  mm. 
long. 

On  overflowed  river  banks,  especially  along  the  Columbia  River;  probably 
introduced. 

»50.  PANICUM. 
Spikelets  with  one  perfect  flower,  often  with  a  staminate 
one  below  it;  glumes  2,  membranous;  lemmas  2,  the  lower  empty 
or  including  the  staminate  flower,  the  upper  indurated,  shining, 
enclosing  a  similar  palea  and  the  perfect  flower;  awns  none 
(in  ours) ;  fruit  a  caryocist,  the  free  grain  enclosed  in  a  box  formed 
by  the  hardened  lemma  and  palea. 

Annual;  panicle  very  long-rayed;  spikelets  acute.  P.  barbipulvinatum. 

Perennial;  panicle  rather  short-rayed. 

Basal  leaves  like  the  stem  leaves ;  spikelets  acute.  P.  agrostoides. 

Basal  leaves  diff'erent  from  the  stem  leaves,  usually 
forming  a  rosette;  spikelets  obtuse. 
Spikelets  3  mm.  long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  P.  scribnerianum. 

Spikelets  2  mm.  long,  pubescent. 

Leaves  glabrous  on  upper  surface.  P.  occidentale. 

Leaves  pubescent  on  upper  surface.  P.  pacificum. 


36  POACEAE. 

Panicum  barbipulvinatum  Nash.  Annual;  stems  erect  or  decumbent  at 
the  base,  15-50  cm.  tall,  mostly  simple;  leaf  blades  5-30  cm.  long,  pubescent; 
sheaths  villous;  panicle  10-20  cm.  long,  the  capillary  branches  solitary  or  in 
twos,  ascending,  branched  and  spikelet-bearing  above  the  middle;  spikelets 
3  mm.  long,  ovoid,  usually  on  peduncles  as  long  or  longer. 

In  dry  soil.  This  species  has  commonly  been  confused  with  the  eastern 
P.  capillare  L. 

Panicum  agrostoides  Spreng.  Tufted  perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so; 
stems  40-100  cm.  high,  branched;  leaf  blades  flat,  5-10  mm.  wide;  panicles 
10-30  cm.  long  with  ascending  rays  bearing  densely  flowered  branchlets  mostly 
on  the  under  side;  spikelets  2  mm.  long;  first  glume  half  the  length  of  the  spike- 
let;  pedicels  bearing  a  few  hairs. 

Sproat  Lake,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun.  Not  otherwise  known  in  our 
limits. 

Panicum  scribnerianum  Nash.  Perennial,  the  stems  10-50  cm.  tall,  erect 
or  ascending,  simple  or  branched  above;  stem  leaves  about  6,  the  blades  lance- 
olate, 4-10  cm.  long,  6-15  mm.  wide,  stiff,  ascending,  glabrous  or  sometimes 
pilose  below;  sheaths  usually  pilose,  loose;  panicles  oblong  or  pyramidal, 
3-8  cm.  long,  loose,  exserted  or  the  smaller  ones  included;  spikelets  turgid, 
ovoid,  3  mm.  long. 

Dry  prairies. 

Panicum  occidentale  Scribn.  Stems  20-40  cm.  high;  sheaths  somewhat 
hairy;  blades  smooth  above,  usually  hairy  beneath;  panicle  well  exserted; 
spikelets  2  mm.  long. 

Rocky  banks  and  prairies.     Vancouver  Island  to  Idaho  and  California. 

Panicum  pacificum  Hitchc.  &  Chase.     Very  similar  to  P.  occidentale,  but 
more  pubescent  throughout,  and  the  stems  more  leafy. 
Vancouver  Island  to  California  and  Arizona. 

51.     HOMALOCENCHRUS. 

Perennials  with  rough  leaves  and  open  panicles;  spikelets 
with  but  one  flower  which  is  perfect;  glumes  none;  lemmas  awn- 
less;  grain  closely  enveloped  by  the  glume. 

Homalocenchrus  oryzoides  (L.)  Poll.  Panicle  loose,  the  branches  spread- 
ing; spikelets  narrowly  oblong,  4-5  mm.  long,  loosely  arranged;  lemma  his- 
pidulous,  the  keel  strongly  ciliate. 

Lake  margins,  infrequent  in  our  limits.     Seattle,  Piper. 

52.     PHALARIS. 

Annuals  or  perennials  with  spike-like  or  narrow  panicles; 
spikelets  crowded,  1-flowered;  glumes  2,  about  equal,  compressed; 
lemmas  3,  the  first  two  much  reduced  and  sterile,  the  third 
enclosing  a  palea  and  a  perfect  flower;  stamens  3. 

Perennial;  panicle  branched;  glumes  wingless.  P.  arundinacea. 
Annual;  panicle  very  dense,  ovoid;  glumes  wing-keeled. 

Keel  of  glumes  entire.  P.  canariensis. 

Keel  of  glumes  toothed.  P.  minor. 

Phalaris  arundinacea  L.  Reed  Canary-grass.  Stout  tufted  perennial, 
50-200  cm.  tall;  leaves  flat,  green,  6-10  mm.  wide;  panicle  erect,  6-15  cm. 
long;  spikelets  lanceolate,  5  mm.  long. 

Margins  of  lakes  and  rivers,  in  wet  ground. 


POACEAE.  37 

Phalaris  canariensis  L.  Canary-grass.  Annual,  -pale  green,  erect,  30-70 
cm.  high;  inflorescence  ovoid  or  oblong-ovoid,  2-3  cm.  long;  spikelets  ovate, 
5-6  mm.  long;  glumes  white  with  green  veins,  the  keel  not  toothed. 

Introduced  in  waste  places. 

Phalaris  minor  Retz.  Annual;  stems  erect,  30-80  cm.  high;  inflorescence 
oblong  to  oblong-ovoid,  2-5  cm.  long;  glumes  oblong,  pale,  a  green  stripe  on 
each  side  of  the  toothed  keel. 

On  ballast,  Nanaimo,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun. 

53.     ANTHOXANTHUM. 

Aromatic  annuals  or  perennials  with  narrow  spike-like  pan- 
icles; spikelets  1-flowered,  narrow,  somewhat  compressed;  glumes 
2,  unequal,  awnless  or  mucronate-pointed ;  lemmas  shorter  than 
the  glumes,  the  first  and  second  empty,  2-lobed,  clothed  with 
brown  hairs  and  awned  below  the  back;  the  third  lemma  fertile, 
shorter,  hyaline,  broadly  obtuse,  awnless;  grain  free. 

Anthoxanthum  odoratum  L.  Sweet  Vernal-grass.  Spikelets  crowded, 
8  mm.  long,  usually  brownish;  first  sterile  lemma  hairy,  long-awned;  second 
sterile  lemma  short-awned. 

In  pastures.     Introduced  from  Europe.     Sweet-scented  on  drying. 

54.    HIEROCHLOE.    Vanilla-grass. 

Fragrant  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  usually  rather 
small  and  pyramidal  terminal  panicles;  spikelets  3-flowered, 
the  terminal  flower  perfect,  the  others  staminate;  rachilla  jointed 
above  the  empty  glumes;  glumes  2,  nearly  equal,  about  as  long 
as  the  spikelet,  acute,  smooth;  the  first  and  second  lemmas 
awnless  or  short-awned;  the  third  lemma  enclosing  the  perfect 
flower,  becoming  somewhat  indurated  in  fruit;  stamens  in  the 
staminate  flowers  3,  in  the  perfect  flower  2;  styles  distinct; 
stigmas  plumose;  grain  free. 

Panicle  and  spikelets  greenish ;  glumes  and  lemmas  obtuse  H.  macrophylla. 

Panicle  and  spikelets  brownish;  glumes  and  lemmas  acute.       H.  odorata. 

Hierochloe  macrophylla  Thurb.  Stems  1  m.  or  less  tail;  leaves  30- 
40  cm.  long,  10-15  mm.  broad,  rough;  panicle  greenish,  loose,  the  branches 
in  pairs;  glumes  obtuse;  fertile  lemma  obtuse,  ciliate-margined,  pubescent  at 
the  apex. 

From  the  Columbia  River  southward. 

Hierochloe  odorata  (L.)  Wahlenb.  Stems 30-60 cm.  high;  leaves  10-20 cm. 
long,  2-6  mm.  broad;  panicle  brownish,  pyramidal,  usually  compact;  glumes 
acute;  fertile  lemma  acute. 

Near  Comox,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun.  Reported  from  Nootka  Sound 
by  Hooker.     A  widespread  northern  grass. 


I 


55.     MUHLENBERGIA. 

Perennial  grasses  with  small  1-flowered  spikelets;  glumes 
sually  unequal  and  shorter  than  the  lemma,  acute  or  sometimes 
wned;  lemma  narrow,  3-5-nerved,  with  a  straight  awn  from 
he  apex  or  from  between  the  teeth. 


38  POACEAE. 

Muhlenbergia  racemosa  (Michx.)  BSP.  Stems  30-90  cm.  high,  simple  or 
nearly  so;  panicle  narrowly  oblong,  5-8  cm.  long,  spike-like  and  usually  inter- 
rupted; glumes  bristle-tipped;  lemma  very  acute. 

Sumas  Prairie,  49°  latitude,  l,yaU,  and  eastward. 

56.     STIPA. 

Tufted  grasses;  inflorescence  a  panicle;  spikelets  1-flowered, 
narrow;  floret  with  a  bearded  and  pointed  callus  at  base;  lemma 
1,  indurated,  bearing  a  twisted  or  bent  awn  which  is  articulated 
at  the  base;  grain  narrow,  free,  tightly  closed  in  the  lemma. 

All  in  our  limits  are  perennials. 

Awn  10-20  times  as  long  as  its  lemma.  S.  comata. 
Awn  4-7  times  as  long  as  its  lemma. 

Callus  very  short,  obtuse;  glumes  8-12  mm.  long.  S.  lemmoni. 

Callus  acute;  glumes  6-8  mm.  long.  S.  minor. 

Stipa  comata  Trin.  &  Rupr.  Tufted,  pale  green,  40-80  cm.  high;  blades 
involute;  ligule  4-5  mm.  long,  conspicuous;  panicle  open,  20-30  cm.  long, 
often  included  at  base,  the  branches  spreading  and  few-flowered;  glumes  5- 
nerved,  subequal,  15-25  mm.  long;  lemma  10-12  mm.  long;  awn  10-15  cm. 
long. 

Vancouver  Island,  Macoun,  and  common  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Stipa  lemmoni  Scribn.  {S.  columhiana  Macoun.)  Stems  60-90  cm.  high; 
leaf  blades  flat  or  involute,  firm;  sheaths  smooth;  ligule  1  mm.  long;  panicle 
narrow  with  erect  branches,  2-5  cm.  long;  glumes  subequal,  scarious,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  8-12  mm.  long;  lemma  short-pubescent,  the  body  about  6  mm.  long; 
awn  15-20  mm.  long,  pubescent  to  the  second  bend. 

In  dry  ground,  British  Columbia  to  California. 

Stipa  minor  (Vasey)  Scribn.  Tufted,  50-100  cm.  tall,  dark  green;  leaf- 
blades  involute,  long-attenuate,  10-30  cm.  long,  scabrous;  sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  loose,  smooth;  ligule  very  short;  panicle  erect, rather  dense, 
8-20  cm.  long,  narrow,  its  base  included  in  the  uppermost  sheath,  the  branches 
mostly  in  pairs;  spikelets  8-12  mm.  long,  purple-tinged;  lemma  sparsely 
appressed-hairy,  the  awns  20-30  mm.  long,  bent  near  the  middle,  below  which 
they  are  pubescent. 

In  dry  ground,  infrequent  except  in  the  interior. 

57.     PHLEUM. 

Annuals  or  perennials;  inflorescence  a  spike-like  raceme;  spike- 
lets 1-flowered;  glumes  membranous,  compressed,  keeled,  the 
apex  obliquely  truncate,  the  mid-nerve  produced  into  an  awn; 
lemma  much  shorter;  grain  ovoid,  free,  enclosed  in  the  lemma 
and  palea. 

Spike-like  racemes  cylindric;  awns  of  glumes  short.  P.  pratense. 

Spike-like  racemes  ovoid-oblong;  awn  as  long  as  body  of  glume.  P.  alpinum. 

Phleum  pratense  L.  Timothy.  Tall,  erect,  60-150  cm.  tall;  leaf  blades 
15-20  cm.  long,  8-10  mm.  wide,  smooth  or  scabrous;  spike-like  raceme  nar- 
rowly cylindrical,  erect,  5-15  cm.  long;  spikelets  2-5  mm.  long;  empty  glumes 
ciliate  on  the  keels  which  are  prolonged  into  awns  1  mm.  long. 

Cultivated  and  running  wild. 


POACEAE.  39 

Phleum  alpinum  L.  Mountain  Timothy.  Stems  20-60  cm.  high;  leaf 
blades  flat,  rather  short;  spike-like  raceme  usually  purple,  cylindric,  2-3  cm. 
long;  awns  of  glumes  2  mm.  long. 

Common  in  mountain  meadows,  and  along  the  seacoast  to  northern 
California. 

58.     POLYPOGON. 

Annual  grasses;  inflorescence  a  spike-like  panicle;  spikelets 
1 -flowered;  glumes  each  extended  into  an  awn;  lemma  smaller, 
generally  hyaline,  short-awned;  palea  shorter  than  the  lemma; 
grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  lemma  and  palea. 

Glumes  notched  at  the  apex,  their  awns  2-3  times  as  long; 

panicle  dense,  cylindric.  P.  monspeliensis . 

Glumes  attenuate  into  awns  of  equal  length;  panicle  lobed 

or  interrupted.  P.  littoralis. 

Polypogon  monspeliensis  (L.)  Desf.  Annual,  with  erect  or  ascending  stems, 
8-30  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  flat,  more  or  less  scabrous;  sheaths  loose,  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  spike-like  panicle  densely  flowered,  oblong,  rarely  inter- 
rupted, 2-7  cm.  long;  glumes  elliptic,  notched  at  the  apex,  about  2  mm.  long, 
each  bearing  a  terminal  awn  3  or  4  times  as  long;  lemma  truncate,  1  mm.  long, 
bearing  a  terminal  awn  somewhat  longer. 

Moist  places,  especially  where  somewhat  saline. 

Polypogon  littoralis  (With.)  Smith.  Panicle  dense,  narrowly  oblong,  lobed 

or  often  interrupted. 

Along  the  seashore,  not  common.  Tacoma,  Flett]  Port  Angeles,  Elmer \ 
Victoria,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun. 

59.  GASTRIDIUM. 

Annual  erect  grasses  with  flat  leaves;  panicle  dense,  spike-like; 
spikelets  1-flowered,  narrow,  shiny;  rachilla  produced  beyond  the 
floret;  glumes  saccate  at  base,  much  longer  than  the  lemma; 
lemma  hyaline,  awnless  or  awned  from  just  below  the  apex. 

Gastridium  lendigerum  (L.)  Gaud.  Tufted;  stems  15-50  cm.  high,  erect; 
blades  flat,  scabrous,  3-5  mm.  wide;  panicle  pale  green,  shining,  spike-like, 
5-12  cm.  long;  glumes  very  acute;  lemma  hairy. 

Umpqua  Valley  and  southward,  introduced.     Perhaps  not  in  our  limits. 

60.  ALOPECURUS. 

Annuals  or  perennials;  inflorescence  a  spike-like  panicle;  spike- 
lets 1-flowered,  flattened;  glumes  acute,  sometimes  short-awned; 
lemma  3-nerved,  awned  on  the  back;  palea  usually  present. 

Spikelets  2.5  mm.  long;  panicle  slender,  4  mm.  thick.  A.  geniculatus. 
Spikelets  larger;  panicle  stouter,  6  mm.  thick. 

Anthers  white;  spikelets  4  mm.  long.  A.  saccatus. 
Anthers  orange;  spikelets  more  or  less  than  4  mm.  long. 

Spikelets  5  mm.  long.  A.  pratensis. 

Spikelets  3  mm.  long.  A.  calif ornicus. 

Alopecurus  geniculatus  fulvus  (Smith)  Sonder.  Pale  green  and  glabrous 
or  nearly  so;  stems  decumbent  and  branched  at  base,  15-60  cm.  long;  leaf 


40  POACEAE. 

blades  flat,  somewhat  scabrous  above;  sheaths  little  inflated;  panicles  slender, 
erect,  3-7  cm.  long;  spikelets  2.5  mm.  long;  glumes  ciliate  on  the  keels;  lemma 
shorter  than  the  glumes,  bearing  a  short  awn. 
In  wet  places,  common. 

Alopecurus  saccatus  Vasey.  Pale  green,  glabrous,  simple  or  tufted,  10-30 
cm.  high,  erect  or  geniculate  at  base;  sheaths  much  inflated,  about  as  long  as 
the  internodes;  ligule  well  developed;  blades  short,  2-8  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
broad;  panicles  usually  exserted,  2-5  cm.  long,  thick,  pale  green  or  purplish; 
glumes  strongly  ciliate  on  the  keels;  lemma  shorter  than  the  glumes  and  bearing 
a  divergent  awn  6-7  mm.  long. 

In  moist  ground,  rare,  and  local;  near  Yale,  British  Columbia,  Macoun; 
Barlow  Gate,  Oregon,  Howell. 

Alopectirus  pratensis  L.  Meadow  Foxtail.  Perennial,  glabrous;  stems 
30-70  cm.  tall,  erect;  leaf  blades  flat,  4-10  cm.  long;  spike  stout,  4-6  cm.  long; 
glumes  united  at  base,  equal,  acute,  ciliate  on  the  keel;  lemma  obtuse,  glabrous, 
shorter  than  the  glumes,  bearing  from  near  the  base  a  slightly  exserted  straight 
awn. 

Sparingly  introduced;  native  to  Europe. 

Alopecurus  califomicus  Vasey.  {A.  pallescens  Piper.)  Perennial,  tufted, 
pale  green,  the  smooth  stems  30-50  cm.  tall,  erect  or  slightly  geniculate  at 
the  base;  stem  leaves  3;  sheaths  rather  loose  and  inflated,  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  smooth;  blades  flat,  6-12  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  acuminate, 
strongly  scabrous  above,  less  so  beneath;  ligule  scarious,  3-5  mm.  long; 
panicle  usually  well  exserted,  pale  and  silvery,  2-7  cm.  long,  about  5  mm. 
thick,  erect,  straight  or  somewhat  flexuous;  glumes  2-5  mm.  long,  nearly 
equal,  strongly  ciliate  on  the  keels,  obtuse;  lemma  hyaline,  2-4-nerved,  as 
long  as  the  glumes,  obtuse,  bearing  from  near  the  base  a  stout  geniculate  awn, 
5  mm.  long,  scabrous  above  the  bend. 

In  wet  places,  rare  in  our  limits;  Victoria,  British  Columbia,  Macoun; 
Medford,  Oregon,  Howell.     A.  howellii  Vasey  is  apparently  indistinguishable. 

61.     CINNA. 

Tall  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves,  conspicuous  hyaline 
ligules  and  usually  many-flowered  nodding  panicles;  spikelets 
1 -flowered;  rachilla  articulated  below  the  glumes  and  prolonged 
behind  the  palea  into  a  minute  bristle;  glumes  narrow;  lemma 
3-5-nerved;  palea  1 -nerved;  stamen  1. 

Cinna  latifolia  (Trev.)  Griseb.  Stems  solitary  or  few,  erect,  60-120  cm. 
high;  leaf  blades  flat,  green,  1-1.5  cm.  broad,  scabrous;  panicle  pale  green, 
drooping,  10-30  cm.  long;  glumes  subequal,  scabrous,  4  mm.  long;  lemma 
shorter,  scabrous,  bearing  a  short  straight  awn;  palea  2-nerved. 

Along  streams  and  in  swamps,  common. 

62.     COLEANTHUS. 

Small  annuals  with  short  leaves  and  umbel-like  panicles; 
spikelets  1-flowered;  glumes  none;  lemma  ovate,  keeled,  usually 
with  a  short  straight  awn;  grain  free. 

Coleanthus  subtilis  (Tratt.)  Seidel.  Very  small  purplish  grass,  2-5  cm. 
high;  sheaths  loose  and  dilated;  blades  1  cm.  long;  panicle  1-3  cm.  long,  often 
partly  included  in  the  upper  sheath. 

On  the  muddy  banks  of  the  Columbia  River. 


POACEAE.  41 

63.     CALAMAGROSTIS. 

Tall  perennial  grasses  with  small  spikelets  in  many-flowered 
terminal  panicles;  spikelets  1 -flowered,  the  pubescent  rachilla 
prolonged  behind  the  palea;  glumes  subequal,  longer  than  the 
lemma  which  is  hyaline  and  obtuse,  and  bears  a  dorsal  awn; 
callus  copiously  hairy;  palea  shorter  than  the  lemma;  grain  free, 
enclosed  in  the  lemma. 

Awns  strongly  geniculate;  callus  hairs  much  shorter  than 
than  the  lemma. 
Awn  shorter  than  or  little  exceeding  the  glumes;  glumes 

strongly  keeled ;  tall  sea-shore  plant.  C.  aleutica. 

Awn  greatly  exceeding  the  glumes. 

Panicle  loose ;  leaves  nearly  as  long  as  the  stems.  C.  howellii. 

Panicle  dense;  leaves  shorter  than  the  stems.  C.  vaseyi. 

Awns  straight ;  callus  hairs  not  much  shorter  than  the  lemma. 
Panicle  loose  and  open. 

Spikelets  4-6  mm.  long.  .  C.  scahra. 

Spikelets  2-4  mm.  long.  C.  canadensis. 

Panicle  narrow,  rather  close. 

Panicle  not  spikelike.  C.  inexpansa. 

Panicle  dense,  spike-like. 

Glumes  subcoriaceous,  ovate,  acute;  panicle  4-6 

cm.  long.  ^  C.  crassiglumis. 

Glumes    membranous,    acuminate;    panicle    5-20 

cm.  long.  C.  hyperborea. 

Calamagrostis  aleutica  Trin.     Very  tall,  1-2  m.  high;  panicle  pale,  large 
and  loose;  glumes  lanceolate,  acuminate;  callus  hairs  half  as  long  as  the  lemma. 
Along  the  ocean  coast,  Alaska  to  California. 

Calamagrostis  howellii  Vasey.  Densely  tufted;  stems  25-50  cm.  high; 
basal  leaves  numerous,  loosely  involute;  panicle  8-10  cm.  long;  glumes  strongly 
keeled,  subequal,  5-6  mm.  long. 

Abundant  on  the  rocky  cliffs  in  the  gorge  of  the  Columbia  River. 

Calamagrostis  vaseyi  Beal.  Stems  tufted,  15-40  cm.  high;  panicle  purple, 
rather  close,  6-10  cm.  long. 

In  rocky  places,  in  the  mountains,  at  about  2000  m.  altitude. 

Calamagrostis  scabra  Presl.  Bluetop.  Stems  about  1  m.  high;  panicle 
loose,  dark  purple  or  rarely  pale  greenish;  glumes  sharp-acuminate;  awn 
longer  than  the  lemma. 

Common  in  alpine  meadows. 

Calamagrostis  canadensis  (Michx.)  Beauv.  Stems  tufted,  slender,  60-120 
cm.  high;  leaves  flat,  somewhat  involute,  pale  green,  15-25  cm.  long;  panicle 
10-20  cm.  long,  purple,  pyramidal,  the  slender  branches  in  fives;  spikelets 
3-3.5  mm.  long;  glumes  equal,  acute,  hardly  larger  than  the  lemma;  awn  short, 
straight. 

In  wet  meadows  and  along  streams. 

Calamagrostis  canadensis  acimiinata  Vasey.  Spikelets  larger,  4-5  mm. 
long. 

With  the  species  in  wet  meadows  and  along  streams. 

Calamagrostis  inexpansa  barbulata  Kearney.  Stems  about  1  m.  high; 
leaves  stiff;  panicle  purple,  rather  stiff;  awn  very  short  or  wanting;  callus- 
hairs  nearly  as  long  as  the  lemma. 

In  bogs,  near  Union  City,  Mason  County,  Washington,  Piper. 


42  POACEAE. 

Calamagrostis  crassigl imis  Thurb.     Stems  10-20  cm.  high;  panicle  dense, 
3-5  cm.  long;  glumes  ovate,  acute;  callus  hairs  nearly  as  long. 
Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

Calamagrostis  hyperborea  Lange.  Stems  tufted,  40-90  cm.  high,  stiffly 
erect;  leaves  stiff,  erect,  scabrous,  somewhat  involute;  panicle  erect,  narrow, 
densely  flowered,  8-12  cm.  long;  glumes  scabrous,  acute,  4-4.5  mm.  long. 

Vancouver  Island  and  eastward. 

64.    AGROSTIS.    Bent-grass. 

Annual  or  usually  perennial  grasses  with  small  1 -flowered 
spikelets,  usually  in  diffuse  panicles;  glumes  membranous,  keeled, 
acute;  lemma  shorter,  obtuse,  hyaline,  sometimes  bearing  a  dorsal 
awn;  palea  shorter  than  the  lemma,  sometimes  minute  or  want- 
ing; grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  lemma. 

Rachilla  prolonged  behind  the  palet. 

Spikelets  3  mm.  long,  usually  purple.  A.  aequivalvis. 

Spikelets  2  mm.  long,  usually  pale.  A.  thurberiana. 

Rachilla  not  prolonged  behind  the  palet. 
Palet  evident,  2-nerved. 

Palet  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  lemma;  panicle  con- 
tracted. A.  glomerata. 
Palet  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  lemma. 

Panicle  contracted,  usually  lobed.  A.  stolonifera. 

Panicle  not  contracted. 

Plants  with   extensive  creeping  stolons,  these 

bearing  short  leaves.  A,  maritima. 

Plants  erect  or  decumbent,  but  without  exten- 
sive creeping  stolons. 
Tall,  30-90  cm.  high.  A.  alba. 

Dwarf,  alpine,  10-20  cm.  high.  A.  humilis. 

Palet  wanting  or  minute  and  nerveless. 
Plants  spreading  by  rhizomes. 

Hairs  at  base  of  lemma  1-2  mm.  long.  A .  hallii. 

Hairs  at  base  of  lemma  minute  or  absent. 

Panicle  contracted.  A .  pallens. 

Panicle  open.  A.foliosa. 

Plants  without  rhizomes. 

Panicle  narrow,  some  of  the  branches  short  and 
spikelet-bearing  to  the  base. 
Lemma  awned.  A.  microphylla. 

Lemma  awnless. 

Panicle  5-30  cm.  long;  lowland  plant.  A.  exarata. 

Panicle  3-6  cm.  long;  alpine  plant.  A.rossae. 

Panicle  open,  usually  without  short  branches  spike- 
let-bearing  to  the  base. 
Awn  of  lemma  attached  near  the  base.  A.  howellii. 

Awn  of  lemma,  if  present,  attached  at  or  above 
the  middle. 
Lemma  awnless. 

Panicle  very  diffuse.  A.  hyemalis. 

Panicle  loose  but  not  diffuse.  A .  oregonensis. 

Lemma  awned. 

Awn  straight,  included   or  but  slightly 

exserted.  A .  melaleuca. 

Awn  exserted,  bent.  A .  longiligtUa. 


POACEAE.  43 

Agrostis  aequivalvis  Trin.  Tufted;  stems  slender,  30-60  cm.  high;  blades 
narrow,  1  mm.  wide;  panicle  open  with  slender  branches;  glumes  equal,  acute; 
lemma  obtuse,  awnless. 

Alaska  to  Oregon. 

.  Agrostis  thurberiana  Hitchc.  Stems  tufted,  20-40  cm.  high;  blades  2-4 
mm.  wide;  panicle  narrow,  loose,  usually  drooping;  glumes  equal;  lemma 
obtuse,  5-nerved. 

In  wet  places  in  the  mountains,  rare.  British  Columbia  to  California  and 
Utah. 

Agrostis  glomerata  (Presl.)  Kunth.  (A.  inflata  Scribn.)  Perennial;  stems 
erect,  20-30  cm.  high,  scabrous  near  the  panicle;  leaf  sheaths  striate,  often 
inflated;  blades  2-8  mm.  wide;  panicle  spike-like,  2-7  cm.  long,  often  lobed; 
spikelets  3  mm.  long;  glumes  equal,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  sharp-pointed; 
lemma  2  mm.  long,  awnless  or  with  a  short  awn  from  the  middle  of  the  back; 
callus  hairs  short. 

Along  the  seacoast,  rare;  Vancouver  Island  to  northern  California;  probably- 
only  a  subspecies  of  A .  exarata  Trin. 

Agrostis  stolonifera  L.  {A.  verticillata  Vill.)  Stems  20-80  cm.  high, 
often  decumbent  at  base,  sometimes  stoloniferous;  leaf  blades  pale,  acute,  3-4 
mm.  wide;  panicle  dense,  verticillate  or  lobed,  3-10  cm.  long,  usually  pale 
green;  branches  floriferous  to  the  base;  glumes  equal,  obtusish,  2  mm.  long; 
lemma  1  mm.  long,  awnless,  truncate  and  toothed  at  the  apex;  palea  nearly  as 
long  as  the  lemma. 

In  wet  places,  sparingly  introduced  from  Europe. 

Agrostis  maritima  Lam.  Tufted,  the  stems  decumbent  or  spreading; 
leaves  numerous,  very  short;  ligules  2-3  mm.  long;  panicle  narrow,  2-5  cm. 
long;  lemma  obtuse,  the  mid  vein  protruding  in  a  minute  point. 

In  moist  places  near  the  seashore. 

Agrostis  alba  L.  Redtop.  Perennial  with  creeping  rootstocks;  stems 
erect,  50-100  cm.  tall;  leaf  blades  flat,  usually  scabrous,  the  sheaths  smooth; 
panicle  7-25  cm.  long,  open  at  first,  then  contracted,  greenish  or  purple;  palea 
present,  one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  lemma. 

Common  in  fields  and  meadows,  especially  in  wet  places. 

Agrostis  humilis  Vasey.     Stems  10-40  cm.  high;  panicles  narrow,  2-8  cm. 
long,  usually  purple;  glumes  equal;  lemma  awnless. 
At  high  elevations  in  the  mountains. 

Agrostis  hallii  Vasey.  Stems  erect,  60-80  cm.  high;  blades  rather  broad; 
ligule  elongate;  panicle  narrow,  10-12  cm.  long;  spikelets  pale;  glumes  acumi- 
nate, about  4  mm.  long;  lemma  awnless,  the  hairs  at  the  base  nearly  half  as 
as  long. 

Oregon  and  California. 

Agrostis  pallens  Trin.  Stems  30-90  cm.  tall;  blades  rather  narrow;  panicle 
narrow,  loose  or  in  seashore  forms  contracted,  pale  green;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm. 
long;  glumes  equal;  lemma  awnless  or  with  a  minute  awn. 

Not  common,  but  very  variable. 

Agrostis  foliosa  Vasey.  Very  similar  to  A.  pallens  Trin.  but  stems  taller, 
50-120  cm.  high;  panicle  open,  with  stiff  ascending  branches;  lemma  awnless 
or  with  a  straight  or  bent  awn. 

In  open  places,  British  Columbia  to  California. 

Agrostis  microphylla  Steud.  {A.  ampla  Hitchc.)  Stems  30-90  cm. 
tall;  blades  flac,  2-8  mm.  wide;  panicle  narrow,  compact,  pale  green;  glumes 
acute,  subequal;  lemma  one-third  shorter. 

In  open  ground,   not  common. 


44                                                POACEAE.  j 

I 

i 

Agrostis  exarata  Trin.     Perennial,  tufted,  the  stems  30-90  cm.  tall;  leaves  ' 

erect,  the  blades  flat,  2-6  mm.  broad,  5-10  cm.  long,  scabrous,  the  upper  1 

distant  from  the  panicle;  panicle  strict,  pale  green,  spike-like  or  interrupted,  ' 

the  short  branches  appressed  and  spikelet-bearing  to  the  very  base;  glumes  J 
2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  usually  scabrous  on  the  back. 

Variable  and  very  common.                                                                              *  - 

Agrostis  rossae  Vasey.     Tufted,   10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  basal, 

2-5  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  broad,  flat  or  folded;  panicle  narrow,  erect,  3-6  cm.  i 
long,  green  or  purple;  glumes  2  mm.  long,  not  scabrous. 

In  alpine   meadows,   common. 

Agrostis  howellii  Scribn.     Stems  40-60  cm.  high;   blades  very  long,  3-5  | 

mm.  wide;  panicle  very  loose;  spikelets  clustered  near  the  tips  of  the  branches;  ' 
glumes  acuminate,  equal;  lemma  acute,  awned  from  the  back. 

In  rocky  places  in  the  Columbia  Gap.  ■ 

Agrostis  hyemalis  (Walt.)  BSP.  Annual,  tufted,  15-90  cm.  tall;  leaves 
flat  or  involute,  narrow,  very  scabrous;  panicle  very  loose,  15-30  cm.  long; 
branches  in  whorls  of  2-12,  capillary,  5-15  cm.  long,  branched  above  the  middle 
and  spikelet-bearing  only  near  the  tips. 

In  moist  places,  common. 

Agrostis   oregonensis   Vasey.     Stems   slender,    60-80   cm.    high;    blades  ' 

narrow;  panicle  pyramidal,  nodding,  open,  the  branches  capillary;  glumes  ; 

subequal,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  lemma  shorter,  obtuse,  awnless.  ! 

In  marshes,  rare.  I 

Agrostis  melaleuca    (Trin.)     Hitchc.      Perennial    from     creeping    root-  i 

stocks,  not  tufted;  stems  erect,  30-50  cm.  high,  leafy;  leaf  blades  1-3  mm.  \ 

wide;  panicle  oblong,  5-15  cm.  long;  glumes  subequal,  copper-colored,  2.5-3  I 

mm.  long,  acute,  smooth;  lemma  nearly  as  long,  bearing  from  the  middle  of  j 

the  back  a  short  straight  scarcely  exserted  awn;  palea  minute  or  wanting,  j 

In  sphagnum  marshes,  Garibaldi,  Oregon,    Hitchcock;  north  to  Alaska.  ] 

Agrostis  longiligula  Hitchc.     Stems    tall,    60-80   cm.    high;    leaf   blades  i 

flat,  scabrous,  3-4  mm.  wide;  ligule  5-6  mm.  long;  panicle  purple,  rather  i 

dense,  10-18  cm.  long;  glumes  3—4  mm.  long,  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  ' 

hispidulous  on  the  back,  the  upper  a  little  shorter;  lemma  2.5  mm.  long,  ; 

scabrous  on  the  nerves,  bearing  a  bent  awn  2.5  mm.  long;  palea  minute.  ' 

Alaska  and  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun,  to  northern  California. 

65.    HOLCUS.  i 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  densely-flowered  terminal  i 

panicles;  spikelets  deciduous,  2-flowered,  the  lower  flower  perfect,  ! 

the  upper  staminate;  glumes  membranous,  keeled,  the  lower  1-  1 
nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved  and  often  short- awned;  lemmas  2, 

papery,  that  of  the   upper    floret   bearing   a   bent  awn;   palea  j 

narrow;  grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  lemma.  i 

Holcus  lanatus  L.      Velvet-grass  or  Mesquite.     Perennial;  the  whole  plant  j 
downy  with  pale  pubescence;  stems  erect,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  flat, 

rather  broad  and  short;  sheath  loose,  shorter  than  the  internodcs;  panicle  . 

pale  purplish,  5-10  cm.  long,  rather  densely-flowered,  the  branches  in  twos  i 

or  threes;  spikelets  4-6  mm.  long;  upper  glume  short-awned  near  the  apex;  1 

lemma  of  the  staminate  flower  with  a  hook-like  awn.  i 

Abundantly  introduced  in  fields  and  waysides. 


POACEAE.  45 

66.   ARRHENATHERUM. 

Tall  perennials  with  long  narrow  panicles;  spikelets  2-flowered, 
lower  flower  staminate,  upper  perfect;  rachilla  extending  beyond 
the  flowers;  glumes  thin-membranous,  keeled,  very  acute  or 
awn-pointed,  unequal,  persistent;  lemmas  2,  rigid,  5-7-nerved, 
deciduous,  the  first  bearing  a  long  bent  and  twisted  dorsal  awn 
inserted  below  the  middle,  the  second  unawned;  palea  hyaline, 
2-keeled;  grain  ovoid,  free. 

Arrhenatherum  elatius  (L.)  Beauv.  Tall  Oat-grass.  Glabrous  perennial, 
100-150  cm.  high;  stem  leaves  3,  the  blades  flat,  minutely  scabrous,  the  sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  panicle  shining,  15-25  cm.  long,  rather  narrow, 
the  branches  suberect;  lemmas  6-7  mm.  long,  the  lower  bearing  a  long  dorsal 
geniculate  awn. 

Naturalized    from    Europe. 

67.   AIRA. 

Delicate  annuals  with  narrow  leaves;  spikelets  small,  2-flowered ; 
flowers  perfect;  rachilla  jointed  below  the  lemmas  and  not  pro- 
longed beyond  the  upper  one;  glumes  nearly  equal,  awnless, 
acute,  longer  than  the  lemmas;  lemmas  each  with  a  twisted  awn 
on  the  back;  grain  usually  adherent  to  the  lemma  and  palea. 

Panicle  loose;  lemma  2.5-3  mm.  long.  A.  caryophyllea. 

Panicle  dense;  lemma  3.5-4  mm.  long.  A.  praecox. 

Aira  caryophyllea  L.     Hair-grass.     Stems  10-20  cm.  high;  panicle  very 
loose;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long,  silvery,  shining. 
Introduced  from  Europe;  common  in  dry  soil. 

Aira  praecox  L.  Stems  5-10  cm.  high;  panicle  small  and  rather  dense; 
spikelets  3.5-4  mm.  long,  yellowish,  shining. 

Very  sparingly  introduced;  a  native  of  Europe. 

^^^^^^^^4^       68.   DANTHONIA.     S^^^Z±Ulj^ 

Flowers  solitary  or  few  in  a  small  raceme  or  panicle;  spikelets 
3  to  many-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect  or  the  upper  staminate; 
rachilla  pubescent,  extending  beyond  the  flowers;  glumes  keeled, 
acute,  subequal,  persistent,  generally  extending  beyond  the 
uppermost  lemma;  lemmas  rounded  on  the  back,  2-toothed, 
deciduous,  the  bent  awn  flat  and  twisted  at  the  base,  arising 
from  between  the  acute  or  awned  teeth;  palea  hyaline,  2-keeled 
near  the  margins,  obtuse  or  2-toothed;  grain  free,  enclosed  in  the 
lemma. 

Spikelets  ascending  in  a  close  panicle. 

Callus  very  short,  not  hairy.  D.  pinetorum. 

Callus  elongate,  densely  hairy.  D.  intermedia. 
Spikelets  spreading,  in  a  loose  panicle  or  solitary. 

Sheaths  smooth.  D.  californica. 

Sheaths  hairy.  D.  americana. 


46  POACEAE. 

Danthonia  pinetorum  Piper.  Densely  tufted ;  leaves  pale,  narrow,  involute, 
often  curled;  spikelets  nearly  sessile,  pale;  lemma  loosely  hairy,  the  apex  bifid 
into  2  slender  subulate  teeth;  awn  7  mm.  long. 

In  pine  woods,  Mason  County,  Washington,  Piper;  Nanaimo  and  Sproat 
Lake,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun.  Very  near  the  eastern  D.  spicata  (L.) 
Beauv. 

Danthonia  intermedia  Vasey.  Stems  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  bright  green, 
soft,  flat  or  involute;  sheaths  glabrous  or  sparsely  hairy;  spikelets  3-12,  usually 
purple,  nearly  sessile;  lemma  broadly  lanceolate,  2-toothed. 

In  alpine  meadows,  British  Columbia  to  Quebec,  south  to  California  and 
New    Mexico. 

Danthonia  calif omica  Boland.  Erect,  50-100  cm.  tall;  leaf  blades  flat, 
scabrous;  sheaths  loose,  shortly  retrorse-pubescent,  and  with  a  tuft  of  hairs 
at  the  throat;  spikelets  1-2  cm.  long,  3-5  in  a  raceme,  rarely  more  numerous 
or  even  solitary,  usually  long-pedicelled;  lemma  abruptly  acuminate,  long- 
ciliate  below  the  middle,  2-cleft  at  apex,  bearing  an  awn  of  about  equal  length. 

In  meadows,  not  common  in  our  limits. 

Danthonia  americana  Scribn.     Much  like  D.  calif  omica  but  not  so  tall; 
spikelets  usually  2  or  3;  sheaths  hairy;  lemmas  attenuate-acuminate. 
In  meadows,  British  Columbia  to  California. 

69.   AVENA.     Oat. 

Annuals  with  large  spikelets;  inflorescence  a  panicle;  spike- 
lets 2-many-flowered ;  lower  flowers  perfect,  the  upper  often 
staminate;  glumes  somewhat  unequal,  membranous,  persistent; 
lemmas  deciduous,  rounded  on  the  back,  acute,  generally  bearing 
a  dorsal  awn;  apex  often  2-toothed;  palea  narrow,  2-toothed; 
grain  oblong,  deeply  furrowed,  enclosed  in  the  lemma  and  palea, 
free  or  sometimes  adherent  to  the  latter. 

Avena  fatua  glabrata  Peterm.  Smooth  Wild  Oat.  Stems  stout,  pale, 
smooth,  50-100  cm.  tall,  erect;  leaf  blades  broad  and  flat,  the  sheaths  about 
equalling  the  internodes;  panicle  loose  15-30  cm.  long;  spikelets,  including 
awns,  3.5-4  cm.  long,  erect  or  drooping,  on  slender  branches;  lemma  smooth, 
except  the  scabrous  apex  and  the  ring  of  stiflf  white  hairs  at  the  base,  bearing 
on  the  back  a  geniculate,  stout,  twisted  awn  below  the  2-cleft  apex. 

Sparingly  introduced.  The  common  wild  oat,  A.  fatua  L.,  has  bristly  red 
hairs  on  the  lemma.     It  may  also  be  expected  in  our  limits. 

70.    DESCHAMPSIA. 

Annuals  or  perennials;  inflorescence  a  contracted  or  open 
panicle;  spikelets  2-flowered,  both  flowers  perfect,  the  hairy 
rachilla  extending  beyond  the  flowers  as  a  bristle  or  rarely  termin- 
ated by  a  staminate  floret;  glumes  keeled,  acute,  membranous, 
shining,  persistent;  lemmas  of  about  the  same  texture,  deciduous, 
each  bearing  a  dorsal  awn,  the  apex  erose-truncate ;  palea 
narrow;  grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  lemma. 

Lower  glume  1 -nerved. 

Glumes  not  longer  than  the  florets.  D.  caespitosa. 

Glumes  longer  than  the  florets.  D.  atropurpurea. 


POACEAE.  47 

Lower  glume  3-nerved. 

Annual;  glumes  5-7  mm.  long.  D.  calycina. 

Perennial;  glumes  3-4  mm.  long.  D.  elongata. 

Deschampsia  caespitosa  (L.)  Beauv.  Silver-top.  Densely  tufted  perennial ; 
stems  60-150  cm.  high,  much  exceeding  the  numerous  basal  leaves;  stem  leaves 
3,  the  blades  narrow,  involute,  5-12  cm.  long,  scabrous,  the  smooth  sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  panicle  10-30  cm.  long,  usually  open,  the  capillary 
branches  in  whorls  of  2-5,  flower-bearing  above  the  middle;  spikelets  shining, 
greenish  or  purplish,  2-3  mm.  long;  lemma  hairy  at  the  base,  erose-toothed 
at  the  apex,  bearing  a  slender  awn  near  the  base. 

In  moist  soils,  common.     A  very  variable  widespread  grass. 

Deschampsia  atropurpurea  ( Wahlenb.)  Scheele.  Perennial ;  stems  30-90  cm. 
high;  leaves  broad  and  flat;  panicle  rather  close,  purple;  spikelets  broad,  flat, 
5-6    mm.    long. 

In  mountain  meadows,  common. 

Deschampsia  calycina  Presl.  Annual;  the  slender  stems  erect,  15-40  cm. 
tall;  leaves  narrow,  involute,  the  blades  2-6  cm.  long;  panicle  very  loose,  7-20 
cm.  long,  with  subequal  branches  mostly  in  twos,  these  capillary,  branched 
above  and  bearing  spikelets  near  the  tips;  spikelets  pale  green,  sometimes 
purple-tingled,  about  7  mm.  long;  lemma  long-hairy  at  the  base,  minutely 
toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  a  geniculate  awn  three  or  four  times  as  long. 

In  dry  soil. 

Deschampsia  elongata  (Hook.)  Munro.  Stems  densely  tufted,  smooth, 
30-90  cm.  tall;  leaves  filiform,  commonly  involute,  smooth;  panicle  narrow, 
15-45  cm.  long,  somewhat  nodding;  branches  very  unequal,  ascending  or 
appressed,  very  slender,  naked  below;  spikelets  pale  green,  usually  purple- 
tinged  near  the  apex;  lemmas  hairy  at  base,  shining,[^irregularly  toothed  at 
apex,  bearing  a  slender  awn  about  twice  as  long. 

Common  in  open  places. 

71.   TRISETUM. 

Ours  all  cespitose  perennials;  inflorescence  a  spike-like  or 
open  panicle;  spikelets  2-4-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect  or 
the  uppermost  staminate;  rachilla  glabrous  or  with  long  soft 
hairs,  extending  beyond  the  flowers;  glumes  unequal,  acute, 
persistent;  lemmas  2-4,  usually  shorter  than  the  glumes,  decidu- 
ous, 2-toothed,  bearing  a  dorsal  awn  below  the  apex  or  sometimes 
awnless;  palea  narrow,  hyaline,  2-toothed;  grain  free,  enclosed 
in  the  lemma. 

Panicle  dense  and  spike-like.  T.  spicatum. 
Panicle  loose  and  spreading. 

Rays  long  and  drooping;  sheaths  smooth.  T.  cernuum. 

Rays  shorter,  erect;  sheaths  hairy.  T.  canescens. 

Trisetum  spicatimi  (L.)  Richter.  Densely  tufted,  10-40  cm.  high,  pubes- 
cent to  glabrous  with  the  sheaths  pubescent;  panicle  oblong-ovate,  5-15  cm. 
long,  shining  and  often  brownish-purple;  glumes  ciliate  on  the  keels,  the  lower 
short;  lemma  5-6  mm.  long,  its  awn  divergent  and  about  as  long. 

In  mountain  meadows  at  1500-2000  m.  altitude. 

Trisetum  cernuum  Trin.  Stems  60-100  cm.  tall,  erect,  the  nodes  pale; 
leaf  blades  flat,  merely  scabrous,  15-20  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  wide;    panicle 


48  POACEAE.  ] 

i 

10-15  cm.  long,  loose,  nodding;  branches  in  distant  whorls,  capillary,  cernuous,  ] 

flower-bearing  above  the  middle;  spikelets  2-4-flowered,  6-7  mm.  long  without  • 

the  awn;  lemma  3-4  mm.  long,  bearing  an  awn  of  about  twice  its  length.  j 

In  open  woods,  common.  j 

Trisetum  canescens  Buckl.     Much  like  T.  cernuum,  the  leaf  blades  and  ^ 
sheaths  pubescent;  nodes  usually  dark;  panicle  erect,  7-16  cm.  long;  lemma 
7  mm.  long. 

In  coniferous  woods.  \ 

72.   ERAGROSTIS.  j 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses;  inflorescence  a  contracted  or  I 
open  panicle;  spikelets  many- flowered,  more  or  less  flattened;! 
glumes  unequal,  shorter  than  the  lemmas,  keeled,  l-nerved;| 
lemmas  membranous,  keeled,  3-nerved,  awnless;  palea  shorter  ^ 
than  the  lemmas,  prominently  2-nerved  or  2-keeled,  usually  ■ 
persisting  on  the  rachilla  after  the  lemma  has  fallen;  grain  free,  « 
loosely  enclosed  in  the  lemma  and  palea.  1 

Eragrostis    hjrpnoides    (Lam.)    BSP.     Stems    prostrate,   creeping,  much  ; 
branched  from  the  base,  forming  dense  circular  mats;  leaf  blades  2-3  cm.  long,  ^ 
somewhat  pubescent;  sheaths  loose,  inflated,  hairy;  panicles  very  numerous, 
pale  green,  dense,  2-4  cm.  long,  usually  with  their  bases  included  in  the  upper-  \ 
most  sheaths;  spikelets  oblong,  4-7  mm.  long.  1 

On  river  banks,  widely  distributed;  rare  in  our  limits.  j 

73.   CYNOSURUS.  i 

Annual  or  perennial  cespitose  grasses  with  flat  leaves;  spikelets  ; 
of  two  forms  in  small  fascicles  which  form  a  dense  somewhat  j 
unilateral  spike-like  panicle;  terminal  spikelets  of  each  fascicle 
2-4-flowered,  perfect,  its  rachilla  jointed;  lower  spikelets  sterile,  j 
with  many  empty  lemmas;  glumes  2,  narrow  lanceolate,  acute; ' 
lemmas  broader,  membranous,  1-3-nerved,  mucronate  or  awn-  \ 
pointed;  empty  lemmas  of  sterile  spikelets  spreading,  subequal,  j 
linear,  1 -nerved;  styles  distinct,  short;  stigmas  loosely  plumose,  i 

Cynosurus  cristatus  L.  Crested  Dogstail.  Stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high;  , 
leaves  firm,  1-4  mm.  wide,  glabrous;  panicle  spike-like,  5-10  cm.  long;  spike-  j 
lets  both  fertile  and  sterile  in  each  cluster,  the  terminal  one  fertile;  sterile  < 
spikelet  larger,  the  glumes  and  lemmas  much  narrower  and  very  scabrous.  | 

Sparingly   introduced   from   Europe.     Seattle,   Piper;   Victoria,    Fletcher.  \ 

74.   KOELERIA.  j 

Tufted  perennial  grasses  with  narrow  leaves  and  densely  j 
flowered  spike-like  panicles;  spikelets  2-4-flowered;  rachilla  i 
articulated  between  the  lemmas;  glumes  acute,  subequal,  keeled,  ^ 
scarious  on  the  margins;  lemmas  3-nerved,  keeled,  acute;  palea  j 
hyaline,  acute;  grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  lemma  and  palea. 

Koeleria  cristata  (L.)  Pers.  Perennial,  the  erect  stems  densely  tufted,  | 
30-70  cm.  tall,  usually  glabrous;  leaves  narrow,  commonly  involute;  panicle  i 
dense,  greenish  or  purplish,  shining,  5-15  cm.  long,  often  more  or  less  inter- i 
rupted;  spikelets  4-5  mm.  long,  2-4-flowcred.  i 

Dry  soil,  infrequent  in  our  limits.     A  very  variable  widespread  grass.  ; 


POACEAE.  49 

75.   PLEUROPOGON. 

Soft  erect  annuals  or  perennials  with  rather  large  spikelets  in 
terminal  racemes;  spikelets  with  8-15  perfect  flowers;  rachilla 
jointed  above  the  glumes  and  between  the  flowers;  glumes  2, 
1-nerved,  or  the  second  imperfectly  3-nerved,  awnless,  unequal; 
lemmas  longer  than  the  glumes,  7-nerved,  entire,  or  somewhat 
2-toothed  at  the  apex,  with  the  midnerve  extending  into  a  short 
awn ;  keel  of  palea  with  a  distinct  crest  or  wing-like  appendage ; 
grain  free. 

Pleuropogon  refractum  Gray.  Stems  about  1  m.  high;  leaves  flat,  6-8 
mm.  wide;  raceme  slender;  spikelets  2-4  cm.  long,  horizontal  or  refracted, 
loosely  flowered. 

Along  streams  in  moist  woods,  rare.     Washington  to  California. 

76.   MELICA. 

Perennial  grasses  with  simple  stems;  inflorescence  a  contracted 
or  open  panicle;  spikelets  1 -several-flowered,  often  one-sided; 
rachilla  extending  beyond  the  flowers  and  usually  bearing  2-3 
empty  club-shaped  or  hooded  lemmas  twisted  around  each  other; 
glumes  membranous,  the  lower  3-5-nerved,  the  upper  5-9-nerved; 
lemmas  larger,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-7-nerved,  awnless,  the 
margins  more  or  less  scarious;  palea  broad,  shorter  than  the 
lemma;  grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  lemma  and  palea. 

Lemmas  acuminate  at  apex;  stems  bulbous  at  base.  M.  suhulata. 
Lemma  notched  at  apex;  stems  not  bulbous. 

Awns  short  or  none.  M.  harfordii. 

Awns  long.  M.  smithii. 

Melica  subulata  (Griseb.)  Scrlbn.  Glabrous;  stems  tufted,  usually  few, 
bulbous  at  base;  blades  flat,  shining;  panicle  narrow  and  rather  loose,  suberect, 
10-20  cm.  long;  spikelets  3-5-flowered;  glumes  unequal,  usually  purplish; 
lemmas  pubescent,  12  mm.  long. 

In  open  woods,  frequent.     Alaska  to  California  and  Wyoming. 

Melica  harfordii  Boland.  Stems  tall,  tufted,  the  bases  not  bulbous; 
lemmas  obtuse  and  notched  at  apex,  8  mm.  long,  ciliate  with  long  hairs  for 
most  of  its  length. 

In  dry  rocky  places,  Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

Melica  smithii  (Porter)  Vasey.  Glabrous;  stems  tufted,  usually  few,  not 
bulbous  at  base;  blades  flat;  panicle  loose,  the  solitary  branches  at  length 
spreading  or  reflexed;  spikelets  3-6-flowered;  glumes  unequal;  lemmas  glabrous, 
10  mm.  long,  the  straight  awns  half  as  long  or  less. 

Sumas  Prairie,  Lyall;  and  eastward. 

77.   BRIZA. 

Annuals  or  perennials  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  loose 
and  open  or  narrow  and  spike-like  panicles;  spikelets  many- 
flowered,  round-ovate  or  cordate;  rachilla  jointed  above  the 
glumes  and  between  the  florets;  florets  crowded,  the  upper  usually 

5 


50  POACEAE. 

imperfect;  glumes  2,  subequal,  membranaceous  with  broad  scari- 
ous  margins,  rounded  on  the  back,  shorter  than  the  flowers; 
lemmas  5-many-nerved,  cordate  at  base,  awnless;  palea  much 
smaller  than  the  lemma,  obtuse;  styles  short,  distinct;  stigmas 
plumose. 

Briza  media  L.  Perennial,  tufted;  stems  erect,  of  various  lengths,  10-60 
cm.  high  on  the  same  plant;  leaf  blades  scabrous;  panicle  loose,  pyramidal, 
5-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  ovate  to  cordate,  6-8  mm.  long,  5-9-flowered. 

Sparingly  introduced  from  Europe.  Reported  from  Nanaimo,  Vancouver 
Island,  Macoun. 

78.   BROMUS.     Brome-grass. 

Annuals,  biennials  or  perennials  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal 
panicles  of  large  spikelets;  peduncles  thickened  at  the  summit; 
spikelets  few-many- flowered ;  glumes  unequal,  acute;  lemmas 
rounded  on  the  back,  or  sometimes  compressed-keeled,  5-9- 
nerved,  the  apex  usually  2-toothed,  generally  bearing  an  awn 
from  just  below  the  summit;  palea  shorter  than  the  lemma; 
grain  adherent  to  the  palea. 

Spikelets  strongly  flattened ;  perennials. 

Awns  less  than  7  mm.  long;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  flat, 

not  pilose.  B.  marginatus. 

Awns  more  than  7  mm.  long. 

Panicle  very  broad,  the  longest  rays  15-25  cm.  long, 

drooping.  B.  sitchensis. 

Panicle  large  but  the  rays  not  drooping.  B.  hookerianus. 

Spikelets  subterete,  not  strongly  flattened. 

Native  perennials  mostly  with  loose  and  drooping  panicles; 
lemma  usually  more  or  less  long-hairy. 
Panicle  narrow,  erect  or  nearly  so.  B.  vulgaris. 

Panicle  broad,  drooping. 

Lemma  evenly  pubescent.  B.  pacificus. 

Lemma  unevenly  pubescent.  B.  richardsonii. 

Introduced  annuals  or  biennials. 

Awns  much  longer  than  the  body  of  the  narrow  lemma. 
Lemma  pubescent  or  rarely  glabrous;  awns  13-15 

mm.  long.  B.  tectorum. 

Lemma  not  pubescent;  awns  18-45  mm.  long. 

Awns  35-45  mm,  long  B.  maximus. 

Awns  less  than  30  mm.  long. 

Panicle  a  dense  head-like  cluster.  B.  rubens. 

Panicle  loose.  B.  sterilis. 

Awns  shorter  than  or  scarcely  exceeding  the  broad 
lemma. 
Panicle  dense,  small.  B.  hordeaceus. 

Panicle  loose,  open. 

Margins  of  the  lemma  inrolled  in  fruit.  B.  secalinus. 

Margins  of  the  lemma  not  inrolled  in  fruit.         B.  commutatus. 

Bromus  marginatus  Nees.  Perennial,  tufted;  the  stout  stems  about  1  m. 
high;  leaf  blades  coarse,  sparsely  pubescent;  panicle  15-25  cm.  long,  rather 
narrow,  the  branches  in  whorls  of  2-4,  about  7  cm.  long,  and  bearing  two 
spikelets;  spikelets  2.5-4  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide,  compressed  and  keeled. 


POACEAE.  51 

7-9-flowered;  lemma  rough-pubescent,  11-14  mm.  long,  2-toothed   at   apex, 
and  bearing  a  stout  awn  4-7  mm.  long. 
A  variable  species,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Bromus  sitchensis  Bong.  Stout  grass,  1-1.5  m.  high,  smooth  or  nearly  so; 
panicle  large,  loose,  drooping,  25-35  cm.  long;  lemma  smooth  or  scabrous, 
12-14  mm.  long. 

Moist  banks,  along  the  seashore. 

Bromus  hookerianus  (Thurb.)  Shear.     Much  like  B.  sitchensis  but  smaller; 
panicle  erect,  the  branches  not  drooping;  lemmas  scabrous. 
In  open   places,   common. 

Bromus  vulgaris  eximius  Shear.  Perennial;  stems  slender,  80-100  cm. 
tall;  leaf  blades  15-25  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  sparsely  pilose;  sheaths  pilose 
with  spreading  or  reflexed  hairs;  ligule  truncate,  fringed,  3-5  mm.  long; 
panicle  sparse,  more  or  less  nodding,  8-12  cm.  long;  spikelets  2-3  cm.  long, 
2-4  mm.  wide;  lemma  8-10  mm.  long,  sparsely  pubescent  on  the  back,  some- 
what ciliate  on  the  margin,  the  awn  6-9  mm.  long. 

Common   in  open  woods. 

Bromus  vulgaris  robustus  Shear.     Lemma  pilose  on  the  keel  and  margins 
near  the  base;  leaves  and  leaf  sheaths  pubescent. 
Infrequent. 

Bromus  pacificus  Shear.     Stems  stout,  about  1  m.  tall;  leaf-blades  large, 
8-11  mm.  broad;  panicle  large,  drooping;  lemmas  pubescent,   11-12  mm.  long. 
Moist  banks  and  copses,  especially  along  the  coast. 

Bromus  richardsonii  pallidus  (Hook.)  Shear.  Stems  60-120  cm.  high; 
leaf  blades  broad,  scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath;  panicle  large,  loose,  droop- 
ing; spikelets  pale,  6-11-flowered,  2-3  cm.  long;  lemma  12-15  mm.  long,  villous 
at  the  margins  of  the  lower  half. 

In  mountain  bogs,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Bromus  tectorum  nudum  Klett  &  Richter.  Annual;  stems  30-60  cm. 
high;  leaf  blades  pubescent;  panicle  loose,  one-sided,  drooping,  the  branches 
slender;  spikelets  15-20  mm.  long;  glumes  acute,  the  lower  about  half  the 
length  of  the  upper;  lemma  lanceolate,  smooth,  11-13  mm.  long,  bearing  at 
the  apex  two  narrow  hyaline  teeth  and  a  straight  awn  13-15  mm.  long. 

Introduced  from  Europe.  Seattle,  Piper.  Typical  B.  tectorum  with  the 
lemma  scabrous  to  pubescent  occurs  at  Puyallup,  Washington. 

Bromus  maximus  Desf.  Stems  20^0  cm.  high;  sheaths  and  blades 
pilose;  panicle  erect,  5-10  cm.  long,  somewhat  one-sided,  the  branches  rather 
short  and  erect  or  nearly  so  after  flowering. 

Sparingly    introduced    from    Europe. 

Bromus  rubens  L.  Annual,  tufted;  stems  20-50  cm.  high,  erect;  sheaths 
and  leaf  blades  pubescent;  panicle  ovoid,  compact,  4-7  cm.  long,  reddish  at 
maturity;  spikelets  7-11 -flowered,  2-2.5  cm.  long;  glumes  narrow,  acuminate, 
subequal,  lower  1-nerved,  upper  3-nerved;  lemma  lanceolate,  pubescent, 
13-16  mm.  long,  the  apex  cleft  into  two  long  hyaline  teeth;  awn  straight, 
18-22    mm.    long. 

Introduced   from    Europe. 

Bromus  sterilis  L.  Annual,  the  stout  stems  50-100  cm.  high,  usually 
decumbent  at  base;  panicle  10-20  cm.  long,  loose  and  drooping,  its  branches 
in  whorls  of  2-6,  long  and  slender,  usually  bearing  but  one  spikelet;  spikelets 
drooping,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  5-10-flowered;  lemma  narrowly  lanceolate,  17-20 
mm.  long,  bearing  a  stout  rough  awn,  20-30  mm.  long. 

Introduced  from  Europe. 


52  POACEAE. 

Bromus  hordeaceus  L.  Annual,  erect,  20-60  cm.  tall;  leaf  blades  pilose 
or  smooth,  the  sheaths  pubescent  with  retrorse  hairs;  panicle  narrow,  dense, 
5-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  erect,  12-15  mm.  long,  5-12-flowered;  lemma  pubes- 
cent, bearing  a  stout  straight  or  somewhat  twisted  awn  6-9  mm.  long. 

Common  in  waste  places;  introduced  from  Europe. 

Bromus  secalinus  L.  Chess  or  Cheat.  Annual,  erect,  30-70  cm.  tall; 
leaf  blades  10-20  cm.  long,  sparsely  hairy  above,  smooth  beneath;  sheaths 
glabrous;  panicle  8-18  cm.  long,  pyramidal,  erect  at  first,  in  fruit  somewhat 
drooping;  spikelets  oblong-lanceolate,  turgid  in  fruit,  10-18  mm.  long;  lemma 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  6-8  mm.  long,  its  margins  involute  in  fruit,  tipped  with 
an  awn  2-5  mm.  long;  palea  nearly  equal  to  the  lemma. 

Introduced    from    Europe. 

Bromus  commutatus  Schrad.  Very  similar  to  B.  secalinus;  panicle  more 
drooping;  lemma  broader,  not  inrolled  in  fruit,  tipped  with  a  stout  straight 
awn    7-8    mm.    long. 

Introduced   from   Europe. 

79.   DACTYLIS. 

Perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves;  inflorescence  a  densely 
clustered  or  interrupted  panicle;  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  short- 
pedicelled,  in  small  fascicles,  the  flowers  all  perfect  or  the  upper 
staminate;  glumes  thin,  membranous,  keeled,  unequal,  mucro- 
nate;  lemmas  larger  than  the  glumes,  rigid,  5-nerved,  keeled, 
the  midnerve  extending  into  a  point  or  short  awn;  palea  shorter 
than  the  lemma;  grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  lemma  and  palea. 

Dactylis  glomerata  L.  Orchard-grass.  Perennial,  tufted,  the  stout  stems 
60-150  cm.  tall;  leaf  blades  flat,  scabrous,  6-8  mm.  broad;  sheath  scabrous, 
exceeding  the  internode;  panicle  3-10  cm.  long,  pyramidal-ovate,  greenish  or 
purplish;  branches  solitary,  ascending,  spikelet-bearing  above;  lemmas  con- 
spicuously ciliate  on  the  keels. 

Escaped  from  cultivation. 

80.  POA.    Blue-grass. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  simple  stems  and  narrow 
usually  flat  leaves;  inflorescence  a  contracted  or  open  panicle, 
spikelets  2-6-flowered,  compressed,  the  rachilla  usually  glabrous; 
flowers  perfect  or  rarely  dioecious;  glumes  membranous,  keeled, 
1-3-nerved;  lemmas  membranous,  keeled,  awnless,  longer  than 
the  glumes,  generally  with  a  tuft  of  cobwebby  hairs  at  the  base, 
5-7-nerved,  the  marginal  nerves  usually  pubescent,  often  also  the 
dorsal  one;  palea  a  little  shorter  than  the  lemma,  2-nerved  or 
2-keeled;  grain  free,  or  sometimes  adherent  to  the  palea. 

Annual;  lemma  without  cobwebby  hairs  at  base.  P.  annua. 

Perennial. 

Plants  with  creeping  rootstocks. 

Stem  flattened,  2-edgcd;  panicles  small.  P.  compressa. 

Stem  cylindric. 

Lemma  webbed,  that  is  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at 
the  base. 


POACEAE. 


53 


seashore  plant ;  spikelets  10-15  mm. 
long. 


Dioecious 

long. 
Perfect;  spikelets  4-5  mm 
Lemma  not  webbed. 

Low  seashore  plant  with  narrow  involute  leaves 

and  small  panicle;  spikelets  close. 
Taller  grass,  not  maritime,  with  flat  or  folded 
leaves;  spikelets  loose. 
Plants  tufted,  without  rootstocks. 

Lateral  nerves  ot  lemmas  prominent;  web  present. 
Lateral  nerves  of  lemmas  not  prominent. 
Web  present  at  base  of  lemma. 

Leaves  flat  or  folded,  not  soft  and  flaccid. 

Panicle  short  pyramidal;  spikelets  6-7  mm. 

long;  low  alpine  plant. 
Panicle  ample,  spreading;  spikelets  3-4  mm. 
long. 
Leaves  flat,  rather  short,  soft  and  flaccid. 

Panicle  lax  and  spreading;  spikelets  5-6  mm. 

long;  florets  not  early  deciduous. 
Panicle    narrow,  the    rays    usually  erect; 
florets  early  deciduous. 
Lemma  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
Lemma  pubescent. 
Web  absent,  no  tuft  of  hairs  at  base  of  lemma. 
Nerves  of  the  lemma  pilose  below. 

Alpine  plant;  leaf  blades  flat,  green,  broad. 
Maritime    plant;    leaf    blades    narrow    or 
folded,  glaucescent. 
Nerves  of  the  lemma  not  pilose. 

Stems  low,   5-20  cm.   high;  grasses  of  the 
highest  mountains. 
Leaves  soft;  panicle  purple,  very  short; 

plants  5-10  cm.  high. 
Leaves  rather  rigid ;  panicle  pale,  narrow, 
elongated;  plant  10-20  cm.  high. 
Stems  taller,  usually  20-40  cm.  high,  mostly 
grasses  of  rupestrine  habitat. 
Panicle  close,  erect;  leaves  flat. 

Lemmas   pubescent   at    base;    leaves 

rather  narrow,  sometimes  folded. 
Lemmas  glabrous;  leaf  blades 
broader. 
Panicles    loose;    leaves    narrow,    flat    or 
involute. 
Ligules  of  the  sterile  shoots  obsolete; 
of  the  stem  leaves  short  and  trun- 
cate. 
Ligules    well    developed    on    all    the 
leaves. 
Rays  of  the  panicle  in  about  5 

series;  ligules  2-5  mm.  long 
Rays    of    the    panicle    in    fewer 
series;  ligules  1-2  mm.  long. 
Panicle    close;    glumes    firm; 

blades  flat. 
Panicle    loose;    glumes    thin; 
blades  involute. 


P.  macrantha. 
P.  pratensis. 


P.  confinis. 
P.  nervosa. 
P.  trivialis. 


P.  arctica. 
P.  triflora. 


P.  leptocoma. 


P.  holanderi. 
P.  howelln. 


P.  alpina. 

P.  pachypholis. 

P.  lettermani. 
P.  suksdorfii. 

P.  sandbergii. 
P.  paddensis. 

P.  muUnomae. 

P.  alcea. 

P.  saxatilis. 
P.  gracillima. 


54  POACEAE. 

Poa  annua  L.  Annual  Blue-grass.  Annual,  the  compressed  stems  5-15 
cm.  tall;  leaves  glabrous,  the  blades  short  and  soft;  panicle  pyramidal,  some- 
times 1-sided;  spikelets  3-7-flowered,  crowded,  4  mm.  long;  lemma  3-3.5  mm. 
long,   not  hairy  at  base. 

Introduced;  common  along  waysides  and  in  cultivated  ground. 

Poa  compressa  L.  Canada  Blue-grass.  Usually  low,  spreading  by  root- 
stocks  and  forming  dense  mats,  the  much  compressed  stems  15-40  cm.  high, 
decumbent  at  base,  glabrous;  panicle  3-7  cm.  long,  .contracted,  the  branches 
spikelet-bearing  to  the  base  or  nearly  so;  spikelets  3-9-flowered ;  lemmas  ob- 
scurely nerved,  the  nerves  slightly  pubescent  below. 

Sparingly    introduced. 

Poa  macrantha  Vasey.  Pale  green;  rootstocks  extensively  creeping,  stout; 
leaves  involute  or  folded;  panicle  5-10  cm.  long;  staminate  spikelets  yellowish, 
10-15  mm.  long;  pistillate  smaller. 

Common  in  sand  dunes  along  the  coast. 

Poa  pratensis  L.  Kentucky  Blue-grass.  Perennial  with  conspicuous  run- 
ning rootstocks,  the  terete  stems  30^-90  cm.  tall;  panicle  pyramidal,  open, 
6-20  cm.  long,  the  ascending  or  spreading  branches  in  whorls  of  3-5,  spikelet- 
bearing  aboyfe  the  middle;  spikelets  3-5-flowered;  lemmas  3-5  mm.  long  with 
prominent  intermediate  nerves,  silky-pubescent  on  the  midnerve  and  margins, 
cobwebby  at  the  base. 

Meadows  and  pastures  everywhere. 

Poa  confinis  Vasey.  Stems  5-15  cm.  high;  leaves  numerous,  very  narrow, 
involute;  panicle  1-3  cm.  long,  the  short  branches  in  pairs;  spikelets  3-5- 
flowered;  lemmas  broadly  ovate. 

High  sea  beaches;  common  on  the  ocean  coast. 

Poa  nervosa  (Hook.)  Vasey.  Stems  weak,  30-40  cm.  high;  leaves  soft, 
green,  flat  or  folded;  panicle  lax,  6-10 cm.  long;  spikelets  pale  green,  compressed, 
the  4-7  florets  distant;  lemma  thin,  lanceolate,  scabrous. 

On  moist  wooded  banks,  rare.  Nootka  Sound,  British  Columbia,  Scouler; 
Cape  Horn,  Washington,  Piper;  Multnomah  Falls,  Oregon,  Piper. 

Poa  trivialis  L.  Rough  Meadow-grass.  Stems  30-60  cm.  high;  sheaths 
and  flat  blades  scabrous;  ligule  well  developed;  panicle  rather  loose;  spikelets 
mostly  3-flowered;  lemma  5-nerved,  the  nerves  very  prominent. 

Sparingly    introduced. 

Poa  arctica  R.  Br.  Perennial  by  creeping  rootstocks;  stems  slender, 
2-3-jointed,  erect,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  green,  flat  or  folded,  2-5  cm.  long, 
2-3  mm.  wide;  panicle  loose,  pyramidal,  erect  or  somewhat  nodding,  3-8  cm. 
long,  the  slender  rays  mostly  in  twos;  spikelets  oblong-obovate,  3-6-flowered, 
6-7  mm.  long;  glumes  ovate,  acute,  subequal;  lemma  purplish,  ovate,  ob- 
tusish,  pubescent  on  the  keel  and  lateral  nerves  below  the  middle,  Z-A  mm. 
long,  the  tuft  of  hairs  at  base  nearly  as  long. 

Mount  Rainier,  Piper,  Allen;  our  form  is  not  typical  and  has  been  mistaken 
for   P.  laxa  Haenke. 

Poa  triflora  Gilib.  Fowl  Meadow-grass.  Tufted,  the  stems  60-90  cm.  high ; 
leaves  narrow,  linear,  smooth  and  soft;  ligule  conspicuous;  panicle  usually 
purple;  10-30  cm.  long,  the  branches  mostly  in  fives;  spikelets  2-5-flowered; 
lemma    obscurely    nerved. 

In  wet  places,  common. 

Poa  leptocoma  Bong.  Glabrous,  bright  green;  stems  slender,  erect. 
20-40  cm.  high;  leaves  flat,  flaccid,  5-12  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide;  panicle  lax, 
5-10  cm.  long,  more  or  less  nodding,   the  capillary  branches  mostly  in  twos 


POACEAE.  55 

and  2-5  cm.  long;  spikelets   compressed,  5-6  mm.    long,  3-flowered;  glumes 
slightly  unequal,  the  upper  longer  and  broader;    lemma  lance-ovate,  acute, 
3-4  mm.  long,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  base  and  long-villous  on  the  keel  and 
marginal  nerves  below  the  middle. 
Boggy  places  in  the  mountains. 

Poa  bolanderi  Vasey.  A  glabrous,  loosely  tufted,  short-lived  perennial, 
30-50  cm.  high,  erect;  leaf  blades  few,  thin,  soft,  rather  short;  panicle  erect, 
narrow,  10-12  cm.  long,  the  branches  few  at  the  well  separated  nodes  and 
usually  remaining  erect;  spikelets  1-3-flowered,  2-3  mm.  long;  lemma  smooth, 
the  basal  web  scanty. 

Vancouver   Island   to   California. 

Poa  howellii  Vasey.  Very  similar  to  P.  bolanderi;  lemma  acute,  pubes- 
cent; florets  dropping  very  readily. 

In  dry  woods,  not  rare.     Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

Poa  alpina  L,  Stems  15-30  cm.  high;  blades  short,  linear,  flat,  3-6  mm. 
wide;  panicle  usually  purple,  short  pyramidal;  spikelets  broadly  ovate, 
3-9-flowered ;  lemma  villous  on  the  midrib  and  nerves  below. 

In  the  mountains,  Alaska  to  Washington. 

Poa  pachypholis  Piper.  Densely  tufted,  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  glaucous, 
the  blades  narrow  and  involute;  panicle  short,  thick,  very  close;  glumes  and 
lemma  thick  and  firm;  lemma  pubescent  on  the  lower  half  of  the  nerves. 

Ocean  Bluffs  at  Ilwaco,  Washington. 

Poa  lettermani  Vasey.  Very  dwarf,  tufted,  only  5-10  cm.  high;  panicle 
purple,  1-2  cm.  long,  oblong,  quite  dense;  spikelets  2-4-flowered;  lemma 
oblong,    acutish,    glabrous. 

Mount  Rainier,  at  3000  m.  altitude. 

Poa  suksdorfii  Vasey.  Pale  green,  densely  tufted,  10-20  cm.  high;  blades 
folded  or  involute,  rather  numerous;  panicle  narrow  and  spike-like,  3-8  cm. 
long;  spikelets  1-3-flowered;  lemma  ovate,  thin  and  papery,  4-5  mm.  long. 

In  loose  gravel  in  the  mountains  at  high  elevations. 

Poa  sandbergii  Vasey.  Perennial,  glabrous,  not  glaucous,  tufted;  the 
stems  15-50  cm.  tall;  basal  leaves  numerous,  the  blades  5-10  cm.  long,  linear; 
stem  leaves  2,  low  down,  the  blades  1-2  cm.  long,  the  sheaths  often  purple; 
panicle  4-10  cm.  long,  narrow,  the  ascending  branches  in  whorls  of  2-5, 
spikelet-bearing  near  the  top;  spikelets  2-4-flowered,  usually  purplish;  lemmas 
oblong,  3.5  mm.  long,  sparsely  pubescent  above,  villous  near  the  base. 

In  dry  places  in  the  mountains,  rare;  common  in  the  interior. 

Poa  paddensis  Williams.  (P.  purpurascens  Vasey.)  Densely  tufted; 
stems  15-30  cm.  high;  blades  flat  or  loosely  involute,  2-4  mm.  wide;  panicle 
erect  or  spreading,  dark  purple,  rather  close;  spikelets  thick,  3-5-flowered; 
glumes  ovate,  acutish;  lemmas  ovate,  sparsely  scabrous. 

In  alpine  meadows,  common.     Vancouver  Island  to  Oregon. 

Poa  multnomae  Piper.  Densely  tufted,  10-30  cm.  high;  basal  leaves 
numerous,  very  narrow,  smooth,  folded;  panicle  loose;  spikelets  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, 3-5-flowered,  5-7  mm.  long;  lemma  ovate,  acutish,  puberulent  at 
base,    scarious   at   apex. 

On  rock  cliffs  along  the  Columbia. 

Poa  alcea  Piper.  Much  like  P.  multnomae  but  taller;  ligules  conspicuous; 
spikelets  oblong,  6-9  mm.  long,  mostly  5-flowered. 

On  moist  rock  cliffs.  Elk  Rock,  near  Portland,  Oregon,  and  southward. 

I  Poa  saxatilis  Scribn.  &  Williams.     Densely  tufted  alpine  perennial,  20-30 

cm.  tall;  basal  leaves  numerous,  green,  the  blades  2-6  cm.  long,  flat,  slightly 

I 


56  POACEAE. 

scabrous,  about  2  mm.  broad;  stem  leaves  2;  Hgules  well  developed;  sheaths 
loose,  becoming  scarious;  panicles  green  or  purple,  erect,  rather  loose,  4-7  cm. 
long,  the  rays  mostly  in  twos;  spikelets  lanceolate,  6-9  mm.  long,  loosely  3-5- 
flowered;  glumes  subacute,  smooth,  subequal,  about  4  mm.  long;  lemma  ob- 
scurely 5-nerved,  oblong,  subacute,  scabrous  on  the  back,  puberulent  at  base 
and  on  the  keel,  4-4.5  mm.  long. 
Rocky  places  at   high   altitudes. 

Poa  gracillima  Vasey.  Very  similar  to  P.  saxatilis  which  may  not  be 
distinct;  leaf  blades  involute;  panicle  loose;  spikelets  7  mm.  long;  lemma  thin, 
scabrous  on  the  back,  pubescent  at  base,  scarious  at  apex. 

On  cliffs  in  the   mountains, 

81.  DISTICHLIS. 

Rather  rigid  erect  grasses  springing  from  creeping  bases, 
with  dense  panicles  of  rather  few  large  and  compressed  spikelets, 
which  are  usually  more  numerous  and  less  crowded  in  the  stami- 
nate  than  in  the  pistillate  plants;  spikelets  8-16-flowered, 
dioecious;  glumes  2,  keeled,  acute,  shorter  than  the  lemmas; 
lemmas  3-many-nerved,  acute;  grain  free. 

Distichlis  spicata  (L.)  Greene.  Salt-grass.  Extensively  creeping;  leaves 
rather  rigid,  smooth,  involute;  spikelets  ovate  or  oblong,  8-16  mm.  long, 
smooth,  6-12-flowered. 

Along  the  seashore,   common. 

82.  FESTUCA.    Fescue. 

Annuals  or  perennials  with  terminal  panicles,  sometimes 
reduced  to  racemes;  spikelets  2-many-flowered ;  glumes  more  or 
less  unequal,  acute,  keeled,  the  lower  1-,  rarely  3-nerved,  the 
upper  3-,  rarely  5-nerved;  lemmas  lanceolate,  firm  in  texture 
at  least  near  the  base,  narrow,  rounded  on  the  back  or  slightly 
keeled,  always  5-nerved,  acute  or  usually  awned;  palea  usually 
about  equalling  the  lemma;  grain  glabrous,  elongated,  often 
adherent  to  the  palea. 

Annuals. 

Spikelets  densely  8-13-flowered.  F.  octoflora. 

Spikelets  loosely  1-6-flowered. 

Branches  of  the  short  panicle  divergent. 

Florets  3-5  in  each  spikelet;  only  the  principal  rays 

divergent.  F.  pacifica. 

Florets  1-3  in  each  spikelet;  all  the  spikelets  diver- 
gent. F.  reflexa. 
Branches  of  the  elongated  panicle  erect  or  appressed. 

Lemma  ciliate.  F.  megalura. 

Lemma  not  ciliate. 

First  glume  one-third  as  long  as  second.  F.  myuros. 

First  glume  two-thirds  as  long  as  second.  F.  hromoides. 

Perennials. 

Callus  and  auricles  conspicuously  hairy.  F.  aristulata. 

Callus  and  auricles  glabrous. 

Leaves  very  narrow,  mostly  involute. 


POACEAE.  57 

Plant  with  creeping  rootstocks.  F.  rubra. 

Plant  tufted;  rootstocks  none. 

Tufts  separable  with  difficulty;  lemmas  acute, 

not  awned.  F.  viridula. 

Tufts  easily  separable;  lemmas  awned. 

Panicle  loose;  lemmas  long-awned.  7^.  occidentalis. 

Panicle  close;  lemmas  not  long-awned.  F.  ovina. 

Leaves  rather  broad,  fiat. 

Lemma  firm,  not  at  all  keeled,  awnless.  F.  elatior. 

Lemma  rather  thin,  keeled  above  the  middle,  awned. 

Floret  with  a  narrow  stalk-like  base.  7^.  suhuliflora. 

Floret  not  stalk-like  at  base.  F.  suhulata. 

Festuca  octoflora  Walt.  Tufted  annual,  8-30  cm.  tall;  panicle  2-6  cm. 
long,  rather  dense,  often  one-sided;  spikelets  6-10  mm.  long,  7-13-flowered; 
lemmas  3-4  mm.  long,  scabrous,  attenuate  into  an  awn  about  as  long. 

In  dry  open  places. 

Festuca  pacifica  Piper.  Annual;  stem  single  or  a  few  in  a  loose  tuft, 
5-30  cm.  tall;  panicle  4-10  cm.  long;  branches  mostly  solitary,  longest  below, 
all  erect  at  first  but  becoming  spreading  or  reflexed  by  means  of  a  prominent 
pulvinus  at  the  base;  spikelets  2-6-flowered;  lemma  6-7  mm.  long,  the  awn 
two  to  three  times  as  long. 

In  prairies,  rare  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Festuca  reflexa  Buckl.  In  habit  like  F.  pacifica;  panicle  5-12  cm.  long, 
the  rays  solitary;  spikelets  at  length  all  spreading;  lemma  lanceolate,  glabrous 
or  scabrous,  bearing  a  short  or  long  awn. 

Dry  open  places,  Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

Festuca  megalura  Nutt.  Tufted  annual,  30-40  cm.  tall,  smooth;  panicle 
spike-like,  elongated,  flexuous,  5-25  cm.  long,  pale-green;  spikelets  4-5-flow- 
ered,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  including  the  awns;  lemma  lanceolate,  scabrous,  the  body 
5  mm.,  the  awn  10-15  mm.  long. 

Along  roads  and  streets,  native,  but  appearing  as  if  introduced. 

Festuca  myuros  L.  Mouse-tail  Fescue.     Very  similar  to  F.  megalura,  but 
the  panicle  usually  smaller;  lemma  not  ciliate;  first  glume  very  short. 
Sparingly  introduced;  native  of  Europe. 

Festuca  bromoides  L.     Glabrous;  stems  10-30  cm.  high;  panicle  usually 
dense,    5-10   cm.   long;   rays  solitary;   glumes  subequal,   the  lower  shorter. 
Waysides,    introduced   from  Europe. 

Festuca  aristulata  (Torr.)  Shear.  {F.  calif ornica  Vasey.)  Coarse  tufted 
grass,  60-120  cm.  high,  scabrous  throughout;  junction  of  sheath  and  blade 
white-hairy;  panicle  large  and  very  loose;  spikelets  5-flowered;  lemma  8-10 
mm.  long,  lanceolate,  scabrous. 

Dry  ground,  upper  Willamette  Valley  to  California. 

Festuca  rubra  L.  Perennial,  with  short  running  rootstocks;  the  whole 
plant  smooth;  stems  60-100  cm.  tall,  slender;  leaves  narrow,  involute,  10-20 
cm.  long;  panicle  narrow,  erect,  about  10  cm.  long,  the  short  erect  branches 
in  twos,  spikelet-bearing  to  the  base;  spikelets  frequently  purplish,  10-12  cm. 
long,  5-6-flowered ;  lemma  smooth,  5-6  mm.  long,  tipped  with  an  awn  3-4  mm. 
long. 

Mostly  along  the  seashore.  F.  rubra  kitaibeliana  (Schult.)  Piper  is  a 
subspecies  distinguished  by  having  pubescent  lemmas. 

Festuca  viridula  Vasey.  Densely  tufted,"  dark  green,  smooth;  stems  50- 
100  cm.  high;  leaves  narrow,  erect,  soft,  7-nerved,  the  basal  ones  involute; 


58  POACEAE. 

panicle  loose  and  open,  suberect,   10-15  cm.  long;  spikelets  3-6-flowered; 
lemma  firm,  keeled  toward  the  apex,  5-nerved,  acute  or  sometimes  mucronate, 
smooth  or  nearly  so,  6-7  mm.  long. 
Common  in  alpine  meadows. 

Festuca  occidentalis  Hook.  Densely  tufted,  the  whole  plant  smooth  and 
bright  green;  stems  30-60  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  smooth,  becoming  longitudi- 
nally grooved  when  dry;  panicle  narrow,  loose,  8-20  cm.  long,  often  drooping 
at  the  summit;  spikelets  green,  3-5-fiowered ;  lemmas  scabrous  near  the  apex 
or  smooth,  5-6  mm.  long,  bearing  a  slender  awn  of  equal  length. 

In  open  woods,  common. 

Festuca  ovina  supina  (Schur)  Hack.  Plant  densely  tufted,  usually 
smooth;  stems  10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  firm,  involute,  not  shrinking  when  dry; 
panicle  strict,  narrow,  2-4  cm.  long;  lemmas  short-awned;  ovary  not  hairy 
at  apex. 

In  the  mountains  at  high  altitudes. 

Festuca  elatior  L.  Meadow  Fescue.  Perennial;  the  stout  stem  100-150 
cm.  tall,  smooth  and  glabrous  throughout;  leaves  flat,  dark  green,  7-15  cm. 
long,  3-4  mm.  wide;  panicle  narrow,  erect,  10-25  cm.  long,  the  branches  soli- 
tary or  in  twos;  spikelets  rather  crowded,  lanceolate-oblong,  12-18  mm.  long, 
5-10-flowered;  lemma  scarious-margined,  acute,  awnless. 

A  native  of  Europe,  escaped  from  cultivation. 

Festuca  subuliflora  Scribn.  Stems  60-80  cm.  high;  leaves  broad,  flat  or 
loosely  involute;  panicle  broad,  the  spreading  rays  mostly  solitary;  spikelets 
large,  loose;  lemmas  long  awned,  each  narrowed  at  base  into  a  stalk-like 
structure,  so  that  the  rachilla  is  apparently  jointed  between  the  florets. 

In  open  woods,  not  common. 

Festuca  subulata  Trin.  Loosely  tufted,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  40- 
120  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  flat,  thin,  3-10  mm.  broad;  panicle  very  loose  and 
somewhat  drooping,  15-40  cm.  long,  rays  in  3-5  sets;  spikelets  pale  green, 
3-5-flowered,  7-12  mm.  long;  lemma  membranaceous,  narrowly  lanceolate, 
keeled  its  entire  length,  5-7  mm.  long,  with  an  awn  5-20  mm.  long. 

In  moist  woods,  common. 

83.   PANICULARIA. 

Tall  aquatic  perennial  grasses  with  terminal  panicles;  spikelets 
few-many- flowered,  terete,  or  somewhat  flattened;  glumes  un- 
equal, obtuse  or  acute,  1-3-nerved;  lemmas  membranous,  obtuse, 
rounded  on  the  back,  5-9-nerved,  the  nerves  disappearing  in  the 
hyaline  apex;  palea  scarcely  shorter  than  the  lemma,  rarely 
longer;  grain  smooth,  enclosed  in  the  lemma  and  palea,  free, 
or  when  dry  slightly  adhering  to  the  latter. 

Spikelets  linear,  10-20  mm.  long. 

Lemma  scabrid  only  on  the  nerves;  glumes  2-3  mm.  long.   P.  borealis. 
Lemma  scabrid  all  over  the  back;  glumes  1-2  mm.  long. 

Spikelets  10-15  mm.  long;  lemma  3  mm.  long,  truncate.  P.  leptostachya. 
Spikelets  18-20  mm.  long;  lemma  5-6  mm.  long,  acut- 

ish.  P.  occidentalis. 

Spikelets  ovate  or  oblong,  2-8  mm.  long 

Lemma  with  5  prominent  nqj-ves.  P.  paucifiora. 

Lemma  with  7  prominent  nerves. 

Spikelets  3-4  mm.  long.  P.  nervata. 

Spikelets  4-6  mm.  long.  P.  americana. 


POACEAE.  59 

Panicularia  borealis  Nash.  Stems  weak,  erect,  glabrous,  50-100  cm.  tall; 
leaf  blades  8-20  cm.  long,  pale  green,  nearly  smooth;  sheaths  loose,  longer  than 
the  internodes;  panicle  lax,  15-30  cm.  long,  the  branches  single  or  in  twos, 
usually  short  and  erect;  spikelets  linear,  10-15  mm.  long;  lemmas  thin,  3.5-4 
mm.   long,    7-nerved,   the   nerves   minutely  hispid. 

In  shallow  ponds  and  ditches. 

Panicularia  leptostachya  (Buckl.)  Piper  n.  comb.  {Glyceria  leptostachya 
Buckl.;  Panicularia  davyiM.^Tv\\\.)  Much  like  P.  borealis;  sheaths  scabrous; 
spikelets  10-16  mm.  long;  lemma  scabrous  all  over  the  back,  truncate; 
glumes  very  short. 

In   ponds,    rare. 

Panicularia  occidentalis  Piper  n.  sp.  Pale  green,  flaccid,  60-90  cm.  high; 
sheaths  smooth,  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligules  large,  4-8  mm.  long; 
blades  flat,  scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath,  5-9  mm.  broad,  8-20  cm.  long; 
panicle  loose,  spreading,  usually  enclosed  at  base,  30-50  cm.  long;  branches 
in  about  7  series,  scabrous,  a  long  one  and  one  or  two  short  ones  at  each 
joint;  spikelets  18-20  mm.  long,  6-9-flowered;  rachilla  slender,  cernuous; 
glumes  hyaline,  the  lower  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  1.5  mm.,  long,  the  upper 
oblong,  acutish,  3  mm.  long;  lemma  firm,  strongly  nerved,  5-6  mm.  long, 
acutish,  narrowly  hyaline-margined,  scabrous-puberulent  all  over  the  back. 

Type  specimen  collected  at  Vancouver,  Washington,  C.  V.  Piper  no.  4905, 
June  5,  1904;  also  collected  at  Sauvies  Island,  Oregon,  Thos.  Howell,  May 
1881;  Salem,  Oregon,  E.  Hall,  no.  630,  in  1871.  Most  nearly  related  to  P. 
leptostachya  (Buckl.)  Piper;  differing  in  its  broader  leaf-blades,  smooth  sheaths 
and  larger  spikelets  and  florets. 

Panicularia  pauciflora  (Presl)  Kuntze.  Stems  50-100  cm.  high,  smooth; 
leaf  blades  10-20  cm.  long,  nearly  1  cm.  broad,  acute,  scabrous;  sheaths  nearly 
equalling  the  internodes;  panicle  loose,  15-20  cm.  long,  usually  purplish,  its 
base  included  in  the  upper  sheath;  branches  slender,  spreading,  2-5  at  a  node, 
flower-bearing  above  the  middle;  spikelets  4-5  mm.  long,  4-6-flowered;  lem- 
mas prominently  5-nerved,  rarely  7-nerved. 

Common  in  springy  places. 

Panicularia  nervata  data  (Nash)  Piper.  Stems  60-90  cm.  high;  leaves 
linear,  dark-green,  15-30  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  wide;  panicle  loose,  at  length 
drooping;  spikelets  2-4  mm.  long. 

In  wet  places,  common. 

Panicularia  americana  (Torr.)  MacM.  Reed  Meadow-grass.  Stems  stout, 
100-150  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  6-15  mm.  wide;  panicle  large  and  loose,  20-40 
cm.  long,  nodding  at  the  top;  spikelets  4-7-flowered;  upper  glume  2-2.5  mm. 
long. 

In  wet  places,  not  common  in  our  limits. 

84.   PUCCINELLIA. 

Tufted  perennial  grasses  of  seacoast  or  alkaline  regions; 
spikelets  as  in  Panicularia,  but  lemmas  firmer,  usually  smaller, 
often  sub-acute  and  minutely  pubescent  at  base,  the  nerves 
obscure. 

Panicle  narrow,  its  base  usually  inclosed  in  the  upper  sheath, 

erect  or  the  short  lower  branches  sometimes  divergent.  P.  angustata. 

Panicle  well  exserted,  the  branches  becoming  divaricate  or  re- 
flexed.  P-  distans. 


6o  POACEAE. 

Puccinellia  angustata  (R.  Br.)  Nash.  Creeping  by  stolons;  stems  low, 
slender;  leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  narrow,  involute;  spikelets  3-7-flowered; 
first  glume  usually   1 -nerved. 

Salt  marshes  along  the  coast. 

Puccinellia  distans  (L.)  Pari.  { Poa  nutkaensis  Pres].)  Not  stoloniferous; 
stems  geniculate,  20-60  cm.  high;  blades  not  fleshy,  flat  or  folded;  panicle 
branches  usually  in  fours  or  fives,  spreading  or  reflexed;  spikelets  3-6-flowered; 
first   glume   usually   3-nerved. 

Seashores;  very  variable.  Forms  with  the  panicle  narrow  and  the  branches 
ascending  have  been  referred  perhaps  correctly  to  the  European  P.  festucae- 
formis  (Host)  Pari. 

85.   SPARTINA.     Cord-grass. 

Coarse  perennial  grasses  with  strong  creeping  rootstocks,  rigid 
simple  stems  and  long  tough  leaves;  inflorescence  of  1 -sided 
spreading  or  erect  alternate  spikes;  spikelets  1 -flowered,  narrow, 
deciduous,  borne  in  two  rows  on  the  rachis,  articulated  with  the 
very  short  pedicels  below  the  glumes;  glumes  keeled,  very  un- 
equal; lemma  keeled,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  second  glume; 
palea  often  longer  than  its  lemma;  grain  free. 

Spartina  michauxiana  Hitchc.  Stems  1-2  m.  tall,  simple,  smooth;  leaf 
blades  flat,  keeled,  long-acuminate,  involute  in  age,  scabrous  on  the  margins; 
spikes  5-20,  5-12  cm.  long,  ascending,  sometimes  peduncled;  spikelets  closely 
imbricated;  glumes  very  scabrous  on  the  keels,  awn-pointed;  lemma  scabrous 
on  the  midrib,  which  terminates  below  the  2-toothed  apex. 

Cascades  of  the  Columbia  River,  Hall,  perhaps  in  our  limits. 

86.   BECKMANNIA. 

Tall  erect  perennials;  inflorescence  a  terminal  panicle  of  erect 
spikes;  spikelets  1-2-flowered,  globose,  compressed;  glumes  mem- 
branous, saccate,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute;  lemmas  1  or  2, 
narrow,  thin-membranous;  palea  hyaline;  grain  oblong,  free, 
enclosed  in  the  lemma. 

Beckmannia  erucaeformis  (L.)  Host.  Perennial,  the  stems  stout,  60- 
90  cm.  tall,  glabrous  throughout;  leaf  blades  10-30  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  wide, 
scabrous,  the  loose  sheaths  exceeding  the  internodes;  panicle  narrow,  10-30 
cm.  long,  the  densely-flowered  branches  mostly  solitary  and  erect;  spikelets 
nearly  orbicular,  flattened,  2  mm.  long. 

In  wet  meadows,  rare  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  Victoria,  Van- 
couver Island,  Macoun;  Colquitz  River,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun;  Wil- 
lamette   Valley. 

87.    CYNODON. 

Low  creeping  perennials  with  short  flat  leaves  and  slender 
spikes  digitately  arranged  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  spikelets 
1 -flowered,  awnless,  sessile  in  two  rows  along  one  side  of  a  slender 
rachis,  forming  unilateral  spikes;  rachilla  jointed  above  the  glumes 
and  prolonged  behind  the  palea  into  a  slender  bristle;  glumes  2, 
narrow,  keeled,  usually  acute;  lemma  broader,  usually  a  little 
longer  than  the  glumes,  obtuse,  more  or  less  pilose  on  the  keel 


POACEAE.  6l 

and  margins;  palea  as  long  as  the  glume;  styles  distinct;  grain 
free. 

Cynodon  dactylon  (L.)  Pers.  Bermuda-grass.  Low,  5-30  cm.  high, 
loosely  branched  and  extensively  creeping  by  rootstocks  or  stolons,  glabrous; 
leaf  blades  flat;  ligulcs  very  short  but  bearing  a  ring  of  white  bristles;  branches 
of  the  umbel  4-6;  spikelets  2  mm.  long. 

Sparingly    introduced. 

88.   ELEUSINE. 

Tufted  annuals  with  rather  stout  unilateral  spikes  digitately 
arranged  at  the  tip  of  the  stem;  spikelets  several-flowered,  sessile, 
closely  imbricated  in  2  rows  along  one  side  of  the  rachis;  rachilla 
jointed  above  the  glumes;  lemmas  compressed,  keeled,  thin  but 
rigid,  obtuse;  palea  a  little  shorter  than  the  lemma,  compressed; 
seed  finely  striated. 

Eleusine  indica  Gaertn.  Goose-grass.  Glabrous  annual;  stems  flattened, 
erect  or  decumbent,  15-60  cm.  high;  sheaths  overlapping;  spikes  3-8  crh.  long, 
2-10  in  an  umbel,  bearing  the  3-5-flowered  spikelets  on  the  lower  side. 

Introduced  from  the  oriental  tropics. 

89.   LOLITJM. 

Annuals  or  perennials  with  simple  erect  stems  and  simple 
terminal  spikes;  spikelets  several-flowered,  solitary  and  sessile 
in  alternate  notches  of  the  rachis,  one  edge  of  the  spikelet  against 
the  rachis;  glume  1  (2  in  the  terminal  spikelet),  on  the  side  away 
from  the  rachis,  shorter  or  longer  than  the  lemmas  which  are 
rounded  on  the  back  and  5-7-nerved,  with  an  obtuse,  acute  or 
awned  apex;  grain  smooth,  adherent  to  the  palea. 

Glumes  longer  than  the  spikelet.  L.  temulentum. 
Glumes  shorter  than  the  spikelet. 

Lemmas  awned;  young  leaves  involute.  L.  muUiflorum. 

Lemmas  awnless;  young  leaves  folded.  L.  perenne. 

Lolium  temulentum  L.  Darnel.     Annual;  spikelets  5-8-flowered;  lemma 
awnless  or  short-awned. 
Sparingly    introduced. 

Lolium  multiflorum  Lam.  Italian  Rye-grass.  Glabrous,  tufted;  stems 
erect,  60-90  cm.  high;  sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes;  blades 
3-8  mm.  wide,  involute  in  the  bud;  ligule  short,  truncate;  spikes  20-30  cm. 
long;  spikelets  7-9-flowered;  glumes  shorter  than  the  spikelet;  lemma  narrowly 
elliptic,  the  awn  as  long  as  the  body. 

Introduced   from    Europe. 

Lolium  perenne  L.  English  or  Perennial  Rye-grass.  Perennial;  young 
leaves  folded;  spikelets  8-15-flowered,  8-12  mm.  long;  lemmas  5-6  mm.  long, 
awnless  or  short-awned. 

Naturalized   from    Europe. 

90.  AGROPYRON.     Wheat-grass. 

Perennials  with  simple  stems  and  terminal  spikes;  spikelets 
3-many-flowered,  sessile,  single  and  alternate  at  each  notch  of 


62  POACEAE. 

the  usually  continuous  rachis,  the  side  of  the  spikelet,  that  is  the 
edge  of  the  glumes,  toward  the  rachis;  lemmas  rigid,  rounded  on 
the  back,  5-7-nerved,  usually  acute  or  awned  at  the  apex;  palea 
often  with  hairy  keels;  grain  pubescent  at  the  apex. 

Plants  tufted,  without  rootstocks;  spikelets  subcylindric.  A.  tenerum. 

Plants  with  creeping  rootstocks. 

Spikelets  compressed,  spreading;  leaves  pale,  rough  on  the 

back.  A.  occidentale. 

Spikelets  subcylindric,  erect ;  leaves  green,  smooth  on  the 

back.  A.  repens. 

AgropjTon  tenenun  Vasey.  Slender  Wheat-grass.  Perennial,  tufted; 
stems  erect,  30-100  cm.  high,  rather  slender,  glabrous;  stem  leaves  3  or  4,  the 
blades  becoming  involute,  scabrous  on  both  sides,  the  sheaths  glabrous  and 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  spike  10-20  cm.  long,  narrow,  the  spikelets  densely 
crowded;  lemmas  linear-oblong,  5-nerved,  scabrous,  acuminate  or  short-awned. 

Rare  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  common  in  the  interior. 

Agropyron occidentale Scribn.  (A.  smithii  Rydb.)  Bluestem.  Whole  plant 
pale  or  glaucous;  stems  erect,  30-100  cm.  high;  leaves  firm,  the  nerves  thick 
and  prominent;  spike  8-15  cm.  long,  compact;  spikelets  7-13-flowered,  12-20 
mm.  long,  glabrous;  lemma  firm,  awn-pointed,  the  nerves  faint. 

High  sea-beaches,  rare;  common  in  the  interior. 

Agrop3rron  repens  L.  Couch  or  Quack-grass.  Stems  erect,  100-150  cm. 
high;  leaf  blades  green,  pilose  above,  the  nerves  not  prominent;  spike  5-15  cm. 
long;  spikelets  5-flowered;  lemma  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  strongly  nerved, 
usually    awn-pointed. 

Sparingly   introduced;   a  very   pernicious   weed. 

91.  ELYMUS.     Rye-grass. 

Perennial  or  annual  grasses  with  spike-like  inflorescences  which 
do  not  readily  break  up  into  segments;  spikelets  1-7-flowered, 
2-4  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis  or  rarely  solitary;  glumes  entire, 
equal,  rigid,  narrow;  lemmas  acute,  acuminate  or  awned,  entire. 

Glumes  subulate,  obscurely  nerved. 

Annual;  glumes  awned.  E.  caput-medusae. 

Perennial  plants  with  creeping  rootstocks;  glumes  not 
awned. 
Lemma    glabrous,    often    glaucous;   glumes    not 

hirsute.  E.  triticoides. 

Lemma  scabrous-puberulent ;  glumes  sparsely 

hirsute.  E.  Vancouver ensis. 

Glumes  lanceolate,  distinctly  nerved. 

Culms  very  stout,  1-2  m.  tall;  plants  with  rootstocks.     E.  arenarius. 
Culms  slender,  seldom  1  m.  tall;  plants  without  root- 
stocks. 
Lemma  not  ciliate.  E.  glaucus. 

Lemma  ciliate. 

Awns  long.  E.  hirsutus. 

Awns  short.  E.  virescens. 

Elymus  caput-medusae  L.  Glabrous  annual;  stems  20-50  cm.  high, 
erect  or  geniculate  at  base;  leaves  1-2  mm.  broad,  becoming  involute;  spike 
stout,  erect,  green  or  becoming  purplish,   1-4  cm.  long  without  the  awns; 


POACEAE.  63 

spikelets  2  at  each  node,  1-  or  rarely  2-flowered;  glumes  subulate,  rigid,  2-2.5 
cm.  long;  lemma  lanceolate,  very  scabrous,  tipped  with  a  stout  awn  5-10 
cm.  long. 

Introduced  from  Europe;  abundant  in  the  upper  Willamette  Valley. 

El3mius  triticoides  Buckl.  Stems  erect,  about  1  m.  tall,  not  densely  tufted; 
leaves  4-6  mm.  wide,  sometimes  scabrous;  panicle  spike-like  or  with  some  of 
the  lower  branches  elongated,  usually  purplish,  rather  loose ;  lemma  acuminately 
short-awned. 

Rare  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  common  in  the  interior. 

Elymus  vancouverensis  Vasey.  Stems  stout,  60-90  cm.  high;  leaves 
thick,  involute;  spike  dense,  10-12  cm.  long;  spikelets  crowded;  lemma  scab- 
rous-puberulent,  mucronate  or  awn-pointed. 

On  high  sandy  beaches,  rare.  Near  Victoria,  British  Columbia,  Macoun; 
Coupeville,  Washington,  Gardner;  Seattle,  Piper,  Howell. 

Elymus  arenarius  L.  Culms  stout,  1-2  m.  tall;  spikes  10-20  cm.  long, 
dense,  erect;  spikelets  2-3  cm.  long,  appressed,  3-7-flowered;  glumes  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  awnless;  lemma  scabrous  to  hairy,  cuspidate  at  tip. 

On  high  sea-beaches.  Typical  E.  arenarius  has  the  upper  part  of  the  culm 
and  the  glumes  glabrous  and  does  not  occur  in  our  limits.  The  common  plant 
of  the  Alaska  coast  extending  southward  to  Vancouver  Island  having  sessile 
spikelets  and  pliant  villous  glumes  is  E.  arenarius  mollis  Piper.  n.comb.(£. 
mollis  Trin.).  The  plant  of  the  Puget  Sound  region  having  pedicelled  spike- 
lets and  stiff  hispid  to  glabrate  glumes  is  E.  arenarius  compositus  (Abromeit) 
St.  John.     Both  these  subspecies  have  the  culm  pubescent  near  the  top. 

Eljrmus  glaucus  Buckl.  Stems  50-100  cm.  tall,  erect;  leaf  blades  spreading, 
or  drooping,  10-30  cm.  long,  6-16  mm.  wide;  spike-like  panicle  narrow,  erect 
or  rarely  nodding  above,  5-15  cm.  long,  greenish  or  purplish,  glaucescent; 
spikelets  usually  appressed,  mostly  in  pairs,  3-6-flowered;  glumes  lanceolate; 
lemma  not  pubescent  but  rough  near  the  apex,  tipped  with  an  awn  about  twice 
as  long. 

Common  and  variable. 

Elymus  hirsutus  Presl.     (£.  borealis  Scribn.)     Much  like  E.  glaucus  but 
bright  green;  spike  looser  or  interrupted,  often  nodding;  lemma  ciliate. 
Alaska  southward  to  the  Olympic  Mountains. 

Elymus  virescens  Piper.  Green  and  glabrous;  stems  30-60  cm.  high; 
spike  dense,  erect,  6-8  cm.  long;  glumes  3-nerved,  lanceolate;  lemma  lanceolate, 
obtusely  cuspidate. 

Olympic  Mountains,  head  of  Duckaboose  River,  in  moist  coniferous  woods. 

92.   HORDEUM.     Wild  Barley. 

Cespitose  annuals  or  perennials  with  terminal  cylindrical 
spikes;  spikelets  1-flowered,  usually  in  threes  at  each  joint  of  the 
rachis,  the  lateral  generally  short-stalked  and  imperfect;  rachilla 
produced  beyond  the  flower;  glumes  rigid,  the  lower  ones  often 
reduced  to  awns  and  forming  an  apparent  involucre  around  the 
spikelets;  lemmas  rounded  on  the  back,  5-nerved  at  the  apex, 
awned;  palea  scarcely  shorter  than  the  lemma;  grain  usually 
adherent  to  the  lemma,  hairy  at  the  summit. 

Floret  of  the  central  spikelet  pedicelled;  glumes  ciliate.  H.  murinum. 

Floret  of  the  central  spikelet  sessile;  glumes  not  ciliate. 


64  POACEAE. 

Glumes  not  all  subulate. 

Glumes  of  middle  spikelet  lanceolate,  H.  pusillum. 

Glumes  of  middle  spikelet  setaceous.  H.  gussoneanum. 

Glumes  all  alike,  subulate. 
Lateral  florets  long-awned. 

Awns  4-6  mm.  long.  H.  jubatum. 

Awns  2-3  cm.  long.  //.  caespitosum. 

Lateral  florets  not  awned. 

Lateral  florets  neutral.  H.  nodosum. 

Lateral  florets  perfect.  H.  boreale. 

Hordeum  murlnum  L.  Wall  Barley.  Stems  15-30  cm.  tall;  leaf  blades 
2-12  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide;  spikes  5-10  cm.  long,  thick;  spikelets  mostly  in 
threes,  all  stalked;  both  glumes  of  the  central  spikelet  and  the  inner  glume  of 
the  lateral  spikelets  ciliate  and  flattened,  bearing  awns  20-25  mm.  long;  outer 
glumes  of  lateral  spikelets  neither  flattened  nor  ciliate;  lemma  scabrous  at  the 
apex,  long-awned. 

A  weed  in  waste  places. 

Hordeum  pusillum  Nutt.  Stems  15-30  cm.  high;  spikes  3-8  cm.  long; 
both  glumes  of  the  central  spikelet  lanceolate  and  the  inner  ones  of  the  lateral 
spikelets  dilated. 

Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  Macoun,  perhaps  introduced.  Com- 
mon eastward. 

Hordeimi  gussoneantmi  Pari.  Annual,  glabrous,  10-30  cm.  high;  upper 
sheath  inflated;  spike  cylindrical,  green,  2-5  cm.  long;  lemma  2-2.5  cm.  long, 
includmg  the  stiff  straight  awn. 

Sparingly  introduced  from  Europe. 

Hordeimi  jubatum  L.  Squirrel  Tail.  Annual,  tufted,  erect,  30-60  cm. 
high,  glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent;  leaf  blades  flat,  becoming  involute, 
the  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  spike-like  panicle  pale  green  or  yel- 
lowish, 7-10  cm.  long,  readily  breaking  apart;  central  spikelet  sessile,  fertile, 
the  lateral  ones  peduncled  and  sterile;  glumes  all  subulate,  3-6  cm.  long. 

In  salt  marshes,  not  common. 

Hordeum  caespitosum  Scribn.  Much  like  H.  jubatum  but  the  spikes 
more  slender  and  the  awns  shorter. 

Tacoma,   Leckenby;  perhaps  introduced. 

Hordeum  nodosum  L.  Annual  or  perennial,  30-90  cm.  high,  erect,  leaf 
blades  flat  or  involute,  the  sheaths  smooth  or  hairy;  panicle  spike-like,  3-8  cm. 
long,  narrow,  usually  flexuous,  readily  separating  into  joints;  central  spikelet 
sessile,  fertile,  the  lateral  ones  peduncled  and  sterile  glumes  all  subulate,  2  cm. 
or  less  in  length. 

In  moist  meadows  and  along  the  seashore. 

Hordeum  boreale  Scribn.  &  J.  G.  Smith.  Similar  in  every  way  to  H. 
nodosum  except  for  the  perfect  lateral  florets. 

In  moist  ground,  Alaska  to  Oregon;  perhaps  only  a  form  of  H.  nodosum. 

93.    SITANION. 

Cespitose  perennials,  with  spikes  which  readily  break  up  into 
segments;  spikelets  2-3  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  rarely  solitary, 
1-5-flowered;  glumes  subulate  and  entire,  or  lanceolate  and  bifid, 
or  parted  into  several  long-awned  lobes;  lemmas  lanceolate  and 


POACEAE.  65 

acute,  or  those  of  the  lowest  floret  sterile  and  subulate,  entire 
with  a  single  awn,  or  trifid  and  three-awned. 
This  genus  is  hardly  distinct  from  Elymus. 

Glumes  2-nerved;  inflorescence  2-8  mm.  long. 

Awns  of  lemmas  3-4  cm.  long.  S.  rigidutn. 

Awns  of  lemmas  4-5  cm.  long.  S.  glahrum. 
Glumes  3-5-nerved;  inflorescence  10-15  cm.  long. 

Leaves  glaucous,  5-8  mm.  broad.  S.  planifolium. 

Leaves  green,  2-5  mm.  broad.  S.  ruhescens. 

Sitanion  rigidum  J.  G.  Smith.  Stems  10-20  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  green 
or  slightly  glaucous,  rigid,  2-5  mm.  wide,  flat  or  at  length  involute;  spike 
green,  2-8  cm.  long,  erect  or  nearly  so,  often  included  at  base  in  the  upper 
sheath;  glumes  or  glume  divisions  4  and  entire  or  6,  that  is  the  lateral  ones 
divided  to  the  base,  all  awned;  lemma  7-9  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a  stout  awn 
3-4  mm.  long. 

In  rocky  soil  in  the  mountains  at  2000-2500  m.  a-ltitude. 

Sitanion  glabrum  J.  G.  Smith.     Pale  or  somewhat  glaucous,  tufted;  leaves 
flat,  2-5  cm.  wide;  spike  5-8  cm.  long;  glumes  bifid,  6-8  cm.  long. 
Dry  rocky  places  in  the  mountains,  at  high  altitudes. 

Sitanion  planifoliiun  J.  G.  Smith.  Tufted,  50-60  cm.  high,  more  or  less 
glaucous;  leaf-blades  5-8  mm.  wide,  flat,  glabrous;  spike  suberect,  purplish, 
6-9  cm.  long;  glumes  6-7  mm.  long,  entire  or  bifid,  tipped  with  an  awn  about 
2  cm.  long;  lemma  10  mm.  long,  lancolate,  minutely  scabrous,  bearing  an  awn 
3-4   cm.   long. 

Olympic  Mountains,  Elmer;  Mount  Adams,  Suksdorf. 

Sitanion  rubescens  Piper.  Stems  tufted,  50-70  cm.  high;  leaves  flat; 
spikes  erect,  flexuous,  10-15  cm.  long,  purplish;  glumes  4,  entire  or  rarely 
bifid,  3-nerved;  lemma  tipped  with  a  slender  awn  about  4  cm.  long. 

Dry  rocky  slopes  of  Mount  Rainier. 

Family  17.  CYPERACEAE.  Sedge  Family. 
Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs;  stems  slender,  solid  (rarely 
hollow),  triangular,  quadrangular,  terete  or  flattened;  leaves 
narrow  with  closed  sheaths;  flowers  perfect  or  unisexual  in 
spikes  or  spikelets,  one  in  the  axil  of  each  scale  (glume  or  bract) ; 
spikelets  solitary  or  clustered,  1  to  many-flowered;  scales  two- 
ranked  or  in  a  spiral,  persistent  or  deciduous;  perianth  hypogy- 
nous,  composed  of  bristles  or  scales  or  wanting;  stamens  1-3, 
rarely  more;  ovary  1 -celled,  1-ovuled;  style  2  or  3-cleft;  fruit  a 
lenticular  or  triangular  akene;  endosperm  mealy;  embryo  minute. 

Flowers  unisexual,  borne  in  the  same  or  more  com- 
monly separate  spikelets.  94.  Carex,  66. 
Flowers  of  the  spikelets  all  perfect,  rarely  partly 
aborted;  spikelets  all  alike. 
Spikelets  with  scales  in  two  ranks. 

Perianth  none;  spikelets  in  solitary  or  um- 

belled  terminal  heads.  95.  Cyperus,  81. 

Perianth  of  6-9  bristles;  spikelets  axillary.  96.  Dulichium,  82. 

6 


66 

9 


CYPERACEAE. 


Spikclets  with  scales  spirally  arranged  and  over- 
lapping all  around. 
Spikelets  1-4-flowered,  some   of  the  flowers 

imperfect. 
Spikelets  with  several-many  perfect  flowers. 
Style  swollen  at  the  base,  persistent  on 

the  akene. 
Style  not  swollen  at  the  base,  deciduous. 
Spikelets  1-many;  bristles  1-6,  short, 

rarely  none. 
Spikelets  1  or  a  few;  bristles  6-many, 
soft,    smooth,    very    long,  slender, 
much  exserted. 


97.  Rynchospofa,  82. 


98.  Eleocharis,  82. 


99.  SciRPUS,  83. 


100.  Eriophorum,  84. 


94.   CAREX.    Sedge. 

Grass-like  plants,  perennial  by  rootstocks;  stems  mostly- 
triangular;  leaves  3-ranked,  the  upper  (bracts)  elongated  or  very 
short  and  subtending  the  spikes  of  flowers,  or  wanting;  flowers 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  bracts  (scales),  monoecious  or  dioecious; 
spikes  either  wholly  staminate,  or  pistillate,  or  sometimes 
androgynous;  perianth  none;  staminate  flowers  of  3  stamens; 
pistillate  flower  of  a  single  pistil  with  a  style  and  2-3  stigmas 
borne  in  the  axil  of  a  second  bract  (the  perigynium)  which  com- 
pletely encloses  the  akene;  akene  3-angled,  lenticular  or  plano- 
convex. 


Key  To  Sections. 


Spikes  solitary,  terminal. 
Spikes  several. 

Spikes  all  alike. 

Spikes  of  two  sorts. 


I.  Primocarex. 

II.   ViGNEA. 
III.    EUCAREX. 


Section  I.    Primocarex. 

Spike  solitary,  terminal. 

Perigynia  pubescent;  plant  dioecious.  C.  stenochlaena. 

Perigynia  glabrous;  plant  not  dioecious. 

Spike  ovoid,  brown;  perigynia  thin  and  inflated. 

Perigynia  6-7  mm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  scales; 

stems  longer  than  the  leaves.  C.  breweri. 

Perigynia  5  mm.  long,  slightly  exceeding  the  scales; 

stems  shorter  than  the  leaves.  C.  paddoensis. 

Spike  not  ovoid  nor  brown ;  perigynia  not  bladder-like. 
Perigynia    reflexed    when    fully    mature,    fusiform, 
beaked,  stipitate  at  base. 
Perigynia  few,  3-5;  scales  pale.  C.  pauciflora. 

Perigynia  more  numerous;  scales  colored. 

Scales  dark  purple;  spikes  8-10  mm.  thick; 

leaves  flat,  3-4  mm.  wide.  C.  nigricans. 

Scales     brownish;     spikes     3-4     mm.     thick; 

leaves  involute,  2  mm.  wide.  C.  pyrenaica. 

Perigynia  not  becoming  reflexed;  not  stipitate  (ex- 
cept C.  circinata). 


CYPERACEAE. 


6? 


Scales  much  longer  than  the  few,  1-6,  perigynia.        C.  geyeri. 
Scales  not  longer  than  the  several  to  numerous 
perigynia. 
Perigynia  broadly  obtuse,  beakless. 
Perigynia  narrowed  to  the  bidentate  apex. 
Scales  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  peri 

gynia. 
Scales  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 


C.  leptalea. 


C.  hepburnt. 
C.  circinata. 


Section  II.     Vignea. 

Spikes  sessile,  all  alike,  bearing  the  inconspicuous  staminate  flowers  at  the 
base,  at  the  top,  or  rarely  scattered;  stigmas  2,  rarely  3;  perigynia  mostly 
plano-convex;  akenes  lenticular. 

When  the  staminate  flowers  are  below  the  pistillate,  the  base  of  the  spike 
is  commonly  contracted;  when  above  the  pistillate,  the  upper  scales  are 
empty  at  maturity. 

Staminate  flowers  borne  at  the  top  of  the  spike. 

Perigynia  plumo,  nearly  terete,  pale  green.  C.  tenella. 

Perigynia  strongly  compressed. 

Beak  of  perigynium  much  longer  than  the  body.  C.  stipata. 

Beak  of  perigynium  shorter  than  the  body. 

Spikes  somewhat  paniculate;  perigynia  brown, 

biconvex.  C.  cusickii. 

Spikes  aggregated  into  a  head. 

Stigmas  3;  perigynia  I2  mm.  long.  C.  macrocephala. 

Stigmas  2;  perigynia  much  smaller. 

Leaves  equalling  or  exceeding  the  stem; 

head  interrupted,  5-8  cm.  long.  C.  vicaria. 

Leaves    shorter    than    the    stem;    head 
densely  ovoid. 
Beak  and  top  of  perigynium  rough  on 

the  angles.  C.  hoodii. 

Beak  and  top  of  perigynium  smooth. 
Perigynia  elliptic,  narrowly  wing- 
margined;  seashore  plant.  C.  pansa. 
Perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  not 

wing-margined;  alpine  plant.  C.  vernacula. 

Staminate  flowers  at  the  base  of  each  spike  or  rarely  scat- 
tered. 
Margins  of  perigynia  not  thin  or  winged. 
Spikes  crowded  into  a  dense  head. 

Head    pyramidal,    5-10    mm.    long;    perigynia 

smooth  on  the  margins.  C.  illota. 

Head  oblong  to  ovoid,   15-30  mm.  long;  peri- 
gynia strongly  serrulate.  C.  arcta. 
Spikes  scattered. 

Perigynium  4-4.5  mm.  long.  C.  holanderi. 

Perigynium  2-2.5  mm.  long. 

Perigynium  not  minutely  puncticulate  with 

white  dots,  somewhat  spongy  at  base.  C.  laeviculmis. 

Perigynium    minutely   puncticulate   with 
white  dots,  not  spongy  at  base. 
Herbage   glaucous;    perigynia   many,   as- 
cending, obscurely  beaked.  C.  canescens. 
Herbage  green;  perigynia  few,  spreading, 

distinctly  beaked.  C.  brunnescens. 


68 


CYPERACEAE. 


Margins  of  perigynia  thin  or  winged. 

Perigynia  spongy  at  base,  spreading  when  mature.      C.  stellulata. 
Perigynia   not   spongy   at   base,   ascending   or  ap- 
pressed. 
Spikes  crowded  into  a  dense  head,  rarely  one  or 
two  of  the  lower  ones  separate. 
Bract  leaf-like,  longer  than  the  head.  C.  athrostachya. 

Bract  not  leaf-like,  shorter  than  the  head. 
Perigynia  brown,  the  margins  very  nar- 
row and  smooth.  C.  illota. 
Perigynia     straw-colored,     the     margins 
winged  and  serrulate. 
Head  ovoid-pyramidal,  very  dense.         C.  pachystachya. 
Head  looser,  some  of  the  lower  spikes 

often  separate.  C.  preslii. 

Spikes  distinct,  scattered  or  approximate,  mostly 
oblong  or  ovoid. 
Spikes  scattered ,  silvery  green.  C.  feta. 

Spikes  approximate,  straw-colored  or  brown. 
Leaves   involute   or  folded;   heads   often 

nodding;  perigynia  lanceolate.  C.  phaeocephala. 

Leaves  flat;  heads  erect. 

Heads    straw-colored    or   pale-brown- 
ish; perigynia  lanceolate.  C.  scoparia. 
Heads  darker. 

Scales  ferruginous,  dull;  perigynia 
4-4.5  mm.  long,  reddish  at  the 
tip,  the  orifice  not  conspicuously 
white-hyaline.  C.  leporina. 

Scales  chestnut,  shiny;  perigynia 
6  mm.  long,  chestnut  at  the  tip, 
the  orifice  conspicuously  white- 
hyaline.  C.  piperi. 


Section  III.    Eucarex. 

Spikes  of  two  sorts,  the  lower  wholly  pistillate,  sessile  or  stalked,  the  upper 
one  or  two  slender  and  wholly  staminate,  or  sometimes  bearing  pistillate  flowers 
at  base  or  apex;  stigmas  3  and  akenes  3-angled,  or  if  stigmas  2  and  akenes 
lenticular  the  lower  spikes  stalked. 

Perigynia  pubescent,  the  beak  bidentate. 

Cauline  leaves  present;  bracts  sheathing  at  base;  peri- 
gynia  ovoid,    not    stipitate;    spikes   dense,    many- 
flowered. 
Spikes  loosely-flowered,  approximate;  stem  not  tall 

and  slender. 
Spikes    densely-flowered,    scattered;    stem    tall    and 
slender. 
Leaves  flat,  2-5  mm.  broad. 
Leaves  involute,  less  than  2  mm.  broad. 
Cauline  leaves  none,  the  radical  numerous;  bracts  sheath- 
less;    perigynia    3-angled    or  subglobose,  stipitate; 
spikes  few-flowered. 
Plant  tufted;  some  of  the  flowering  stems  short  and 
and  hidden  among  the  leaves;  spikes  pale. 
Stems  shorter  than  the  leaves;  lowest  bract  reddish 
and  auriclcd  at  base;  perigynia  1-4. 


C.  oregonensis. 


C.  lanuginosa. 
C.  filiformis. 


C.  hrevicaulis. 


CYPERACEAE. 


69 


Stems  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves;  lowest 
bract  not  colored  nor  auricled  at  base;  perigynia 
3-8.  C.  rossii. 

Plant  stoloniferous;  none  of  the  flowering  stems  short 
and  hidden  among  the  leaves;  spikes  dark. 
Perigynia  obovoid,  whitish.  C.  vespertina. 

Perigynia  ellipsoid,  brown  at  base.  C  verecunda. 

Perigynia  glabrous  or  merely  granular-roughened. 

Beak  of  membranaceous  somewhat  inflated   perigynium 
deeply  bidentate,  the  long  teeth  sharp  and  rigid; 
leaves  conspicuously  nodulose. 
Pistillate  spikes  drooping.  C  comosa. 

Pistillate  spikes  erect  or  ascending. 

Perigynia  shiny,  ascending,  much  inflated,  10  mm. 

long.  C.  exsiccata. 

Perigynia  not  shiny,  spreading,  not  much  inflated, 

4-8  mm.  long.  C.  utriculata. 

Beak  of  perigynium  wanting  or  if  present  entire  or  merely 
emarginate,  or  if  bidentate  the  teeth  short;  leaves 
not  conspicuously  nodulose. 
Stigmas  3  and  akenes  3-angled. 

Spikes  narrowly  cylindrical,  6-10  cm.  long;  peri- 
gynia granular,  spreading;  leaves  1-2  cm.  broad.      C.  amplifolia. 
Spikes  not  so  long  and  slender;  perigynia  smooth; 
leaves  not  so  broad. 
Perigynia  spreading,  the  beak  bidentate.  C.  oederi. 

Perigynia   not  spreading,   the   beak  entire  or 
emarginate,  scarcely  bidentate. 
Terminal  spike  pistillate  above,  staminate 
below. 
Spikes  erect;   scales  obtusish;   perigynia 

inflated,  3  mm.  long.  C.  accedens. 

Spikes    more    or    less    drooping;    scales 
sharp-pointed ;    perigynium    not 
inflated. 
Scales  acute  or  acuminate;  perigynia 

nerveless,  3.5  mm.  long.  C.  atrata. 

Scales  mucronate;  perigynia  nerved, 

5  mm.  long.  C.  mertensii. 

Terminal  spike  wholly  staminate. 

Pistillate    spikes    slender    peduncled, 
usually  drooping. 
Scales  acute  or  cuspidate,  about  as 
long  as  the  perigynia. 
Staminate    spike     linear;     scales 
pale;    leaves    1-3    mm.    broad; 
rootstock  creeping.  C.  limosa. 

Staminate  spike  oblong-cylindric; 
scales  dark;  leaves  4-8  mm. 
broad,  tufted.  C.  spectaUlis. 

Scales   cuspidate   or  aristate,    much 
longer  than  the  perigynia. 
Perigynia  broadly  ovate  to  orbi- 
cular. C.  paupercula. 
Perigynia  elliptic-lanceolate.             C.  macrochaeta. 
Pistillate  spikes  erect. 

Scales  brown;  leaves  2-5  mm.  broad.      C.  ahlata. 
Scales  pale. 


70  CYPERACEAE. 

Leaves  4-7  mm.  wide;  spike  very 

loose.  C.  hendersoni. 

Leaves  2  mm.  wide;  spike  dense. 
Perigynium    beakless;    leaves 

glaucous.  C.  livida. 

Perigynium  with  a  beak  half 
as  long  as  body;  leaves  not 
glaucous.  C.  californica. 

Stigmas  2  and  akenes  lenticular. 

Perigynium  plump,  not  angled,  beakless. 

Mature  perigynia  subglobose  or  pyriform,  not 
stipitate,  glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy,  trans- 
lucent, strongly  nerved.  C.  aurea. 
Mature  perigynia  obovoid,  stipitate,  pulveru- 
lent, not  fleshy  nor  translucent.  C.  celsa. 
Perigynium  compressed,  plano-convex  or  biconvex, 
the  beak  entire  or  emarginate. 
Scales  pointed,  longer  than  the  perigynia. 

Perigynia  granular-roughened,  2-5  mm. 
long;  pistillate  spikes  slender,  ascending, 
often  cernuous;  scales  a  little  longer  than 
the  perigynia.  C.  sitchensis. 

Perigynia   not  granular-roughened,   3   mm. 
long;  scales  much  longer  than  the  peri- 
gynia. 
Pistillate  spikes  nodding:  perigynia  el- 
liptic, pale,  dull,  not  turgid.  C.  cryptocarpa. 
Pistillate  spikes  ascending  or  erect;  peri- 
gynia  nearly   orbicular,   dark,   shiny, 
turgid.                                                         C.  magnifica. 
Scales  not  longer  than  the  perigynia;   spikes 
erect. 
Lowest  leaves  of  the  flowering  stems  reduced 
to  sheaths. 
Perigynia  ovoid,  2  mm.  long;  scales  pale; 
pistillate  spikes  often  very   loose   at 
base.  C.  interrupta. 
Perigynia   ellipsoid,  3  mm.  long;  scales 

dark;  spikes  dense.  C.  nudata. 

Lowest  leaves  of  the  flowering  stems  bearing 
blades. 
Perigynia  obscurely  nerved;  scales  dark 
purple. 
Beak  of  perigynium  bent  to  one  side.      C.  scopulorum. 
Beak  of  perigynium  straight. 

Scales  as  long  and  broad  as  the 

perigynium.  C.  rigida. 

Scales  shorter  and  narrower  than 

the  perigynia.  C.  gymnoclada. 

Perigynia  strongly  nerved;  scales  purple. 
Scales  not  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the 
perigynia. 
Spikes  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  perigynia 
strongly    biconvex   and    brown 
when  mature.  C.  aperta. 

Spikes   3-4   cm.    long;    perigynia 

compressed,  straw-colored.  C.  angustata 


CYPERACEAE.  71 

Scales  obtuse  or  obtusish,  purple  with 

broad   green   midrib   and   pale 

margins;     perigynia    green    or 

straw-colored. 

Leaves  3-5  mm.  wide;  staminate 

spikes  often  2.  C.  dives. 

Leaves  1-3  mm.  wide;  staminate 
spike  solitary. 
Perigynium  2  mm.  long.  C.  kelloggii. 

Perigynium  2.5-3  mm.  long. 
Spikes  scattered;  perigynia 

straight,  appressed.  C.  lenticularis. 

Spikes  aggregated;  peri- 
gynia curved,  spread- 
ing. C.  hindsii. 

Carex  stenochlaena  (Holm)  Mackenzie.  Tufted,  glabrous,  dioecious; 
stems  erect,  15-40  cm.  high;  leaves  flat,  1-3  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem; 
spike  solitary,  cylindric,  erect,  densely-flowered,  20-30  mm.  long;  perigynia 
lanceolate,  pubescent,  2-nerved,  the  short  beak  entire;  scales  dark  brown, 
strongly  ciliate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

In  the  mountains  at  about  2000  m.  altitude. 

Carex  breweri  Boott.  Tufted;  culms  10-40  cm.  high,  smooth;  leaves 
numerous,  narrow,  stiff,  shorter  than  the  stems ;  spike  solitary,  ovate  to  globular, 
obtuse,  brown,  10-25  mm.  long;  staminate  flowers  at  the  top,  few;  perigynium 
ovoid,  very  thin,  much  inflated,  finely  nerved,  short-beaked,  6-7  mm.  long, 
the  whitish  orifice  oblique;  scales  ovate,  acute,  hyaline-margined,  shorter 
than  the  perigynium. 

At  high  altitudes.  Mount  Hood  and  southward. 

Carex  paddoensis  Suksdorf.  Very  similar  to  C.  breweri;  stems  10-15  cm. 
high;  leaves  filiform,  stiff,  mostly  exceeding  the  stems;  heads  solitary,  dark- 
brown,  ovoid  and  .acute,  about  1  cm.  long;  perigynia  elliptic-lanceolate,  thin, 
not  much  inflated,  obscurely  nerved,  5  mm.  long,  short-beaked;  scales  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  not  hyaline-margined,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia, 
firm,  the  tips  spreading. 

Mount  Adams  (by  some  called  Mount  Paddo),  Suksdorf;  abundant  on 
Mount  Rainier  at  2700  m.  altitude.  Piper,  Allen. 

Carex  pauciflora  Lightf.  Rootstocks  elongated;  stems  slender,  10-40 
cm.  high;  leaves  shorter  than  the  stem,  flat,  very  narrow;  spikelet  solitary, 
few-flowered,  staminate  above;  perigynia  lanceolate,  acuminate,  obscurely 
nerved,  green,  6-8  mm.  long,  strongly  reflexed  and  readily  deciduous  when 
mature;    stigmas   3.  , 

In  bogs,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Carex  nigricans  C.  A.  Mey.  Rootstock  creeping;  stems  5-40  cm.  high; 
leaves  flat,  2  mm.  broad,  shorter  than  the  stems;  spike  solitary;  staminate 
flowers  many  in  the  upper  half  of  the  spike;  perigynia  lanceolate,  stipitate, 
spreading;   scales  dark  brown,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

Common  in  the  mountains  above  timber  line. 

Carex  pyrenaica  Wahlenb.  Tufted;  stems  5-15  cm.  high;  leaves  filiform, 
involute,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  stems;  spike  solitary,  oblong,  pale  to  dark 
brown;  staminate  flowers  few  at  the  summit  of  the  spikes;  perigynia  lanceolate, 
stipitate,   shiny,   appressed;   scales  brown,   acute,   equalling  the    perigynia. 

Common  in  the  mountains  at  about  2500  m.  altitude. 

Carex  geyeri  Boott.  Densely  tufted,  30-45  cm.  high;  leaves  flat,  rigid, 
very  scabrous,  2  mm.  wide,  about  as  long  as  the  stems;  inflorescence  a  single 


72  CYPERACEAE. 

terminal  straw-colored  spike,  the  upper  and  larger  portion  of  which  is  stami- 
nate;  pistillate  flowers  several,  usually  but  one  maturing;  perigynium  smooth, 
oblong,  with  a  very  short  entire  beak,  1 -nerved  on  each  side;  scales  pale  or 
rusty,  elongated,  acuminate,  exceeding  the  perigynia. 
In  dry  pine  woods. 

Carexleptalea  Wahlenb.  Tufted,  glabrous;  stems  very  slender,  erect,  15-50 
cm.  high;  leaves  filiform,  mostly  shorter  than  the  stems;  spike  solitary,  linear, 
green,  5-15  mm.  long;  perigynia  ellipsoid,  contracted  at  base,  many-nerved, 
smooth,  beakless  and  obtuse;  scales  pale,  ovate,  cuspidate,  about  as  long  as 
the    perigynia. 

In  bogs,  not  common. 

Carex  hepbumi  Boott.  Densely  tufted;  stems  filiform,  erect,  5-20  cm. 
tall;  leaves  numerous,  rigid,  filiform,  erect,  mostly  longer  than  the  stems, 
their  brownish  sheaths  persistent;  spike  solitary,  6-15  mm.  long,  5  mm.  thick, 
brown;  perigynium  4  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  pale,  narrowed  into  a  short  serru- 
late bidentate  beak;  scales  brown,  obtuse,  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2 
or  3. 

In  the  mountains  at  about  2500  m.  altitude.  Very  closely  related  to  the 
European  C.  nardina  Fries. 

Carex  circinata  C.  A.  Mey.  Tufted,  glabrous;  stems  5-20  cm.  high, 
usually  curved;  leaves  filiform,  firm,  mostly  curved,  about  as  long  as  the 
stem;  spike  solitary,  erect,  1-3  cm.  long;  perigynium  linear-oblong,  faintly 
nerved,  gradually  attenuate  into  a  2-lipped  scabrous-margined  beak;  scales 
linear,  obtuse,  purple  except  the  white  midrib;  stigmas  2  or  3. 

Olympic  Mountains,  2000  m.  altitude,  Elmer;  otherwise  known  only 
in  Alaska. 

Carex  tenella  Schkuhr.  Loosely  tufted;  stems  very  slender,  20-50  cm. 
high;  leaves  flat,  soft,  1-2  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem;  spikes  small, 
l--6-flowered ;  bracts  minute  or  wanting;  perigynia  ovoid,  plump,  many-nerved, 
smooth,  the  short  beak  entire;  scales  hyaline,  ovate,  acute,  shorter  than  the 
perigynia. 

In  bogs,  not  common. 

Carex  stipata  Muhl.  Stems  50-100  cm.  tall,  sharp-angled;  leaves  flat,  6-8 
mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem;  sheaths  somewhat  rugulose  on  the  inner 
side;  inflorescence  a  dense  ovoid  head  of  many  crowded  spikes,  3-5  cm.  long, 
straw-colored  or  olivaceous,  commonly  exceeded  by  the  slender  lowest  bract ; 
perigynia  spongy  at  base,  spreading,  triangular-ovoid,  many-nerved,  each 
tapering  into  a  stout  2-toothed  serrulate  beak,  longer  than  the  body;  scales 
ovate,  acuminate,  much  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

Common  in  wet  places  in  the  woods. 

Carex  cusickii  Mackenzie.  (C  teretiuscula  ampla  Bailey.)  Densely 
tufted,  the  slender  stems  90-120  cm.  high;  leaves  narrow,  2-4  mm.  broad,  most- 
ly shorter  than  the  stems;  spikes  6-20,  brown,  in  elongated  often  nodding 
usually  branched  inflorescences,  5-12  cm.  long;  terminal  florets  staminate; 
perigynia  spreading,  ovoid,  stipitate,  nerved  at  the  base  on  both  sides,  3  mm. 
long,  the  serrulate  beak  as  long  as  the  thick  body;  scales  brown,  ovate, 
cuspidate,  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

In  wet  places,  common. 

Carex  macrocephala  Willd.  (C.  anthericoides  Presl.)  Dioecious;  root- 
stocks  extensively  creeping,  covered  with  the  fibers  of  the  old  sheaths;  stems 
stout,  3-angled,  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  firm,  3-10  mm.  wide,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  stems;  bracts  shorter  than  the  head;  heads  dense,  brown,  ovoid, 
erect,  5-7  cm.  long;  perigynia  spreading,  lanceolate,  brown,  strongly  nerved, 
margined,  irregularly  serrulate,  12  mm.  long,  the  deeply  bidentate  beak  as 


CYPERACEAE.  73 

long  as  the  body;  scales  lanceolate,  erosely  denticulate,  attenuate-acuminate, 
brown  with  a  paler  midrib,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 
In  sand  dunes  along  the  ocean  coast. 

Carex  vicaria  Bailey.  Tufted;  stems  erect,  slender,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves 
about  as  long  as  the  stems,  2-5  mm.  wide,  their  sheaths  rugulose;  lower  bracts 
filiform,  1-4  cm.  long;  spikes  rather  loosely-flowered,  4-8  mm.  long,  many  in  a 
narrow  head  5-8  cm.  long;  perigynia  yellow,  broadly  ovate,  stipitate,  indis- 
tinctly nerved  on  the  inner  face  but  conspicuously  so  on  the  back,  the  beak 
deeply  bidentate,  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  awn-pointed,  brownish,  shorter 
than  the  p)erigynia. 

In  wet  meadows;  very  closely  related  to  C.  vulpinoidea  Michx. 

Carex  hoodii  Boott.  Slender,  erect,  tufted,  very  smooth,  30-60  cm.  high; 
leaves  many,  pale,  2-3  mm.  broad,  shorter  than  the  stems;  spikes  6-10, 
densely  crowded  into  an  ovoid  or  oblong  head,  1-2  cm.  long;  perigynia  spread- 
ing, lanceolate,  rather  thick,  5  mm.  long,  dark  when  mature,  obscurely  nerved, 
narrowly  wing-margined,  somewhat  stipitate  at  base,  narrowed  into  a  rough- 
margined  beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  lance-ovate,  acuminate, 
scarious' margined,  brownish,  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

In  moist  places,  not  common.  First  found  along  the  Columbia  River  by 
Douglas  and  by  Scouler. 

Carex  pansa  Bailey.  Rootstocks  horizontal,  creeping;  stems  15-30  cm- 
high,  erect,  smooth  except  near  the  top;  leaves  pale,  2-3  mm.  broad,  half  the 
length  of  the  stems;  head  ovoid,  dark  brown,  consisting  of  6-10  closely  aggre- 
gated spikes;  perigynia  brown,  elliptic,  stipitate,  flattened,  smooth,  narrowly 
winged,  4  mm.  long,  the  emarginate  beak  half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales 
ovate,  acuminate,  dark  brown,  scarious  margined. 

On  old  sand  dunes  along  the  ocean  coast.  First  collected  by  Henderson 
at  Clatsop,  Oregon,  and  Ilwaco,  Washington. 

Carex  vemacula  Bailey.  Stems  10-40  cm.  high,  erect,  scabrous;  leaves 
flat,  2-4  mm.  wide,  long-pointed,  shorter  than  the  stems;  bract  leaf-like; 
spikes  compacted  into  a  globose  or  ovoid  brown  head,  1-4  cm.  long,  or  rarely 
one  or  more  of  the  lower  spikes  distinct;  perigynia  membranaceous,  lance- 
olate-ovate, shortly  stipitate,  narrowed  into  a  stout  bidentate  beak;  scales 
brown,  acute  or  mucronate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

Mount  Hood,  Oregon,   Howell. 

Carex  illota  Bailey.  Stems  slender,  erect,  15^0  cm.  high;  leaves  flat, 
1-2  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  stems;  spikes  3-6,  compacted  into  an  ovoid  to 
globular  brown  head,  5-8  mm.  in  diameter;  perigynia  pale,  plump,  ovate, 
stipitate,  strongly  nerved,  marginless,  narrowed  into  a  brown  serrate  bidentate 
beak  shorter  than  the  body;  scales  brown,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

In  the  mountains  at  about  2000  m.  altitude. 

Carex  arcta  Boott.  Loosely  tufted,  pale  green;  stems  20-60  cm.  high, 
smooth  or  nearly  so;  leaves'  pale  green,  2.5-4  mm.  wide,  usually  longer  than 
the  stems;  head  ovoid-oblong,  green  or  brownish,  of  5-12  crowded  spikes; 
spikes  oblong  or  ovoid,  6-8  mm.  long;  perigynia  spreading,  ovate,  somewhat 
cordate,  gradually  tapering  into  the  serrulate  beak,  strongly  nerved  on  the 
outer  face,  2-3  mm.  long;  scales  hyaline,  often  brownish,  acute,  shorter  than 
the  perigynia. 

In  open  rather  dry  woods. 

Carex  bolanderi  Olney.  Tufted,  pale  green;  stems  20-100  cm.  long,  rather 
slender,  weak  and  spreading;  leaves  soft,  smooth,  2-4  mm.  wide,  shorter  than 
the  stems;  inflorescence  of  4-10  scattered  spikes;  spikes  oblong,  10-15  mm. 
long,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  perigynia  lanceolate,  faintly  nerved,  4  mm.  long,  the 
body  gradually  tapering  into  the  nearly  equal  serrulate  deeply  2-toothed  beak; 


74  CYPERACEAE. 

scales  white,  scarious,  with  a  broad  green  midvein,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate- 
cuspidate,  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 
In  moist  woods,  common. 

Carex  laeviculmis  Meinsch.  Glabrous  throughout,  tufted;  stems  very- 
slender,  30-50  cm.  high;  leaves  numerous,  flat,  1-1.5  mm.  broad,  shorter  than 
the  stems;  spikes  3-7,  sessile,  3-5  mm.  long,  separate,  the  lower  ones  distant; 
bract  solitary,  usually  shorter  than  the  inflorescence;  perigynia  spreading  when 
mature,  lanceolate,  shortly  stipitate,  strongly  curved,  flat  above,  convex 
beneath,  pale  green,  short-beaked,  faintly  7-nerved  on  each  face,  2.5  mm.  long; 
scales  ovate,  obtuse,  brownish,  hyaline  except  the  midrib,  shorter  than  the 
perigynia. 

In  moist  shady  places  in  the  mountains. 

Carex  canescens  L.  Loosely  tufted,  pale,  somewhat  glaucous;  stems  15-50 
cm.  high;  leaves  flat,  soft,  2-4  mm.  wide,  mostly  shorter  than  the  stems;  spikes 
4-9,  subglobose  to  cylindric,  sessile,  usually  scattered  in  a  loose  inflorescence; 
perigynia  oval  to  ovate,  usually  serrulate  toward  the  tip,  short-beaked;  scales 
ovate,  hyaline,  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

In  moist  places. 

Carex  brunnescens  (Pers.)  Poir.  Tufted;  stems  slender,  15-50  cm.  high, 
green;  leaves  flat,  1-3  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem;  spikes  3-7,  small, 
4-10-flowered,  scattered  or  approximate;  lower  bract  bristle-like;  perigynia 
ovoid,  serrulate  above,  distinctly  beaked,  spreading  when  mature;  scales  ovate, 
brownish,  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

In  open  rather  dry  places  in  the  mountains. 

Carex  stellulata  Good.  Tufted;  stems  very  slender,  30-90  cm.  high; 
leaves  narrow,  1-4  mm.  wide,  mostly  shorter  than  the  stems;  inflorescence 
narrow,  of  3-9  usually  scattered  spikes;  spikes  green,  12^0-flowered,  the  peri- 
gynia soon  strongly  reflexed;  perigynia  narrowly  ovate,  spongy  at  base,  faintly 
nerved  on  the  inner  face,  the  margin  thin  but  narrow,  3-4  mm.  long;  scales 
brownish,  ovate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

In  shady  woods  along  streams;  varies  much  in  the  size  and  proximity 
of  the  spikes. 

Carex  athrostachya  Olney.  Stems  tufted,  30-60  cm.  tall;  leaves  2-3  mm. 
wide,  shorter  than  the  stems;  inflorescence  a  dense  ovoid  straw-colored  head 
composed  of  5-20  crowded  spikes,  these  staminate  below;  lower  bracts  2-5  cm. 
long,  exceeding  the  head;  perigynia  lanceolate,  spongy  at  base,  the  long  beak 
2-toothed,  its  margins  serrulate;  scales  acuminate,  about  equalling  the  peri- 
gynia. 

Rare  in  our  limits  but  common  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  Reported 
from  Victoria,  British  Columbia,  Macoun. 

Carex  pachystachya  Cham.  Stems  tufted,  30-90  cm.  tall;  leaves  flat, 
flaccid,  3-4  mm.  broad,  shorter  than  the  stems;  inflorescence  a  dense  ovoid 
head  10-12  mm.  long,  composed  of  6-12  crowded  sessile  brownish  spikes; 
perigynia  spreading,  ovate-lanceolate,  flat,  about  4  mm.  long,  the  beak  bi- 
dentate,  serrulate  on  the  thin  margins;  scales  acutish,  equalling  the  perigynia. 

Very  common  in  wet  meadows. 

Carex  preslii  Steud.  (C.  muUimoda  Bailey.)  Very  similar  to  C.  pachy- 
stachya but  the  head  less  dense,  one  or  more  of  the  lower  spikes  clearly  separate 
or  if  crowded  the  head  oblong;  perigynia  indistinguishable. 

Common  in  wet  places  up  to  1500  m.  altitude.  First  collected  by  Haenke 
at  Nootka  Sound,  British  Columbia. 

Carex  feta  Bailey.  Stems  slender,  60-80  cm.  high;  leaves  flat,  1-2  mm. 
wide,  shorter  than  the  stem;  spikes  3-8,  oblong,  5-10  mm.  long,  distinct; 


CYPERACEAE.  75 

perigynia  broadly  ovate,  broad-winged,  serrulate  above,  nerved,  loosely  arrang- 
ed, 1.5  mm,  long;  scales  lanceolate,  acutish,  narrower  than  the  perigynia  but 
nearly  as  long. 

In  wet  meadows,  rare. 

Carex  phaeocephala  Piper.  Densely  tufted,  smooth  throughout,  pale 
green;  stems  10-40  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  folded  or  involute,  2-3  mm.  wide, 
shorter  than  the  stems,  tough  in  texture  and  persistent  when  dry;  bracts 
short,  scarious;  spikelets  3-7,  distinct  but  crowded  into  an  oblong-lanceolate 
erect  or  slightly  nodding  brown  head  1-3  cm.  long,  the  lower  spike  often 
separated  and  short-peduncled,  the  other  sessile;  perigynia  brown,  lanceolate, 
wing-margined,  the  serrulate  bidentate  beak  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  brown, 
acute,  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

In  rocky  or  sandy  soil  in  the  mountains,  at  about  2500  m.  altitude. 

Carex  scoparia  Schkuhr.  Stems  erect,  slender,  30-80  cm.  high;  leaves 
flat,  2-3  mm.  wide,  much  shorter  than  the  stems;  bracts  filiform;  spikes  3-10, 
usually  close  together  but  distinct,  oblong,  pointed,  straw-colored  or  brownish, 
6-12  mm.  long;  perigynium  thin,  appressed,  broadly  lanceolate,  narrowly  wing- 
margined,  gradually  tapering  into  a  broad  bidentate  serrulate  beak;  Scales 
acute  or  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia,  pale  brown. 

In  moist  places,  not  common. 

Carex  leporina  L.  Tufted,  slender,  erect,  15-40  cm.  high,  scabrous  near 
the  top;  leaves  shorter  than  the  stems,  2-3  mm.  wide;  bracts  very  small  or 
absent;  spikes  3-7,  oblong-ovoid,  dark  brown,  staminate  at  base,  each  8-15 
mm.  long,  crowded  into  a  head;  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  shining,  brown  with 
a  scarious  margin,  about  as  wide  and  long  as  the  perigynia;  perigynia  4  mm. 
long,  ascending,  narrowly  ovoid,  compressed,  wing-margined,  the  roughish 
tapering  2-toothed  reddish-tipped  beak  as  long  as  the  body;  orifice  not  at  all 
or  but  minutely  hyaline. 

Seattle,  Piper;  East  Sound,  Washington,  Henderson;  rare  in  our  limits. 

Carex  piperi  Mackenzie.  (C.  pratensis  furva  Bailey;  C.  furva  Piper  not 
Webb.)  Stems  slender,  smooth,  terete,  stiffly  erect,  40-60  cm.  high;  leaves 
pale  green,  flat,  2-3  mm.  broad,  much  shorter  than  the  stems;  lower  bract 
slender,  shorter  than  the  head;  spikes  3-6,  chestnut-brown,  ovoid,  acutish, 
10-15  mm.  long,  close  together  in  a  head;  scales  chestnut-brown,  shiny, 
lance-ovate,  acute,  thin  margined,  just  exceeding  the  perigynia;  perigynia 
ascending  but  not  appressed,  lanceolate,  narrowly  margined,  6  mm.  long, 
pale  brown  with  chestnut-tipped  2-toothed  beak  and  white  hyaline  orifice; 
beak  gradually  narrowed,  as  long  as  the  body. 

Damp  meadows,  Vancouver  Island  to  Oregon. 

Carex  oregonensis  Olney.  Creeping  with  short  rootstocks,  glabrous,  pale 
green;  stems  30-40  cm.  high,  smooth;  leaves  flat,  2-4  mm.  broad,  pale,  firm, 
scabrous  on  the  margins,  usually  longer  than  the  stems;  bracts  leaf-like  with 
thin  white  auricles  at  base,  the  lower  about  as  long  as  the  inflorescence;  spikes 
4-7,  erect,  short-peduncled,  close  together,  the  upper  1-3  staminate;  perigynia 
paler,  ovoid,  prominently  nerved,  pubescent,  each  gradually  narrowed  into 
the  bidentate  beak;  scales  pale,  ovate,  cuspidate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia, 
brown,  except  the  hyaline  margins  and  pale  midrib. 

In  sandy  ground  in  pine  woods,  mostly  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains. 

Carex  lanuginosa  Michx.  Stems  erect,  slender,  30-60  cm.  tall,  rough- 
angled;  leaves  flat,  2-5  mm.  wide,  as  long  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  stem;  stami- 
nate spikes  1-3,  sometimes  pistillate  at  base;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  mostly 
long-peduncled,  18-30  mm.  long;  perigynia  oval,  densely  pubescent,  each  with 
a  short  2-toothed  beak;  bracts  acute  or  acuminate,  about  equal  to  the  perigy- 


76  CYPERACEAE. 

In  wet  meadows.  Very  similar  to  C.filiformis  but  stouter  and  with  broader 
leaves. 

Carex  filiformis  L.  Stems  slender,  erect,  60-90  cm.  high,  smooth,  usually 
reddish  at  base;  leaves  involute,  very  narrow,  scabrous  on  the  margins,  shorter 
than  the  stems;  staminate  spikes  1-3;  pistillate  1-3,  erect,  sessile  or  short- 
f)eduncled,  1-5  cm.  long;  perigynia  ovoid,  densely  short-pubescent,  each  with 
a  short  bidentate  beak;  scales  ovate,  thin,  obtuse  to  acute,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  perigynia. 

In  shallow  water  or  wet  meadows. 

Carex  brevicaulis  Mackenzie.  Loosely  tufted,  glabrous;  stems  5-10  cm. 
high,  rough-angled;  leaves  2-3  mm.  wide,  flat,  longer  than  the  stems;  bracts 
auricled  and  colored  at  base;  spikes  3-5,  the  terminal  one  staminate;  the  lower 
pistillate  spike  long-peduncled,  the  upper  one  or  two  sessile;  perigynia  pubes- 
cent, stipitate,  globose,  each  abruptly  contracted  into  a  slender  serrulate  bi- 
dentate beak;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  cuspidate,  reddish  brown,  narrower  and 
shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

In  dry  ground,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  to  California;  rare. 

Carex  rossii  Boott.  Densely  tufted,  the  stems  20-40  cm.  tall;  leaves  pale, 
flat,  scabrous,  1-3.  mm.  wide,  commonly  equalling  the  stems;  bracts  not 
auricled  at  base;  inflorescence  of  1-4  spikes,  the  uppermost  staminate;  stamin- 
ate spike  slender,  3-8  mm.  long,  pale,  nearly  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  1-3, 
distinct,  loosely  few-flowered;  perigynia  obovoid,  pubescent,  each  with  a 
2-toothed  beak;  scales  purple  with  hyaline  margins,  or  greenish,  sharply 
acuminate,  shorter  and  broader  than  the  perigynia. 

In   stony   soil,   especially   in   the    mountains. 

Carex  vespertina  (Bailey)  Howell.  Rootstocks  stout;  stems  erect,  20-50 
cm.  high,  rough-angled;  leaves  pale,  2-3  mm.  wide,  firm,  shorter  than  the  stem; 
spikes  2-4,  the  uppermost  staminate,  linear,  2-3  cm.  long,  the  others  much 
smaller,  sessile  and  separated;  lower  bract  leaf-like,  1-3  cm.  long;  perigynia 
pale,  obovoid,  pubescent,  the  stout  beaks  deeply  bidentate. 

In  rocky  soil,  Vancouver  Island  to  Oregon;  rather  rare. 

Carex  verecunda  Holm.  (C.  inops  Bailey.)  Rootstocks  slender;  stems 
erect,  rough-angled,  about  30  cm.  high;  leaves  narrow,  rigid,  much  shorter 
than  the  stems;  spikes  3  or  4,  sessile  near  the  top  of  the  stem,  the  terminal 
staminate,  the  others  shorter  and  staminate  at  the  top;  perigynia  pubescent 
above,  ellipsoid,  each  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  slender  deeply  bidentate 
beak;  scales  brown  with  scarious  margins,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  peri- 
gynia. 

Known  only  from  Mount  Hood,  Oregon,  where  it  was  first  collected  by 
Henderson. 

Carex  comosa  Boott.  Tufted,  the  stem  stout,  50-150  cm.  high,  rough  and 
sharply  angled;  leaves  broad,  6-15  mm.  wide,  scabrous  on  the  margins;  spikes 
4-6,  drooping  on  slender  peduncles,  the  uppermost  staminate,  linear,  brown- 
ish, 3-9  cm.  long,  often  partly  pistillate;  pistillate  spikes  pale  green,  cylindric, 
about  1.5  cm.  thick,  densely  flowered,  often  partly  staminate;  perigynia  spread- 
ing, firm,  lance-ovate,  strongly  many-nerved,  each  attenuate  into  a  long 
2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  1-2  mm.  long  and  spreading;  scales  brownish,  awned, 
about  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

Usually  in  shallow  water. 

Carex  exsiccata  Bailey.  Glabrous;  stems  60-100  cm.  high,  rough-angled; 
leaves  flat,  2-5  mm.  broad,  about  as  long  as  the  stems;  sheaths  fibrillose; 
upper  3-4  spikes  staminate;  lower  2-4  spikes  pistillate,  nearly  sessile,  cylindric, 
2-5  cm.  long;  perigynia  straw-colored  or  brownish,  slightly  inflated,  strongly 


CYPERACEAE.  77 

nerved,  ascending,  lance-ovate,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  bidentate  beak; 
scales  narrow,  acute  or  acuminate,  much  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 
In  swamps  and  often  in  shallow  water;  common. 

Carex  utriculata  Boott.  Glabrous;  stems  40-100  cm.  high,  stout,  smooth- 
ish,  the  angles  obtuse;  leaves  flat,  2-10  mm.  wide,  prominently  nodulose, 
usually  exceeding  the  stems;  bracts  similar;  upper  2-4  spikes  linear  and  stam- 
inate;  lower  2-4  spikes  pistillate,  cylindric,  erect,  densely-flowered,  peduncled, 
3-12  cm.  long;  perigynia  narrowly  ovoid,  somewhat  inflated,  each  gradually 
narrowed  into  a  slender  bidentate  beak,  straw-colored  or  brownish,  5-10  mm. 
long;  scales  lanceolate,  acute  or  the  lower  awn-pointed. 

In  swamps;  common.  By  some  botanists  united  with  the  European 
C.  rostrata  Stokes,  from  which  it  is  scarcely  distinct. 

Carex  amplifolia  Boott.  Stems  30-90  cm.  tall,  scabrous  on  the  sharp 
angles;  leaves  flat,  12-20  mm.  broad,  longer  than  the  stem;  spikes  5-7,  the 
uppermost  staminate,  5-8  cm.  long;  pistillate  spikes  narrowly  cylindrical, 
straight  or  curved,  6-10  cm.  long,  dark  olivaceous,  the  lower  ones  long-ped- 
uncled;  perigynium  subglobose,  glabrous,  the  beak  with  an  oblique  entire 
orifice,  spreading,  rusty;  scales  purple  with  a  green  midrib,  shorter  and  narrow- 
er than  the  perigynia. 

In  wet  places  in  woods;  common.  First  collected  by  Douglas  on  the  Colum- 
bia River. 

Carex  oederi  Retz.  (C  flava  recterostrata  Bailey).  Glabrous,  tufted; 
stems  10-40  cm.  high,  erect;  leaves  1-3  mm.  wide,  often  exceeding  the  stems; 
bracts  leaf-like;  spikes  3-10,  the  uppermost  staminate;  pistillate  spikes  sessile 
or  short-peduncled,  often  close  together,  5-15  mm.  long,  the  upper  ones  often 
staminate  at  the  top;  perigynia  spreading,  plump,  broadly  oval,  each  narrowed 
at  base  and  contracted  into  a  bidentate  beak  much  shorter  than  the  body; 
scales  ovate,  obtuse,  much  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

In  wet  places,  not  common. 

Carex  accedens  Holm.  (C.  spreta  Bailey.)  Glabrous;  stems  40-50  cm. 
high,  erect,  scabrous;  leaves  flat,  2-4  mm.  broad,  shorter  than  the  stems; 
pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  oblong  to  ovoid,  about  1  cm.  long,  sessile,  contiguous; 
perigynia  broadly  ellipsoid,  thin,  green,  nerveless,  minutely  punctate,  the  very 
short  beak  entire;  scales  black  with  white  nerves,  obtuse,  not  as  broad  as 
the  perigynia. 

In  wet  meadows,  especially  where  overflowed ;  not  common.  First  collected 
near  Portland,  Oregon,  by  Howell. 

Carex  atrata  L.  Tufted;  stems  erect  or  nodding  above,  20-40  cm.  high; 
leaves  flat,  3-4  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  stems;  lowest  bract  nearly  as  long 
as  the  inflorescence;  spikes  3-5,  close  together,  oblong,  densely-flowered,  1-2 
cm.  long,  the  terminal  one  staminate  at  the  base,  all  peduncled;  perigynia 
oval  or  obovate,  yellowish  sprinkled  with  purple,  each  contracted  at  base 
and  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  short  bidentate  beak;  scales  ovate,  acute, 
dark  purple  with  hyaline  margins,  longer  than  the  perigynia. 

Mount  Rainier,  Allen;  Mount  Adams,  Flett. 

Carex  mertensii  Prescott.  Stems  40-90  cm.  high,  sharply  angled;  leaves 
flat,  3-7  mm.  broad,  much  shorter  than  the  stems,  conspicuously  sheathing; 
bracts  leaf-like,  sheathless  or  nearly  so,  the  lower  exceeding  the  inflorescence; 
spikes  5-8,  2-5  cm.  long,  densely  flowered,  drooping  on  slender  peduncles, 
more  or  less  staminate  at  base,  the  upper  one  sometimes  entirely  staminate; 
perigynia  broadly  ovate,  winged,  very  flat,  pale,  few-nerved,  appressed;  scales 
dark  purple  with  pale  midrib,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Along  streams  in  the  mountains,  1000-1500  m.  altitude.  A  very  handsome 
species,  first  found  by  Mertens  at  Sitka,  Alaska. 


78  CYPERACEAE. 

Carex  limosa  L.  Stoloniferous;  stems  rough-angled,  slender,  15-40  cm. 
high;  leaves  somewhat  glaucous,  mostly  shorter  than  the  stems,  1-3  mm.  wide; 
bracts  shorter  than  the  inflorescence;  terminal  spikes  staminate,  erect,  linear; 
pistillate  spikes  1-3,  drooping  on  slender  peduncles,  0.5-2  cm.  long;  perigynia 
ovoid,  flattened,  narrowed  at  base,  very  short-beaked,  glaucous;  scales  brown- 
ish, ovate,  acute  or  short-cuspidate,  slightly  exceeding  the  perigynia. 

In  sphagnum  bogs. 

/fif  4<t'«''**'^^    Carex  spectabilis  Dewey.    (C.invisa  Ba.\\ey.)     Glabrous;  stems  tufted,  slen- 

jp^^^^^^iA.    der,  40-60  cm.  high,  erect,  sharp-angled;  leaves  flat  and  smooth,  4-8  mm.  broad, 

/'  'i!p^    nearly  as  long  as  the  stems;  bracts  leaf-like,  4  mm.  wide,  without  sheaths, 

'^•^^S''        nearly  equalling  the  inflorescence;  spikes  3-6,  short-cylindric,  erect  or  nodding, 

*-• —  sessile  or  the  lower  ones  variously  peduncled,  the  upper  one  staminate ;  pistillate 

spikes  cylindric,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  often  loosely  flowered  at  base,  sometimes 

staminate  at  tip;  perigynia  ovate-elliptic,  green  with  purple  specks,  few- nerved, 

flat,  the   short   beak  emarginate  at  orifice;   scales  dark-purple  with   white 

midvein,  mucronate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

Common  in  high  mountain  meadows. 

Carex  paupercula  Michx.  Stems  slender,  20-60  cm.  high,  the  angles 
sharp  and  usually  rough;  leaves  flat,  2-4  mm.  wide,  usually  shorter  than  the 
stem;  bracts  leaf-like,  the  lowest  usually  longer  than  the  inflorescence;  terminal 
spike  staminate;  lateral  spikes  1-4,  pistillate,  slender-peduncled,  sometimes 
drooping,  1-2  cm.  long;  perigynia  ovoid,  flattened,  constricted  at  each  end, 
glaucous;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  aristate,  much  longer  than  the  perigynia, 
usually  brownish. 

Vancouver  Island,  Macoun.  A  widely  spread  species  that  has  usually  been 
referred  to  C.  magellanica  Lam. 

Carex  macrochaeta  C.  A.  Mey.  Loosely  tufted,  glabrous;  stems  30-60 
cm.  high,  mostly  rough-angled;  leaves  flat,  firm,  2-4  mm.  wide,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  stems;  spikes  3-5,  the  lower  ones  nodding  on  slender  peduncles,  the 
upper  one  or  two  staminate  and  erect;  pistillate  spikes  often  staminate  at  top, 
cylindric,  2-3  cm.  long;  perigynia  elliptic,  each  with  a  very  short  entire  beak, 
pale  sprinkled  with  purple  dots,  4-5  mm.  long;  scales  black,  the  white  midrib 
prolonged  into  a  long  awn;  stigmas  2  or  rarely  3. 

Multnomah  Falls,  Oregon,  Piper.     Rare  in  our  limits. 

Carex  ablata  Bailey.  Stems  slender,  30-60  cm.  high,  smooth;  leaves  pale, 
flat,  2-5  mm.  wide,  much  shorter  than  the  stems;  bracts  sheathing  at  base, 
usually  much  shorter  than  the  inflorescence;  spikes  usually  5-7,  approximate, 
sessile,  the  lower  ones  often  distant,  the  upper  pistillate  spikes  cylindric,  1-2 
cm.  long;  perigynia  lanceolate,  obscurely  nerved,  pale  green,  glabrous,  bident- 
ate  at  apex;  scales  acutish,  shorter  than  the  perigynia,  brown  with  a  green 
midrib. 

Common  in  the  mountains  at  2000  m.  altitude. 

Carex  hendersoni  Bailey.  Tufted,  glabrous;  stems  slender,  smooth,  60-90 
cm.  high;  leaves  flat,  4-7  mm.  broad,  shorter  than  the  stems;  bracts  leaf-like, 
exceeding  the  inflorescence;  terminal  spike  linear,  staminate,  about  2  cm.  long; 
pistillate  spikes  about  4,  loosely-flowered,  the  upper  one  sessile,  the  lowest  one 
distant  and  long-peduncled;  perigynia  5-6  mm.  long,  triangular-ovoid,  stipitate, 
green,  strongly  nerved,  each  tipped  with  an  oblique  beak  half  as  long  as  the 
body;  scales  with  a  broad  scarious  margin,  cuspidate,  pale,  shorter  than  the 
perigynia. 

In  rich  woods.  Named  after  Professor  L.  F.  Henderson  who  found  it  near 
Portland,  Oregon. 

Carex  livida  (Wahlcnb.)  Willd.  Creeping  with  long  stolons;  herbage  glau- 
cous; stems  15-50  cm.  high ;  leaves  folded  or  involute,  about  2  mm.  wide,  shorter 


CYPERACEAE.  79 

than  the  stems;  bracts  short,  the  lower  about  equalling  the  inflorescence; 
spikes  1-4,  the  upper  staminate;  pistillate  spikes  sessile  or  the  lower  one  stalked, 
erect;  perigynia  ovoid,  narrowed  at  each  end,  faintly  nerved,  beakless,  pale; 
scales  ovate,  obtuse,  brownish,  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

In  bogs,  Alaska  to  Oregon.  Port  Renfrew,  Vancouver  Island,  Brand  & 
Rosendahl. 

Carex  calif omica  Bailey.  Glabrous;  stems  arising  from  stout  rootstocks, 
erect,  30-40  cm.  high,  sharp-angled,  smooth,  the  leafless  basal  sheaths  purple; 
leaves  flat,  narrow,  2  mm.  wide;  bracts  sheathing,  the  lowest  not  equalling  the 
stem;  spikes  2  or  3,  the  upper  1,  rarely  2,  staminate;  pistillate  short-peduncled, 
2-3  cm.  long;  perigynia  green,  oblong-ovoid,  each  with  a  short  entire  beak; 
scales  brownish,  mostly  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Rare.  Skamania  County,  Washington,  Suksdorf,  to  Mendocino  County, 
California. 

Carex  aurea  Nutt.  Stems  arising  from  long  horizontal  rootstocks,  10-30 
cm.  high;  leaves  flat,  pale  green,  3-4  mm.  wide,  usually  overtopping  the  stems; 
bracts  mostly  exceeding  the  stem;  spikes  3-6,  all  stalked,  the  uppermost  stam- 
inate and  linear,  or  rarely  androgynous,  the  rest  pistillate,  narrowly  cylindrical, 
loosely  flowered,  1-3  cm.  long;  perigynia  globose,  very  minutely  beaked,  red- 
dish when  mature,  strongly  nerved;  scales  brownish,  ovate,  obtuse,  acute  or 
cuspidate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

In  low  meadows,  not  common. 

Carex  celsa  (Bailey)  Piper  n.  comb.  (C  aurea  celsa  Bailey;  C.  hassei 
Bailey.)  Very  similar  to  C.  aurea;  spikes  rather  compactly  flowered;  perigynia 
obovoid,  faintly  nerved,  short-stipitate,  beakless;  scales  ovate,  mostly  obtuse, 
brown  with  a  pale  midrib,  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

In  wet  meadows,  not  common.  Very  similar  to  the  European  C.  hicolor 
All. 

Carex  sitchensis  Prescott.  (C.  howellii  Bailey.)  Glabrous;  stems  stout, 
1-2  m.  high,  rough  angled;  leaves  5  mm.  broad,  nearly  as  long  as  the  stems; 
sheaths  becoming  brown  and  papery;  staminate  spikes  2  or  3,  erect,  peduncled; 
pistillate  spikes  3-5,  cylindric,  densely  flowered,  5-10  cm.  long,  usually  cernu- 
ous,  peduncled,  the  upper  ones  often  staminate  at  top;  perigynia  elliptic, 
granular,  nerved,  each  narrowed  into  a  short  entire  beak;  scales  linear-lance- 
olate, a  little  longer  than  the  perigynia,  acuminate,  brown  with  a  white  hyaline 
tip. 

Near  the  ocean  coast  in  marshes,  Alaska  to  Oregon. 

Carex  cryptocarpa  C.  A.  Mey.  Somewhat  tufted,  glabrous;  stems  30-90 
cm.  high,  sharp-angled,  rough  above;  leaves  flat,  2-5  mm.  broad,  shorter  than 
the  stems;  spikes  3-5,  all  more  or  less  drooping  on  slender  peduncles;  staminate 
spikes  2  or  3;  pistillate  spikes  mostly  staminate  at  apex,  2-5  cm.  long;  perigynia 
elliptic  or  oval,  scabrous  on  the  margins  above,  straw-colored,  each  with  a  short 
entire  beak;  scales  dark,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  much  longer  than  the 
perigynia. 

Abundant  in  marshes  near  the  seashore. 

Carex  magnifica  Dewey.  Tufted,  glabrous;  stems  stout,  very  sharp-angled 
and  rough,  1-1.5  m,  high;  leaves  pale,  harsh  and  stiff,  strongly  keeled,  3-6 
mm.  broad;  spikes  5-7,  dark  purple,  usually  ascending,  2-6  cm.  long;  upper 
one  or  two  wholly  staminate,  the  others  mainly  pistillate  but  usually  staminate 
at  top;  perigynia  firm,  brownish,  nearly  orbicular,  nerveless,  very  short  beaked, 
2.5  mm.  long;  scales  dark  purple,  acute,  much  longer  than  the  perigynia. 

Very  common  especially  in  the  marshes  near  the  seashore.  In  most 
botanical  works  it  has  been  taken  for  the  very  diff'erent  C.  sitchensis  Prescott. 


8o  CYPERACEAE. 

Carex  interrupta  Boeckl.  Stoloniferous;  stems  40-50  cm.  high,  slender, 
smooth;  leaves  2-3  mm.  broad,  flat,- shorter  than  the  stems;  sheaths  fibrillose; 
lowest  bract  leaf-like,  nearly  as  long  as  the  inflorescence;  terminal  spike  and 
sometimes  the  next  one  staminate,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  pistillate  spikes  3  or  4, 
narrowly  cylindric,  sessile  or  short-pedicelled,  erect,  1-7  cm.  long,  densely 
flowered  near  the  top,  but  often  very  loosely  scattered  toward  the  base; 
perigynia  green  or  straw-colored,  ovate,  2  mm.  long,  smooth  or  with  a  few  teeth 
near  the  top,  the  beak  short  and  bidentate;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  pale  or  brown- 
ish, longer  than  the  perigynia. 

Wet  meadows  and  stream  banks.  First  collected  by  Scouler  on  the  lower 
Columbia  River. 

Carex  nudata  W.  Boott.  Tufted,  glabrous;  stems  slender,  30-40  cm.  high, 
scabrous  on  the  angles;  leaves  flat,  2-5  mm.  broad,  shorter  than  the  stems, 
their  sheaths  slightly  fibrillose;  bracts  with  purple  auricles  at  base,  sheathless, 
the  lower  rarely  equalling  the  inflorescence;  spikes  4 or  5,  cylindric,  1-2.5  cm. 
long,  erect,  peduncled,  mostly  contiguous;  perigynia  narrowly  ellipsoid,  straw- 
colored  or  often  purple  at  tip,  faintly  nerved,  finely  punctate,  quickly  decidu- 
ous, 3  mm.  long;  scales  dark  purple,  mostly  oblong  and  obtuse,  about  equalling 
the  perigynia. 

Along  mountain  streams,  infrequent. 

Carex  scopulonim  Holm.  Stoloniferous,  glabrous;  stems  10-40  cm.  high, 
erect,  scabrous,  leafy  at  the  base;  leaves  flat,  shorter  than  the  stems;  bracts 
with  black  auricles,  the  lower  nearly  as  long  as  the  inflorescence;  spikes  2-7, 
cylindric,  1-2  cm.  long,  ascending,  the  upper  ones  contiguous;  terminal  spike 
mostly  staminate;  perigynia  stipitate,  obovoid,  turgid,  2-nerved,  granular 
and  purplish  toward  the  tip,  the  short  entire  beak  bent  to  one  side;  scales 
ovate,  acute,  black  with  a  pale  midrib;  stigmas  2. 

Wet  mountain  meadows,  abundant. 

^  Carex  rigida  Good.  Rhizomes  stout,  rather  short;  stems  30-50  cm.  high, 
stiff,  erect,  scabrous;  leaves  flat,  3-5  mm.  broad,  mostly  crowded  near  the  base, 
shorter  than  the  stem;  bract  black-auricled  at  base;  spikes  nearly  black; 
staminate  linear,  5-15  mm.  long;  pistillate  2,  rarely  3,  short-cylindric,  sessile, 
erect,  the  lower  in  the  axil  of  the  bract,  the  upper  often  partly  staminate; 
perigynia  firm,  nerveless,  elliptic  to  obovoid,  plano-convex,  short-beaked, 
speckled  with  black  near  the  tip,  2.5-3  mm.  long;  scales  black,  obtuse,  as  long 
as  the  perigynia. 

A  variable  species;  common  in  wet  alpine  meadows  at  about  1700  m. 
altitude. 

Carex  gymnoclada  Holm.  Stoloniferous,  glabrous;  stems  30-50  cm.  high, 
erect,  scabrous,  leafless;  leaves  narrow,  flat,  as  long  as  the  stems;  bracts  sheath- 
less, the  lower  nearly  as  long  as  the  inflorescence;  spikes  usually  3,  cylindric, 
about  1  cm.  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  erect.,  the  terminal  one  staminate:  peri- 
gynia ovate  to  oval,  stipitate,  faintly  2-nerved,  pale-green,  the  short  beak  en- 
tire; scales  oval,  acutish,  black  with  a  pale  midrib,  shorter  than  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  2. 

In  mountain  bogs,  rare. 

Carex  aperta  Boott.  (C  hovina  Howell.)  Tufted,  smooth  throughout; 
stems  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  flat  but  keeled,  4-6  mm.  broad,  rather  shorter 
than  the  stems,  pale  green;  spikes  3  or  4,  the  terminal  staminate,  mostly  short 
peduncled,  erect;  pistillate  spikes  1-3  cm.  long,  densely  flowered,  5  mm.  thick; 
scales  equalling  the  perigynia,  acuminate,  purple  with  a  green  midrib,  divaricate 
at  maturity;  perigynia  2  mm.  long,  turgid,  broadest  at  the  middle,  tapering  to 
each  end,  brown  when  mature,  the  two  or  three  angles  pale;  beak  short  and 
entire. 

This  is  the  common  "hay  sedge"  of  the  Columbia  River  bottoms  where  it 
was  first  collected  by  Douglas. 


CYPERACEAE.  8 1 

Carex  angustata  Boott.  (  C.  acutina  Bailey.)  Tufted,  glabrous,  pale  green; 
stems  50-60  cm.  high,  usually  scabrous  above;  leaves  flat,  thin,  equalling  or 
shorter  than  the  stems;  lower  bract  as  long  as  the  inflorescence;  spikes  4  or  5, 
cylindrical,  erect,  approximate,  3-7  cm.  long,  the  upper  one  or  two  staminate; 
perigynia  oval  or  elliptic,  thin,  straw-colored,  granular,  faintly  nerved,  the 
short  beak  entire;  scales  obtuse,  almost  as  long  as  the  pergynia,  not  divaricate 
at  maturity. 

Infrequent;  Portland,  Oregon,  Kellogg  &  Harford;  Mount  Hood,  Oregon, 
Henderson. 

Carex  dives  Holm.  Stems  30-60  cm.  high,  erect,  very  rough;  leaves  flat, 
broad,  as  long  as  the  stems;  bracts  sheathless,  leaf-like,  the  lowest  exceeding 
the  inflorescence;  spikes  6-7,  the  uppermost  one  or  two  staminate,  the  others 
pistillate,  densely  flowered,  4-10  cm.  long,  peduncled,  the  lowest  nodding; 
perigynia  oval,  compressed,  granular,  2-nerved,  denticulate  above,  2.5  mm. 
long,  pale  green  with  purplish  blotches,  the  beak  short  and  entire;  scales  oblong, 
purple  with  green  midvein;  stigmas  2. 

In  swamps,  British  Columbia  to  California;  rare. 

Carex  kelloggii  Boott.  Stems  tufted,  slender,  15-40  cm.  tall,  erect; 
leaves  numerous,  flat,  2-3  mm.  wide,  commonly  as  long  as  the  stem,  some- 
times longer;  spikes  4-15,  the  bracts  commonly  exceeding  the  stem;  staminate 
spike  usually  single,  slender,  purplish;  pistillate  spikes  3-many,  mostly 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  greenish,  dense,  2-4  cm.  long,  3  mm.  thick;  perigynia 
ovate,  plane,  promptly  deciduous,  2  mm.  long,  smooth,  flattened,  3-  or4-nerved 
on  the  outer  face,  stipitate  at  the  base,  short-beaked,  the  beak  emarginate; 
scales  green  with  purple  margins,  obtusish,  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

On  wet  stream  banks  and  lake  shores,  common. 

Carex  lenticularis  Michx.  Glabrous,  tufted;  stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high; 
leaves  1-3  mm.  wide,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  stems;  lower  bract  sheathing, 
exceeding  the  spikes;  spikes  3-8,  narrowly  cylindric,  1-4  cm.  long,  erect,  close 
together,  sessile  or  the  lower  short-peduncled;  perigynia  ovate,  minutely 
granulate,  faintly  nerved,  pale  green  or  the  nerves  brownish,  each  with  a  very 
short  entire  beak;  scales  obtuse,  green  with  broad  hyaline  margins,  much 
shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

Rare  in  our  limits. 

Carex  hindsii  Clarke.  Very  similar  to  C.  kelloggii;  pistillate  spikes  3  or  4:, 
stouter,  1-3  cm.  long,  5  mm.  thick;  perigynia  pale  green,  lanceolate,  stipitate, 
curved  and  spreading,  smooth,  7-nerved  on  the  back,  5-nerved  on  the  anterior 
face,  flat  and  empty  above,  the  short  beak  entire,  3  mm.  long;  scales  obtuse, 
purple  with  the  midrib  and  margin  pale. 

Along  the  ocean  coast,  Vancouver  Island  to  Oregon.  First  found  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  River  by  Hinds. 

95.     CYPERUS. 

Annual  or  perennial;  stems  simple,  3-angled,  leafy  near  the 
base,  and  with  one  or  more  leaves  at  the  summit  which  form  an 
involucre  for  the  simple  or  compound  umbellate  or  capitate 
inflorescence;  rays  of  the  umbel  sheathed  at  the  base,  usually 
very  unequal,  one  or  more  of  the  heads  or  spikes  commonly 
sessile;  spikelets  flat  or  roundish,  few  to  many-flowered;  scales 
concave,  2-ranked,  all  but  the  lower  one  flower-bearing;  flowers 
perfect;  perianth  none;  stamens  1-3;  akene  lenticular  or  3-angled. 

Rachis  wingless;  scale  tipped  with  a  recurved  awn.  C.  inflexus. 

Rachis  winged;  scale  merely  mucronate.  C.  erythrorhizos. 

7 


82  CYPERACEAE. 

Cyperus  inflexus  Muhl.  Annual;  stems  1-15  cm.  tall,  ascending;  leaves 
about  1  mm.  wide,  often  curved,  about  as  long  as  the  stems;  bracts  much  longer 
than  the  inflorescence;  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  3-5  mm.  long,  in  dense  heads, 
umbellately  arranged  on  unequal  rays;  scale  green  or  brownish,  the  awn-like 
tip  strongly  recurved;  stamen  1. 

On  river  banks,  rare.  Somas  Falls,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun;  Kalama, 
Washington,  Piper. 

Cyperus  erythrorhizos  Muhl.  Annual;  stems  usually  15-60  cm.  tall, 
sometimes  much  smaller;  leaves  flat,  commonly  2-4  mm.  broad,  shorter  than 
the  stem;  involucral  leaves  4-8,  broad  at  base,  far  exceeding  the  inflorescence; 
spikelets  bright  chestnut,  linear,  5-6  mm.  long,  densely  crowded  into  flattened 
spikes,  1-3  cm.  long,  the  latter  umbelled  on  the  unequal  branches  of  the  primary 
umbel;  scales  oblong,  keeled,  the  green  midrib  prolonged  into  a  short  mucro- 
nate  tip;  wings  of  the  rachis  separating  to  the  base,  forming  pairs  of  small 
scales. 

River  banks,  rare  in  our  limits.     Vancouver,  Washington,  Sheldon. 

96.     DULICHroM. 

Tall  perennials  with  cylindrical  jointed  stems,  leafy  to  the  top; 
lower  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths;  spikes  axillary,  peduncled, 
simple  or  compound;  spikelets  2-ranked,  flat,  linear,  many- 
flowered;  scales  2-ranked;  flowers  perfect;  perianth  of  6-9  back- 
wardly  barbed  bristles. 

Dulichium  arundinaceum  (L.)  Britt.     Stems  stout,  30-90  cm.  tall,  leafy; 
spikelets  linear,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  6-10-flowered. 
Borders  of  lakes  and  ponds,  common. 

97.     RYNCHOSPORA. 

Mostly  leafy  perennials  with  rootstocks,  erect,  3-angled  or 
cylindrical  stems  and  flat  or  inroUed  leaves ;  spikelets  variously 
clustered;  scales  thin,  overlapping  all  around;  upper  flowers 
imperfect,  the  lower  perfect;  perianth  of  1-20,  mostly  6,  barbed 
bristles,  or  none. 

Rynchospora  alba  (L.)  Vahl.  Stems  slender,  15-40  cm.  high;  leaves 
filiform,  shorter  than  the  stem ;  spikelets  white,  in  1-3  densely  crowded  corymbs; 
akene  oblong-obovoid,  tipped  with  a  flattened  triangular  tubercle  about  half 
as  long;  bristles  longer  than  the  akene. 

In  sphagnum  bogs,  rare  in  our  limits. 

98.     ELEOCHARIS.     Spike  Rush. 

Annual  or  perennial;  stems  simple,  triangular,  quadrangular, 
terete,  flattened  or  grooved,  the  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths  or  the 
lowest  very  rarely  blade-bearing;  spikelets  solitary,  terminal, 
erect,  several-many-flowered,  not  subtended  by  an  involucre; 
scales  concave,  in  a  spiral;  perianth  of  1-12  bristles  usually 
barbed;  stamens  2  or  3;  akene  3-angled  or  biconvex;  base  of  the 
style  persistent  on  the  summit  of  the  akene  forming  a  terminal 
tubercle. 


CYPERACEAE.  83 

Styles  2-cleft;  akenes  biconvex. 

Tubercles  constricted  basally;  perennial  with  rootstocks.  E.  palustris. 

Tubercles  not  constricted  basally;  annual,  tufted. '  E.  obtusa. 
Styles  3-cleft;  akenes  3-angled. 

Tubercles  broad  and  short;  akenes  ribbed.  E.  acicularis. 

Tubercles  subulate;  akenes  smooth.  E.  rostellata. 

Eleocharis  palustris  (L.)  Roem.  &  Schult.  Rootstocks  extensively  creep- 
ing; stems  30-70  cm.  tall;  spike  lanceolate-oblong,  1-2  cm.  long;  bristles  4, 
usually  exceeding  the  obovate  smooth  biconvex  akene;  tubercle  obtuse, 
contracted  at  its  junction  with  the  akene;  style  2-cleft. 

Abundant  in  wet  ground  and  in  shallow  water. 

Eleocharis  obtusa  (Willd.)  Schult.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  densely  tuft- 
ed, 5-7  cm.  high;  spikelets  brownish,  ovoid,  obtuse,  2-13  mm.  long;  bristles 
6-8,  exceeding  the  brown  shining  akene;  tubercle  very  short  and  broad,  deltoid, 
acute. 

In  wet  places,  quite  common. 

Eleocharis  acicularis  (L.)  Roem.  &  Schult.  Perennial  by  creeping  root- 
stocks,  usually  forming  extensive  mats;  stems  very  slender,  7-15  cm.  tall, 
erect;  spikes  3-10-flowered,  3-5  mm.  long;  bristles  3  or  4,  shorter  than  the 
akene  or  wanting;  akene  oblong  or  obovoid,  somewhat  3-angled,  marked  with 
9-12  longitudinal  ribs,  with  very  numerous  cross-lines  between  them;  tubercle 
broad,  contracted  at  its  junction  with  the  akene;  style  3-cleft. 

Abundant  on  the  margins  of  ponds  often  forming  a  sward. 

Eleocharis  rostellata  Torr.  Perennial,  the  sterile  shoots  decumbent  and 
rooting  at  the  tips;  fertile  erect,  wiry,  30-60  cm.  high;  spikelets  fusiform, 
1 2-20-flowered ;  bristles  longer  than  the  akenes. 

In  marshes,  rare.     Vancouver  Island,  Macoun;  Skamania  County,  Suksdorf. 

99.     SCIRPUS. 

Annual  or  perennial ;  stems  leafy  or  the  leaves  reduced  to  basal 
sheaths;  spikelets  terete  (in  ours),  solitary,  or  in  a  terminal 
cluster  which  is  subtended  by  a  1 -several-leaved  involucre; 
scales  in  a  spiral,  usually  all  fertile,  one  or  two  of  the  lowest 
sometimes  empty;  flowers  perfect;  perianth  of  1-6  bristles,  or 
sometimes  none ;  stamens  2  or  3 ;  style  2  or  3-cleft,  not  swollen  at 
the  base ;  akene  triangular,  lenticular  or  plano-convex. 

Spikelets  solitary,  terminal. 

Involucral  bract  wanting.  S.  nanus. 

Involucral  bract  present. 

Bract  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  spikelet.  S.  suhterminalis. 

Bract  not  longer  than  the  spikelet. 

Perianth  bristles  none.  S.  riparius. 

Perianth  bristles  6,  smooth.  S.  cespitosus. 

Spikelets  several-many,  rarely  solitary. 
Stems  terete;  inflorescence  umbellate. 

Akenes  2.5-3  mm.  long,  the  scales  one-fourth  longer.  S.  occidentalis. 
Akenes  2  mm.  long,  the  scales  little  longer.  S.  validus. 

Stems  three-angled. 

Involucral  leaf  solitary.  S.  americanus. 

Involucral  leaves  several. 

Spikelets  1-2  cm.  long.  S.  rohustus. 

Spikelets  3-5  mm.  long.  5.  microcarpus. 


84  CYPERACEAE. 

Scirpus  nanus  Spreng.  Densely  tufted,  the  stems  flattened  and  grooved, 
1-6  cm.  high;  roots  with  minute  tubers;  spikelet  ovoid,  greenish,  bearing  2^ 
or  rarely  more  florets;  scales  acutish,  the  lowest  usually  larger;  bristles  when 
present  longer  than  the  smooth  shining  akene. 

Common  on  brackish  shores,  but  rarely  blooming. 

Scirpus  subterminalis  Torr.  Usually  aquatic;  stems  30-90  cm.  high; 
bract  appearing  like  a  constriction  of  the  stem;  bristles  6,  barbed,  shorter  than 
the  akene. 

In  mountain  ponds,  rare.  Mount  Mark,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun; 
Mount  Adams,  Howell,  Suksdorf. 

Scirpus  riparius  (R.  Br.)  Spreng.  Stems  tufted,  5-15  cm.  high;  spikelets 
oblong-ovate,  3-5  mm.  long,  pale  brown;  akenes  obovoid,  3-angled,  smooth 
dark-brown,  1  mm.  long. 

In  marshy  places  along  the  seashore.  Seattle,  Piper;  Whidby  Island, 
Gardner. 

Scirpus  cespitosus  L.  Densely  tufted,  the  stems  10-30  cm.  high;  spikelets 
oblong-ovate,  pale  brown,  about  4  mm.  long;  akenes  oblong,  3-angled,  smooth, 
brown,  exceeded  by  the  6  smooth  bristles. 

Sub-alpine  bogs,  rare. 

Scirpus  occidentalis  (Wats.)  Chase.  Western  Bulrush  or  Tule.  Stems 
1-2  m.  high,  from  stout  scaly  rootstocks;  panicle  loose,  the  suberect  slender 
branches  1-9  cm.  long,  slender;  spikelets  mostly  in  clusters  of  2-7,  pale  brown, 
subcylindric,  10-20  mm.  long;  scales  oblong-ovate,  viscid  near  the  apex, 
aristate. 

In  shallow  water  along  lake  margins,  very  common  and  abundant. 

Scirpus  valldus  Vahl.  Very  similar  to  S.  occidentalis;  spikelets  ovoid, 
5-10  mm.  long;  scales  broadly  ovate,  mucronate,  somewhat  pubescent;  akene 
obovoid,  plano-convex,  2  mm.  long. 

Rare  in  our  limits,  reported  from  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun;  common  east- 
ward. 

Scirpus  americanus  Pers.  Stems  sharply  3-angled,  20-90  cm.  high,  from 
stout  elongated  rootstocks;  leaves  1-4,  shorter  than  the  stem,  channeled; 
bract  2-10  cm.  long,  pointed;  spikelets  1-6,  ovoid,  closely  crowded;  scales 
brown,  ovate,  2-cleft  at  apex  and  often  awned;  bristles  2-6,  shorter  than  the 
plano-convex  smooth  akene. 

In  brackish  marshes,  infrequent. 

Scirpus  robustus  Pursh.  Stems  stout,  often  1  m.  tall;  leaves  about  as 
long  as  the  stem;  spikelets  brown,  ovoid  or  oblong-ovoid,  acutish,  10-20  mm. 
long;  scales  ovate,  notched  and  awned. 

Along  the  seashore,  quite  common. 

Scirpus  microcarpus  Presl.  Perennial,  the  stout  stems  about  1  m.  tall; 
leaves  8-10  mm.  broad,  smooth  beneath,  rough  on  the  margins  and  upper 
surface  of  the  midvein,  the  upper  leaf  usually  exceeding  the  stem;  inflorescence 
a  two  to  three  times  compound  umbel,  the  primary  rays  3-10  cm.  long,  unequal- 
bracts  leaf-like,  about  equalling  the  inflorescence;  spikelets  ovoid,  numerous, 
dark  green,  3-5  mm.  long,  in  heads  of  3-12  or  more;  scales  broadly  ovate, 
acute;  stamens  2;  styles  bifid;  bristles  4;  nutlet  white,  oblong-lenticular,  very 
short-beaked. 

Common  in  wooded  swamps. 

100.    ERIOPHORUM.    Cotton-grass. 

Bog  perennials  with  rootstocks  and  erect  triangular  or  nearly 
cylindrical  stems;  leaves  linear  or  one  or  two  of  the  upper  ones 


ARACEAE.  85 

reduced  to  bladeless  sheaths;  spikelets  terminal,  solitary,  or  in 
heads  or  umbels,  with  or  without  a  1 -several-leaved  involucre; 
scales  in  a  spiral,  overlapping;  flowers  perfect;  perianth  of  6  or 
numerous  thread-like  smooth  soft  bristles  which  project  much 
beyond  the  scales  at  maturity. 

Spikelets  solitary;  involucral  bracts  wanting. 

Bristles  copper-colored.  E.  chamissonis. 

Bristles  white.  E.  chamissonis  alhidum. 

Spikelets  several,  subtended  by   1  or  more  bracts; 
bristles  white. 

Leaves  3-sided;  bract  solitary;  akene  linear.  E.  gracile. 

Leaves  flat ;  bracts  2  or  3 ;  akene  obovoid.  E.  polystachion. 

Eriophorum  chamissonis  C.  A.  Mey.  Stems  solitary,  20-40  cm.  high; 
leaves  very  narrow,  3-angled,  channelled;  spikelet  erect;  akenes  oblong,  acute; 
bristles  2-3  cm.,  long,  rusty  or  cinnamon-colored. 

In  sphagnum  bogs,  not  rare. 

Eriophorum  chamissonis  albidum  (Nyl.)  Fernald.     Bristles  white. 
Vancouver  Island  and  eastward. 

Eriophorum  gracile  Koch.  Stems  very  slender;  leaves  very  narrow, 
3-angled,  channelled;  scales  mostly  blunt  at  the  tip;  bristles  white,  L5-2  cm. 
long. 

In  sphagnum  bogs. 

Eriophorum    polystachion    L.     Stems   rather   stout;    leaves   linear,    flat; 
spikelets  several,  nodding;  scales  acute;  bristles  white,  2-3  cm.  long. 
In  bogs,  especially  in  the  mountains. 

Family  18.    ARACEAE.    Arum  Family. 

Plants  with  acrid  or  pungent  juice  and  simple  or  compound 
leaves;  flowers  crowded  on  a  spadix,  perfect,  monoecious  or 
dioecious;  spathe  present  or  none;  perianth  of  4-6  sepals  or 
none;  fruit  usually  a  1-4-celled  1-seeded  berry. 

101.     LYSICHITON. 

Acaulescent  swamp  herbs  with  large  leaves  from  a  thick 
horizontal  rootstock;  spathe  sheathing  at  base,  with  or  without 
a  broad  colored  lamina,  at  first  enveloping  the  cylindrical  spadix 
which  later  becomes  exserted  on  a  stout  peduncle;  flowers  per- 
fect, crowded,  covering  the  spadix;  perianth  4-lobed;  stamens 
4,  opposite  the  perianth-segments;  ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled; 
fruits  fleshy,  somewhat  immersed  in  the  rachis  and  coalescent. 

Lysichiton  camtschatcense  (L.)  Schott.  Yellow  Skunk  Cabbage.  Leaves 
large,  30-90  cm.  long,  oblong,  acute  or  acutish,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short 
margined  petiole;  spathe  golden-yellow,  the  blade  boat-shaped,  acute,  narrowed 
into  a  sheathing  petiole;  peduncle  stout,  20-30  cm.  long;  spadix  cylindric,  in 
fruit  5-12  cm,  long. 

In  swamps,  common.     Root  very  pungent. 


86  PONTEDERIACEAE. 

Family  19.     LEMNACEAE.     Duckweed  Family. 
Very  small  thallose  plants  floating  free  on  the  water,  propagat- 
ing by  the  division  of  the  thallus;  flowers  1-3,  monoecious,  from 
the  edge  or  upper  surface,  rare;  fruit  a  1-7-seeded  utricle. 

Thallus  1-5-nerved,  with  a  single  rootlet.  102.  Lemna,  86. 

Thallus  5-12-nerveci,  with  several  rootlets.  103.  Spirodela,  86. 

102.     LEMNA. 

Thallus  1-5-nerved,  producing  a  single  rootlet  beneath; 
flowers  produced  from  a  cleft  in  the  margin  of  the  thallus,  usually 
3  together,  surrounded  by  a  spathe,  two  staminate,  each  of  a 
single  stamen,  the  other  pistillate  of  a  single  pistil;  ovary  1-celled. 

Thalli  oblong,  separate  or  soon  separating.  L.  minor. 

Thalli  oblong,  each  narrowed  into  a  sheath-like  base,  remaining 

connected.  L.  trisulca. 

Lemna  minor  L.  Thalli  round  to  elliptic-ovate,  2-5  mm.  long,  very  ob- 
scurely  3-nerved;  seed  oblong-obovate,  amphitropous,  each  with  a  prominent 
operculum. 

Very  common  on  still  ponds,  often  mixed  with  Spirodela. 

Lemna  trisulca  L.  Thalli  thin,  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate 
into  a  stalk-like  base,  usually  several,  remaining  connected,  each  faintly  3- 
nerved;  seed  ovate,  amphitropous,  with  a  small  round  operculum. 

Still  ponds  and  ditches,  rare. 

103.  SPIRODELA. 

Very  similar  to  Lemna  but  rootlets  several  and  with  axile 
vascular  tissues;  anther-cells  divided  by  a  vertical  partition 
and  dehiscing  longitudinally. 

Spirodela  polvrhiza  (L.)  Schleid.  Thallus  round-obovate,  3-8  mm.  long, 
thick,  purple  and  rather  convex  beneath,  dark  green  above,  palmately  mostly 
7-nerved. 

Common  on  the  surface  of  still  ponds. 

Family  20.  PONTEDERIACEAE.  Pondweed  Family. 
Aquatic  herbs  with  perfect  more  or  less  irregular  flowers,  sur- 
rounded by  a  spathe;  perianth  of  6  petal-like  segments  free  from 
the  3-celled  ovary;  stamens  3  or  6,  unequal  or  dissimilar,  on  the 
throat  of  the  perianth;  style  1;  fruit  a  1-3-celled  capsule  or 
1-celled  utricle. 

104.  HETERANTHERA. 

Low  herbs  living  in  mud  or  shallow  water,  with  a  1-few- 
flowered  spathe  bursting  from  the  sheathing  side  or  base  of  a 
petiole;  perianth-limb  somewhat  equally  6-parted;  stamens  in  the 
throat,  usually  unequal;  capsule  1- or  incompletely  3-celled. 


JUNCACEAE.  87 

Heteranthera  dubia  (Jacq.)  MacM.  Stems  slender,  branched,  leafy,  30- 
100  cm.  long;  leaves  sessile,  linear,  acute;  spathe  terminal,  1-flowered;  flowers 
small,  pale  yellow,  the  tube  very  slender,  3-6  cm.  long;  capsule  1-celled,  6-8 
mm.  long. 

In  ponds,  rare  in  our  limits.     Sauvies  Island,  Oregon,  Howell. 

Family  21.  JUNCACEAE.  Rush  Family. 
Grass-like,  usually  tufted  herbs  mostly  perennials;  inflorescence 
a  compound  panicle,  corymb  or  umbel,  with  the  flowers  singly  or 
loosely  clustered  or  aggregated  into  spikes  or  heads,  rarely  reduced 
to  a  single  flower;  flowers  small,  regular,  with  or  without  bract- 
lets;  perianth  6-parted,  the  parts  glumaceous;  stamens  6,  rarely 
3;  pistil  superior,  tricarpellary ;  ovary  3-celled,  or  1-celled  with 
3  parietal  placentae;  ovules  3-many;  stigmas  3;  fruit  a  loculicidal 
capsule;  seeds  3-many,  small. 

Leaf-sheaths  open;  capsule  1- or  3-celled,  many-seeded; 

placentae  parietal  or  axial.  105.  JuNCUS,  87. 

Leaf-sheaths  closed;  capsule  1-celled,  3-seeded;  placen- 
tae basal.  106.  JuNcoiDES,  91. 

105.     JUNCUS.     Rush. 

Annual  or  perennial  plants;  stems  leaf-bearing  or  scapose; 
leaves  glabrous,  cylindrical,  flat  or  channeled;  inflorescence  a 
panicle  or  corymb,  often  one-sided,  bearing  its  flowers  either 
singly  and  with  2  bractlets  or  in  heads  and  without  bractlets, 
but  each  head  in  the  axil  of  a  bract;  stamens  6,  rarely  3;  ovary 
1-celled  or  3-celled;  placentae  parietal  or  axial;  seeds  several  to 
many. 

Lowest  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  appearing  like  a  continua- 
tion of  the  stem,  the  inflorescence  therefore  seemingly 
lateral. 
Flowers  in  compound  panicles,  usually  numerous. 

Stamens  3;  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  much  shorter 

than  the  stem.  /.  effusus. 

Stamens  6. 

Flowers  3-4.5  mm.  long.  /.  halticus. 

Flowers  5-6  mm.  long.  /.  lescurii. 

Flowers  few,  1-3  in  each  cluster. 

Inner  sheaths  bristle-tipped;  capsule  retuse.  /.  suhtriflorus. 

Inner  sheaths  leaf-bearing;  capsule  acute.  /.  parryi. 

Lowest  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  not  appearing  like  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  stem. 
Leaves  not  provided  with  cross-partitions,  either  flat  and 
grass-like  or  terete  and  channelled. 
Flowers  not  bracteolate,  in  true  heads. 

Perianth  shorter  than  the  capsule;  heads  several- 
many,  3-5-flowered.  /.  covillei. 
Perianth  longer  than  the  capsule;  heads  solitary 
or  few. 


88  JUNCACEAE. 

Seeds  not  tailed.  /.  falcatus. 

Seeds  tailed.  /.  regelii. 

Flowers  bracteolate,  loosely  scattered  or  somewhat 
congested  but  not  in  heads. 
Annuals;  stems  branched,  leafy.  /.  bufonius. 

Perennials;  stems  simple. 

Perianth  segments  2.5-3  mm.  long,  obtuse.        /.  gerardi. 
Perianth  segments  3.5-5.5  mm.  long,  sharp- 
pointed. 
Auricle  at  summit  of  sheath,  short  and 

cartilaginous.  /.  dudleyi. 

Auricle  at  summit  of  sheath,  elongated  and 
scarious. 
Panicle  loose;  flowers  pale  green.  J.  tenuis. 

Panicle  close;  flowers  fuscous.  /.  occidentalis. 

Leaves  provided  with  distinct  cross-partitions. 
Blades  of  the  leaves  equitant. 

Heads  pale,  numerous;  stamens  6.  J.  oxymeris. 

Heads  brown  or  black;  stamens  3,  rarely  6.  /.  ensifolius. 

Blades  of  the  leaves  cylindric  or  only  slightly  com- 
pressed. 
Stamens  3. 

Plant  aquatic,  some  of  the  leaves  floating.         /.  supiniformis. 
Plant  not  aquatic. 

Heads  small,  pale,  several-many.  /.  acuminatus. 

Heads  large,  dark,  few.  /.  holanderi. 

Stamens  6. 

Capsules  subulate;  heads  large;  outer  perianth 

segments  longer.  /.  torreyi. 

Capsules  not  subulate. 

Heads  solitary,  dark.  J.  mertensianus. 

Heads  several-many. 

Capsule  much  longer  than  the  peri- 
anth. /.  oreganus. 
Capsule  shorter  than  the  perianth. 

Perianth  segments  brown,  acute.        /.  nevadensis. 
Perianth  segments  pale,  obtuse.  /.  alpinus. 

Jtmcus  eflfusus  L.  Densely  tufted,  about  1  m.  high,  forming  tussocks'in 
swamps;  panicle  compound,  many-flowered;  perianth-segments  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  as  long  as  the  obovate  obtuse  capsules. 

A  polymorphic  species,  of  which  three  sub-species  occur  in  our  limits. 

Jiincus  effusus  pacificus  Fernald  &  Wiegand.  Panicle  loose;  perianth- 
segments  pale,  2.5-3.5  mm.  long. 

Everywhere  common  in  wet  ground. 

Juncus  effusus  hesperius  Piper.  Panicle  compact;  perianth  segments 
dark  brown,  2.4-2.9  mm.  long;  upper  sheath  loose,  membranous,  dull,  greenish- 
drab  above. 

Often  occurring  with  /.  effusus  pacificus  but  blooming  about  a  week 
earlier;  common  near  the  seacoast. 

Juncus  effusus  gracilis  Hook.     Very  similar  to  /.  effusus  hesperius   but 
upper  sheath  close,  coriaceous,  shiny,  usually  chestnut-colored. 
In  swamps,  not  common. 

Juncus  balticus  Willd.  Stems  erect,  terete,  naked,  30-60  cm.  tall,  from 
stout  horizontal  rootstocks;  leaves  consisting  only  of  sheaths;  panicle  appar- 


JUNCACEAE.  89  l 

ently  lateral,  the  elongated  bract  appearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  stem;  ; 

panicle  simple  or  compound,   1-10  cm.  long;  perianth  segments  lanceolate,  ' 

acute,  or  obtusish,  about  4  mm.  long,  usually  brown;  stamens  6;  capsule  ■ 

acutely    angled    and    short-beaked;    seeds    oblong,    the    surface    reticulated.  I 

Common  in  wet  places,  often  in  brackish  marshes.  ! 

Juncus  lescurii  Boland.     Stems  stout,   30-100  cm.   high,   naked;  flowers  j 

in  a  dense  panicle;  outer  perianth  segments  5-6  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  acumin-  j 

ate,  longer  than  the  obtuse  inner  ones;  capsule  not  beaked.  1 

In  drifting  sand  along  the  ocean  coast  from  Alaska  to  California.  \ 

Juncus  subtrifLorus  (Meyer)  Coville.     Tufted;  stems  slender,  10-25  cm.  ! 

high;  inner  leaf-blades  reduced  to  bristles;  bract  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  ! 

inflorescence;  perianth  segments  acute  or  acuminate,  brownish,  the  outer  ^ 

longer,  exceeding  the  brown  oblong  retuse  capsule. 

In  the  mountains  at  1500-2000  m.  altitude. 

Juncus  parryi  Engelm.     Densely  tufted;  stems  20-40  cm.  high;  inner  lea.i^t.'fa.d  M"^ ^ 
blades  not  reduced;  bract  much  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  perianth  segments  ,  «^^ 
brown,  acute,  the  outer  7  mm.  long,  slightly  exceeding  the  inner;  capsule  ' 

oblong,  acute,  exceeding  the  perianth. 

Growing   in   similar  situations   and   often  with   /.    suhtriflorus.     British 
Columbia  to  California  and  Colorado. 

Juncus   covillei   Piper.     Stems   low,    10-20   cm.   high;   leaves  flat,   pale;  "    \ 

panicle  small,  the  heads  3-5-flowered;  perianth  segments  brown  with  green  \ 

midvein,  shorter  than  the  capsule.  \ 

On  sandy  lake  shores,  Vancouver  Island  to  California.  j 

Juncus  falcatus  Meyer.     Stems  usually  10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  flat,  2-3 
mm.  wide;  flowers  crowded  into  a  single  globose  head,  or  rarely  2  or  3;  outer  ' 

perianth  segments  acuminate,  6  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  inner  obtuse  ones;  i 

capsule  oblong,  retuse.  i 

Along  the  coast,  Vancouver  Island  to  California.  ! 

Juncus  regelii  Buch.     Perennial,  stoloniferous,  pale  green;  stems  smooth  j 

or  minutely  scabrous,"  12-50  cm.  high,  erect;  leaves  flat,  1.5-2  mm.  broad;  \ 

head  solitary  or  sometimes  2  or  3,  globose,  many-flowered;  outer  perianth  seg-  | 

ments  lanceolate,  acute;  inner  ovate,  obtuse;  all  rough,  brown  with  pale  ] 
margins;  stamens  6;  capsule  longer  than  the  perianth;  seeds  linear,  tailed  at 

each  end.  \ 

In  springy  places  in  the  mountains,  Washington,  Oregon,  Idaho  and  Utah.  \ 

Juncus  bufonius  L.     Annual,  branching  from  the  base,  5-30  cm.  tall;  leaf 
blades  flat  or  involute,  slender;  flowers  loosely  scattered,  usually  on  but  one  ■; 

side  of  the  long  branches  of  the  panicle;  perianth  segments  pale,  scarious- 
margined,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  stamens  6;  capsule  narrowly  oblong,  with  a 
short  blunt  beak;  seeds  very  finely  reticulate.  .1 

Very  common  everywhere.  1 

Juncus   gerardi   Loisel.     Loosely  tufted,   30-60  cm.   high;   leaves  erect, 
usually  flat;  sheaths  covering  half  the  stem  or  more;  panicle  small,  rather  ; 

close,  2-7  cm.  long;  perianth  greenish-brown,  the  outer  segments  linear,  the 
inner  oval.  j 

Salt  marshes,  Vancouver  Island  and  adjacent  mainland,  Macoun.     Not  < 

otherwise  known  in  the  Pacific  coast  but  common  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  J 

Juncus  dudleyi  Wiegand.     Densely  tufted,  stiffly  erect,  30-50  cm.  high;  \ 

leaves  short,  usually  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  stems;  auricles  yellowish;  \ 

panicle  rather  close,  2-7  cm.  long;  perianth  segments  spreading,  pale,  4-5  mm.  *. 

long,  slightly  exceeding  the  1-celled  ovoid  capsule.  \ 

Cape  Horn,  Columbia  River,  Suksdorf.     Easily  distinguished  by  the  cartil-  j 

aginous  auricles.  i 


90  JUNCACEAE. 

Jtmcus  tentiis  Willd.  Densely  tufted,  15-30  cm,  tall;  leaves  flat  or  some- 
what involute,  narrow,  shorter  than  the  stems;  auricles  whitish,  1-1.5  mm.  long; 
panicle  loose,  seldom  exceeded  by  the  slender  bract ;  perianth  segments  spread- 
ing, lanceolate,  pale,  3-4  mm.  long;  capsule  ovoid,  thin-walled,  round  at  the 
apex,  1-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae;  seeds  minutely  reticulate. 

In  moist  places,  common. 

Juncus  occidentalis  (Coville)  Wiegand.  In  habit  like  /.  tenuis,  but  stouter; 
panicles  denser,  sometimes  glomerate;  perianth  yellowish,  the  segments  erect, 
4-5  mm.  long;  capsule  ovoid,  the  walls  firm. 

Rare  in  our  limits.     Victoria,  Macoun;  Coupeville,  Washington,  Gardner. 

Juncus  ox3rmeris  Engelm.  Stems  flattened  and  two-edged,  60-100  cm. 
high,  from  stout  rootstocks;  leaves  5-8  mm.  broad;  panicle  compound,  loose, 
8-20  cm.  long;  perianth  segments  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  pale,  shorter 
than  the  capsule;  stamens  6. 

In  marshy  places,  not  common.     Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

/^ /^J-^/v"-^      Juncus  ensifolius  Wiks.     Rootstocks  thick,  creeping;  stems  leafy,  15-30 
,t„.>r.A^  ttJL^  cm.  high;  heads  few,  globose,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black;  perianth  segments 

lanceolate,  acuminate,  3  mm.  long;   stamens  3,  rarely  6;    capsule  3-angled, 

acute,  barely  exceeding  the  perianth. 
Very  common,  Alaska  to  Calitornia. 

Juncus  ensifolius  major  Hook.     Differs  from  the  species  in  being  larger, 
30-^0  cm.  high,  and  in  bearing  more  numerous  smaller  pale  brown  heads. 
Common  in  wet  places. 

Juncus  supiniformis  Engelm.  Tufted,  with  very  short  rhizomes;  stems 
many,  3-10  cm.  high,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  leaves  septate,  very  narrow, 
terete  or  somewhat  compressed,  the  floating  ones  very  slender,  the  emersed 
ones  erect,  rigid;  heads  several,  2-5-flowered,  umbellate;  perianth  segments 
greenish  or  purplish,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  equal  in  length;  stamens  3; 
capsules  3-angled,  mucronate,  longer  than  the  perianth. 

In  water,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun,  and  northern  California. 

Juncus  acuminatus  Michx.  Stems  tufted,  30-60  cm.  tall;  stem  leaves 
1-3,  with  prominent  partitions;  panicle  loose,  with  ascending  stout  stiff 
branches;  heads  pale,  5-20-flowered ;  perianth  segments  subequal,  lanceolate- 
subulate,  shorter  than  the  acute  capsule;  stamens  3. 

Rare  in  our  limits,  but  widely  spread,  British  Columbia  to  Maine  and  south- 
ward to  Oregon  and  Georgia. 

Juncus  bolanderi  Engelm.  Stems  60-100  cm.  high;  leaves  not  flattened, 
the  ligules  very  large;  heads  few,  subglobose,  9-12  mm.  in  diameter,  many- 
flowered;  perianth  brown,  the  segments  subequal,  narrow  and  aristate,  2.5-3.5 
mm.  long;  stamens  3;  capsule  obtuse,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  perianth. 

Vancouver  Island  to  northern  California,  near  the  coast,  rather  rare. 

Juncus  torrejri  Coville.  Stems  20-80  cm.  high,  bearing  2  or  3  slender  leaves; 
flowers  crowded  into  1-20  pale  heads,  each  10-15  mm.  in  diameter;  perianth 
segments  subulate,  the  outer  longest. 

Very  rare  in  our  limits.     Coupeville,  Washington,  Gardner. 

AiX  A^U^*'**^  Juncus  mertensianus  Bong.  Stems  terete,  weak,  crowded,  10-30  cm. 
•  high,  from  short  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  5-15  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide; 
^  ^A^>nrv^  ijgyj^g  scarious;  heads  solitary,  globose,  dark  brown,  about  1  cm.  broad; 
k^ff-uA-  '*'^**A'-perianth  segments  lanceolate,  acuminate,  3  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  obtuse 
OCrf  U*-^     capsule. 

In  the  mountains  at  1500-2500  m.  elevation,  common. 


JUNCACEAE.  91 

Juncus  oreganus  Wats.  Stems  slender,  spreading,  15-20  cm.  high;  panicle 
loose;  flowers  in  small  heads;  perianth  segments  chestnut-brown,  with  green 
midrib,  the  outer  acute,  the  inner  rather  obtuse  and  a  little  longer;  stamens  6; 
capsule  brown,  acute  and  mucronate,  exceeding  the  perianth. 

In  bogs  along  the  coast,  rare.  Ilwaco,  Piper,  Henderson;  Seattle,  Frye; 
International  Boundary,  Lyall;  Sproat  Lake,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun. 

Juncus  nevadensis  Wats.  Loosely  tufted;  stems  slender,  10-40  cm.  high, 
much  exceeding  the  leaves;  lowest  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths,  the  others  with 
terete  septate  blades;  cauline  leaves  1  or  2;  inflorescence  umbellate,  the  hemi- 
spherical heads  3-10-flowered;  perianth  segments  pale  brown,  equal,  lanceolate, 
acute  or  mucronate,  the  inner  hyaline-margined,  4  mm.  long;  stamens  6; 
capsule  3-angled,  mucronate,  shorter  than  the  perianth. 

Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

Juncus  alpinus  afifinis  (R.  Br.)  Aschers.  &  Graebn.  (/.  richardsonianus 
Schult.)  Stems  erect,  15^0  cm.  high,  bearing  1  or  2  leaves;  leaves  terete, 
with  conspicuous  internal  cross  partitions;  panicle  sparse,  the  straight  branches 
bearing  scattered  heads  of  3-12  flowers;  perianth  segments  pale  green  the  outer 
longer  than  the  obtuse  inner  ones;  capsule  acute,  longer  than  the  perianth. 

Shores  of  lakes  and  streams,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun;  Whatcom  County, 
Washington,  Gardner,  Suksdo/f. 

106.     JUNCOIDES.    Wood  Rush. 

Perennial,  with  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  herbage; 
stems  leaf-bearing;  leaf  sheaths  with  united  margins;  blades 
grass-like;  inflorescence  umbellate,  paniculate  or  congested  into 
head-like  clusters;  flowers  always  bracteolate;  ovary  1 -celled 
with  3  basal  ovules. 

Flowers  congested  into  i-several  spike-like  or  head-like  clus- 
ters. 
Inflorescence  nodding,  nearly  always  of  a  single  spike-like 

cluster.  /.  spicatum. 

Inflorescence  erect,  of  2-12  globose  or  oblong  clusters. 
Spikes  loosely  flowered,  solitary  or  few,  in  a  narrow  pan- 
icle. /.  subsessile. 
Spikes  densely  flowered,  several  to  many,  umbellate.     /.  campestre. 
Flowers  in  clusters  of  2  or  3  or  solitary  in  an  open  panicle. 
Leaves  10-12  mm.  broad;  perianth  brown,  3-3.5  mm. 

long.  /.  glabratum. 

Leaves  6-8  or  10  mm.  broad;  perianth  1.5-2.5  mm.  long. 

Panicle  rays  divaricate;  leaves  without  pilose  hairs.    _      /.  divaricatum. 
Panicle  rays  drooping;  leaves  with  a  few  pilose  hairs 
at  base. 
Flowers  and  capsules  pale  green;  leaves  thin,  shin- 
ing; seeds  brown,  ellipsoid.  /.  parviflorum. 
Flowers  and  capsules  dark  brown;  leaves  thick, 

dull;  seeds  yellow,  constricted  at  each  end.  /.  majus. 

Juncoides  spicatimi  (L.)  Kuntze.  Tufted;  stems  10-40  cm.  high;  leaves 
narrow,  folded,  sparsely  villous;  perianth  segments  acuminate,  brown  with 
hyaline  margins;  capsule  acute,  shorter  than  the  perianth. 

In  the  mountains  at  high  elevations. 

Juncoides  subsessile  (Wats.)  Piper  n.  comb.  {Luzula  comosa  suhsessilis 
Wats.)     Loosely  tufted;  stems  suberect,   10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  3-4  mm. 


92  JUNCACEAE. 

broad;  inflorescence  narrow,  erect,  the  lowest  spike  often    long-peduncled; 
bracts  ciliate,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  inflorescence;  perianth    segments 
lanceolate,  acute,  subequal,  3-3.5  mm,  long,  brown  with  scarious  margins, 
the  inner  slightly  broader  and  tridentate-mucronate  at  apex. 
Known  from  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun,  and  California. 

^"juncoides  campestre  (L.)  Kuntze.  Stems  tufted,  15-40  cm.  tall,  the 
whole  plant  loosely  villous;  leaves  flat,  2-5  mm.  broad,  5-15  cm.  long;  flowers 
in  short  spikes,  these  cymose;  longest  bract  usually  exceeding  the  inflorescence; 
spikes  oblong,  5-15  mm.  long,  on  peduncles  1-5  cm.  long,  erect  or  nodding; 
perianth  segments  straw-colored  or  brownish,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  3  mm. 
long;  capsules  obtuse,  short-beaked,  equalling  the  perianth. 

Common  in  open  woods;  a  widespread  and  very  variable  species.  The 
following  subspecies  occur  in  our  limits. 

Juncoides  campestre  comostun  (Meyer)  Kuntze.  Inflorescence  usually 
loose;  spikes  elongate;  perianth  segments  3-4.5  mm.  long,  as  long  as  the  cap- 
sule; bracts  ciliate. 

In  open  woods. 

Juncoides  campestre  congesttmi  (Thuill.)  Piper  n.  comb.  (/.  congestum 
Thuill.)  Inflorescence  dense,  the  heads  congested;  perianth  3.5-4  mm.  long, 
much  exceeding  the  capsule. 

In  open  woods. 

Juncoides  campestre  multiflonmi  (Ehrh.)  Sheldon.  Inflorescence  of  several 
subglobose  heads;  perianth  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  pale  brown,  usually  a  little 
longer  than  the  capsule. 

Common  in  open  woods. 

Mt  AtUy^"^  Jimcoides  glabratum  (Hoppe)  Sheldon.  Glabrous  throughout;  stems 
JYll  np^'p^  30-50  cm.  high,  from  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  dark  green,  flat,  10-20  cm. 
b;  -V^^^  long,  10-12  mm.  broad,  acute;  panicle  loose  and  nodding;  bracts  small;  perianth 
''yv*"'^*^/^  segments  dark  brown,  lance-ovate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  apiculate  nearly 

black  capsule. 

In  open  woods  at  moderate  elevations  in  the  mountains,   greedily  eaten 

by  horses. 

Jimcoides  divaricatum  (Wats.)  Coville.  Tufted;  stems  15-30  cm.  high; 
leaves  flat;  panicle  loose,  broadly  pyramidal,  stiff;  perianth  segments  brownish, 
shorter  than  the  capsule. 

At  high  elevations.  Mount  St.  Helens  and  southward.  Considered  by 
Buchenau  to  be  a  subspecies  of  J.  spadiceum. 

Jimcoides  parviflonmi  (Ehrh.)  Coville.  Very  similar  to  /.  glabratum  but 
taller  and  more  slender;  leaves  usually  with  a  few  long  hairs  at  base;  panicle 
very  loose;  perianth  segments  straw-colored,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  hardly 
equalling  the  straw-colored  capsule. 

In  moist  places,  very  common. 

Jimcoides  majus  (Hook.)  Piper  n.  comb.  (Juncoides piperi Coville;  Luzula 
arcuata  major  Hook.)  Densely  tufted,  10-35  cm.  high;  leaves  pale,  firm,  flat 
or  revolute,  2-4  mm.  broad;  perianth  segments  acute,  shorter  than  the  capsule. 

At  high  elevations  in  the  mountains.  British  Columbia  to  Idaho  and 
Oregon. 

Family  22.     LILIACEAE.     Lily  Family. 

Terrestrial  herbs  or  sometimes  woody  plants;  stems  usually 
from  bulbs,  corms,  or  more  or  less  thickened  rootstocks;  flowers 


LILIACEAE. 


93 


mostly  perfect,  regular;  perianth  not  glumaceous,  of  6  separate 
or  united  segments  free  from  the  ovary;  stamens  6,  opposite 
the  perianth-segments;  ovary  3-celled;  fruit  a  few  to  many- 
seeded  3-celled  capsule  or  berry. 


Plants  with  bulbs  or  corms. 
Flowers  in  umbels. 

Perianth-lobes  united,  funnelform;  stamens 

on  the  throat. 
Perianth-lobes  not  at  all  or  but  slightly 
united ;  stamens  on  the  bases  of  the  lobes. 
Flowers  solitary,  or  in  racemes,  cymes,  or  pan- 
icles. 
Perianth-segments  unlike,  the   outer  nar- 
rower. 
Perianth-segments  all  alike  or  nearly  so. 
Leaves  or  some  of  them  on  the  stem. 
Bulbs  scaly;  anthers  versatile. 

Nectary  a  linear  groove;  perianth 

not  campanulate. 
Nectary  a  shallow  pit;  perianth 
campanulate. 
Bulbs  corm-like;    anthers  not  ver- 
satile. 
Leaves  only  two,  rather  broad. 
Leaves  several,   narrow,  grass- 
like. 
Leaves  all  linear,  basal. 

Flowers  large,  blue  or  white. 
Flowers     small,    greenish-white     or 
purplish. 
Flowers  erect;  perianth-segments 

gland-bearing  at  base. 
Flowers     nodding;     perianth- 
segments  glandless. 
Plants  with  rootstocks. 

Leaves   reduced   to   scales;   branches   thread- 
like, green. 
Leaves  not  reduced  to  scales;  branches  normal. 
Leaves  all  basal. 
Leaves  equitant. 
Leaves  not  equitant. 
Leaves  cauline,  at  least  in  part. 

Leaves   in   whorls  of  three   below  the 

flower. 
Leaves  not  in  whorls. 
Leaves  opposite. 
Leaves  alternate. 
Flowers  axillary. 
Perianth  rotate. 
Perianth  narrowly  campanu- 
late. 
Flowers  terminal. 

Leaves  linear,  rigid. 
Leaves  broader,  not  rigid. 
Flowers  umbelled  or  soli- 
tary terminal. 


107. 


108. 


HOOKERA,  94. 

Allium,  95. 


109.  Calochortus,  96. 

110.  LiLiuM,  96. 

111.  Fritillaria,  97. 

112.  Erythronium,  97. 

113.  Lloydia,  98. 

114.  QUAMASIA,  98. 

115.  ZiGADENUS,  99. 

116.  Stenanthium,  99. 

117.  Asparagus,  99. 


118. 
119. 


120. 
121. 


122. 


123. 
124. 


Tofieldia,  100. 
Clintonia,  100. 


Trillium,  100. 
scoliopus,  101. 

Kruhsea,  101. 
Streptopus,  101. 
Xerophyllum.  102. 


125.  DispoRUM,  102. 


94 


LILIACEAE. 


Flowers  racemed  or  panic- 
led. 
Flowers   polygamous 
or    monoecious, 
rather  large. 
Flowers  perfect,  small. 
Perianth-segments 

6. 
Perianth-segments 
4. 


126.  Veratrum,  103. 

127.  Vagnera,  103. 

128.  Unifolium,  104. 


107.     HOOKERA. 

Usually  erect  scapose  herbs  from  a  membranous-coated  corm ; 
leaves  linear;  inflorescence  a  several-bracted  umbel  of  few  to 
many  flowers  on  jointed  pedicels;  perianth  funnel-form  not 
contracted  at  the  throat,  blue,  purple,  yellow  or  white,  the  seg- 
ments united;  stamens  3,  on  the  throat  opposite  the  inner  lobes 
and  alternate  to  the  sterile  stamens,  or  6  in  one  or  two  rows; 
ovary  stalked  or  sessile,  3-celled,  each  cavity  containing  3-8 
seeds. 


Anther-bearing  stamens  3. 

Flowers  in  umbels,  long-pedicelled. 
Flowers  nearly  sessile,  in  a  very  short  raceme. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  6. 

Stamens  in  one  row;  flowers  whitish. 
Stamens  in  two  rows;  flowers  blue  or  purplish. 
Filaments  of  inner  stamens  narrow. 
Filaments  of  inner  stamens'broad. 


H.  coronaria. 
H.  pulchella. 

H.  hyacinthina. 

H.  douglasii. 
H.  howellii. 


Hookera  coronaria  Salisb.  Scapes  10-20  cm.  high,  about  as  long  as  the 
narrow  leaves;  umbel  with  elongate  spreading  unequal  rays;  flowers  deep  blue, 
2-4  cm.  long;  sterile  stamens  flat,  erect,  white,  entire. 

In  gravelly  prairies,  Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

Hookera  pulchella  Salisb.  Scapes  60-100  cm.  high,  much  exceeding  the 
keeled  glaucous  leaves;  flowers  purple-blue,  in  a  dense  often  elongated  cluster; 
sterile  stamens  deeply  cleft. 

In  dry  prairies,  Washington  to  California. 

Hookera  hyacinthina  (Lindl.)  Kuntze.  Scapes  30-70  cm.  tall;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  stem,  5-8  mm.  broad;  flowers  numerous; 
perianth  open-campanulate,  white,  each  lobe  with  a  green  midvcin,  the  tube 
about  half  as  long  as  the  lobes;  stamens  in  one  row,  the  filaments  broadly 
dilated,  equal;  capsule  subglobose. 

In  low  meadows,  Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

Hookera  douglasii  (Wats.)  Piper.  Wild  Hyacinth.  Scape  tall;  corm 
globose,  the  outer  coats  coarsely  fibrous;  leaves  2  or  3,  shorter  than  the 
stem,  2-4  mm,  broad;  flowers  blue,  usually  numerous,  in  a  dense  umbel; 
pedicels  2-30  mm.  long;  perianth  tubular-campanulate,  2-3  cm.  long,  the 
tube  longer  than  the  lobes;  stamens  in  two  rows,  the  upper  and  longer  ones 
on  the  petals;  filaments  naked;  capsule  oblong-ovoid,  short-stipitate. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Victoria,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun.  Common  east  of 
the  Cascade  Mountains  to  Wyoming  and  Utah. 


LILIACEAE,.  95 

Hookera  howellii  (Wats.)  Piper.  Scapes  30-90  cm.  tall,  much  exceeding 
the  leaves;  flowers  blue,  in  a  rather  loose  umbei;  stamens  6,  in  2  rows,  the  fila- 
ments of  the  inner  ones  dilated. 

In  open  prairies;  a  rare  species  found  originally  in  Klickitat  County, 
Washington.     Whidby  Island,  Gardner;  Tacoma  Flett. 

108.     ALLIUM.     Onion. 

Pungent  herbs  with  the  characteristic  odor  of  the  onion,  the 
leaves  and  usually  scapose  erect  stem  from  a  coated  bulb ;  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  or  rarely  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sheathing;  in- 
florescence a  terminal  simple  umbel,  in  the  axils  of  2  or  3  mem- 
branous, separate  or  united  bracts;  pedicels  slender,  not  jointed; 
flowers  white  or  pink;  perianth-segments  6,  separate  or  united 
by  their  very  bases;  stamens  6,  one  on  the  base  of  each  perianth- 
segment;  ovary  sessile  or  nearly  so,  completely  or  incompletely 
3-celled;  ovules  1-6  in  each  cavity. 

Bulbs  oblong,  cespitose,  more  or  less  rhizomatous. 

Rhizome  stout;  flowers  erect.  A.  validum. 

Rhizome  scarcely  develof)ed;  flowers  nodding.  A.  cernuum. 

Bulbs  globose  to  ovoid,  loosely  cespitose  or  solitary,  not  rhi- 
zomatous. 
Bulb  coats  fibrous,  A.  geyeri. 

Bulb  coats  not  fibrous,  usually  reticulate. 

Leaves    flat,    rather    broad;    reticulations    wanting; 

scape  flattened,  with  crenulate  edges.  A.  crenulatum. 

Leaves    narrow;    reticulations    polygonal,    distinct; 

scape  terete.  A .  acuminatum. 

Allium  validum  Wats.  Bulb  on  the  tip  of  a  stout  elongated  horizontal 
rhizome;  scape  25-60  cm.  tall,  angled  below,  2-edged  above;  leaves  nearly 
flat,  5-20  mm.  broad,  about  equaUing  the  scape;  umbel  dense;  flowers  a  deep 
rose-color;  perianth-segments  6-8  mm.  long,  narrow,  acuminate. 

In  wet  mountain  meadows,  Washington  to  California  and  Nevada.  Mount 
Rainier,  Flett. 

Allitmi  cemuum  Roth.  Bulbs  elongated,  often  clustered  on  a  short 
rhizome;  leaves  several,  flat  or  channelled,  2-8  mm.  broad;  scapes  20-40  cm. 
high,  usually  exceeding  the  leaves;  umbel  loose,  the  pink  flowers  on  nodding 
pedicels;  perianth-segments  4-6  mm.  long,  acute. 

Common  on  rocks. 

Allitmi  geyeri  Wats.  Stems  slender,  15-30  cm.  tall;  bulbs  elongate,  the 
coats  fibrous;  leaves  2-4,  slender,  blunt,  10-20  cm.  long;  flowers  a  pale  rose- 
color;  bracts  broad;  perianth  segments  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate;  ovary 
crested. 

Vancouver  Island,  Macoun.     Common  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Allium  crenulatum  Wiegand.  Bulbs  globose  or  ovoid,  the  coats  not 
reticulated;  leaves  flat,  curved,  5-10  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide;  scape  flattened, 
with  margined  often  crenulate  edges,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  umbel  small, 
the  flowers  deep  red;  perianth  segments  lanceolate,  acute. 

At  high  altitudes,  in  the  Olympic  Mountains,  Piper,  Flett.  Perhaps  only 
a  form  of  A.  tolmiei  Baker. 

Allium  acuminatum  Hook.  Stems  10-20  cm.  tall;  bulbs  globose,  the 
outer  coats  finely  reticulate;  leaves  terete,  narrow,  shorter  than  the  stem; 


96  LILIACEAE.  ; 

flowers  many,  pink,  on  pedicels  2-3  cm.  long;  perianth  segments  ovate,  acum-       ■ 

inate,  10-12  mm.  long;  ovary  only  obscurely  crested.  1 

In  stony  open  places,  British  Columbia  to  California  and  Utah.  i 

109.    CALOCHORTUS.    Mariposa  Lily.  j 

Branched  or  simple  herbs  with  coated  corms;  leaves  narrowly  ] 

linear;  flowers  large,  showy,  peduncled;  perianth-segments  sepa-  ' 

rate,  spreading,  whitish,  purplish  or  variegated,  the  three  outer  | 

sepal-like,  narrow,  the  three  inner  petal-like,  gland-bearing,  and  ' 

bearded  or  spotted  within;  stamens  6,  hypogynous;  ovary  3-  ! 
celled;  ovules  numerous. 

Sepals  each  with  a  conspicuous  pit  at  base;  anthers  apiculate.  ; 

Pit  round;  anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments.  C.  subalpinus.  ^■ 

Pit  linear;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments.  C.  lobbii.  ] 

Sepals  without  a  pit  at  base;  anthers  acute.  ! 

Gland  of  each  petal  covered  by  a  scale.  C.  purdyi.  ' 

Gland  of  each  petal  naked.  _    ,  C.  tolmiei. 

^<f,  -MQchortugj^ubalpinus  Piper.     Stems flexuous,  15-20 cm.  high; leaf  3-8  mm.  W 
^^^^-^^'i^ide;  sepals  lance-ovate  with  a  conspicuous  round  purple  pit  at  base;  petals  )o^ 
A^.  cream-colored,  sparsely  bearded,  except  near  the  tip,  the  gland  bordered  above  «*^ 

by  a  narrow  entire  scale;  anthers  long-apiculate,  equalling  or  longer  tJian  the  ^^ 
filaments.  >>f»*wX*,,  j^  m^*»X . 

In  subalpine  meadows,  Mount  Adams  and  southward.  i 


t/Zir 


Calochortus  lobbii  (Baker)  Purdy.  Very  similar  to  C.  subalpinus;  pit 
at  base  of  each  sepal  linear;  petals  bearded  to  the  tip;  anthers  apiculate,  shorter 
than   the   filaments. 

Cascade  Mountains  of  Oregon;  perhaps  not  distinct  from   C.  subalpinus. 

Calochortus  purdyi  Eastwood.  Stems  20-40  cm.  tall,  usually  branched; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  flat,  10-12  mm.  broad;  sepals  narrowly  ovate,  acumin- 
ate; petals  broadly  obovate,  dirty- white  or  purple-tinged,  bearded  on  the 
inner  surface,  the  shallow  honey-pit  covered  by  a  densely  hairy  narrow  scale. 

In  grassy  meadows,  rare.  Seattle,  Piper,  and  in  the  Willamette  Valley, 
Oregon. 

Calochortus  tolmiei  Hook.  &  Arn.  Stems  about  30  cm.  high,  simple  or 
branched;  leaves  10-12  mm.  broad;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate; 
petals  yellowish,  tinged  with  purple,  bearded,  the  deep  gland  near  the  base 
without  a  scale,  but  bordered  above  by  a  fringe  of  reflexed  hairs;  anthers  acute. 

Willamette  Valley,  Oregon.  It  is  not  clear  that  C.  tolmiei  and  C.  purdyi 
are  really  distinct. 

110.  J^ILIUM. 

Perennial  herbs  with  scaly  bulbs  and  simple  stems  with  numer- 
ous alternate  or  whorled  narrow  sessile  leaves;  flowers  one  to 
several,  large,  showy,  erect  or  nodding;  perianth  funnelform  or 
bell-shaped,  the  6  segments  spreading  or  recurved;  anthers 
linear,  versatile;  style  elongated;  stigma  3-lobed;  capsule  sub- 
cylindric;  seeds  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

Flowers  orange  with  purplish  dots.  L.  columbianum. 

Flowers  white,  becoming  purplish.  L.  washingtonianum. 


LILIACEAE.  97 

'^'^       Lilium  columbianum  Hanson.     (L.  parviflorum  (Hook.)  Holzinger.) 

X       Stems  .3U-iUU  cm.  high;  leaves  oblanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  mostly  in  whorls; 

flowers  one  or  several,  on  curved  or  spreading  pedicels;  perianth  segments 

orange,  with  numerous  purple-brown  spots. 
Frequent  in  open  woods  and  meadows. 

r^'^      Lilium  washingtonianmn  Kellogg.     Stems  1-2  m.  tall;  leaves  oblanceolate, 
■^^^cute,  5-12  cm.  long,  mostly  in  whorls  of  6-12;  flowers  white,  becoming  pur- 
"■^jplish,  2-20  in  a  raceme;  perianth-segments  clawed,  7-10  cm.  long. 
-f*^'      From  the  Columbia   River  southward. 

111.   FRITILLARIA. 

Bulbous  herbs;  stems  simple,  leafy;  inflorescence  of  rather 
large  nodding  solitary  or  racemed  leafy-bracted  flowers;  perianth 
mostly  campanulate,  of  6  separate  and  nearly  equal  oblong  or 
ovate  segments,  each  with  a  nectar-pit  or  spot  at  the  base; 
stamens  6,  hypogynous;  ovary  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  3-celled; 
ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity. 

Capsules  acutely  angled;  flowers  much  mottled.  7^.  lanceolata. 

Capsules  obtusely  angled;  flowers  obscurely  mottled.  F.  camtschatcensis. 

Fritillaria  lanceolata  Pursh.  Stems  30-90  cm.  tall,  glaucous;  leaves  in 
two  or  three  whorls  of  4-6,  lanceolate,  sessile,  5-12  cm.  long;  flowers  1-6, 
brown-purple  with  greenish-yellow  spots;  segments  oblong-lanceolate;  nec- 
taries conspicuous;  capsule  2-3  cm.  long,  with  6  broad  wings. 

On  open  banks  and  prairies,  Vancouver  Island  to  California,  eastward  to 
Idaho. 

Fritillaria  camtschatcensis  (L.)  Ker-Gawl.  Indian  Rice.  Much  like 
F.  lanceolata,  the  leaves  rather  broader;  flowers  often  numerous;  nerves  of  the 
sepals  broadened  into  lamellae  which  bear  scattered  glands;  capsule  obtusely 
5-angled. 

Alaska  to  northern  Washington,  near  the  coast.  The  small  bulblets  are 
numerous  and  resemble  rice-grains.     They  are  eaten  by  the  Alaska  Indians. 

112.   ERYTHRONIUM.     Adder's  Tongue. 

Low  herbs,  from  deep  membranous-coated  corms;  stem  simple; 
leaves  but  one  pair,  broad  or  narrow,  usually  below  the  middle 
of  the  stem  where  it  rises  from  the  ground  and  thus  appearing 
basal;  flowers  large,  nodding,  bractless,  solitary  or  several; 
perianth-segments  separate,  lanceolate,  oblong  or  oblanceolate; 
stamens  6,  hypogynous,  shorter  than  the  perianth;  ovary  sessile, 
3-celled ;  ovules  numerous  or  several  in  each  cavity. 

Leaves  mottled;  perianth-segments  narrow,  cream-colored.  E.  giganteum. 
Leaves  not  mottled. 

Perianth-segments  broad,  white.  E.  montanum. 

Perianth-segments  narrow,  yellow.  E.  parviflorum. 

Erythronitmi  giganteum  Lindl.  Leaves  lanceolate,  usually  broad,  beauti- 
fully brown  mottled ;  perianth  segments  cream-colored  or  nearly  white,  narrowly 
lanceolate,  strongly  recurved,  each  with  a  yellow  and  orange  spot  at  the  base. 

In  open  meadows  and  prairies,  Vancouver  Island  to  Oregon.     E.  revolutum 
Smith  is  an  older  name  for  probably  the  same  plant. 
8 


98  LILIACEAE. 

*,  Ftft4*-  /^»»/<r**KrYthroniuni  montanmn  ^Wats.^  Leaves  broadly  lanceolate  or  ovate, 
r  j^-^^rii^  usually  abruptly  narrowed  at 'base,  not  mottled;  perianth-segments  broadly 
3  //^  lanceolate,  white,  little  recurved,  each  with  an  orange  spot  at  base. 

'^^  Common  in  alpine  meadows  of  Washington  and  Oregon. 

Erythronium  parviflorum  (Wats.)  Goodding.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
not  mottled;  perianth-segments  becoming  recurved,  bright  yellow,  with  a 
pale  spot  at  the  base  of  each;  anthers  white. 

In  subalpine  meadows,  British  Columbia  to  Oregon  and  Colorado. 

113.   LLOYDIA. 

Low  perennial  herbs  with  slender  coated  bulbs  and  grass-like 
leaves;  flowers  small,  white;  perianth  funnelform,  the  segments 
lanceolate,  recurved;  style  short,  entire;  capsule  obovoid,  with 
small  oblong  seeds. 

Lloydia  serotina  (L.)  Sweet.  Stems  5-12  cm.  high;  leaves  very  narrow, 
linear,  equalling  the  stem;  flower  usually  solitary;  perianth  segments  oblan- 
ceolate,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  white. 

High  mountains,  rare.  Tami  Hy  Mountain,  Macoun;  Mount  Baker, 
Flett:  Olympic  Mountains,  Flett,   Conard. 

114.    QUAMASIA.     Camas. 

Scapose  herbs,  with  membranous-coated  edible  bulbs;  leaves 
linear,  basal;  inflorescence  a  terminal  raceme;  flowers  large,  blue 
or  white,  bracted;  pedicels  jointed  at  the  base  of  the  flower; 
perianth-segments  6,  separate,  equal,  spreading,  persistent,  1-9- 
nerved;  stamens  at  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments;  ovary 
3-celled,  sessile;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity. 

Perianth-segments  narrowly  lanceolate,  irregular,  one  turning 
downward,  the  other  upward,  each  twisting  separately  after 
blooming.  Q.  quamash. 

Perianth-segments  broader,  regularly  disposed,  connivent  and 

twisting  together  after  blooming.  Q.  leichtlinii. 

Quamasia  quamash  (Pursh)  Coville.  Scape  stout,  30-70  cm.  tall;  leaves 
several,  mostly  shorter  than  the  stem,  5-10  mm.  broad,  sometimes  glau- 
cous; raceme  elongated,  10-30-fiowered,  the  pedicels  short;  bracts  narrowly 
lanceolate,  about  equalling  the  flowers;  flowers  dark  blue  or  rarely  white; 
perianth-segments  unequally  spreading,  lanceolate,  acute,  2  cm.  long,  all  3- 
nerved,  all  5-nerved  or  alternately  3-  and  5-nerved;  capsule  oblong-ovate, 
somewhat  3-angled,  10-12  mm.  long;  seeds  black,  shining. 

In  wet  meadows;  the  bulbs  used  by  the  Indians  as  food. 

Quamasia  leichtlinii  (Baker)  Coville.  {Q.  azurea  Heller).  Very  similar 
to  Q.  quamash;  perianth  segments  cream-colored  or  bright  blue,  regular, 
2-3.5  cm.  long,  becoming  connivent  and  inter-twisted  in  age  and  falling  to- 
gether, all  3-nerved,  5-nerved,  or  7-nerved  or  alternately  3  and  5  or  5  and 
7-nerved;  capsule  rather  sharply  3-angled,  15  mm.  long. 

In  grassy  meadows,  Vancouver  Island  to  California.  Typical  Q.  leicht- 
linii has  cream-colored  flowers,  while  the  original  specimens  of  Q.  azurea  are 
blue-flowered,  but  both  color  forms  occur  growing  together.  The  bulbs 
are   edible. 


LILIACEAE.  99 

115.   ZIGADENUS. 

Glabrous  erect  perennial  herbs  from  coated  bulbs  each  crowning 
a  very  short  rhizome,  and  with  leafy  stems;  leaves  linear;  inflo- 
rescence a  terminal  panicle  or  raceme ;  flowers  perfect  or  polyga- 
mous, greenish,  yellowish  or  white;  perianth-segments  lanceolate 
or  ovate,  separate  or  united  below,  sometimes  adnate  to  the 
lower  part  of  the  ovary,  each  with  one  or  two  glands  or  a  spot 
just  above  the  narrowed  base;  stamens  free  from  the  perianth- 
segments,  about  equalling  them  in  length;  ovary  3-celled;  ovules 
several  or  numerous  in  each  cavity. 

Petals  8-10  mm.  long;  gland  obcordate.  Z.  elegans. 
Petals  6-8  mm.  long;  gland  obovate. 

Inflorescence  racemose;  petals  obtuse.  Z.  venenosus. 

Inflorescence  paniculate;  petals  acute.  Z.  paniculatus. 

Zigadenus  elegans  Pursh.  Stems  15-60  cm.  tall;  leaves  flat,  4-12  mm. 
wide,  very  glaucous;  flowers  greenish,  panicled;  perianth  segments  lanceolate, 
short-clawed,  8-10  mm.  long,  united  to  the  base  of  the  ovary. 

In  the  mountains,  rare  in  our  limits.     Olympic  Mountains,  Flett, 

Zigadenus  venenosus  Wats.  Death  Camas.  Stems  30-50  cm.  tall,  from 
ovoid,  dark-coated  bulbs;  leaves  several,  linear,  keeled,  3-5  mm.  broad,  shorter 
than  the  stems;  raceme  many-flowered,  5-10  cm.  long,  much  longer  in  fruit; 
flowers  yellowish,  on  pedicels  5-10  mm.  long;  bracts  awl-shaped;  perianth- 
segments  clawed,  elliptical,  the  blade  obtuse;  nectaries  with  thick  margins. 

Common  in  meadows  and  in  hillsides,  Vancouver  Island  to  California. 
Bulbs  poisonous. 

Zigadenus  paniculatus  Wats.  Similar  to  Z.  venenosus  but  stouter  and  often 
taller;  bulb  larger,  often  elongate;  leaves  6-15  mm.  broad,  usually  all  sheathing; 
panicle  many-flowered;  flowers  whitish;  perianth  segments  deltoid-ovate, 
acute,  abruptly  narrowed  to  the  claw;  nectary  not  definitely  margined. 

A  plant  of  the  sage  brush  region;  rare  in  our  limits.  Admiralty  Head, 
Whidby  Island,  0.  A.  Piper. 

116.   STENANTHIUM. 

Smooth  perennial  herbs;  stem  leafy  from  a  bulbous  base; 
leaves  long  and  grass-like;  flowers  numerous,  small,  in  a  long 
terminal  panicle;  perianth  spreading,  the  segments  long,  lanceol- 
ate and  adhering  to  the  base  of  the  ovary;  stamens  short;  seeds 
nearly  wingless. 

Stenanthium  occidentale  Gray.  Bulb  oblong-ovoid;  stems  15-40  cm. 
high ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  stem ;  flowers  greenish 
or  more  commonly  purplish-brown,  nodding,  in  a  simple  or  branched  raceme; 
perianth  segments  lanceolate,  acuminate,  recurved  at  the  tip,  12-16  mm.  long. 

In  the  mountains,  rare. 

117.   ASPARAGUS^ 

Perennial  herbs  or  half-shrubs  with  much  branched  stems  from 
thick  matted  rootstocks;  leaves  reduced  to  scales,  the  upper  ones 


lOO  LILIACEAE. 

bearing  in  their  axils  thread-like  branchlets  which  function  as 
leaves;  flowers  small,  axillary;  perianth-segments  separate  or 
united  at  the  base;  stamens  6,  on  the  base  of  the  perianth-seg- 
ments; fruit  a  spherical  1-many-seeded  berry. 

Asparagus  officinalis  L.  Stem  erect,  with  spreading  branches,  1-2  m. 
high;  leaves  scale-like,  bearing  in  their  axils  clusters  of  thread-like  green  branch- 
lets  6-15  mm.  long;  flowers  solitary,  drooping,  greenish-yellow;  perianth  cam- 
panulate. 

Readily  escaping  from  cultivation. 

118.  TOFIELDIA. 

Slender  perennials  with  short  creeping  rootstocks  and  simple 
stems  leafy  at  the  base;  perianth  more  or  less  spreading,  persist- 
ent, the  segments  oblong  or  obovate,  without  claws;  inner  stamens 
on  the  base  of  the  perianth-segments;  styles  awl-shaped;  stigmas 
terminal;  capsule  3-lobed,  with  many  oblong  seeds. 

Tofieldia  intermedia  Rydb.  Stems  30-50  cm.  tall,  viscid-pubescent; 
leaves  much  shorter  than  the  stem,  about  5  mm.  broad;  raceme  dense,  viscid- 
pubescent;  perianth  3-5  mm.  long;  capsules  not  stalked;  seeds  tailed  at  one 
end. 

Common  in  bogs,  especially  in  the  mountains. 

119.  CLINTONIA. 

Somewhat  pubescent  herbs,  with  slender  rootstocks  and  erect 
simple  scapes;  leaves  few,  broad,  petioled,  sheathing,  basal; 
flowers  solitary-terminal  or  umbelled  on  the  erect  scapes,  bract- 
less;  perianth-segments  distinct,  equal  or  nearly  so,  erect  or 
spreading;  stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  perianth- 
segments;  ovary  2-  or  3-celled;  ovules  2-several  in  each  cavity. 

Clintonia  uniflora  (Schult.)  Kunth.  Rootstock  creeping,  slender;  scapes 
slender,  pubescent,  naked  or  with  one  or  two  small  linear  bracts,  6-10  cm.  tall, 
bearing  a  solitary  white  flower  or  rarely  two;  proper  stem  short;  leaves  2-5, 
oblong,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath,  10-20  cm.  long;  calyx  pubescent  on 
the  outside;  filaments  attenuate  from  a  thicker  base,  pubescent  below;  fruit 
globose  or  pyriform,  blue. 

Common  in  subalpine  woods. 

120.  TRILLIUM.    Wake  Robin. 

Glabrous  erect  unbranched  herbs,  with  short  rootstocks; 
leaves  3  in  a  whorl  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  just  under  the 
sessile  or  peduncled,  solitary,  bractless  flower;  perianth  of  two 
distinct  series  of  segments,  the  outer  3  (sepals)  green,  the  inner 
3  (petals)  white,  pink,  purple  or  sometimes  greenish;  stamens  6, 
hypogynous;  ovary  sessile,  3-6-angled  or  lobed;  ovules  several 
or  numerous  in  each  cavity. 

Flower  sessile;  leaves  mottled.  T.  chloropetalum. 

Flower  stalked;  leaves  not  mottled.  T.  ovatum. 


LILIACEAE.  lOI 

Trillium  chloropetalum  (Torr.)  Howell.  Stems  30-40  cm.  high;  leaves 
ovate,  often  as  broad  as  long,  usually  acute,  commonly  blotched  with  brownish 
spots;  flowers  sessile;  petals  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  white. 

Roy,  Washington,  and  southward. 

Trillium  ovatum  Pursh.  Stems  15-40  cm.  tall,  from  a  stout  horizontal 
rootstock,  2-5  cm.  long;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  acuminate  or  acute,  5-15  cm. 
long,  nearly  sessile;  flowers  odorous;  peduncles  erect,  3-6  cm.  long;  petals 
lanceolate,  acute,  white,  in  age  changing  through  various  shades  of  pink  to 
dark  red,  exceeding  the  green  sepals;  anthers  yellow. 

Very  common  in  moist  woods.  Various  abnormal  forms  are  occasionally 
found,  such  as  flowers  with  the  parts  in  twos  or  fours,  double  flowers,  etc. 

121.    SCOLIOPUS. 

Very  short  stemmed  glabrous  perennials  more  or  less  punctate 
with  purple  dots  and  with  short  fibrous-rooted  rhizomes;  leaves 
2,  thin,  oval  to  lanceolate,  sessile,  many-nerved;  flowers  long- 
pedicelled  in  an  umbel ;  perianth  of  6  spreading  segments,  the  outer 
lanceolate,  several-nerved,  the  inner  narrowly  linear,  3-nerved; 
stamens  3,  at  the  base  of  the  outer  segments;  style  very  short; 
stigmas  linear;  ovary  sessile,  attenuate  upward,  1-celled;  ovules 
several. 

Scoliopus  hallii  Wats.  Stem  short,  mostly  subterranean;  leaves  broadly 
lanceolate,  8-12  cm.  long,  acute;  flowers  1-8,  on  slender  pedicels  5-8  cm.  long; 
perianth  segments  narrow,  the  outer  broader  and  longer  than  the  inner. 

Along  mountain  streams,  western  Oregon. 

122.   KRUHSEA. 

Perennial  herbs  with  slender  creeping  rootstocks  and  leafy 
erect  simple  or  branched  stems;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  on 
slender  not  geniculate  pedicels;  perianth  segments  lanceolate, 
equal,  spreading,  all  alike;  anthers  cordate,  short-acuminate; 
berry  globose,  red. 

Kruhsea  streptopoides  (Ledeb.)  Kearney.  Stems  10-60  cm.  high,  simple 
or  branched;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile,  not  ciliate;  flowers 
brownish,  the  lanceolate  attenuated  perianth  segments  equal,  spreading, 
about  3  mm.  long. 

In  mountain  woods,  Alaska  to  Washington.  Chilliwack  Valley,  Macoun; 
Cascade   Mountains,  49°,    LyalL     Reported  from   Baker  Lake,   Muenscher. 

123.  STREPTOPUS. 

Herbs  with  stout  or  slender  rootstocks;  leaves  thin,  sessile  or 
clasping,  alternate,  many-nerved;  flowers  solitary  or  two  to- 
gether, axillary,  slender-peduncled,  greenish  or  purplish,  small, 
nodding;  peduncles  bent  or  twisted  at  about  the  middle;  perianth 
somewhat  campanulate,  its  segments  6,  recurved  or  spreading, 
the  outer  flat,  the  inner  keeled;  stamens  6,  hypogynous;  ovary 
3-celled ;  ovules  numerous,  in  two  rows  in  each  cavity. 

Stems  branched;  leaves  glaucous  beneath.  S.  amplcxifolius 

Stems  simple;  leaves  not  glaucous  beneath.  S.  curvipes. 


102  LILIACEAE. 

Streptopus  amplexifolius  (L.)  DC.  Stems  branched,  about  1  m,  tall, 
from  horizontal  creeping  rootstocks,  glabrous  except  at  the  base;  leaves  ovate, 
acuminate,  cordate  and  clasping  at  base,  5-12  cm.  long,  usually  glaucous, 
especially  beneath;  flowers  solitary  in  the  upper  axils;  pedicels  bent  at  the  base 
and  geniculate  in  the  middle,  so  that  the  flower  is  concealed  by  the  leaf; 
perianth  narrowly  campanulate,  the  segments  greenish,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
strongly  curved  outward;  anthers  acuminate;  berry  oblong-globose,  red,  about 
1  cm.  in  diameter. 

Common  along  streams  and  in  springy  places. 

Streptopus  curvipes  Vail.  Stems  simple,  10-30  cm.  tall,  from  creeping 
rootstocks;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile,  glabrous  or  sparsely 
pubescent,  ciliate;  perianth  rose-colored,  8  mm.  long;  fruit  globose,  at  length 
red. 

In  the  mountains,  common  at  low  elevations. 

124.   XEROPHYLLUM. 

Perennials  with  a  short  thick  woody  rootstock  and  numerous 
radical  stiff  linear  leaves;  perianth  white,  of  six  separate  spread- 
ing petal-like  segments;  stamens  6,  at  the  base  of  the  perianth- 
segments;  styles  distinct,  linear,  refiexed;  ovary  sessile,  ovate, 
3-lobed. 

AHAhMT'^S  Xerophvllum  tenax  (Pursh)  Nutt.  Pine  Lily  or  Bear  Grass.  Basal  leaves 
^.  ^  i^^*H«.very  numerous,  harsh  and  stiff,  linear,  keeled,  5  mm.  broad,  60-90  cm.  long; 
cauline  similar  but  smaller  and  ciliate  at  base;  stems  stout,  1-2  m.  tall,  stiff 
and  erect;  flowers  white;  raceme  dense,  at  first  pyramidal,  then  elongating, 
15-40  cm.  long  in  bloom,  longer  in  fruit;  pedicels  spreading  in  flower,  erect  in 
fruit,  2-3  cm.  long. 

Common  in  open  woods,  especially  in  the  mountains,  but  not  known  to 
occur  on  Vancouver  Island  or  in  western  British  Columbia. 

125.   DISPORUM. 


More  or  less  pubescent  herbs  with  slender  rootstocks;  stems 
branching,  scaly  below,  leafy  above;  leaves  alternate,  somewhat 
unsymmetrical,  sessile  or  clasping;  flowers  terminal,  drooping, 
whitish  or  greenish-yellow,  solitary  or  few  in  simple  umbels; 
perianth-segments  6,  narrow,  equal,  separate;  stamens  6,  hy- 
pogynous;  ovary  3-celled;  ovules  2  or  sometimes  several  in  each 
cavity. 

Perianth  broad  at  base.  D.  smithii. 
Perianth  narrowed  at  base. 

Fruit  ovoid,  pubescent;  stigma  entire.  D.  oreganum. 

Fruit  globose,  papillose;  stigma  3-cleft.  D.  majus. 

Disporum  smithii  (Hook.)  Piper.  Stems  30-90  cm.  tall;  leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  scarcely  cordate  at  base;  perianth  bell- 
shaped,  broad  at  base,  the  segments  erect;  style  3-cleft;  fruit  oblong-ovoid, 
glabrous,  except  the  blunt  beak. 

Along  the  coast,  Nootka  Sound,  where  it  was  first  collected  hy  MenzieSt 
to  northern    California. 

DisDonim  nrefrflnnm  (Wats.)  B.  &  H.      Stems  30-80  cm.  tall,  branched; 


LILIACEAE.                                                103  \ 

leaves  ovate,  long-acuminate,  cordate  at  base;  perianth  narrow,  the  segments  \ 

spreading;  style  entire;  fruit  ovoid,  pubescent,  orange-red.  \ 

Moist  banks    and  rich  woods,  British  Columbia  to    Idaho  and  Oregon.  j 

Disporum  majus    (Hook.)    Britt.     Stems  branched,  30-50  cm.   tall,  the  j 

branches  pubescent;  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  long-acuminate,  sessile  ■ 

and  half-clasping,  5-7  cm.  long,  glabrous;  flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs,  yellowish-  \ 

white,  on  more  or  less  curved  pedicels,  5-8  mm.  long;  perianth  campanulate,  \ 

the  segments  narrow,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  10-12  mm.  long;  berry  pyriform-  \ 

globose,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  roughened  with  minute  shallow  pits.  ! 

Silverton,  Washington,  Mrs.  L.  A.  Bouck.     Not  elsewhere  found  west  of 

the  Cascade  Mountains,  but  common  in  the  interior  from  British  Columbia  i 

and  Alberta   to  Arizona.  < 

126.   VERATRUM.     False  Hellebore.  \ 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  from  short  thick  poisonous  rootstocks;  \ 

stem  pubescent;  leaves  mostly  broad,  clasping,  strongly  veined  \ 

and    plaited;    inflorescence    pubescent,    of    terminal    panicles;  ] 

flowers  greenish  or  yellowish-white,  rather  large,  polygamous,  on  I 

short  stout  pedicels;  perianth-segments  6,  glandless  or  nearly  so,  \ 

adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary;  stamens  opposite  the  perianth-  : 

segments  and  free  from  them,  short,  mostly  curved;  ovary  ovoid,  ^ 

3-celled,  the  cavities  several-ovuled.  • 

Flowers  green,  in  a  drooping  panicle.  V.  viride. 

Flowers  white,  in  an  erect  panicle.  V.  caudatum. 

Veratrum  viride  Ait.     Green   Hellebore.     Stems  stout,  100-150  cm.  tail;  9f/id  ^^ 
leaves  ovate,  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  pubescent  beneath,  20-30  cm.  long;  r^^nPfr 
panicle  open,  30-60  cm.  long,  the  lower  branches  more  or  less  drooping,  usually  9(1^^  f^* 

simple;  perianth  green,   pubescent  outside,  the  segments  obovate,  obtuse,  1 

about  8  mm.  long;  principal  bracts  foliaceous,  like  the  upper  leaves.  ] 

In  subalpine  swamps,  throughout  our  limits.  : 

Veratrum  caudatum  Heller.     White   Hellebore.     In  habit  like   V.  viride; 

panicle  erect,  the  branches  spreading,  seldom  nodding;  principal  bracts  small,  ] 

not  foliaceous;  perianth  segments  15-20  mm.  long.  \ 

In  wet  meadows,  Montesano,  Heller;  near  Seattle,  Piper.     Perhaps  only  i 

a  form  of    V.  californicum  Durand.  ] 

127.  VAGNERA.    False  Solomon's  Seal.  ; 

Herbs  with  slender  or  short  and  thick  rootstocks;  stem  simple,  • 
scaly   below,    leafy   above;   leaves   alternate,   short-petioled   or 

sessile,   ovate,   lanceolate   or  oblong;   inflorescence   a   terminal  ^ 
raceme  or  panicle;  flowers  white  or  greenish,  small;  perianth  of 

6  separate  spreading  equal  segments;  stamens  6,  on  the  bases  of  ' 

the  perianth-segments;  ovary  3-celled,  sessile,  subglobose;  ovules  ; 

2  in  each  cavity.  , 

Flowers  small,  many  in  a  panicle.                                                 V.  amplexicaulis.  ^ 

Flowers  larger,  few  in  a  simple  raceme.                                       V.  sessilifolia.  { 

Vagnera  amplexicaulis  (Nutt.)  Greene.     Rootstocks  stout;  stems  50-100  ; 

cm.  tall,  usually  puberulent;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  acuminate,  puberulent,  ■ 

6-12  cm.  long,  sessile,  clasping  the  stem  somewhat;  panicle  pyramidal  or  ^ 


104  IRIDACEAE. 

narrow,  3-10  cm.  long;  pedicels  very  short;  perianth  spreading,  the  segments 
oblong,  2  mm.  long,  as  long  as  the  ovary;  filaments  subulate,  longer  than  the 
perianth;  style  about  as  long  as  the  ovary. 
On  rich  wooded  banks. 

Vagnera  sessilifolia  (Baker)  Greene.  Rootstocks  slender;  stems  30-60 
cm.  tall,  smooth;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  flat,  sessile,  pubescent 
beneath,  10-15  cm.  long;  raceme  open,  2-5  cm.  long,  5-10-flowered;  pedicels 
4-12  mm.  long;  perianth  segments  spreading,  lanceolate,  4  mm.  long;  stamens 
shorter  than  the  styles. 

In  moist  wooded  copses. 

128.   UNIFOLIUM. 

Perennial  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  2  or  3,  ovate 
to  lanceolate,  cordate;  flowers  solitary  or  fascicled  in  a  simple 
raceme;  perianth  4-parted;  stamens  4;  stigma  2-lobed;  ovary 
2-celled;  fruit  a  2-celled  berry  with  2  seeds  in  each  cell. 

Unifolium  bifoUum  kamtschaticum  (Gmel.)  Piper.  Basal  leaves  ovate- 
reniform,  acute  or  acuminate,  5-10  cm.  broad;  cauline  leaves  usually  2,  cordate 
to  sagittate,  5-10  cm.  long;  perianth  segments  2-3  mm.  long,  becoming  reflexed. 

Moist  places,  very  common. 

Family  23.    IRIDACEAE.     Iris  Family. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  narrow,  equitant,  2-ranked;  flowers 
perfect,  regular  or  irregular,  mostly  clustered,  subtended  by 
bracts;  perianth  of  6  segments  or  6-lobed,  its  tube  adnate  to 
the  ovary,  the  segments  or  lobes  in  2  series;  stamens  3,  inserted 
on  the  perianth  opposite  its  outer  series  of  segments  or  lobes; 
ovary  inferior,  mostly  3-celled;  ovules  mostly  numerous  in  each 
cell;  style  3-cleft,  its  branches  sometimes  divided. 

Flowers  very  large;  styles  petal-like.  129.  Iris,  104. 

Flowers  moderate  in  size;  styles  filiform. 

Filaments  united  to  the  top;  flowers  usually  blue.     130.  Sisyrinchium,  105. 
Filaments  not  united  to  the  top;   flowers  not 
blue. 
Filaments  united  only  at  the  base;  flowers 

reddish-purple.  131.  Olsynium,  106. 

Filaments  united  for  more  than  half  their 

length;  flowers  yellow.  132.  Hydastylus,  106. 

129.   IRIS. 


Herbs  with  creeping  or  horizontal,  often  woody  and  sometimes 
tuber-bearing  rootstocks;  stems  erect;  leaves  erect  or  ascending, 
equitant;  flowers  large,  regular,  terminal,  solitary  or  clustered; 
perianth  of  6  clawed  segments  united  below  into  a  tube,  the  three 
outer  dilated,  spreading  or  reflexed,  the  three  inner  narrower, 
smaller,  usually  erect  or  in  some  species  about  as  large  as  the 


IRIDACEAE.  105 

outer;  stamens  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  outer  perianth- 
segments;  ovary  3-celled;  divisions  of  the  style  petal-Hke, 
arching  over  the  stamens,  bearing  the  stigmas  immediately  under 
their  mostly  2-lobed  tips;  style-base  adnate  to  the  perianth-tube. 

Bracts  largely  scarious;  rootstock  stout.  /.  missouriensis. 
Bracts  green,  not  scarious,  rootstocks  slender. 

Flower  solitary,  purple;  capsule  oblong.  7.  tenax. 

Flowers  usually  2,  whitish;  capsule  globose.  /.  tenuis. 

Iris  missouriensis  Nutt.  Rootstocks  stout,  short,  branched;  stems  20-50 
cm.  tall,  naked  or  with  one  or  two  leaves;  leaves  pale  or  glaucous,  usually 
shorter  than  the  stem,  5-8  mm.  wide;  flowers  violet-blue,  rarely  white,  2-4 
in  each  umbel;  bracts  scarious,  2-6  cm.  long,  acute;  sepals  narrowly  clawed, 
5-6  crn.  long,  the  honey  guides  yellowish;  petals  erect,  shorter;  capsule  oblong- 
obovoid,   somewhat   3-angled;   seeds  brown. 

Whidby  Island,  Gardner;  not  otherwise  known  in  our  limits;  common  in 
the     interior. 

Iris  tenax  Dougl.  Leaves  numerous,  30-50  cm.  long,  4  mm.  broad,  acumi- 
nate; stems  shorter  than  the  leaves,  each  bearing  a  solitary  flower;  sepals  ob- 
long, 5  cm.  long,  purple;  petals  spatulate,  nearly  as  long. 

Prairies  from  Chehalis  County,  Washington,  southward. 

Iris  tenuis  Wats.  Stems  20-25  cm.  high,  bearing  several  short  leaves, 
usually  2-flowered;  leaves  8-10  mm.  broad,  about  equalling  the  stems;  flowers 
white  marked  with  yellow  and  purple;  petals  emarginate. 

Cascade  Mountains  of  northern  Oregon  along  the  Clackamas  River. 

130.   SISYRINCHIUM.     Blue-eyed  Grass. 

Perennial  tufted  slender  herbs,  with  short  rootstocks;  stems 
simple  or  branched,  2-edged  or  2-winged;  leaves  linear,  grass- 
like; flowers  rather  small,  mostly  blue,  terminal,  umbellate,  with 
a  pair  of  erect  green  bracts;  perianth-tube  short  or  none,  the  6 
spreading  segments  oblong  or  obovate,  equal;  filaments  united 
to  the  top;  ovary  3-celled,  each  cavity  several-ovuled ;  style- 
branches  filiform,  undivided,  alternate  with  the  anthers. 

Stem  usually  2-branched.  5.  hirameum. 

Stem  always  simple. 

Perianth  segments  20  mm.  long;  outer  bract  5-7  cm.  long.         5.  macounii. 
Perianth  segments  12-15  mm,  long;  outer  bract  2-5  cm. 
long. 
Leaves  1-3.5  mm.  broad,  firm;  stems  1-3  mm.  wide.         5.  idahoense. 
Leaves  0.5-1.5  mm.  broad,  soft;  stems  1-1.5  mm.  wide.    S.  segetum. 

Sisyrinchium  birameum  Piper.  Loosely  tufted,  40-50  cm.  high,  drying 
blackish;  leaves  firm,  erect,  about  half  as  high  as  the  stem;  bracts  purplish, 
subequal,  shorter  than  the  pedicels;  flowers  2-5  on  slender  pedicels;  perianth 
dark  blue  with  a  yellow  eye;  capsule  globose. 

Vancouver,    Washington,    Piper. 

Sisyrinchium  macounii  Bicknell.  Pale  green  or  glaucescent;  stems  tufted, 
simple,  30-50  cm.  high;  leaves  20-30  cm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  wide,  very  acute, 
smooth  on  the  margins;  spathes  green  or  purple-margined,  the  outer  4-7  cm. 
long,  the  inner  2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  2-4,  slender- pedicelled,  purple  with  a 
yellow  eye;  perianth  segments  aristulate,  2  cm.  long. 

Comox  and  other  places  on  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun. 


I06  IRIDACEAE. 

Sisyrinchium  idahoense  Bicknell.  Stems  tufted,  20-45  cm.  tall,  com- 
pressed and  winged,  the  edges  serrulate;  leaves  shorter  than  the  stems,  linear, 
acute,  1-3.5  mm.  wide,  all  radical,  or  occasionally  one  on  the  stem;  bracts  long 
and  narrow;  flowers  3-6,  pedicelled,  dark  blue,  with  a  small  yellow  center; 
perianth-segments  12-18  mm.  long,  mucronate. 

Wet  meadows,  Vancouver  Island  to  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

Sisyrinchiiini,  segetum  Bicknell.  Tufted,  rather  pale;  stems  slender, 
10-20  cm.  high,  exceeding  the  leaves,  these  about  2  mm.  wide;  bracts  purple, 
subequal,  thin  in  texture;  flowers  violet-blue,  on  slender  pedicels;  capsule 
oblong. 

In  meadows,  Washington  and  Oregon,  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

131.    OLSYNIUM. 

Very  similar  to  Sisyrinchium  but  the  filaments  united  only  at 
the  base  and  the  flowers  never  blue. 

Olsynium  grandiflorum  (Dougl.)  Raf.  Stems  mostly  solitary,  15-30  cm. 
tall,  compressed;  roots  fascicled,  stout;  leaf-blades  5-10 cm.  long,  erect,  shorter 
than  the  sheaths;  flowers  1-4,  the  pedicels  shorter  than  the  largest  bract; 
perianth  segments  reddish-purple,  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  15-18  mm. 
long;  filaments  broad  at  the  base,  shorter  than  the  3-cleft  style. 

Victoria,  British  Columbia,  Macoun;  Whidby  Island,  Gardner.  Rare 
west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  but  common  in  the  interior. 

132.   HYDASTYLUS. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  resembling  Sisyrinchium-,  root- 
stocks  poorly  developed ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  the  bases  more 
or  less  membranously  expanded ;  flowers  on  a  scape,  enclosed  by 
a  spathe  of  2  bracts  which  enclose  membranous  scales;  perianth 
yellow,  the  segments  narrow,  obtuse  or  acute;  filaments  free  for 
at  least  half  their  length ;  anthers  linear,  versatile ;  styles  slender, 
divergent;  capsule  oblong  to  globose,  3-celled,  many  or  few- 
seeded;  seeds  rounded. 

Pedicels  15-20  mm.  long;  leaves  1-3  mm.  broad,  H.  borealis. 

Pedicels  10-15  mm.  long;  leaves  2-5  mm.  broad.  H.  brachypus. 

Hydastylus  borealis  Bicknell.  Stems  6-30  cm.  high,  exceeding  the  leaves; 
leaves  1-3  mm.  wide;  flowers  on  erect  pedicels  15-22  mm.  long;  perianth 
segments  8-10  mm.  long. 

Along  the  seacoast. 

Hydastylus  brachypus  Bicknell.  Like  H.  borealis  but  with  broader  leaves 
and    shorter   pedicels. 

In  seashore  meadows.     Probably  not  distinct  from  H.  borealis. 

Family  24.     ORCHIDACEAE.     Orchid  Family. 

Perennial  herbs,  mostly  with  corms,  bulbs  or  tubers;  leaves  en- 
tire, sheathing,  sometimes  reduced  to  scales;  flowers  perfect, 
irregular,  bracted,  solitary,  spiked  or  racemed;  perianth  superior, 
of  6  segments,  the  three  outer  {sepals)  alike  or  nearly  so ;  two  of 


ORCHIDACEAE.  107 

the  inner  ones  {petals)  lateral,  alike;  the  other  one  (lip)  dissimilar, 
often  markedly  so,  usually  larger,  often  spurred,  really  anterior, 
sometimes  inferior  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary  or  pedicel ;  stamens 
variously  united  with  the  style  into  an  unsymmetrical  column; 
anther  one  sometimes  two;  pollen  more  or  less  coherent  into 
masses  (pollinia) ;  ovary  inferior,  usually  long  and  twisted,  3- 
angled,  1-celled;  ovules  numerous,  on  three  parietal  placentae; 
seeds  numerous;  endosperm  none. 

Perfect  anthers  2;  lip  large,  sac-like.  133.  Cypripedium,  107. 

Perfect  anther  1. 

Plant  saprophytic,  without  green  herbage. 

Flowers  spurred,  reddish  or  yellowish.  134.  Corallorhiza,  108. 

Flowers  spurless,  white.  135.  Cephalanthera,  108. 

Plants  with  ordinary  green  herbage. 

Flower  and  leaf  solitary;  plant  bulbous.       136.  Cytherea,  108. 
Flowers  several-many  in  racemes. 

Leaves  only  two.  137.  Ophrys,  109. 

Leaves  more  than  two. 

Flowers  each  with  a  distinct  spur. 
Leaves  several,  cauline,  gradu- 
ally reduced  upwards.  138.  Limnorchis,  109. 
Leaves  two,  basal;  cauline  re- 
duced to  bracts. 
Lateral  sepals  adnate  to  the 

base  of  the  lip.  139.  Piperia,  110. 

Lateral  sepals  free.  140.  Lysias,  111. 

Flowers  spurless,  the  lip  at  most 
saccate. 
Lip  with  2  callosities  at  base; 
flowers  spirally  arranged  in  a 
dense  spike.  141.  Iridium,  HI. 

Lip  without  basal  callosities. 

Leaves  white-reticulated.         142.  Peramium,  111. 
Leaves  green.  143.  Epipactis,  112. 

133.   CYPRIPEDIUM.     Lady's  Slipper. 

Glandular-pubescent  herbs  with  leafy  stems  or  scapes  and 
tufted  roots  of  thick  fibres;  leaves  large,  broad,  many-nerved; 
flowers  solitary  or  several,  drooping,  large,  showy;  sepals  spread- 
ing, separate  or  two  of  them  united  under  the  lip;  lip  a  large 
inflated  sac;  column  bearing  a  sessile  or  stalked  anther  on  each 
side  and  a  dilated  petal-like  sterile  stamen  above,  covering  the 
summit  of  the  style;  pollinia  granular;  stigma  terminal,  broad, 
obscurely  3-lobed. 

Cypripedium  montanum  Dougl.  Whole  plant  glandular-pubescent;  stems 
30-50  cm,  tall,  erect;  leaves  4-6,  oval,  acuminate,  6-12  cm.  long;  flowers  1-3, 
pedicelled;  sepals  brown,  usually  dark,  narrowly  lanceolate,  5-6  cm.  long; 
upper  petals  like  the  sepals,  but  narrower  and  longer,  wavy-twisted;  lip  white, 


I08  ORCHID  ACE  AE. 

veined  with   purple,  oblong,  30-50   mm.  long;   sterile  anther  somewhat  tri- 
angular, yellow  with  purple  spots,  about  1  cm.  long. 

In  moist  open  woods,  rare  in  our  limits.  Victoria,  Vancouver  Island, 
Fletcher;  Seattle,    Piper. 

134.   CORALLORHIZA.     Coral  Root. 

Scapose  herbs,  saprophytes  or  root-parasites  with  large  masses 
of  coral-Hke  branching  roots;  leaves  all  reduced  to  sheathing 
scales;  flowers  in  terminal  racemes;  sepals  nearly  equal,  the 
lateral  ones  united  at  the  base  with  the  foot  of  the  column, 
forming  a  short  spur  or  protuberance,  usually  adnate  to  the  sum- 
mit of  the  ovary;  third  sepal  free;  petals  about  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  1-3-nerved;  lip  3-ridged;  column  nearly  free,  slightly 
incurved,  somewhat  2-winged;  anther  terminal;  pollinia4,  in  two 
pairs,  oblique,  free,  soft-waxy. 

Spur  none;  petals  and  sepals  purple,  veiny.  C.  striata. 
Spur  prominent;  petals  and  sepals  3-nerved. 

Spur  wholly  attached  to  the  ovary.  C.  maculata. 

Spur  free  for  its  apical  half.  C.  mertensiana. 

Corallorhiza  striata  Lindl.  Whole  plant  reddish-purple,  15-40  cm.  high, 
the  spike  15-25-flowered;  sepals  and  petals  each  with  3  conspicuous  nerves; 
lip  entire,  somewhat  fleshy,  ovate,  narrowed  below,  concave  and  bearing  2 
short  prominent  ridges  near  the  base. 

In  dry  woods. 

Corallorhiza  maculata  Raf.  (C.  multiflora  occidentalis  Lindl.)  Whole 
plant  reddish  or  sometimes  yellowish,  20-30  cm.  high;  raceme  10-30-flowered; 
sepals  and  petals  6-8  mm.  long;  lip  broad  and  3-lobed  at  base,  spotted  with 
crimson  spots;  spur  wholly  adnate  to  the  ovary. 

In  deep  woods  not  rare,  especially  at  low  altitudes  in  the  mountains. 

Corallorhiza  mertensiana  Bong.  Scape  20-40  cm.  high;  raceme  many- 
flowered;  sepals  and  petals  6-8  mm.  long,  dark-red;  lip  oblong,  narrowed  at 
base,  entire;  spur  half-free  from  the  ovary. 

In  mountain  woods,  common. 

135.   CEPHALANTHERA. 

Leafy  plants  with  creeping  rootstocks,  saprophytic  with  leaves 
reduced  to  scarious  bracts  (in  ours) ;  flowers  erect,  white,  in  a 
terminal  raceme,  very  similar  to  Epipactis  but  with  a  longer  and 
more  slender  column;  stigma  beakless;  anther  short-stalked, 
nearly  or  quite  above  the  level  of  the  stigma. 

Cephalanthera  austinae  (Gray)  Heller.  Whole  plant  waxy  white,  30-50 
cm.  high,  slender,  erect;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  the  lower  with  dilated  sheaths; 
flowers  3-20,  nearly  sessile;  sepals  and  petals  oblong-lanceolate,  subequal; 
lip  short,   saccate  at  base. 

In  deep  woods,  especially  in  the  mountains.     Very  rare. 

136.    CYTHEREA. 

Herbs  with  solid  bulbs  and  coral-like  roots;  leaf  at  the  base  of 
the  stem  solitary,  petioled;  scape  low,  1-flowered,  sheathed  by 


ORCHIDACEAE.  109 

two  or  three  loose  scales;  flower  large,  terminal,  showy,  bracted; 
sepals  and  petals  similar,  nearly  equal;  lip  large,  saccate  or 
swollen,  2-lobed  below;  column  dilated,  petal-like,  bearing  the 
lid-like  anther  just  below  the  summit;  pollinia  2,  waxy,  each 
2-parted. 

Cytherea  bulbosa  (L.)  House.  Calypso.  Stems  10-15  cm.  tall,  enwrapped 
toward  the  blade  with  3-4  scarious  sheaths,  the  uppermost  prolonged  into  a 
narrow  bract;  leaf  solitary,  radical,  ovate,  acute,  3-5  cm.  long,  on  a  petiole 
about  as  long;  sepals  and  petals  ascending,  lanceolate,  purple,  about  2  cm. 
long;  lip  about  as  long,  purple-lined,  sac-like,  two-lobed  at  the  apex,  with  a 
patch  of  yellowish  hairs  within;  the  apex  of  the  slipper  prolonged  into  two 
tooth-like  projections;  column  half  as  long  as  the  petals. 

In  mossy  woods,  not  rare. 

137.   OPHRYS. 

Small  herbs,  with  fibrous  or  sometimes  rather  fleshy  roots; 
leaves  two,  opposite,  green,  near  the  middle  of  the  stem;  flowers 
in  terminal  racemes,  spurless;  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike, 
spreading  or  reflexed,  free;  anther  without  a  lid,  erect,  jointed  to 
the  column;  pollinia  2,  powdery. 

Leaves  cordate;  lip  narrow,  not  dilated  at  tip.  0.  cordata. 
Leaves  not  cordate;  lip  dilated  at  tip. 

Lip  sessile,  not  ciliate;  ovary  glabrous.  0.  caurina. 

Lip  clawed,  ciliate;  ovary  glandular.  O.  convallarioides. 

Ophrys  cordata  (L.)  R.  Br.  Stems  slender,  10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate, 
cordate,  mucronate;  flowers  very  small,  greenish  or  brownish;  lip  narrowly 
oblong,  cleft  to  the  middle,  4-5  mm.  long. 

Common  in  mossy  woods. 

Ophrys  caurina  (Piper)  Rydb.  Stems  slender,  15-30  cm.  high,  glabrous 
below  the  leaves;  the  inflorescence  glandular-puberulent;  leaves  sessile,  ovate, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  glabrous,  3-5  cm.  long;  flowers  small,  the  slender  pedicels 
longer  than  the  bract  or  the  ovary;  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate,  spreading; 
lip  4  mm.  long,  cuneate,  obovate,  with  a  slender  tooth  on  each  side  near  the 
base;  capsule  ovoid,  5-6  mm.  long. 

In  mossy  woods,  especially  in  the  mountains. 

Ophrys  convallarioides  (Sw.)  W.  F.  Wight.  Similar  to  0.  caurina  but 
not  so  tall;  leaves  broad,  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse;  inflorescence  glandular; 
flowers  larger,  the  pedicels  scarcely  longer  than  the  bracts  or  the  ovary;  lip 
large,  9  mm.  long,  cuneate,  retuse,  with  a  short  triangular  tooth  on  each  side 
near  the  base. 

In  moist  woods. 

138.   LIMNORCHIS. 

Leafy  plants  with  thick  fleshy  roots  or  elongated  conic  un- 
divided tubers,  and  small  greenish  or  whitish  flowers  in  a  long 
spike;  sepals  and  petals  free  and  spreading,  several-nerved;  lip 
entire;  beak  of  the  stigma  without  appendages;  anther-cells 
nearly  parallel,  wholly  adnate;  gland  naked;  pollinia  granular 
with  caudicula  at  the  base. 


no  ORCHIDACEAE. 

Flowers  green  or  sometimes  purple-tinged ;  spur  clavate 
much  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  lip;  spike  long  and 
dense.  L.  stricta. 

Flowers  white. 

Spur  clavate,  usually  shorter  than  the  lip.  L.  dilatata. 

Spur  not  clavate,  longer  than  the  lip. 

Spike  moderately  dense;  spur  acutish.  L.  leucostachys. 

Spike  very  dense;  spur  obtuse.  L.  leucostachys  robusta. 

Limnorchis  stricta  (Lindl.)  Rydb.  Stems  stout,  leafy,  50-100  cm.  tall; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  10-15  cm.  long,  gradually  diminishing  upward 
into  the  bracts;  spike  slender,  20-30  cm.  long,  loose,  the  lower  flowers  remote; 
bracts  narrowly  lanceolate,  exceeding  the  lower  flowers,  equalling  the  upper 
ones;  sepals  3-nerved;  lip  linear,  thick,  as  long  as  the  spur,  which  is  inflated  and 
very  obtuse  at  the  tip. 

In  swamps,   common. 

^ir^-T^-tf^*-**      Limnorchis  dilatata  (Pursh)  Rydb.     Stems  slender,  20-40  cm.  high;  leaves 
^^^fyf,^»JL /^     linear-lanceolate,  8-20  cm.  long;  flowers  white;  lip  broadly  dilated  at  base, 

j^^^       about  as  long  as  the  blunt  spur. 
^rr*C.  <»--*^      ^^  ^^^  alpine  meadows,  rare  in  our  limits. 
^^  Limnorchis  leucostachys  (Lindl.)  Rydb.     Stem  strictly  erect,  30-90  cm. 

high,  from  a  fusiform  tuber;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  the  upper  ones  smaller; 

spike  6-30  cm.  long,  usually  rather  dense;  bracts  acuminate,  equalling  or 

exceeding  the  ovary;  sepals  5-6  mm.  long,  the  upper  one  broader;  lip  lanceolate, 

6-7  mm.  long;  spur  10-12  mm.  long,  slender,  acute. 
In  marshes,  common. 

Limnorchis  leucostachys  robusta  Rydb.     Spike  dense;  spur  obtuse. 
More  common  than  the  species  and  in  similar  places. 

139.   PIPERIA.      f^^vg^^^'^^^^^^fe^^^''^^ 

Much  like  Limnorchis  in  the  form  of  the  flowers  but  the  true 
leaves  basal  or  nearly  so,  the  cauline  usually  small  or  bract-like; 
flowers  small,  white  or  greenish;  sepals  ovate,  1-nerved,  sub- 
equal;  petals  and  lip  of  very  much  the  same  shape  and  slightly 
smaller  and  darker  than  the  sepals;  column  very  short;  anther 
very  large;  cells  parallel,  the  gland  very  small. 

Spur  short,  slightly  exceeding  the  lip.  P.  unalaschensis. 

Spur  slender,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  lip. 
Lip  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate. 

Spike  very  dense;  stems  stout,  20-30  cm.  high.  P.  michaeli. 

Spike  usually  loose;  stems  40-70  cm.  high.  P.  elegans. 

Lip  linear  to  lanceolate. 

Spike  dense;  lip  6  mm.  long;  spur  15-18  mm.  long.     P.  muUiflora. 
Spike  loose;  lip  4-5  mm.  long;  spur  8-10  mm.  long.   P.  leptopetala. 

Piperia  unalaschensis  (Spreng.)  Rydb.  Stems  stout,  20-40  cm.  tall, 
leafy  at  base,  bract^ate  above;  leaves  2-3,  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  about  15  cm. 
long,  usually  withering  before  the  flowers  bloom;  spike  narrow,  rather  dense, 
8-15  cm.  long;  bracts  triangular,  acute  or  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  ovary, 
a  few  along  the  stem  below  the  spike;  flowers  small,  greenish;  sepals  and  petals 
lanceolate,  1-ncrved,  1.5-2  mm.  long;  lip  scarcely  exceeding  the  petals;  spur 
curved,  about  3  mm.  long;  capsule  oblong,  sessile. 

Common   in   open   woods. 


ORCHIDACEAE.  Ill 

Piperia  michaeli  (Greene)  Rydb.  Stem  stout,  20-30  cm.  high;  basal  leaves 
elliptic  to  oblanceolate;  stem  leaves  numerous,  much  reduced;  spike  thick 
and  very  dense;  flowers  greenish. 

Along  the  sea  coast,  rare. 

Piperia  elegans  (Lindl.)  Rydb.  Stouter  than  P.  unalaschensis,  somewhat 
taller;  basal  leaves  2-4,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  10-15  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide, 
obtuse  or  acute;  cauline  bracts  oblong,  acuminate,  1-3  cm.  long;  spikes  usually 
dense,  8-20  cm.  long;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  about  equalling  the  white 
flowers  or  the  mature  ovary;  sepals  and  petals  similar,  4  mm.  long,  obscurely' 
3-nerved;  lip  like  the  petals,  the  spur  slender,  7-10  mm.  long;  capsule  oblong 
nearly  sessile. 

In  open  woods,  very  common. 

Piperia  multiflora  Rydb.  Much  like  P.  elegans  but  stouter;  spike  dense; 
flowers  usually  white. 

In  open  woods.     Perhaps  only  a  form  of  P.  elegans. 

Piperia  leptopetala  Rydb.  Slender,  30-50  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate;  spike  long  and  loose;  flowers  greenish. 

Growing  with  P.  elegans,  of  which  it  may  be  only  a  form. 

140.   LYSIAS. 

Leaves  two,  large,  basal;  sepals  large  and  spreading;  petals 
small  and  narrow;  lip  linear,  entire;  spur  long;  beak  of  stigma 
without  appendages;  anther-cells  widely  diverging  and  with  small 
beak-like  processes  at  the  base. 

Lysias  orbiculata  (Pursh)  Rydb.  Leaves  elliptic  to  orbicular,  prostrate 
on  the  ground,  bright  green  and  shining  above,  paler  beneath,  thick,  usually 
10-15  cm.  long;  scape  6-30  cm.  high,  bearing  1-3  lanceolate  bracts;  spike 
loose,  10-20-flowered;  flowers  white;  lateral  sepals  ovate,  the  upper  orbicular; 
lip  linear-oblong,  15-20  mm.  long;  spur  slender,  15-25  mm.  long. 

Rare  in  deep  mountain  woods. 


141 


.   IBIDIUM.      9^^-^-^^  C^-^^) 


Roots  clustered;  stem  bracted  above,  leaf-bearing  below  or  at 
the  base;  flowers  small,  white,  yellowish  or  greenish-white  in  a 
more  or  less  spirally- twisted  raceme;  lateral  sepals  lanceolate, 
the  upper  united  with  the  oblong  petals;  lip  short-stalked  with 
a  callus  on  each  side  of  the  base,  the  summit  somewhat  dilated ; 
column  short,  bearing  the  ovate  stigma  on  the  front  and  the 
2-celled  erect  anther  sessile  or  nearly  so  on  the  back. 


„^>«*-i- 


Ibidium  rnmflnznffi^nnm  (Cham A  House.     Plants  8-40  cm.  tall,  from  roots  %/i  o  M^^ 


f^  5-8  mm.  thick,  leafy  below  and  leafy-bracted  above;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
Pjjto  linear;  scape  glandular-pubescent  above;  cauline  bracts  2-3;  raceme  dense,    ~^Jh^\, 
A'^ylindrical;  perianth  yellowish  or  whitish,  6-12  mm.  long;  bracts  of  the  raceme   -••*♦'*''' 
>^  often  much  longer  than  the  flowers;  sepals  and  petals  united. 
fi         In  dry  woods,  common. 

142.    PERAMIUM.    Jb^^^l^^^^C^ -^^^^^ 

Herbs  with  bracted  erect  scapes  and  thick  fleshy-fibrous  roots ; 
leaves  basal,  tufted,  often  blotched  with  white;  flowers  in  bracted 


112  ORCHIDACEAE. 

spikes;  lateral  sepals  free,  the  upper  ones  united  with  the  petals 
into  a  hood-like  structure  {galea);  lip  sessile,  entire,  roundish, 
ovate,  concave  or  saccate,  without  protuberances,  its  apex  re- 
flexed;  anther  without  a  lid,  erect  or  incumbent,  attached  to 
the  column  by  a  short  stalk;  pollinia  composed  of  angular  grains, 
one  in  each  sac,  attached  to  a  small  disk  which  coheres  with 
the  top  of  the  stigma. 

jTrT**^      Peramium  decipiens  (Hook.)  Piper.     Rattlesnake  Plantain.     Scape  15-30 
^'^  cm.  tall,  erect,  glandular-puberulent,  bearing  several  short  bracts;  leaves  ovate, 

acute,  with  a  broken  white  stripe  down  the  midvein,  3-5  cm.  long,  short- 
petioled;  spike  bracteate,  densely  many-flowered,  6-10  cm.  long,  one-sided; 
perianth  glandular-hairy,  white,  the  sepals  and  petals  6-8  mm.  long,  about 
as  long  as  the  glandular  ovary;  lip  concave,  erect,  the  tip  recurved,  obtuse; 
column  short,  straight. 

Common  in  mossy  woods. 

143.   EPIPACTIS. 

Tall  stout  leafy  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  green, 
clasping  the  stem;  flowers  in  terminal  leafy-bracted  racemes; 
sepals  and  petals  separate;  spur  none;  lip  free,  sessile,  broad, 
concave  below,  the  upper  portion  dilated  and  petal-like;  column 
erect,  short;  anther  1,  erect;  capsule  oblong,  beakless. 

Epipactis  gigantea  Dougl.  Stout  and  leafy,  30-100  cm.  high,  nearly 
smooth;  leaves  ovate  below,  reduced  to  narrowly  lanceolate  upwards,  8-20 
cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  somewhat  scabrous  on  the  veins  beneath; 
raceme  pubescent;  flowers  3-10,  greenish,  strongly  veined  with  purple,  with 
large  foliaceous  bracts  on  slender  pedicels,  4-6  mm.  long;  sepals  ovate-lanceo- 
late, 12-16  mm.  long,  the  upper  concave;  petals  a  little  smaller,  shorter; 
anther  4  mm.  long. 

In  moist  places,  rare. 

Sub-class  II.     DICOTYLEDONES, 

Embryo  with  two  cotyledons;  stem  usually  differentiated 
into  bark,  wood  and  pith;  wood  cells  forming  annual  rings; 
leaves  mostly  net- veined;  parts  of  flowers  in  fours  or 
fives,  rarely  in  twos  or  sixes. 

Family  25.  SALICACEAE.  Willow  Family. 
■  Trees  or  shrubs  with  light  wood,  bitter  bark  and  brittle  twigs; 
leaves  alternate;  stipules  often  minute;  flowers  solitary  in  the 
axil  of  each  bract,  dioecious,  both  staminate  and  pistillate  in 
aments  which  expand  with  or  before  the  leaves;  staminate  aments 
often  pendulous;  pistillate  pendulous,  erect  or  spreading;  stami- 
nate flowers  of  1-many  hypogynous  stamens,  subtended  by  a 
gland-like  or  cup-shaped  disk ;  pistillate  flower  consisting  of  a  sessile 


SALICACEAE.  II3 

orshort-stipitate  1 -celled  ovary  subtended  by  a  minute  disk;  ovules 
usually  numerous;  fruit  an  ovoid  or  oblong  or  conic  2-4-valved 
capsule;  seeds  minute;  endosperm  none. 

Ament  bracts  entire;  stamens  1-10;  stigmas  short.  144.  Salix,  113. 

Ament  bracts  fimbriate  or  incised;  stamens  numerous; 

stigmas  elongated,  145.  Populus,  118. 

144.   SALIX.*    Willow. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  single-scaled  buds,  the  scales  with  an 
adherent  membrane  within;  leaves  short- petioled,  mostly  narrow, 
with  broad  or  minute  stipules;  aments  appearing  before,  with 
or  after  the  leaves,  erect  or  spreading;  bracts  of  the  aments  mostly 
entire,  small  or  minute;  flowers  each  with  one  or  two  small  glands 
at  its  base;  stamens  1-10,  mostly  2  or  5;  ovary  sessile  or  short- 
stipitate,  glabrous  or  pubescent. 

Trees  with  longitudinally  furrowed  bark;  petioles  glandu- 
lar; aments  on  leafy  peduncles;  stamens  5  or  more.  6".  lasiandra  lyallii. 
Shrubs  or  small  trees;  bark  not  furrowed;  stamens  2  or  1. 
Scales  yellow,  deciduous;  aments  appearing  long  after 
the  leaves,  on  long  leafy  peduncles. 
Capsule   4   mm.   long,   obtuse,   glabrous;   stigmas 

sessile,  short;  leaves  glabrate.  S.  melanopsis. 

Capsule  5-7  mm.  long,  acute,  pubescent  (becoming 
glabrate);  styles  0.5  and  stigmas  1  mm.  long. 
Branchlets,  leaves  and  capsules  thinly  villous; 

leaves  acute  to  acuminate  at  both  ends.  S.  fluviatilis  {?). 

Branchlets,  leaves  and  capsules  densely  villous; 

leaves  sessile,  rounded  to  acute  at  base.  S.  sessilifolia. 

Scales  light  brown  to  black,  persistent;  aments  appear- 
ing before  or  with  the  leaves. 
Capsule  glabrous. 

Low  shrubs;  scales  very  small,  light  brown. 
Pedicels  3-5  mm.  long;  leaves  thin,  coarsely 

reticulate  with  slender  veins.  S.  prolixa. 

Pedicels  2-3.5  mm.  long;  leaves  thick,  finely 

reticulate  with  coarse  veins.  S.  pedicellaris. 

Tall  shrubs  or  small  trees;  scales  mostly  black.  ^ 

Pedicels  2-4  mm.  long;  styles  0.5  mm.  long.  S.  mackenziana. 
Pedicels  1-2  mm.  long;  styles   1-1.5  mm. 
long. 
Aments  on  leafy  peduncles;  low  alpine 
shrubs. 
Leaves  glabrate  above,  glabrous  and 

glaucous  beneath.  S.  harclayi. 

Leaves  tomentose  and  green  on  both 

sides,  becoming  glabrate.  S.  commutata. 

Aments  sessile  or  subsessile,  elongated; 
tall  coastal  shrubs. 
Branchlets     and      leaves      glabrous 

*  The  treatment  of  the  genus  Salix  has  been  revised  and  amplified  with 
the  assistance  of  Mr.  C.   R.   Ball. 


114  SALICACEAE. 

throughout;  blades  broadly  oblan- 
ceolate.  S.  piperi. 

Branchlets   tomentose;    leaves  ellip- 
tic-ovate, tomentose  beneath.  S.  hookeriana. 
Capsule  pubescent. 

Tall  shrubs  or  small  trees. 

Styles  1-1.5  mm.  long;  scales  obovate,  black, 
long-pilose. 
Capsules  3-4  mm.  long;  stamen  1;  leaves 
spatulate-oblanceolate,    silvery-silky 
beneath.  S.  sitchensis. 

Capsules  6-8  mm.  long;  stamens  2. 

Leaves  elliptic-ovate,  gray  tomentose 

beneath.  S.  hookeriana. 

Leaves  obovate,  glabrous  and  glau- 
cous beneath.  S.  pennata. 
Styles  0.2-0.4  mm.  long. 

Leaves  large,  broadly  obovate  to  ellip- 
tical; scales  obovate,  black;  stigmas 
long.  S.  scoideriana. 

Leaves  small,  narrowly  oblanceolate ; 
scales  narrow,  yellowish  to  brown; 
stigmas  short.  S.  geyeriana. 

Prostrate  alpine  shrubs;  a  few  inches  high. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  green 

both  sides;  styles  2  mm.  long.  *  5.  cascadensis. 

Leaves    oval,    obtuse    at    apex,    reticulate, 
glaucous  beneath;  styles  very  short. 
Leaves    1-3    cm.    long;    aments    many- 
flowered.  S.  saximontana. 
Leaves    5-10    mm.    long;    aments    3-6- 

flowered.  6*.  nivalis. 

Salix  lasiandra  lyallii  Sarg.  Tree  10-20  m.  tall,  with  rough  longitudinally 
fissured  bark;  leaves  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  crenate-serrulate,  glaucous 
beneath,  8-16  cm.  or  more  long,  the  short  petioles  and  the  very  base  of  the 
leaf  glandular;  stipules  ear-shaped,  sometimes  large;  aments  on  leafy  branch- 
lets;  staminate  dense,  3-5  cm.  long;  scales  pale,  lanceolate,  more  or  less  dentate; 
stamens  5  or  more,  the  filaments  hairy  at  the  base;  pistillate  aments  3-10  cm. 
long  and  rather  loose,  the  pale  lance-ovate  scales  hairy  at  the  base,  deciduous; 
capsule  glabrous,  6-7  mm.  long;  pedicel  about  2  mm.  long;  style  about  0.5  mm. 
long. 

Common  along  lake  and  river  banks  and  in  swamps. 

Salix  melanopsis  Nutt.  Shrub,  3-5  m.  high;  twigs  dark,  glabrous;  leaves 
oblanceolate  to  elliptical,  5-10  cm.  long,  6-15  cm.  wide,  glabrous  or  thinly 
pubescent,  paler  or  sub-glaucous  beneath,  remotely  denticulate  or  subentire; 
stipules  triangular-ovate,  acute,  few-toothed;  aments  slender,  3-4  cm.  long, 
on  elongated  leafy  branches;  scales  obtuse,  tawny;  capsules  subsessile,  ovoid- 
conic,  obtuse,  4  mm.  long,  glabrous;  stigmas  sessile,  short,  divided. 

Usually  on  gravelly  banks  of  streams;  rare  in  our  limits. 

Salix fluviatilis  Nutt.  (?)  Shrub  2-6  or  8  (?)  m.  high;  branchlets  pubescent 
to  glabrous;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  2-6  mm.  long;  leaves  subsessile,  narrowly 
lanceolate  or  elliptical  (on  fruiting  branches  often  oblanceolate),  acute  or 
short  acuminate  at  both  ends,  subaristate  at  the  apex,  5-7  cm.  long,  8-14  mm. 
wide  (leaves  subtending  the  branchlets  much  larger),  remotely  spinulose- 
denticulate,  thinly  pubescent,  becoming  glabrate  (the  young  often  silvery 


SALICACEAE.  II5 

villous),  green  above,  paler  to  glaucescent  beneath;  aments  clustered,  terminal 
on  leafy  branchlets;  pistillate  3-7  cm.  long;  ovary  villous;  capsule  subsessile, 
lanceolate,  5-7  mm.  long,  thinly  villous  to  glabrous;  style  about  0.5  mm.  long, 
divided;  stigmas  1  mm.  long,  divided,  linear;  staminate  ament  shorter;  stamens 
2;  filaments  pubescent;  anthers  1  mm.  long;  scales  in  both  sexes  2.5  -3.5  mm. 
long,  glabrous. 

S.  sessilifolia  of  authors,  not  of  Nuttall.  A  distinct  species  probably  but 
not  certainly  5.  fluviatilis  Nutt.  On  the  Columbia  River  at  and  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Willamette  and  southward  in  Multnomah  County,  Oregon. 
Nuttall  collected  his  original  specimens  on  "  the  border  of  the  Oregon,  a  little 
below  its  confluence  with  the  Wahlamet." 

Salix  sessilifolia  Nutt.  Shrub  2-3  m.  high;  branchlets  villous-tomentose 
with  spreading  hairs,  those  of  the  season  densely  so;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate, 
1-4  mm.  long;  leaves  narrowly  to  broadly  lanceolate  or  elliptic-lanceolate, 
2.5-5  cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  wide,  the  sprout  leaves  larger,  acute  to  rounded  at 
the  base,  acute  or  short-acuminate  and  subaristate  at  the  apex,  spinulose- 
denticulate,  especially  on  the  outer  half,  green  and  densely  to  thinly  lanate- 
tomentose  with  spreading  hairs  on  both  sides;  aments  appearing  after  the 
leaves,  solitary  (?),  terminal  or  falsely  lateral,  on  short  leafy  peduncles  1-5 
cm.  long;  pistillate  aments  4-6  cm.  long,  the  deciduous  yellow  scales  broadly 
elliptic-lanceolate,  densely  villous;  pedicel  0.5  mm.  long,  villous;  capsule 
lanceolate,  5-6.5  mm.  long,  villous;  style  about  0.5  mm.  long,  divided;  stigmas 
nearly  1  mm.  long,  divided;  staminate  aments  not  seen  on  typical  material 
(on  approximately  typical  specimens  3-4  cm.  long;  scales  elliptical,  pilose- 
pubescent;  stamens  2;  filaments  pubescent,  free;  anthers  about  1  mm.  long). 

Common  in  the  upper  Willamette  Valley  and  on  the  Umpqua  at  Roseburg. 
Nuttall' s  type  in  the  British  Museum  is  matched  by  Hall,  no.  474,  Western 
Oregon,  and  Cusick,  no.  1514?,  Linn  County,  Oregon.  Henderson,  April  25, 
1885,  Oregon  City,  Oregon,  and  Ball,  no.  1978,  Corvallis,  Oregon.  NuttalVs 
original  specimens  were  collected  on  the  "  rocky  borders  of  the  Oregon  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Wahlamet." 

Salix  prolixa  Anderss.  Low  shrub;  branchlets  slender,  dark,  glabrous; 
stipules  minute  or  wanting;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  lanceolate  to  broadly 
lanceolate,  acute,  3-6  cm.  long,  entire  or  very  shallowly  serrulate,  green  above, 
paler  to  glaucous  beneath,  glabrous,  loosely  reticulate  on  both  surfaces  with 
slender  raised  veins;  aments  on  short  leafy  peduncles,  appearing  with  the 
leaves;  pistillate  3-5  cm.  long,  very  lax;  scales  tawny,  oblanceolate,  acute, 
very  small,  thinly  tomentose;  capsule  3-4  mm.  long,  glabrous;  pedicel  slender, 
3-5  mm.  long;  style  about  0.3  mm.  long;  stigmas  short;  staminate  aments 
2-3  mm.  long;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous,  free;  anthers  round,  dark. 

Rare  in  our  limits;  "not  uncommon  around  Victoria,  Vancouver  Island," 
Macoun. 

Salix  pedicellaris  hypoglauca  Fernald.  Shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  glabrous 
throughout;  leaves  elliptic  to  obovate,  2-4  cm.  long,  entire,  mostly  obtuse, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  firm  in  texture,  green  above  and  glaucous 
beneath,  finely  reticulate  on  both  sides;  aments  1-2  cm.  long,  appearing  with 
the  leaves  and  borne  on  leafy-bracted  peduncles;  stamens  2;  capsules  narrowly 
conic,  5-7  mm.  long,  glabrous;  pedicels  slender,  2-3  cm.  long,  longer  than  the 
persistent  acutish  thinly  villous  scale;  style  very  short- 
In  sphagnum  bogs.  • 

Salix  mackenziana  (Hook.)  Barr.  A  shrub  or  small  trees,  2-6  m.  tall, 
with  elongated  dark  sometimes  tomentose  branchlets;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  to  conic-lanceolate  (often  obovate  while  expanding),  short- 
acuminate,  rounded  to  cordate  at  the  base,  glandular-serrulate,  6-10  cm.  long, 
glabrous,  glaucous  beneath;  petioles  stoutish;  stipules  reniform  to  sublunate; 


Il6  SALICACEAE. 

aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  on  short  (4-8  mm.)  peduncles  bearing  2-3 
small  leaves;  pistillate  rather  lax,  2.5-6  cm.  long;  scales  oblanceolate,  obtusish, 
drying  brown,  thinly  tomentose  on  the  outside,  densely  so  within;  capsule 
4.5-5.5  mm.  long,  glabrous;  pedicel  2.5-4  mm.  long;  style  about  0.5  mm.  long; 
staminate  aments  shorter  and  more  dense;  stamens  2;  filaments  2,  glabrous. 
In  moist  ground,  not  common  in  our  limits.  This  species  and  its  subspecies 
S.  mackenziana  macrogemma  Ball  have  been  confused  with  the  eastern  S. 
cor  data  Muhl. 

Salix  mackenziana  macrogemma  Ball,  n.  var.  Branchlets  densely  pubes- 
cent-tomentose  with  gray  hairs;  buds  elongated,  10-16  mm.  long,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  densely  pilose-tomentose  with  long  gray  hairs;  petioles  and  basal 
portion  of  midrib  on  upper  surface  pubescent,  otherwise  as  in  the  species. 

Seattle,  Piper  &  Smith;  Portland,   Henderson ;  Corvallis,  Ball. 

Salix  barclayi  Anderss.  Shrub  1-4  m.  high;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to 
elliptic,  broadly  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  acute  to  abruptly-acuminate  or 
cuspidate,  mostly  rounded  at  base,  5-10  cm.  long,  crenatc-serrate  to  subentire, 
thinly  tomentose  but  becoming  glabrate  above,  paler  to  glaucous  and  glabrous 
beneath;  aments  borne  on  leafy  peduncles,  2-4  cm.  long;  the  staminate  1-3  cm. 
and  the  pistillate  2-6  cm.  long;  scales  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  fuscous,  villous- 
tomentose;  capsules  6-8  mm.  long,  glabrous  to  pubescent;  style  1-1.5  mm. 
long;  stigmas  short;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous,  free. 

In  the  mountains  at  aboyt  2000  m.  altitude,  usually  forming  thickets. 

Salix  commutata  Bebb.  Shrub  1-3  m.  high;  leaves  oblong  to  broadly 
oblanceolate  or  obovate,  6-10  cm.  long,  entire  to  minutely  glandular-serrulate, 
cuspidate,  densely  tomentose  on  both  sides  when  young,  becoming  glabrate 
in  age,  not  paler  beneath;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  stout,  2-3  or  4  cm. 
long,  on  leafy  peduncles,  as  in  S.  barclayi;  scales  brownish,  oblanceolate, 
obtuse,  woolly;  capsule  5-7  mm.  long,  glabrous;  pedicels  1  mm.  long;  style 
1-1.5  mm.  long;  stigmas  short;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous,  free. 

Higher  altitudes  in  the  mountains,  often  growing  with  S.  barclayi. 

Salix  piperi  Bebb.  Large  shrub,  5-6  m.  tall;  branchlets  stout,  glabrous, 
shining;  leaves  broadly  elliptical  or  oblanceolate,  obliquely  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, serrulate,  glabrous,  shining  green  above,  densely  glaucous  beneath; 
stipules  rare,  if  present,  semicordate  or  reniform;  aments  precocious  or  appear- 
ing with  the  leaves;  staminate  cylindrical,  3-5  cm.  long,  short-peduncled; 
scales  black,  hairy;  stamens  2,  the  glabrous  filaments  united  at  the  base  for 
half  their  length;  pistillate  aments  4-10  cm.  long,  dense,  on  short  leafy  ped- 
uncles; capsules  6-7  mm.  long,  glabrous;  pedicel  and  style  1  mm.  long. 

Along  streams  and  in  swamps.  Described  from  Seattle,  at  or  near  its 
northern  li  soumit;  rangingthward  through  the  Willamette  Valley  to  Curry 
County,    Oregon. 

Salix  hookeriana  Barratt.  Shrub  or  tree,  4-10  m.  high,  with  rough  dark- 
gray  bark;  twigs  densely  pubescent  and  very  brittle;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate 
to  elliptic-oval,  acute,  crenate-serrate  to  subentire,  dark  green  and  glabrous 
above,  densely  white-  (becoming  rusty-)  tomentose  beneath,  3-12  cm.  long; 
aments  appearing  before  the  leaves;  staminate  aments  stout,  short-cylindric, 
densely  flowered,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  obovate  scales  black,  densely  covered 
with  long  white  hairs;  pistillate  aments  4-7  cm.  long,  stout;  capsules  usually 
tomentose,  sometimes  glabrate;  style  1  mm.  long;  stigmas  short. 

A  species  occurring  mainly  near  the  ocean  beach  and  rare  along  the  shores 
of  Puget  Sound. 

Salix  sitchensis  Sanson.  Shrub  with  smooth  gray  bark,  2-7  m.  high; 
branchlets  slender,  at  first  downy;  leaves  oblong,  spatulate  or  somewhat  obo- 
vate, mostly  acute,  dark  green  above,  the  veins  conspicuous,  covered  beneath 


SALICACEAE.  II7 

with  an  appressed  satiny  white  pubescence,  entire  or  obscurely  crenate,  5-10 
cm.  long;  petioles  short;  aments  long,  slender,  ascending,  densely  flowered, 
2-8  cm.  long;  scales  dark,  villous;  capsules  ovate-conical,  acute,  silky-pubes- 
cent, subsessile;  style  elongate,  1-1.5  mm.  long;  stigmas  thick,  erect. 

Common  along  rivers  and  lake  shores.     Abundant  along  mountain  streams. 

Salix  pennata  Ball.  Low  shrub  with  dark,  divaricate,  stoutish,  glabrous 
branchlets  and  large  chestnut-colored  buds;  leaves  obovate  or  elliptic-obovate, 
3-6  cm.  long,  acute,  narrowed  at  base,  entire,  very  dark  green  above,  glaucous 
beneath,  the  raised  midrib  and  parallel  primary  veins  conspicuous  beneath,  gla- 
brous; aments  sessile,  stout;  pistillate  2.5-7  cm.  long;  capsules  subsessile,  6-8 
mm.  long,  densely  silvery  pubescent;  style  about  1.4  mm.  long;  stigmas  long; 
scales  obovate,  acute,  black,  densely  pilose;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous,  free. 

Mount  Adams,  Suksdorf;  Mount  Hood,  Howell,  Applegate.  This  species 
is  closely  related  to  S.  chlorophylla  Anderss.  under  which  name  it  is  mentioned 
in  the   Flora  of  Washington. 

Salix  scouleriana  Barr.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  4-10  m.  tall,  with  dull  gray 
bark;  leaves  very  variable,  mostly  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  sometimes  oblong 
or  elliptical,  mostly  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex  and  cuneate  at  base, 
3-10  or  12  cm.  long,  entire  to  shallowly  serrulate,  thick,  green  and  glabrate 
above,  silvery  to  rusty  (in  age)  pubescent  to  glabrous  and  glaucous  and  re- 
ticulate beneath;  stipules  minute  to  large,  ear-shaped,  denticulate;  aments 
appearing  before  the  leaves,  densely  flowered,  sessile  or  the  pistillate  very 
short  peduncled,  2-5  cm.  long;  capsules  long-beaked,  7-9  mm.  long,  tomentose; 
pedicels  pubescent,  1.5  mm.  long;  stigmas  sessile,  long;  scales  obovate,  black, 
long-hairy;    stamens    2;    filaments   glabrous,    free. 

The  commonest  willow  in  our  limits,  occurring  both  in  dry  uplands  and 
swamps.  The  young  leaves  and  bark  have  a  peculiar  fetid  odor.  An  immense- 
ly variable  species  especially  as  to  foliage. 

Salix  geyeriana  Anderss.  Slender-stemmed  shrub,  3-5  m.  high;  branchlets 
glaucous,  glabrous;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  or  sometimes  oblanceolate, 
acute  at  each  end,  dark  green  and  thinly  pubescent  above,  pale  to  glaucous 
and  silky  beneath,  2-6  cm.  long,  the  entire  margins  revolute;  aments  short- 
cylindric,  1-2  cm.  long,  appearing  with  the  leaves,  on  short  leafy  peduncles; 
stamens  2,  the  filaments  pubescent  below;  capsules  sharply  tapering  from  an 
ovoid  base,  5-7  mm.  long,  densely  pubescent;  pedicels  pubescent,  2  mm.  long; 
style  short;  stigmas  short,  divided;  scales  usually  dark,  narrow,  acute,  thinly 
pilose. 

A  rather  rare  willow  found  in  open  places  along  streams. 

Salix  cascadensis  Cockerell.  (S.  tenera  Anderss.,  not  A.  Br.)  Prostrate 
creeping  shrub  about  5  cm.  high;  leaves  narrowly  elliptical  to  obovate, 
broadest  at  or  above  the  middle,  acute  at  each  end  or  rarely  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides,  8-12  mm.  long;  aments  small,  sub- 
globose,  5-20  mm.  long,  few-flowered;  scales  brownish,  villous;  capsules 
sessile,  4-5  mm.  long,  tomentose;  styles  elongate,  1-1.5  mm.  long. 

Mount  Rainier,  Flett;  second  summit  west  of  Skagit  River,  lat.  49°,  Macoun, 
probably  the  same  peak  where  first  collected  by  Lyall. 

Salix  saximontana  Rydb.  Densely  cespitose  and  much  branched,  3-6 
cm.  high;  leaves  elliptic-oblong  to  suborbicular,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute  at 
the  apex,  15-25  mm.  long,  10-15  mm.  wide,  with  entire  and  revolute  margin, 
light  green  above,  glaucous  and  strongly  net-veined  beneath,  glabrous  through- 
out; aments  1-2  cm.  long,  many-flowered;  scales  broadly  obovate,  obtuse  or 
rounded  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  yellowish,  nearly  glabrous;  capsules 
3-4  mm.  long,  densely  white-tomentose. 

At  high  elevations  in  the  Cascade  and  Rocky  Mountains.  Mount  Rainier, 
Flett. 


Il8  SALICACEAE. 

Salix  nivalis  Hook.  A  low  creeping  shrub,  2-3  cm.  high,  similar  to  S. 
saximontana  but  smaller  in  every  way;  leaves  elliptic  or  somewhat  obovate, 
mostly  obtuse,  glabrous,  entire  with  revolute  margins,  7-12  mm.  long,  green 
and  shining  above,  glaucous  and  strongly  net-veined  beneath;  aments  very 
small,  3-6-flowered,  on  naked  peduncles;  scales  oblanceolate,  yellowish,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so;  capsule  2.5-3  mm.  long,  sessile,  tomentose;  stigmas  short, 
sessile,    divided. 

On  the  higher   peaks  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.     Mount  Rainier,  Flett. 

145.   POPULUS. 

Trees  with  scaly  resinous  buds  and  rounded  or  angled  twigs; 
leaves  long-petioled,  broad  or  narrow;  bracts  of  the  aments 
fimbriate  or  incised;  disk  cup-shaped,  oblique,  lobed  or  entire; 
staminate  aments  dense,  pendulous;  pistillate  aments  sometimes 
raceme-like  by  the  elongation  of  the  pedicels,  pendulous,  erect 
or  spreading;  staminate  flowers  with  4-60  stamens;  filaments 
distinct;  ovary  sessile;  seed  with  a  very  conspicuous  tuft  of  hair. 

Bark  smooth;  petioles  flattened;  capsules  oblong-conic, 

smooth.  P.  vancouveriana. 

Bark  rough;  petioles  terete;  capsules  globose,  hairy.  P.  trichocarpa. 

/^-f  AJ.4/^^  Populus  vancouveriana  Trelease  n.  sp.*  Tree  5-10  m.  high;  bark  smooth, 
•tUyc^r^  whitish;  twigs  chestnut  colored  to  dark  purplish;  buds  smooth,  conical, 
gummy,  dark  purple;  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  suborbicular,  acute  or  abruptly 
acuminate,  undulate-crenulate,  somewhat  silky  pubescent  beneath  when 
young,  glabrous  in  age,  mostly  4-6  cm.  long;  petioles  equalling  or  slightly 
longer  than  the  blades;  staminate  aments  4-5  cm.  long,  the  bracts  5  mm.  long, 
cleft  into  numerous  ciliate  filiform  lobes;  stamens  many;  pistillate  aments 
and  fruit  unknown. 

Vancouver  Island,  Lyall,  1858-9  (type  in  Gray  Herbarium);  Victoria, 
Macoun,  nos.  2131,  2132;  Seattle,  E.  S.  Meany  (staminate  aments  described 
from  this  specimen  in  tJnited  States  National  Herbarium).  Apparently 
confined  to  the  region  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  from  Vancouver 
Island  southward  at  least  to  the  head  of  Puget  Sound.  This  aspen. is  easily 
distinguished  from  the  eastern  P.  tremuloides  Michx.  and  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain P.  aurea  Tidestrom  by  the  peculiar  dentition  of  the  leaves.  The  teeth 
are  much  larger  than  in  any  of  its  immediate  allies  and  besides  being  crenu- 
late  are  depressed  so  that  each  tooth  viewed  from  the  edge  forms  a  double 
curve.  Herbarium  material  of  this  aspen  is  very  scanty  and  complete  speci- 
mens showing  pistillate  flowers,  fruit  and  the  leaves  of  the  sterile  shoots  are 
much  desired. 

Populus  trichocarpa  T.  &  G.  Cottonwood.  Large  tree,  10-30  m.  tall, 
with  rough  fissured  pale  gray  bark;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base, 
acuminate,  5-12  cm.  long,  puberulent  when  young,  whitish  beneath;  petioles 
slender,  terete,  about  equalling  the  blades;  staminate  aments  dense,  the  bracts 
long-hairy;  stamens  50-60;  pistillate  aments  becoming  loose;  capsules  nearly 
sessile,  globose,  puberulent  or  glabrate. 

Banks  of  streams  and  lake  shores. 

Family  26.     MYRICACEAE.     Sweet  Gale  Family. 
Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  alternate  usually  waxy-dotted  and 
fragrant  leaves;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  bracts,  monoecious 
*  Description  by  Mr.  Ivar  Tidestrom. 


MYRICACEAE.  II9 

or  dioecious;  perianth  none;  stamens  2-16;  ovary  1-celled,   1- 
ovuled;  fruit  a  drupe-like  nut. 

146.    MYRICA.     Bayberry. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  dentate  or  serrate  leaves;  fruit  coated 
with  wax. 

Leaves  deciduous,  obtuse,  serrate  at  apex.  M.  gale. 

Leaves  evergreen,  acute,  serrate  from  near  the  base.  M.  californica. 

Myrica  gale  L.  Sweet  Gale.  Dioecious  low  shrub,  1-2  m.  high;  leaves 
oblanceolate,  2-6  cm.  long,  obtuse,  serrate  only  at  the  apex,  deciduous,  ap- 
pearing after  the  aments;  staminate  aments  in  clusters;  pistillate  aments 
subglobose  in  fruit,  the  nutlets  resinous-waxy,  each  bearing  two  winglike  bracts 
that  are  adnate  at  the  base. 

Common  along  lake  margins. 

Myrica  californica  Cham.  Monoecious  evergreen  shrub  or  small  tree, 
1-10  m.  high;  leaves  oblanceolate,  acute,  serrate;  aments  bearing  both  stami- 
nate and  pistillate  flowers,  the  latter  near  the  apex;  nutlet  purplish,  papillose, 
with  2  minute  bractlets  at  base. 

Only  along  the  ocean  coast. 

Family  27.     BETULACEAE.     Birch  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  simple,  with  de- 
ciduous stipules;  flowers  small,  monoecious,  in  linear-cylindric, 
oblong  or  subglobose  aments;  staminate  aments  pendulous; 
pistillate  aments  erect,  spreading  or  drooping,  spike-like  or 
capitate;  staminate  flowers  1-3  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  with  a 
membranous  2-4-parted  calyx,  or  calyx  none,  and  2-10  hypogy- 
nous  stamens;  pistillate  flowers  with  or  without  a  calyx  adnate  to 
the  solitary  1-2-celled  ovary;  ovules  1-2  in  each  cavity;  fruit  a 
small  compressed  or  ovoid-globose  mostly  1-celled  and  1 -seeded 
nut  or  samara;  endosperm  none. 

Fruit  a  nut  enclosed  in  a  leafy  involucre.  148.  Corylus,  120. 
Fruit  cone-like,  without  an  involucre. 

Cone  scales  thin,  deciduous;  stamens  2.  147.  Betula,  119. 

Cone  scales  thick,  persistent;  stamens  4.  149.  Alnus,  120. 

147.   BETULA.     Birch. 

Trees  and  shrubs;  leaves  dentate  or  serrate;  buds  scaly; 
flowers  all  in  aments,  expanding  before  and  with  the  leaves; 
pistillate  aments  erect  or  spreading;  staminate  flowers  about  3 
in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  with  a  membranous  usually  4-toothed 
perianth  and  2  stamens,  and  subtended  by  2  bractlets;  pistillate 
flowers  2  or  3  (rarely  1)  in  the  axil  of  each  bract;  perianth  none; 


BETULACEAE. 

ovary  sessile,  2-celled;  nut  small,  with  a  wing,  shorter  than  the 
bracts. 

Shrub;  branchlets  warty  with  resiniferous  glands.  B.  glandulosa. 

Tree;  branchlets  pubescent,  not  warty-glandular.  B.  occidentalis. 

Betula  glandulosa  Michx.  {B.  hallii  Howell.)  Low  shrub,  about  1  m. 
high;  twigs  glandular- warty;  leaves  orbicular  or  obovate,  cuneate  at  base, 
crenate-dentate,  1-3  cm.  long,  glabrous  on  both  sides. 

Common  in  sphagnum  bogs. 

Betula  occidentalis  Hook.  Tree  10-30  m.  high,  with  gray  or  darker  bark; 
leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  punctate  above  with  resiniferous  glands, 
pubescent  beneath,  somewhat  doubly  dentate,  slender-petioled;  fertile  aments 
cylindric,  3-4  cm.  long,  on  slender  peduncles. 

From  the  Skagit  River  northward  on  the  shores  and  islands  of  Puget  Sound 
and  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia.  Hardly  distinct  from  the  more 
eastern  B.  papyrifera  Marsh.     Perhaps  the  largest  of  all  the  birches. 

148.   CORYLUS.    Hazelnut. 

Shrubs  with  broad  thin  serrate  or  incised  leaves;  staminate 
aments  sessile  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs  of  the  previous  season, 
expanding  much  before  the  leaves;  staminate  flowers  one  in  the 
axil  of  each  bract,  each  of  four  stamens ;  calyx  none ;  pistillate 
flowers  clustered  at  the  ends  of  short  branches  of  the  season, 
each  composed  of  an  incompletely  2-celled  ovary  adherent  to  a 
calyx;  nut  wingless. 

Corylus  califomica  (A.  DC.)  Rose.  Tall  shrub,  2-10  m.  high;  branchlets 
pubescent;  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  obscurely  6-10-lobed,  serrate,  subcordate 
at  base,  pubescent;  involucre  bristly,  united  to  the  summit,  prolonged  beyond 
the  nut  into  a  broad  tubular  beak;  nut  ovoid. 

In  open  woods,  common.  * 

149.  ALNUS.    Alder. 


Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  dentate  or  serrulate;  buds  few-scaled; 
both  kinds  of  flowers  in  aments,  expanding  before,  with  or  after 
the  leaves,  the  staminate  pendulous,  the  pistillate  erect,  clustered; 
staminate  flowers  3.,  sometimes  6,  in  the  axil  of  each  bract, 
consisting  of  a  mostly  4-parted  perianth  and  4  stamens,  and  sub- 
tended by  1  or  2  bractlets;  filaments  short,  simple;  anther-sacs 
adnate;  pistillate  flowers  2  or  3  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  without 
a  perianth,  but  subtended  by  2-4  minute  bractlets;  ovary  sessile, 
2-celled;  styles  2;  bracts  woody,  persistent,  5-toothed  or  erose; 
nut  small,  compressed,  wingless  or  winged. 

Tree;  leaves  rusty-pubescent  beneath;  cones  longer  than  the 

peduncles.  A.  oregona. 

Shrub;  leaves  glutinous,  nearly  glabrous;  cones  shorter  than 

the  peduncles.  A.  sinuata. 

Alnus  oregona  Nutt.  Red  Alder.  Tree,  10-20  m.  high,  with  pale  smooth 
bark;  twigs  reddish-brown,  somewhat  pubescent  when  young;  leaves  ovate  to 


BETULACEAE.  121 

elliptic,  acutish,  coarsely  and  doubly  crenate-dentate,  5-30  cm.  long;  fertile  ' 

aments  ellipsoid,  1-2  cm.  long,  on  stout  peduncles  shorter  than  the  aments;  \ 

winter  buds  acute,  gummy.  .  ; 

A  very  common  tree,  especially  in  wet  ground.  ^ 

Alnus  sinuata  (Kegel)  Rydb.  {A.  sitchensis  Sarg.)     Small  tree  or   shrub,  ^/»j    A^ 
3-5  m.  tall,  erect  or  ascending;  bark  rather  dark,  except  on  old  stems;  twigs  ^/ 
chestnut  brown;  buds  smooth,  gummy;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  obtuse  or Ci^-r>^ ^^-*'*^ 
cuneate  at  the  base,  bright  green,  doubly  dentate,  glabrous  above,  nearly  so  ^  ^^^ry-J^l-*^ 
beneath,  thin,  very  gummy  when  young,  5-8  cm.  long;  petioles  slender,  1-2  cm. 

long;  fruiting  aments  1-1.5  cm.  long,  on  slender  peduncles  as  long  or  longer.  \ 

Abundant  in  the  mountains  but  rare  at  low  altitudes,  occasional  at  sea  level.  i 

Family  28.     FAGACEAE.     Beech  Family.  ' 

Monoecious    trees    with    alternate    simple    pinnately-veined  i 

leaves,   with   early  withering  stipules;   petals   none;   staminate  I 

flowers  in  aments,  each  of  4-20  stamens  and  a  calyx;  pistillate  ! 

flowers  solitary  or  several  together,  sessile,  in  an  involucre  which  ' 

becomes  a  bur  or  cup,  each  flower  composed  of  a  calyx  adherent  ; 

to  a  4-8-celled  ovary;  fruit  a  1 -seeded  nut. 

Nuts  enclosed  in  a  spiny  involucre.                                   150.  Castanopsis,  121.  ^ 

Nuts  (acorns)  only  partly  enclosed  in  cups  which  are  i 
not  spiny.                                                                           151.  Quercus,  121. 

150.   CASTANOPSIS.     Chinquapin.  \ 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  with  scaly  bark  and  numerous  bud- 
scales;   leaves  coriaceous,   entire  or  dentate,   pinnately-veined;  i 
flowers  in  threes  in  cymes  or  the  pistillate  solitary  or  in  twos, 
in  slender  erect  aments  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  year; 
styles  3,  spreading,  terminating  in  minute  stigmas;  ovary  sessile,  : 
3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell;  fruit  maturing  at  the  end  of  ; 
the  second   season;   involucre  covered   by  spines,   tubercles  or  \ 
ridges,  enclosing  1-3  ovoid  or  globose  rarely  obscurely  angled  . 
nuts.  \ 

L/^>^   Castanopsis    chrysophylla,  (Dougl.)  A.  DC.     Chinquapin.     Tree  usually  j 

*'*^A,10-20  m.  high;  bark  m  broad  plates,  reddish  brown;  leaves  evergreen,  lanceo-  i 

7.  ^  late  to  elliptic,  entire,  usually  acute,  2-10  cm.  long,  short-petioled,  glabrous  or  i 

j;>u-slightly  scurfy  above,  densely  scurfy  beneath  with  golden  yellow  scales;  aments  \ 

/^»>*^3-7  cm.  long;  fruiting  involucre  densely  covered  with  branched  spines  and  : 

■ /^^^plitting  into  4  irregular  divisions;  nut  solitary,  3-angled,  edible.  \ 

'      Skamania  County,  Washington,  to  California.  n 

151.    QUERCUS.     Oak.^  s 

Trees;  flowers  very  small,  green  or  yellow,  appearing  with  the  \ 

leaves ;  pistillate  flowers  one  in  each  involucre ;  involucre  enlarging  ; 

in  fruit  into  a  hard  cup  around  the  base  of  the  elongated  1 -seeded  ; 

nut  (acorn),  the  5  undeveloped  ovules  remaining  at  the  base  or  j 

top  of  the  perfect  seed.  \ 


x^2  FAGACEAE. 

Leaves  with  obtuse  lobes;  involucre  shallow.  Q.  garryana. 

Leaves  with  sharp-pointed  lobes;  involucre  deep.  Q.  calif ornica. 

Quercus  garryana  Dougl.  Garry  Oak.  Usually  a  large  tree,  with  rather 
thin  deeply  checked  bark;  leaves  thick,  10-15  cm.  long,  coarsely  lobed;  lobes 
obtuse  or  acutish,  usually  entire  but  often  again  lobed;  nut  ovoid  or  obovoid, 
obtuse,  in  a  shallow  cup. 

Common,  especially  on  gravelly  prairies.  First  described  from  Vancouver, 
Washington.  On  the  islands  in  the  northern  part  of  Puget  Sound,  this  oak 
becomes  a  low  shrub  locally  known  as  "  Vine  Oak."  The  leaves  of  this  form, 
which  has  never  been  found  fruiting,  are  exceedingly  variable,  the  lobes  mostly 
acute  and  over-lapping.  Professor  Greene  considered  this  to  represent  a 
distinct  species  which  he  named  Q.  gilherti.  In  sheltered  places,  this  oak 
assumes  the  ordinary  foliage  of  the  Garry  oak. 

Quercus  califomica  (Torr.)  Cooper.  {Q.  kelloggii  Newberry.)  California 
Black  Oak.  Tree  20-30  m.  high  with  rough  black  bark;  leaves  10-16  cm, 
long,  oval  in  outline,  shiny,  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  sharp-pointed ;  nuts  oblong- 
ovoid,  2-3  cm.  long,  in  deep  cups. 

From  the  McKenzie  River,  Lane  County,  Oregon,  southward  through 
California. 

Family  29.  URTICACEAE.  Nettle  Family. 
Herbs  (in  ours);  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  simple,  with  or 
without  stipules;  flowers  small,  monoecious,  dioecious  or  polyg- 
V^JjJp(nofi^*^i5§Jj3l^t^;:2-5  nearly  separate  sepals  or  cup-shaped; 
petals  none;  stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes  and  opposite 
them;  ovary  1 -celled,  mostly  superior;  ovule  solitary;  fruit  an 
akene;  endosperm  scanty  or  none. 

152.  JJRTICA.     Nettle. 

Annual  or  perennial  simple  or  branching  herbs  with  stinging 
hairs;  leaves  opposite,  3-7-nerved,  petioled,  dentate  or  incised, 
with  distinct  stipules;  flowers  greenish,  very  small  and  numerous, 
dioecious  or  monoecious;  staminate  flowers  with  a  deeply  4- 
parted  calyx  and  4  stamens;  pistillate  flowers  with  4  sepals,  the 
two  inner  larger  and  in  fruit  enclosing  the  akene;  the  two  outer 
smaller  and  spreading. 

Urtica  lyallii  Wats.  Perennial  with  creeping  rootstocks;  stems  simple, 
erect,  1-2  m.  high,  merely  bristly  or  glabrous;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate, 
very  coarsely  dentate,  green  and  usually  glabrous  above,  pubescent  or  glabrous 
beneath,  8-16  cm.  long;  stipules  large,  obtuse;  petioles  slender;  flowers  in  loose 
panicles;  akene  ovate. 

Common  in  moist  soil.  The  stinging  hairs  cause  severe  irritation.  First 
found  by  Dr.  Lyall  on  the  northern  boundary  of  Whatcom  County. 

Family  30.     LORANTHACEAE.     Mistletoe  Family. 

Parasitic  shrubs  or  herbs,  yellow  or  yellowish-green,  growing 
on  woody  plants  and  absorbing  food  from  their  sap  through 


j 

LORANTHACEAE.                                          1 23  I 

specialized   roots   (haustoria);  leaves  opposite;   flowers  regular,  ; 

terminal  or  axillary,  clustered  or  solitary,  dioecious  (in  ours);  i 

calyx- tube  adnate  to  the  ovary;  stamens  2-6;  ovary  solitary,  i 

erect;  style  simple  or  none;  stigma  terminal;  fruit  a  berry;  seed  i 

solitary;  endosperm  usually  copious  and  fleshy.  ^ 

Leaves  scale-like,  united  at  base;  anthers  1-celled;  i 

berry  stalked.                                                     ,         153.  Razoumofskya,  123.  ' 

Leaves  flat;  anthers  2-celled;  berry  sessile.               154.  Phoradendron,  123.  I 

153.   RAZOUMOFSKYA.  Snappers.  \ 

Small   fleshy  glabrous  plants,   parasitic  on   the  branches  of  : 

coniferous  trees;  branches  4-angled;  leaves  reduced  to  opposite  : 

connate  scales:  flowers  dioecious,  not  bracted,  solitary  or  several  J 
together  in  the  axils  of  the  scales;  staminate  flowers  with  2-5- 

parted  calyx  and  usually  an  equal  number  of  stamens ;  pistillate  ! 

flowers  with  an  inferior  ovary;  berry  fleshy,  ovoid,  more  or  less  • 

flattened,  when  ripe  violently  ejecting  the  glutinous  seed.  : 

Staminate  flowers  in  panicles ;  branches  in  pairs  or  whorls ; 

on  Pinus  contorta.  R.  americana. 

Staminate  flowers  in  simple  or  compound  spikes;  branches/t^^      s  -r    /%      ^^       ^         '- 
solitary.  C^OmAZx  jC        'WPJ^^  l... 

Stems  tufted,  3-12  cm.  high;  on  Tsuga  heterophylla.  R.  tsugensis.     '  r^m%,^,^^.^ 

Stems  scattered,  not  so  tall. 

Stems  0.5-2  cm.  high;  on Pseudotsuga mucronata.  R.  douglasii.  } 

Stems  3-7  cm.  high;  on  Abies.                                    R.  douglasii ahietina.  \ 

Razoumofskya  americana  Nutt.    Stems  olivaceous,  slender,  much  branched,  j 

the  branches  in  pairs  or  whorls;  staminate  plants  6-10  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  '' 

a  little  smaller;  staminate  flowers  with  ovate  acutish  lobes;  fruit  bluish-green,  , 

4    mm.    long.  \ 

On  Pinus  contorta,  causing  swellings  and  distortions.     Victoria,  Vancouver  \ 

Island,  British  Columbia,  Macoun;  Mount  Constitution,  Orcas  Island,  Pratt.  ! 

Razoumofskya  tsugensis  Rosendahl.     Stems  slender,  3-12  cm.  high,  much 

branched,  olive-yellow  in  color;  fruit  obovate,  beaked,  4-5  mm.  long.  j 
Only  on  the  hemlock,  but  usually  abundant  when  found. 

Razoumofskya  douglasii  (Engelm.)  Kuntze.     Stems  greenish  yellow,  scat- .  i 
tered;  branches  pubescent;  spikes  about  5-flowered;  sepals  of  the  staminate 
flowers  ovate-orbicular,  acute,  1  mm.  long;  fruit  5  mm.  long. 

On  the  Douglas  spruce;  known  in  our  limits  only  south  of  the  Columbia  j 

River.  J 

Razoumofskya  douglasii  abietina  (Engelm.)  Piper.     Stems  3-7  cm.  high,  ; 

the  branches  spreading  or  recurved;  stam_inate  flowers  2.5  mm.  broad;  fruit  4  ■ 

mm.  long.                                                                                                                         _  \ 

On  Abies  grandis  and  A.  concolor;  not  known  from  north  of  the  Columbia  i 

River  in  our  limits.  \ 

154.   PHORADENDRON.  ^ 

Shrubs,  parasitic  on  trees,  with  terete  usually  jointed  and  brittle  \ 

twigs;  leaves  opposite,  flat,  entire  or  wavy,  faintly  nerved ;  flowers  • 


124  SANTALACEAE. 

dioecious,  axillary,  spicate,  bracted  and  small,  solitary  or  several 
in  the  axil  of  each  bract;  staminate  flowers  with  a  usually  3-lobed 
globose  or  ovoid  calyx  with  a  sessile  2-celled  anther  at  the  base 
of  each  lobe;  pistillate  flowers  with  a  similar  calyx  adherent  to 
the  inferior  ovary;  style  short,  obtuse  or  capitate;  fruit  a  sessile 
ovoid  or  globose  fleshy  berry. 

Phoradendron  villosum  Nutt.  Plant  much  branched,  greenish-yellow, 
20-40  cm.  high,  the  stout  terete  branches  pubescent;  leaves  thick,  oblanceolate 
to  nearly  orbicular,  1-5  cm.  long,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  villous  or  pubescent; 
spikes  slender,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  berries  white,  3-4  mm.  in  diameter. 

On  oak  trees,  Willamette  Valley  and  southward.  The  staminate  flowers 
have  the  odor  of  pond  lilies. 

Family  31.  SANTALACEAE.  Sandalwood  Family. 
Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  entire, 
without  stipules;  flowers  clustered  or  solitary,  axillary  or  ter- 
minal, perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious;  calyx  adnate  to  the 
base  of  the  ovary,  4-5-cleft;  petals  none;  stamens  as  many  as 
the  calyx-lobes  and  oppos  te  them;  ovary  1 -celled;  ovules  2-4; 
fruit  a  drupe  or  nut  with  only  one  seed. 

155.    COMANDRA. 

Glabrous  erect  perennial  herbs,  sometimes  parasitic  on  the 
roots  of  other  plants;  leaves  alternate,  oblong,  oval,  lanceolate  or 
linear,  entire,  pinnately  veined;  flowers  perfect,  terminal  or 
axillary,  rarely  solitary,  cymose,  bractless;  calyx  campanulate, 
the  base  of  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary;  limb  5-lobed;  stamens 
5,  rarely  4,  at  the  bases  of  the  calyx-lobes  and  between  the  lobes 
of  the  disk;  fruit  drupaceous,  globose  or  ovoid,  crowned  by  the 
persistent  calyx. 

Comandra  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.  Stems  branched,  very  leafy,  15-35  cm. 
high;  leaves  oblong,  acute,  2-3  cm.  long,  the  midribs  pale;  cymes  several- 
flowered,  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem;  fruit  globose,  tipped  by  the 
persistent    oblong   calyx-teeth. 

In  dry  ground,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Family  32.     ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.     Birthwort  Family. 

Low  herbs  or  twining  shrubs;  leaves  alternate  or  basal,  petioled, 
mostly  cordate  or  reniform,  without  stipules;  flowers  axillary  or 
terminal,  solitary  or  clustered,  perfect,  mostly  large;  calyx-tube 
at  least  at  the  base  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  3-lobed,  6-lobed 
or  irregular;  petals  none;  stamens  6-12,  united  with  the  style; 
ovary  partly  or  wholly  inferior,  mostly  6-celled;  ovules  numerous 
in  each  cavity;  fruit  a  6-celled  capsule  or  berry;  seeds  ovoid  or 
oblong,  angled  or  compressed. 


ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.  ^  125 

156.   ASARUM.     Wild  Ginger. 

Stemless  perennial  often  clustered  herbs,  with  slender  aromatic 
branched  rootstocks;  roots  thick,  fibrous-fleshy;  leaves  long- 
petioled,  reniform  or  cordate,  entire;  flowers  solitary,  large, 
peduncled,  brown-purple  or  mottled,  borne  near  the  ground; 
calyx  bell-shaped  or  hemispheric,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  at  least 
below,  regularly  3-lobed;  starnens  12,  inserted  on  the  ovary; 
ovary  partly  or  wholly  inferior,  6-celled,  the  parietal  placentae 
intruded;  ovules  numerous;  capsule  coriaceous;  seeds  compressed. 

Asarum  caudatuniJLindl.  Sparsely  hairy  throughout;  rootstocks  elongate, 
10-JO  cm.  long;  leaves  reniform-cordate,  5-10  cm.  broad,  obtuse  or  acutish; 
petioles  slender,  elongate;  peduncles  1-4  cm.  long;  flowers  brown-purple; 
calyx-lobes  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate,  2-5  cm.  long. 

In  woods,  common,  the  whole  plant  with  the  faint  odor  of  ginger. 

Family  33.     POLYGON ACEAE.     Buckwheat  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite  or 

whorled,  simple,  mostly  entire,  with  usually  sheathing  united 

stipules    {ocreae) ;    flowers    small,    regular,    perfect,    dioecious, 

monoecious  or  polygamous,  in  spikes,  racemes,  corymbs,  umbels 

or  panicles;  petals  none;  calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  2-6-cleft  or 

parted,  the  segments  sometimes  petal-like;  stamens  4-9,  inserted 

near  the  base  of  the  calyx  or  in  staminate  flowers  crowded  toward 

the  center;  pistil   1;  ovary  superior,   1-celled;  ovule  1;  fruit  a 

lenticular  or  3-angled,  rarely  4-angled  akene;  endosperm  mealy. 

Flowers  involucrate;  stipules  wanting.  157.  Eriogonum,  125. 

Flowers  not  involucrate;  stipules  sheath-like. 

Leaves  reniform ;  sepals  4.  j^  .         158.  Oxyria,  126. 

Leaves  not  reniform;  sepals  6.  (f^^-ov^x-t*-^'*"-^  5) 
Sepals  unequal,  the  inner  becomming  much 

larger;  stigmas  tufted.  159.  Rumex,  127. 

Sepals  equal;  stigmas  capitate.  160,  Polygonum,  128. 

157.   ERIOGONUM. 

Annual  or  perennial  acaulescent  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs  or 
shrubs;  stems  simple  or  branched,  often  tufted;  leaves  entire, 
alternate  or  whorled;  flowers  small,  in  fascicles,  subtended  by  a 
5-8-toothed  or  cleft  campanulate  or  cylindric  involucre;  inflo- 
rescence cymose,  umbellate  or  capitate;  calyx  6-cleft  or  parted, 
usually  colored;  segments  equal  or  the  outer  ones  larger; 
stamens  9;  akenes  pyramidal,  3-angled,  more  or  less  swollen  near 
the  base,  invested  by  the  calyx-segments  or  winged. 

The  species  in  our  limits  are  all  perennials. 

Perianth  not  attenuate  into  a  slender  stipe-like  base. 

Outer  perianth-segments  like  the  inner.  E.  nudum. 


126  POLYGONACEAE.  | 

Outer  perianth-segments  broader  than  the  inner. 

Involucre  campanulate;  perianth  3-4  mm.  long.  E.  ovalifolium.  ; 

Involucre  turbinate;  perianth  5-6  mm.  long.  E.  vineum.  j 

Perianth  attenuate  and  stipe-like  at  base. 

Umbel   compound;    leaves  oblong-ovate,   usually   cor-  ! 

date  at  base.  E.  compositum.  j 

Umbel  simple;  leaves  not  as  above.  ; 

Perianth  yellow,   glabrous;  lobes  of  the  involucre 

inflexed.  E.  umbellatum. 

Perianth  pinkish,  villous;  lobes  of  the  involucre 
*  erect.  E.  pyrolaefolium.         ' 

Eriogonum  nudum  Dougl.     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  tomentose       j 
beneath,  2-5  cm.  long,  mostly  basal,  on  slender  petioles;  stems  30-50  cm.  high,       \ 
glabrous;  panicle  sparingly  branched;  involucres  glabrous;   flowers  glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  white  or  rose-tinged,  in  clusters  of  3-6.  j 

Upper  Willamette  Valley  and  southward.  i 

Eriogonum  ovalifolium  Nutt.     A  much  branched  tufted  plant,  densely       j 
white-tomentose  to  the  flowers;  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  obtuse,       ' 
5-12  mm.  long;  peduncles  slender,  5-20  cm.  high;  involucres  campanulate, 
4-5  mm.  long;  flowers  in  a  dense  head-like  umbel,  usually  yellowish,  3-5 
mm.  long. 

At  high  altitudes  in  the  mountains.  '■ 

Eriogonimi  vineum    Small.     Very  similar  to   E.  ovalifolium;    involucres       ! 

turbinate  or  vase-shaped,  4.5-5.5  mm.  long;  perianth  wine-red,  5-6  mm.  long.       I 

In  rocky  soil  at  high  altitudes.     Perhaps  not  distinct  from  E.  ovalifolium,       I 

Eriogonum  compositum   Dougl.     Stems  stout,   simple,    20-30  cm.   tall, 

glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  cordate,  acute,  densely  ! 

white-woolly  beneath,  green  and  less  so  above,  4-10  cm.  long,  on  petioles  as  i 

long  or  longer;  umbels  6-10-rayed,  mostly  compound,  rather  dense;  principal  i 

bracts  linear  or  oblanceolate;  branches  very  short,   2-4  cm.  long;  involucres  , 
pubescent,  deeply  5-lobed,  the  lobes  acute,  spreading;  flowers  white  or  yellow, 

sparsely  pilose.  j 

In  gravelly  soil  in  open  places.  ■ 

/Mt/W****^     Fri9p;nniitn    umbellatum  Torr.     (E.  montanum   Howell.)       Stems  woody 
^^^J^,^f^Ji   and  much  branched,  15-20  cm.  high;  leaves  spatulate,  the  blade  oblong  to 
'^      ^\  .    orbicular,  1-4  cm.  long,  densely  white  tomentose  beneath,  green  and  glabrous «i\^ 
**'^'^'^'       '    above;  peduncles  10-30  cm.  high,  bearing  a  simple  umbel  of  3-10  rays  with  a  T^ 
**  whorl  of  foliaceous  bracts  at  the  base;  involucre  turbinate,  somewhat  woolly, 

deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  becoming  reflexed;  perianth  bright-yellow,  stipe-like       \ 
at  base,  4-5  mm.  long,  glabrous. 

On  the  high  peaks  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  perhaps  only  on  the  eastern 
watershed.  j 

^t.A^*rrvs       Erin^rnn^pi  pyrolaefolium  coryphaeum  T.  &  G.     Loosely  tufted;  leaves  j 
^'tk  T^^^Al*  obfong  or  obovate,  densely  tomentose  Beneath,  greener  above,  2-3  cm.  long; 

nn        t     -^^jxiduncles  5-8  cm,  high,  smooth;  flowers  rose-colored,  in  dense  umbels;  perianth  i 

Vi^  a.  ^•**^*villous.  1 

At  high  elevations  in  the  mountains.  ! 

158.    OXYRIA.  j 

Perennial  alpine  herbs  with  long-petioled  mostly  basal  leaves;      ' 
stipules  sheathing  the  stems;   flowers   perfect,  without  an  invo-      \ 
lucre ;  calyx  of  4  distinct  herbaceous  sepals,  the  two  outer  spreading, 
the  inner  erect ;  stamens  6 ;  stigmas  2 ;  akene  compressed,  2-winged. 


POLYGONACEAE.  127 

Oxyria  digyna  (L.)  Hill.  Mountain  Sorrel.  Leaves  fleshy,  broadly  reni- 
form,  often  emarginate,  2-5  cm.  broad;  stems  8-30  cm.  high;  fruit  orbicular, 
usually  bright  red. 

In  rocky  places  in  the  mountains. 

159.   RUMEX.     Dock. 


Perennial  or  annual  leafy-stemmed  herbs,  some  species  slightly  ; 
woody;  stem  grooved,  mostly  branched;  leaves  entire  or  undu- 
late, flat  or  crisped;  sheaths  usually  cylindric,  brittle,  soon  falling  j 
away;  inflorescence  of  simple  or  compound  often  panicled  I 
racemes;  flowers  green  or  reddish,  perfect,  dioecious  or  polygamo-  ; 
monoecious,  whorled,  on  jointed  pedicels;  calyx  6-parted,  the  : 
three  outer  sepals  unchanged  in  fruit,  the  three  inner  ones  mostly  ; 
developed  into  valves  which  are  entire,  dentate  or  fringed  with 
bristle-like  teeth;  stamens  6;  stigmas  tufted;  akene  3-angled,  the  ■ 
angles  more  or  less  margined.  ■ 

Flowers  dioecious;  leaves  hastate;  plant  small.  R.  acetosella.                                A 
Flowers  not  dioecious;  leaves  not  hastate;  plant  coarse. 

Outer  sepals  without  tubercles;  leaves  crisped,  oblong,  ' 

truncate  at  base.  R.  occidentalis. 

Outer  sepals,  or  some  of  them  with  tubercles;  leaves  I 

neither  crisped,  nor  oblong,  nor  truncate.  , 

Sepals  with  slender  teeth.  i 

Annual;  tubercles  3;  pedicels  very  short.  R.  maritimus,                               1 

Perennial;  tubercle  1;  pedicels  long.  R.  ohtusif alius. 

Sepals  entire  or  nearly  so.  j 

Leaves  flat,  all  lanceolate.  R.  mexicanus.                             | 

Leaves  undulate,  the  lower  cordate.  I 

Valves  4-6  mm.  long;  pedicels  longer.  R.  crispus.                                   \ 

Valves  2  mm.  long;  pedicels  not  longer.  R.  conglomeratus. 

Rumex  acetosella  L.  Sheep  Sorrel.  Dioecious,  widely  spreading  by  ^Ad  Mt^ 
creeping  rootstocks;  stems  slender,  10-30  cm.  high  simple  or  somewhat  ;ort^, 
branched;  leaves  3-10  cm.  long,  very  acid,  glabrous,  mostly  hastate,  the  basal 
lobes  entire  or  toothed;  sheaths  scarious,  becoming  cut  into  lobes;  panicle 
narrow,  the  branches  ascending;  bracts  wanting;  flowers  small,  on  short  jointed 
pedicels,  clustered;  sepals  remaining  small,  much  shorter  than  the  3-angled 
akene. 

A  common  and  troublesome  weed. 

Rumex  occidentalis  Wats.  Stout,  100-150  cm.  tall;  leaves  oblong-ovate, 
mostly  obtuse,  15-40  cm.  long,  entire  or  undulate,  cordate  at  the  base;  petioles 
of  the  lower  leaves  long  and  slender,  of  the  upper  stout;  panicles  30-60  cm. 
long,  dense,  usually  reddish;  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  1  cm.  long;  valves 
broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  more  or  less  toothed, .6-10  mm.  long,  wholly  without 
tubercles;  akene  brown,  4  mm.  long. 

Common,  especially  in  wet  meadows  near  the  seashore. 

Rumex  maritimus  fueginus  (Phil.)  Dusen.  Minutely  pubescent;  stems 
erect  or  procumbent,  branched,  15-60  cm.  high;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  3-10  cm.  long,  wavy-margined;  panicle 
dense,  the  flowers  short-pedicelled    in  numerous  close  whorls;  valves  ovate, 


128  POLYGONACEAE. 

each  bearing  a  linear-lanceolate  tubercle  on  the  back  and  2  or  3  slender  bristles 
on  the  margins. 

Along  the  seashore,  not  common.  This  plant  has  generally  been  confused 
with   R.  persicarioides  L. 

Rumex  obtusifolius  L.  Bitter  Dock.  Stems  40-60  cm.  tall,  erect;  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  all  cordate,  15-30  cm.  long;  flowers  long-pedicelled,  in  loose 
whorls;  valves  of  the  fruit  ovate,  fringed  with  a  few  bristly  teeth,  usually  but 
one  valve  tubercle-bearing. 

A  troublesome  weed,  introduced  from  Europe. 

Rumex  mexicanus  Meisn.  Stems  erect  or  decumbent,  40-90  cm.  long, 
slightly  grooved,  often  branched  below;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  entire,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  8-15  cm.  long; 
petioles  rather  short;  panicle  10-12  cm.  long,  the  branches  short,  leafy-bracted ; 
valves  triangular-ovate,  slightly  toothed,  3-4  mm.  long,  each  bearing  a  large 
oblong  tubercle;  akene  broad,  2  mm.  long. 

In  wet  places  common.,  This  species  has  been  much  confused  with  R. 
salicifolius  Weinm. 

Rumex  crispus  L.  Yellow  Dock.  Stem  stout,  50-100  cm.  high,  grooved, 
from  an  elongated  fusiform  root;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  truncate  or  rounded 
at  the  base,  15-30  cm.  long,  the  margin  wavy  and  crisped;  petiole  short; 
panicle  rather  dense,  20-40  cm.  long,  greenish;  flowers  on  pedicels  5-10  mm. 
long;  valves  3-4  mm.  long,  broadly  ovate  or  cordate,  each  bearing  a  tubercle; 
akene  about  2-2.5  mm.  long,  brown. 

An  introduced  European  weed. 

Rumex  conglomeratus  Murr.  Tall  and  slender;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
the  lower  cordate;  panicle  elongated,  leafy;  flowers  in  dense  whorls,  the  pedicels 
very  short;  valves  of  the  fruit  all  tubercle-bearing. 

A  weed  introduced  from  Europe. 

160.     POLYGONUM. 

Annual  or  perennial,  terrestrial  or  aquatic  herbs,  some  species 
woody;  stems  erect,  prostrate,  climbing  or  floating;  leaves  alter- 
nate, sessile  or  petioled,  continuous  with  or  jointed  to  the  cylindric 
funnelform  or  2-lobed  often  lacerate  or  fringed  sheaths;  flowers 
small,  perfect,  green,  white,  pink  or  purple,  variously  clustered, 
the  clusters  terminal  or  axillary;  pedicels  jointed,  subtended  by 
the  sheaths;  calyx  4  or  5-parted  or  cleft,  the  outer  segments  larger 
than  the  inner;  stamens  3-9;  stigmas  capitate;  akene  lenticular 
or  3-angled  (rarely  4-angled),  invested  by  or  exceeding  the  calyx. 

Stems  twining;  leaves  cordate.  P.  convolvulus. 

Stems  not  twining;  leaves  not  cordate. 

Leaves  small,  usually  narrow;  stems  wiry. 

Plant  with  woody  rootstocks.  P.  paronychia. 

Plant  without  rootstocks;  mostly  annuals. 
Plants  prostrate. 

Akenes  not  longer  than  the  calyx.  P.  aviculare. 

Akenes  protruding  from  the  calyx.  P.  fowleri. 

Plants  erect  or  ascending. 

Flowers  in  rather  d^se  terminal  brJicteate 

spikes;  styles  nearly  obsolete.  P.  kelloggii. 

Flowers  axillary,  or  in  loose  or  interrupted 
spikes;  styles  present. 


POLYGONACEAE.  1 29 

Leaves  rather  broad,  scarcely  reduced 
upward. 
Tall,    branched    throughout;    style 

3-cleft.  P.  erectum. 

Low  alpine  plant;  style  3-parted.         P.  minimum. 
Leaves  narrow,  decidedly  reduced  up- 
ward. 
Flowers  in  virgate  much  elongated 

loose  spikes.  P.  douglasii. 

Flowers  in  interrupted  but  rather 
close  spikes. 
Style  3-cleft;  filaments  slender.      P.  spergulariaeforme. 
Style    3-parted;    filaments    di- 
lated. ^  P.  nuttallii. 
Leaves  comparatively  large;  flowers  mainly  terminal. 
Annuals;  flowers  in  several  spike-like  racemes. 

Ocreae  naked;  raceme  drooping.  P.  lapathifolium. 

Ocreae  bristly-ciliate. 

Calyx  not  glandular;  raceme  dense.  P.  persicaria. 

Calyx  glandular;  racemes  interrupted. 

Racemes  erect.  ^  P.  punctatum. 

Racemes  drooping.  P.  hydropiper. 

Perennials. 

Styles  3 ;  plants  with  thick  roots. 

Flowers    in    racemes    or    panicles;    styles 

short.  P.  newberryi. 

Flowers  in  a  single  dense  spike-like  raceme; 
styles  long. 
Raceme  thick  not  bulbiferous;  akenes 

smooth.  P.  histortoides. 

t  Raceme    slender,     often    bulbiferous; 

akenes  dull.  P.  viviparum. 

Styles  2 ;  aquatic  or  swamp  plants  with  flowers 
in  spike-like  racemes. 
Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acuminate.         P.  emersum. 
Leaves  oblong-elliptic,  obtuse. 

Sheaths  without  foliaceous  border.  P.  amphibium. 

Sheaths   with    a   spreading   foliaceous 

border.  P.  hartwrightii. 

Polygonum  convolvulus  L.  Annual;  stems  twining  or  prostrate,  50-100 
cm.  long,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  scurfy  below;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  some- 
what halberd-shaped,  acuminate,  2-6  cm.  long,  minutely  scurfy  beneath; 
petioles  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  blades;  sheaths  short;  flowers  in  clusters 
on  slender  axillary  leafy  racemes;  calyx  5-parted,  closely  investing  the  fruit; 
akene  3-angled,  dull  black,  minutely  roughened. 

Introduced  in  cultivated  or  waste  soil. 

Polygonum  paronychia  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Perennial,  half  shrubby, 
glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous;  stems  prostrate  to  ascending,  irregularly 
branched,  20-80  cm.  long;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  revolute  on  the  margins, 
strongly  keeled  beneath;  sheaths  silvery,  lacerate,  persistent  on  the  old  stems; 
flowers  in  small  clusters,  axillary  in  the  upper  leaves  and  crowded  near  the 
summit;  calyx  white  or  pinkish;  stamens  8;  akene  3-angled,  black,  smooth, 
shiny. 

Along  the  ocean  coast  on  sandy  beaches. 

Polygonum  aviculare  L.      Knot-weed.     Annual,  glabrous;  stems  slender, 


130  POLYGONACEAE. 

prostrate,  much  branched,  forming  dense  mats,  the  branches  leafy  to  the  top; 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute,  1-3  cm.  long,  nearly  sessile;  sheaths  scarious, 
cut  into  lobes;  flowers  1  or  few  in  the  upper  axils,  pink,  on  very  short  pedicels 
which  are  included  in  the  sheaths;  akenes  3-angled,  dull,  minutely  granular. 
Everywhere  a  weed;  much  relished  by  stock. 

Polygonum  fowleri  Robinson.  Perennial,  pale  green;  stems  prostrate, 
branched,  10-50  cm.  long,  striate;  leaves  elliptic  to  oblong,  short-petioled, 
1-3  cm.  long,  about  as  long  as  the  internodes;  ocreae  lacerate  and  scarious; 
flowers  axillary;  sepals  oblong,  green  with  the  margins  white  or  pink;  akenes 
angular-ovoid,  much  longer  than  the  calyx. 

On  sandy  sea-beaches,  Alaska  to  Washington;  also  on  the  Alantic  coast. 

Polygonum  kelloggii  Greene.  Annual,  branched  from  the  base  or  simple, 
glabrous,  2-5  cm.  high,  very  leafy;  leaves  linear  or  lance-linear,  sessile,  acute, 
5-10  mm.  long;  sheaths  thin,  lacerate;  flowers  in  small  clusters  in  the  axils; 
calyx  2  mm.  long,  green  with  white  margins;  akenes  3-angled,  brown,  dull, 
striate. 

In  open  places  in  the  mountains,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Polygonum  erectum  L.  Annual,  yellowish  green;  stems  erect  or  ascending, 
20-60  cm.  high,  simple  or  branched;  leaves  elliptical  or  somewhat  obovate, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  1-3  cm.  long;  flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  in  twos;  sepals 
yellowish-green,  3  mm.  long;  akene  triangular-ovoid,  dull,  enclosed  by  the 
calyx. 

Native  of  Europe,  sparingly  introduced  in  waste  places. 

Polygonum  minimum  Wats.  Annual,  slightly  scabrous,  5-30  cm.  high, 
usually  branched  from  the  base;  stems  wiry,  red;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  or  apiculate,  5-12  mm.  long;  flowers  axillary,  crowded  above,  usually 
rose-colored,  erect  on  short  pedicels;  stamens 5-8;  akenes  smooth,  shiny,  longer 
than  the  sepals. 

In  moist  places  at  high  altitudes,  rare  in  our  limits. 

^j/tr  AtU^**-^  Polygonimi  douglasii  Greene.  Annual;  stems  slender,  15-40  cm.  tall,  erect, 
^^^^jj  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  branches  few,  erect,  angled;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at 
J"^'^'^*'''^  each  end,  sessile  at  the  jointed  base;  sheaths  cylindric,  scarious,  becoming  cut 
'■•  into  lobes;  flowering  branches  slender;  flowers  1-3,  from  the  axils  of  the  scat- 

tered bracts,  soon  becoming  deflexed;  calyx  purple  or  whitish,  with  prominent 
green  midribs;  styles  very  short;  akene  3-angled,  black,  shiny. 
In  gravelly  soil,  not  common. 

Polygonimi  spergulariaeforme  Meisn.  Annual,  scurfy  pubescent  especially 
at  the  nodes;  stems  slender,  wiry,  loosely  branched,  erect,  15-30  cm.  high; 
leaves  sessile,  linear-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  acute,  1-3  cm.  long,  usually 
revolute  on  the  margin,  much  reduced  upward;  sheaths  lacerate;  flowers  in 
small  clusters  in  the  axils,  more  crowded  toward  the  top;  calyx  4  mm.  long, 
green  with  broad  pinkish  or  white  margin;  stamens  8;  filaments  filiform; 
akene  3-angled,  black,  minutely  roughened,  shiny,  included  in  the  calyx. 

In  poor  or  gravelly  soil,  not  common. 

Polygonimi  nuttallii  Small.  Annual,  glabrous;  stems  slender,  angled,  wiry, 
ascending,  loosely  branched,  5-15  cm.  high;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or 
oblanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  sessile,  1-3  cm.  long;  sheaths  at  length 
lacerate;  flowers  axillary,  crowded  near  the  summit;  calyx  2.5  mm.  long,  pink 
margined;  akene  3-angled,  black,  smooth,  shiny. 

British  Columbia  to  Oregon,  in  open  places,  not  common. 

Polygonum  lapathifolium  L.  Stems  branched,  15-80  cm.  high,  erect  or 
ascending;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  midrib  and  margins, 
10-20  cm.  long;  peduncles  minutely  glandular;  spikes  axillary  and  terminal, 


POLYGONACEAE.  131 


slender,  2-10  cm.  long,  erect  or  nodding;  flowers  white  or  pink;  stamens  6;  j 

akene  ovate,  lenticular.  i 

Sumas  Prairie,  Lyall;  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun;  rare  in  our  limits.  1 

Polygonum  persicaria  L.     Lady's   Thumb.     Annual,  erect  or  ascending, 
glabrous  or  puberulent;  stems  15-90  cm.  long;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  acu-  ; 

minate  at  each  end,  short-petioled,  5-25  cm.  long,  frequently  with  a  brown- 
purple  spot  near  the  middle,  glabrous  or  sparsely  puberulent  below  and  on  the  ^ 
midrib  margins  and  above;  sheaths  tubular,  10-15  mm.  long,  coarsely  fringed; 
spikes  slender,  2-4  cm.  long,  slender  peduncled,  erect;  calyx  pink,  5-lobed;  , 
akene  lenticular,  black  and  shining.                                                                                               i 

Naturalized  from  Europe,  very  common.  j 

Polygonum  punctatimi  Elliott.     Perennial  or  annual,  nearly  glabrous;  stems  \ 

erect  or  decumbent  at  base,  often  rooting  at  the  nodes,  30-90  cm.  long;  leaves  i 

lanceolate,  acuminate,  ciliate,  8-12  cm.  long;  sheaths  bristly  ciliate;  spikes  ; 

erect,  usually  densely  flowered;  calyx  greenish  with  white  or  pinkish  margins;  i 

stamens  8;  styles  2  or  3;  akenes  lenticular  or  3-angled,  smooth  and  shiny. 

In  wet  places,  not  common  in  our  limits.  i 

Polygonum  hydropiper  L.     Smartweed.     Annual,  glabrous;  stems  erect  or  ] 

ascending,  20-60  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  ciliate,  ' 

3-10  cm.  long,  very  acrid;  sheaths  bristly-ciliate ;  spikes  interrupted,  nodding,  i 

3-8  cm.  long;  calyx  green,  dotted  with  dark  glands;  stamens  4  or  6;  akenes  ] 

minutely  striate,  dull.  , 

In  wet  ground,  not  common,  apparently  introduced. 

Polygonimi  newberryi.  Small.     Perennial,  dull  green,  somewhat  puberulent ly/yttO  /'it A 
throughout;  stems  stout,  rather  fleshy,  flexuous,  mostly  simple,  10-30  cm.  zow/f^ 
high;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  obtusish,  1-4  cm.  long,  short-petioled; 
sheaths  short,  brown,  scarious,  entire;  spikes  axillary  from  the  upper  leaves, 
1-2  cm.  long,  few-flowered;  calyx  greenish,  5-parted,  3  mm.  long;  stamens  8; 
akenes  brown,  3-angled,  smooth  and  shiny. 

In  rocky  soils  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  at  about  2000  m.  altitude. 

Polygonum  bistortoides   Pursh.     Perennial   from   a   thick  oblong  tuber, 
glabrous  throughout  or  sparsely  puberulent;  stem  erect,  simple,  30-60  cm. 

tall;  radical  leaves  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  5-20  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  broad,  ] 

on  slender  usually  shorter  petioles;  cauline  leaves  3-4,  sessile,  the  uppermost  I 

much  reduced,  lanceolate;  spikes  oblong,  3-6  cm.  long,  dense;  calyx  white,  ] 

deeply  5-cleft;  akene  chestnut-brown,  3-angled,  smooth,  shiny.  J 

Moist  meadows  in  the  mountains  at  1500  to  2000  m.  elevation.  1 

Polygonum  viviparum  L.     Perennial  from  a  thick  bulb-like  base,  glabrous;  ! 

stems  strictly  erect,  simple,  10-30  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  1 

acutish,  truncate  to  subcordate  at  base,  5-20  cm.  long,  long-petioled;  cauline  | 

leaves  lancc-linear,  sessile;  spike   terminal,  erect,   linear,  the  lower  flowers  i 
often  replaced  by  bulblets;  calyx  pink,  5-parted;  stamens  8;  styles  long,  ex- 

serted;  akene  triangular-ovoid.  < 

A  high  alpine  plant,  collected  in  our  limits  only  by  Lyall,  Cascade  Mount-  ! 

ains,  latitude  49°.  ^ 

Polygonum     emersum     (Michx.)     Britt.     Perennial,     sparsely     scabrous  i 

throughout;  stems  erect  or  decumbent,  1-2  m.  long,  rooting  at  the  nodes;  leaves  ; 

oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  8-16  cm.  long,  J 

short-petioled;  sheaths  cylindric,  loose,  entire;  spikes  dense,  3-7  cm.  long,  j 

short-peduncled;   calyx  rose-red,   5-parted;   akenes  lenticular,   black,   shiny,  \ 

slightly  roughened.                                                                                                  ^  ' 

In  wet  meadows;  rare  in  our  limits,  common  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  ] 
Sumas  Prairie,  Lyall. 


132  POLYGONACEAE. 

Polygonum  amphibium  L.  Perennial,  aquatic,  glabrous  or  nearly  so; 
leaves  floating,  elliptic  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  smooth  and  shiny  above, 
5-12  cm.  long,  long-petioled ;  spikes  dense,  2-3  cm.  long. 

In  ponds  and  lakes,  common. 

Polygonum  hartwrightii  Gray.  Perennial,  on  muddy  banks,  more  or  less 
strigose-pubescent  especially  on  the  sheaths  and  bracts. 

On  the  borders  of  ponds  and  lakes,  not  uncommon.  Many  botanists 
consider  this  only  a  hairy  terrestrial  state  of  P.  amphibium. 

Family  34.     CHENOPODIACEAE.     Goosefoot  Family. 

Mostly  annual  or  perennial  herbs;  stems  angled,  striate  or 
terete;  leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  simple,  entire, 
toothed  or  lobed,  mostly  petioled,  without  stipules;  flowers  per- 
fect, polygamous,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  small,  greenish, 
regular  or  slightly  irregular,  commonly  in  panicled  spikes,  with 
or  without  bracts;  calyx  persistent,  2-5-lobed  or  parted,  or 
rarely  reduced  to  a  single  sepal  or  in  some  pistillate  flowers 
wanting;  petals  none;  stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes  or 
fewer  and  opposite  them;  disk  usually  none;  ovary  mostly  free 
from  the  calyx,  1 -celled;  ovule  1;  fruit  a  utricle;  endosperm 
mealy,  fleshy  or  wanting. 

Leaves  nearly  terete,  fleshy.  161.  Dondia,  132. 

Leaves  flat,  scale-like  or  subulate,  not  fleshy. 

Leaves    scale-like;    flowers   embedded    in   the 

fleshy  axis.  162.  Salicornia,  132. 

Leaves  not  scale-like;  flowers  not  embedded  in 
the  axis. 
Flowers  unisexual;  fruit  enclosed  by  two 

bracts.  163.  Atriplex,  133. 

Flowers  perfect;  fruit  bractless. 

Leaves  becoming  spiny.  164.  Salsola,  133. 

Leaves  not  spiny.  *       '  165.  Chenopodium,  133. 

161.     DONDIA. 
Fleshy  plants  growing  in  salty  places;  leaves  alternate,  fleshy, 
linear,  nearly  terete;  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  leafy  bracts; 
calyx  5-parted,  fleshy,  enclosing  the  fruit;  stamens  5;  stigmas 
2  or  3;  embryo  spirally  coiled;  endosperm  scanty  or  none. 

Dondia  maritima  (L.)  Druce.  Sea-blite.  Stems  5-40  cm.  high,  with 
ascending  or  sometimes  procumbent  branches;  leaves  linear,  plane  above, 
convex  beneath,  glaucous,  3-5  cm.  long,  those  on  the  flowering  branches 
reduced;  flowers  1-4,  axillary,  shorter  than  the  subtending  leaf;  sepals  convex 
or  obscurely  keeled;  seed  brown  to  black,  2  mm.  broad. 

Salt  marshes,  rare  in  our  limits.     Coupcville,  Gardner. 

162.     SALICORNIA. 
Low  plants  growing  in  salty  places;  stems  succulent,  jointed; 
leaves  reduced  to  opposite  scales  or  teeth;  flowers  perfect,  em- 


CHENOPODIACEAE.  I33 

bedded  three  together  in  each  hollow  of  the  thickened  upper 
joints  forming  a  spike;  the  two  lateral  ones  sometimes  sterile; 
stamens  1  or  2;  styles  2,  united  at  the  base;  embryo  horseshoe- 
shaped. 

Salicornia  ambigua  Michx.  Glasswort  or  Samphire.  Stems  erect  or  de- 
cumbent, 8-30  cm.  high,  from  a  somewhat  woody  base;  spike  2-5  cm.  long, 
its  scales  short  and  acute;  flowers  subequal  in  size,  as  long  as  the  joint. 

Common  in  salt  marshes. 

163.     ATRIPLEX.     Saltbush. 

Annual  herbs,  usually  mealy  or  scurfy;  flowers  in  leafy  spikes, 
monoecious  or  dioecious;  staminate  with  a  5-lobed  calyx  and 
mostly  5  stamens ;  pistillate  of  a  naked  pistil  between  2  appressed 
foliaceous  bracts,  which  are  enlarged  and  sometimes  united  in 
fruit. 

Bracts  ovate  to  linear,  without  crest-like  thickenings;  leaves 

linear.  _  A.  zoster aefolia. 

Bracts   angular-ovate,    usually   with   crest-like   thickenings; 

leaves  linear-lanceolate.  A.  littoralis. 

Atriplex  zosteraefolia  (Hook.)  Wats.  Stems  weak,  decumbent,  20-30  cm. 
long,  glabrous  or  slightly  scurfy;  leaves  fleshy,  linear,  mostly  opposite,  3-10 
cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  broad;  flowers  in  axillary  clusters;  bracts  ovate  to  linear. 

Originally  found  on  the  shores  of  the  Straits  of  San  Juan  de  Fuca  by  Scouler; 
recently  found  by  Dawson  and  Macoun  at  various  points  on  the  coast  of 
Vancouver  Island  and  adjacent  British  Columbia. 

Atriplex  littoralis  L.  Stems  decumbent  or  sometimes  erect,  30-60  cm. 
long;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  sometimes  hastate  or  few-toothed,  dark- 
green,  somewhat  scurfy;  flowers  in  terminal  panicles;  bracts  of  the  fruit  deltoid- 
triangular,  often  tubercled  or  crested  on  the  back,  the  margins  thinner  and 
green. 

Common  on  the  seashore. 

164.     SALSOLA. 

Annual  bushy-branched  herbs;  leaves  rigid,  subulate,  prickle- 
pointed;  flowers  sessile,  perfect,  2-bracteolate,  solitary  in  the 
axils,  or  sometimes  several  together;  calyx  5-parted;  stamens  5; 
utricle  flattened,  enclosed  by  the  calyx,  the  segments  of  which  are 
appendaged  by  a  broad  membranous  horizontal  wing  in  fruit; 
endosperm  none. 

Salsola  kali  tenuifolia  G.  F.  W.  Mey.  Russian  Thistle.  Much  branched 
from  the  base,  torming  hemispherical  plants  30-90  cm.  or  more  in  diameter; 
branches  striate,  often  reddish  below;  leaves  linear,  bluish-green,  sessile, 
tipped  with  a  sharp  point,  fleshy  at  first  but  becoming  dry  and  stiff,  1-3  cm. 
long;  wings  of  the  calyx  persistent,  membranous. 

Sparingly  introduced  but  not  troublesome  as  a  weed  in  our  limits. 

165.     CHENOPODIUM.     Goosefoot. 

Annual  or  perennial,  green  and  glabrous,  white-mealy  or 
glandular-pubescent   herbs;   leaves   alternate,    petioled,    entire. 


134  CHENOPODIACEAE. 

sinuate-dentate  or  pinnately-lobed ;  flowers  very  small,  green, 
perfect,  sessile,  bractless,  clustered  in  axillary  or  terminal,  often 
panicled  or  compound  spikes;  calyx  2-5-parted  or  lobed;  stamens 
1-5;  utricle  embraced  or  enclosed  by  the  calyx,  the  segments  of 
which  are  herbaceous  or  slightly  fleshy  in  fruit;  endosperm  mealy. 

Calyx  somewhat  fleshy  and  often  red  in  fruit;  stamens  1  or  2.     C.  humile. 
Calyx  not  fleshy  nor  red;  stamens  5. 

Leaves  mealy  beneath.  C.  album. 

Leaves  green  and  glabrous  or  very  slightly  mealy. 

Calyx-lobes  keeled ;  teeth  of  the  leaves  few.  C.  hybridum. 

Calyx-lobes  not  keeled;  teeth  of  the  leaves  numerous. 
Seeds  dull;  axillary  flower  clusters  shorter  than  the 

leaves.  C.  tnurale. 

Seeds  shiny;  axillary  flower  clusters  mostly  longer 

than  the  leaves.  C.  urbicum. 

Chenopodium  humile  Hook.  Stems  usually  decumbent,  much  branched, 
low;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  often  hastate,  2-5  cm.  long,  dentate  or  entire, 
green;  flower  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves;  seed  small,  0.5  mm.  broad. 

Along  the  seashore,  not  common. 

Chenopodium  album  L.  Lamb's  Quarters.  Pigweed.  Erect,  stout,  50- 
100  cm.  tall,  usually  simple  below  the  inflorescence,  more  or  less  white-mealy 
throughout;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  sinuate  or  dentate,  obtuse  or  acute,  2-4 
cm.  long,  greener  above;  petioles  slender,  nearly  equalling  the  blade;  upper- 
most leaves  lanceolate  and  entire;  panicle  commonly  30  cm.  long;  spikes 
axillary  or  terminal,  rather  dense;  fruiting  calyx  1  mm.  broad,  the  sepals 
keeled  and  arched  over  the  lenticular  fruit;  seed  black,  minutely  pitted. 

A  common  introduced  weed. 

Chenopodium  hybridimi  L.  Green  and  glabrous  throughout  or  the  inflo- 
rescence a  little  mealy,  erect,  60-120  cm.  high;  leaves  triangular-ovate,  acu- 
minate, somewhat  cordate  at  base,  thin  and  rather  large,  5-20  cm.  long,  with 
a  few  large  teeth  on  each  side;  inflorescence  a  loose  panicle;  flowers  in  small 
clusters  in  leafless  racemes;  calyx-lobes  keeled,  shorter  than  the  fruit. 

In  waste  places,  introduced  from  Europe. 

Chenopodium  murale  L.  Annual,  green,  slightly  or  not  at  all  mealy; 
stems  erect  or  nearly  so,  branched,  30-70  cm.  high;  leaves  rhombic-ovate, 
acute,  truncate  to  cuneate  at  base,  coarsely  and  unequally  dentate,  5-10  cm. 
long;  axillary  flower  clusters  diverging,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  seeds  dull, 
sharp-edged. 

A  weed  from  Europe,  occasionally  found  in  waste  places. 

Chenopodiimi  urbicum  L.  Annual,  green  and  glabrous  or  slightly  mealy; 
stems  erect,  usually  branched,  30-80  cm.  tall;  leaves  triangular-ovate,  acutish, 
mostly  truncate  at  base,  coarsely  dentate,  the  larger  ones  8-12  cm.  long; 
axillary  flower  clusters  narrow,  erect,  the  upper  ones  longer  than  the  leaves; 
seeds  shiny,  rounded  on  the  edge. 

Native  of  Europe,  sparingly  introduced  as  a  weed  in  waste  places. 

Family  35.     AMARANTHACEAE.    Amaranth  Family. 
Weedy  herbs;  leaves  thin,  simple,  mostly  entire,  alternate  or 
opposite;   flowers   small,   green   or  white,   perfect,   monoecious, 
polygamous  or  dioecious,  bracteolate,  usually  in  terminal  spikes 


AMARANTHACEAE.  1 35 

or  axillary  heads;  calyx  herbaceous  or  membranaceous,  2-5- 
parted,  the  segments  distinct  or  united  at  the  base,  equal,  or  the 
inner  ones  smaller;  petals  none;  stamens  1-5,  mostly  opposite 
the  calyx-segments,  hypogynous;  ovary  1 -celled;  ovule  1  (in 
ours) ;  fruit  a  utricle,  1-seeded  (in  ours) ;  endosperm  mealy, 
usually  copious. 

166.     AMARANTHUS.    Amaranth. 

Annual  branched  erect  or  diffusely  spreading,  glabrous  or 
pubescent  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  pinnately  veined, 
entire,  undulate  or  crisped;  flowers  small,  green  or  purplish, 
mostly  3-bracteolate,  in  dense  terminal  spikes  or  axillary  clusters; 
calyx  of  2-5  distinct  sepals;  stamens  2-5;  fruit  an  ovoid  or 
oblong  utricle,  2-3-beaked  with  the  persistent  style.  Mostly 
pernicious  weeds. 

Flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes.  A.  retroflexus. 
Flowers  in  axillary  clusters. 

Plant  erect,  much  branched;  fruit  rugose.  A.  graecizans. 

Plant  prostrate;  fruit  not  rugose.  A.  blitoides. 

Amaranthus  retroflexus  L.  Pigweed.  Stem  stout,  50-200  cm.  tall,  erect, 
pubescent,  simple  or  branched;  leaves  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
obscurely  crenate  or  entire,  minutely  roughened,  3-10  cm.  long,  slender- 
petioled;  spikes  very  dense,  cylindric,  erect,  in  large  panicles;  bracts  subulate, 
4-5  mm.  long;  sepals  5,  oblong,  acute,  obtuse  or  emarginate. 

Introduced  in  waste  places. 

Amaranthus  graecizans  L.  Tumbleweed.  Erect,  pale  green,  much 
branched,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  15-60  cm.  tall;  leaves  oblong  or  narrowly 
obovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  2-3  cm.  long,  short-petioled ;  flowers  in  small 
axillary  clusters;  bracts  subulate,  spiny-pointed,  much  exceeding  the  sepals; 
sepals  3,  oblong-lanceolate,  membranous;  fruit  roughened. 

Departure  Bay,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  Macoun. 

Amaranthus  blitoides  Wats.  Very  similar  to  A .  graecizans  but  the  branches 
prostrate,  30-60  cm.  long;  bracts  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  little  longer  than 
the  sepals;  fruit  smooth. 

Departure  Bay,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  Macoun. 

Family  36.     NYCTAGINACEAE.     Four  O'Clock  Family. 

Herbs  (in  ours)  with  stems  swollen  at  the  joints;  leaves  oppo- 
site, entire;  flowers  in  a  terminal  or  axillary  cluster  subtended 
by  an  involucre;  calyx  tubular  or  funnelform,  corolla-like;  petals 
none;  stamens  3-5,  hypogynous;  ovary  1 -celled,  1-seeded, 
enclosed  by  the  calyx-tube  which  is  constricted  above  the  ovary 
and  is  hardened  in  fruit  into  a  nut-like  pericarp. 


136  NYCTAGINACEAE. 

167.     ABRONIA. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  petioled  thick  entire 
leaves;  stems  erect  or  prostrate;  flowers  sessile,  conspicuous; 
calyx  elongated,  with  5  obcordate  lobes;  stamens  3-5,  unequal, 
on  the  calyx- tube;  style  filiform;  fruit  dry,  with  1-5  net- veined 
wings. 

Flowers  rose-colored;  wings  of  the  fruit  solid.  A.  acutalata. 

Flowers  yellow;  wings  of  the  fruit  hollow.  A.  latifolia. 

Abronia  acutalata  Standley.  Stems  prostrate;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate, 
obtuse,  2-4  cm.  long,  slender-petioled ;  involucral  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate; 
flowers  rose-pink;  wings  of  the  fruit  broad,  thin,  acute,  prolonged  beyond  the 
body. 

Along  the  ocean  beach.  Closely  allied  to  A.  umhellata  Lam.  to  which  our 
plant  has  usually  been  referred. 

Abronia  latifolia  Esch.  Prostrate,  sticky-pubescent;  root  thick  and  fleshy; 
leaves  ovate  or  reniform,  thick,  2-4  cm.  long;  involucral  bracts  ovate  to  or- 
bicular; flowers  bright  yellow. 

Along  the  seashore.     Herbage  readily  eaten  by  hogs  and  cows. 

Family  37.  AIZOACEAE.  Carpet  Weed  Family. 
Soft  herbs,  sometimes  fleshy  or  succulent;  leaves  whorled  or 
opposite;  stipules  wanting;  flowers  small,  regular,  perfect,  soli- 
tary, cymose  or  glomerate;  calyx  4-5-cleft  or  parted;  petals  and 
stamens  sometimes  numerous,  but  petals  often  wanting;  ovary 
usually  free  from  the  calyx,  2-several-celled ;  ovules  numerous  in 
each  cell  (in  ours) ;  fruit  a  capsule;  endosperm  scanty  or  copious. 

168.     MOLLUGO.     Carpet  Weed. 

Mostly  annual,  much  branched  herbs;  leaves  whorled,  some- 
times basal  or  alternate;  stipules  scarious,  membranaceous, 
deciduous;  flowers  small,  whitish,  cymose  or  axillary;  sepals  5, 
white  inside,  scarious-margined,  persistent;  petals  none;  stamens 
hypogynous,  3  and  alternate  with  the  3  cells  of  the  ovary  or  5 
and  alternate  with  the  sepals;  ovary  and  capsule  usually  3-celled. 

Mollugo  verticillata  L.  Carpet  Weed.  Annual,  glabrous  throughout, 
prostrate;  stem  slender,  10-30  cm.  long,  branched;  leaves  spatulate  or  oblance- 
olate,  acute  or  obtuse,  entire,  narrowed  at  the  sessile  base,  1-2  cm.  long,  3-8 
in  a  whorl;  flowers  small,  solitary  in  the  axils,  on  pedicels  as  long  or  longer; 
sepals  oblong,  shorter  than  the  ovoid  capsules;  seeds  shining,  brown,  curved. 

On  river  banks,  probably  in  our  limits;  common  east  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains. 

Family  38.     PORTULACACEAE.     Purslane  Family. 
Annual  or  perennial   usually  succulent  herbs;  leaves  entire, 
alternate  or  opposite;  flowers  regular,  perfect;  sepals  2  or  4—8; 


PORTULACACEAE.  I37 

petals  4  or  5,  hypogynous,  early  withering;  stamens  as  many  as 
or  more  numerous  than  the  petals  and  adherent  to  their  bases; 
ovary  1 -celled;  ovules  few  to  many;  endosperm  mealy. 

Ovary  half-inferior;  sepals  partly  united.  169.  Portulaca,  137. 

Ovary  superior. 

Capsule  circumscissile;  sepals  4-8.  170.  Lewisia,  137. 

Capsule  not  circumscissile. 

Style  branches  2;  capsule  2-valved;  sepals 

scarious.  171.  Spraguea,  138. 

Style  branches  3;  capsule  3-valved;  sepals 
not  scarious. 
Petals  3-7;   stamens  3-12;   leaves  alter- 
nate, fleshy.  172.  Calandrinia,  138. 
Petals  5 ;  stamens  3  or  5 ;  leaves  opposite 
or  alternate,  not  fleshy. 
Corolla    zygomorphic;    styles    short, 

cleft  nearly  to  the  base.  173.  Montia,  138. 

Corolla    regular;    styles    elongated, 

united  nearly  to  the  top.  174.  Claytonia,  139. 

169.     PORTULACA. 


Low  fleshy  herbs;  leaves  alternate  or  partly  opposite;  stipules 
scarious  or  none,  or  reduced  to  hairy  tufts;  flowers  terminal  and 
sessile,  expanding  in  direct  sunshine  before  mid-day,  soon  closing; 
sepals  2,  coherent  at  the  base  in  a  tube  and  adnate  to  the  ovary; 
stamens  7-20;  ovules  numerous. 

Portulaca  oleracea  L.  Purslane.  Annual,  prostrate,  fleshy,  forming  mats 
10-40  cm.  in  diameter;  leaves  narrowly  obovate,  obtuse  or  truncate,  narrowed 
at  base,  1-2  cm.  long,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  keeled;  petals  yellow,  notched 
at  the  apex;  stamens  7-12;  capsule  conical,  acute,  dehiscing  below  the 
middle. 

Sparingly  introduced  as  a  weed. 

170.     LEWISIA. 

Low  acaulescent  fleshy  perennial  herbs,  with  fleshy  roots  or  a 
corm;  flowers  on  short  scapes,  showy;  sepals  4-8;  petals  3-16; 
stamens  numerous;  capsule  circumscissile;  seeds  many,  black, 
shining. 

Plant  10-20  cm.  high;  inflorescence  a  many-flowered  panicle.     L.  columhiana* 
Plant  2-8  cm.  high;  scapes  1-3-flowered.  L.  pygmaea. 

Lewisia  coltunbiana  (Howell)  Robinson.  Roots  fleshy,  branched;  leaves 
oblanceolate  to  spatulate,  fleshy  but  flat,  2-5  cm.  long,  green;  scapes  stout, 
10-30  cm.  high;  bracts  oblong,  glandular-toothed;  panicle  loose,  usually  many- 
flowered;  sepals  nearly  orbicular,  the  minute  teeth  gland-tipped;  petals  rose- 
red,  8-10  mm.  long. 

Abundant  in  the  Olympic  Mountains;  also  on  Vancouver  Island  and  most 
of  the  high  peaks  in  the  Cascade  Mountains.  Originally  found  in  the  Columbia 
River  Gap,  where  it  occurs  nearly  to  the  river  level. 


138  PORTULACACEAE. 

Lewisia  pygmaea  (Gray)  Robinson.  Root  fleshy,  conical,  simple;  leaves 
linear  to  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  2-3  cm.  long,  the  petioles  scarious-margined; 
scapes  2-5  cm.  high;  sepals  4  mm.  long,  orbicular,  erose-dentate  at  the  summit, 
the  teeth  glandular;  petals  6-8,  red,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  seeds  15-20. 

At  high  altitudes  in  the  Cascade  Mountains,  rare. 

171.     SPRAGUEA. 

Glabrous  fleshy  herbs  with  mostly  radical  leaves;  flowers  in 
dense  scorpioid  spikes  clustered  in  an  umbel  on  a  scape-like 
peduncle;  sepals  2,  orbicular-cordate,  persistent;  petals  4; 
stamens  3;  style  long,  bifid  at  the  apex;  ovary  8-10-ovuled; 
capsule  membranaceous,  2-valved;  seeds  black  and  shining. 

HtM^^ms       Spraguea  multiceDS  Howell.     Perennial  with  a  thick  fleshy  root;  crown 

^^u«J|>, 75- simple  or  with  several  short  branches,  each  bearing  a  rosulate  tuft  of  leaves; 

^'   '       leaves  thick,  spatulate,  5-8  cm.  long;  peduncles  spreading  or  nearly  prostrate, 

2-4  cm.  long,  usually  with  1  or  2  scarious  bracts;  flowers  rose-purple,  in  dense 

heads;  sepals  scarious,  about  as  long  as  the  petals;  stamens  and  styles  longer 

than  the  petals. 

Common  in  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  in  the  Cascade  Mountains,  at  2500-3000 
m.  altitude.     Not  known  in  the  Olympic  Mountains. 

172.     CALANDRINIA. 

Low  succulent  herbs  with  alternate  or  radical  leaves;  flowers 
purplish,  in  bracteate  racemes  or  panicles  or  few  on  short  scape- 
like stems;  sepals  2,  green,  persistent;  petals  mostly  5;  stamens 
5-15;  style  3-cleft,  short;  ovary  free,  many-ovuled;  capsule  glo- 
bose or  ovoid,  membranaceous,  3-valved;  seeds  black,  usually 
shining,  smooth  or  minutely  tuberculate. 

U.^^  <^q|<*nf^nnia  caulescens  HBK.     Glabrous,  branched  from  the  base,  decum- 

^  bent,  5-15  cm.  high;  leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  2-6  cm.  long;  flowers  in 

racemes  on  erect  or  ascending  peduncles;  sepals  ovate,  acute,  keeled;  petals 
3-5,  obovate,  rose-colored,  4-8  mm.  long;  capsule  obovoid,  acute;  seeds  lens- 
shaped,  minutely  roughened. 

Washington  to  Mexico,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Calandrlnia  caulescens  menziesii  (Hook.)  Gray.  Flowers  larger,  the  petals 
8-12  mm.  long. 

Moist  places,  not  common. 

173.     MONTIA. 

Low  branching  glabrous  succulent  annual  herbs;  leaves  mostly 
opposite;  flowers  small,  white,  nodding,  axillary  or  racemose; 
sepals  2,  ovate,  herbaceous,  persistent;  petals  5,  unlike,  two 
larger  and  three  smaller;  stamens  3,  alternate  with  the  smaller 
petals;  style  very  short;  stigmas  3. 

Montia  fontana  L.  ( Claytonia  hallii  Gray.)  Stems  procumbent  or  ascend- 
ing,  rooting  at  the  nodes,  3-10  cm.  high  or  when  aquatic  often  longer;  leaves 
spatulate  or  obovate,  4-14  mm.  long;  raceme  terminal  or  axillary,  few-flowered; 
petals  white,  2  mm.  long,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 

In  wet  places  and  running  water. 


PORTULACACEAE.  1 39 

174.  cLAYTQNiA.  Q^^^^^^^^i;::::!^^^ 

Low  and  glabrous  succulent  herbs,  perennial  from  corms  or 
thickened  roots tocks  or  annual;  basal  leaves  petioled,  the  cauline 
opposite  or  alternate;  flowers  small,  white  or  rose-colored,  in 
loose  terminal  racemes,  lasting  more  than  one  day;  sepals  2, 
ovate,  herbaceous,  persistent;  petals  5,  equal;  stamens  5;  style 
3-notched  or  cleft. 

Perennials  with  thick  roots  or  corms. 

Corm  globose;  cauline  leaves  oblong.  C.  lanceolata. 

Caudex  elongate;  cauline  leaves  linear-spatulate.  C.  megarrhiza. 

Perennials  or  annuals;  roots  not  cormose. 

Stem  bearing  only  two  leaves,  these  opposite. 
Cauline  leaves  not  united. 

Pedicels  mostly  bractless;  perennial  by  rootstocks.    C.  asarifolia. 
Pedicels  mostly  with  bracts;  roots  fibrous.  C.  sihirica. 

Cauline  leaves  united,  at  least  at  base. 

United  leaves  not  forming  a  disk,  but  linear  or  lan- 
ceolate. C.  spathulata. 
United  leaves  forming  a  roundish  disk. 

Calyx  4  mm.  long;  seeds  2  mm.  broad.  C.  perfoliata. 

Calyx  2  mm.  long;  seeds  1  mm.  broad.  C.  parviflora. 

Stems  bearing  more  than  two  opposite  leaves,  or  leaves 
alternate. 
Cauline  leaves  of  several  pairs,  opposite.  C.  chamissoi. 

Cauline  leaves  alternate. 

Perennial,  producing  slender  stolons;  leaves  very 

fleshy.  C.  parvifolia. 

Annual;  not  stoloniferous;  leaves  not  very  fleshy. 

Leaves  broad,  long- petioled ;  seeds  striate.  C.  diffusa. 

Leaves  narrow,  sessile. 

Seeds  dull,  less  than  1  mm.  broad.  C.  dichotoma. 

Seeds  shining. 

Petals  4  mm.  long;  seeds  2  mm.  broad.      C.  linearis. 
Petals  minute  or  absent;  seeds  1   mm. 

broad.  C.  howeUii. 

Clajrtonia  lanceolata  Pursh.  Stems  simple,  8-15  cm.  tall,  erect,  from  a 
globose  tuber  1-4  cm.  in  diameter;  radical  leaves  few  or  wanting,  lanceolate, 
acute,  long- petioled;  cauline  a  single  pair,  sessile,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  3-10  in  a  short  raceme  which  scarcely  exceeds  the 
cauline  leaves;  pedicels  slender;  petals  pink,  oblong  or  ovate,  emarginate, 
8-10  mm.  long;  seeds  black,  shiny,  2  mm.  broad. 

In  mountain  meadows  at  about  1500  m.  altitude. 

Clajrtonia  megarrhiza  (Gray)  Parry.  Root  very  large,  fusiform,  bearing 
from  its  crown  several  scapes  and  a  cluster  of  leaves,  these  spatulate  to  cuneate, 
5-15  cm.  long,  the  petioles  broad  and  scarious-margined;  scapes  about  as  long 
as  the  leaves,  bearing  2  or  more  opposite  or  alternate  narrow  bracts;  racemes 
one-sided;  sepals  oblong;  petals  pink,  6-8  mm.  long. 

High  mountains,  in  the  crevices  of  rocks.  Mount  Stuart,  Elmer;  Mount 
Jefferson,  Oregon,  Gorman. 

Claytonia  asarifolia  Bong.  Perennial,  with  short  rootstocks,  somewhat 
tufted;  stems  15-30  cm.  tall,  bearing  a  single  pair  of  leaves  below  the  inflores- 
cence; leaves  rather  fleshy,  broadly  ovate,  somewhat  cordate,  obtuse,  2-3  cm. 
long,  the  cauline  sessile,  the  radical  slender-petioled;  raceme  peduncled,  3-12- 


I40  PORTULACACEAE. 

flowered,  with  few  or  no  bracts;  pedicels  slender;  petals  white,  pellucid,  10-12 
mm.  long;  capsule  longer  than  the  sepals;  seeds  bright,  shiny,  1-1.5  mm.  broad. 
In  cold  woods  along  streams  in  the  mountains. 

fJl^i^aS^.       g]flytnnifl  sihirira  T.      Stems  simple,  erect  or  ascending,  15-40  cm.  high; 

basal  leaves  ovate,  2-6  cm.  long,  contracted  into  long  margined  petioles; 
^  cauline  pair  ovate,  sessile  but  not  united;  raceme  bracteate,  loose,  the  flowers 

on  long  pedicels;  petals  white  or  pink  with  red  veins,  about  6  mm.  long;  seeds 

granulate. 

In  wet  meadows  and  open  moist  woods,  very  common. 

Claytonia  spathulata  Dougl.  Annual,  2-10  cm.  high,  erect  or  spreading; 
basal  leaves  linear  or  somewhat  spatulate,  thickish;  cauline  leaves  usually 
united  on  but  one  side  or  completely  united  and  the  disk  narrower  on  one  side, 
or  rarely  separate  and  sessile;  racemes  short,  few-flowered;  pedicels  6-8  mm. 
long;  sepals  ovate;  petals  white  or  pink,  3-4  mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals;  seeds  black,  shining,  appearing  minutely  roughened  under  a  lens. 

In  moist  soil  especially  where  somewhat  saline;  not  common. 

•  Claytonia  spathulata  exigua  (Torr.  &  Gr.)  Piper.     Basal  leaves  narrowly 

linear,  1-5  cm.  long;  cauline  linear,  usually  somewhat  dilated  at  base  and  con- 
nate on  one  side. 

In  moist  places,  rare. 

Claytonia  perfoliata  Donn.  Annual,  branched  from  the  base,  10-50  cm. 
high,  erect;  basal  leaves  long-petioled,  the  blades  usually  rhomboid-ovate, 
but  varying  to  spatulate-linear;  cauline  leaves  united,  forming  an  orbicular 
or  somewhat  angled  disk,  3-5  cm.  broad;  racemes  rather  loose,  one-sided; 
calyx  4  mm.  long;  petals  smaller,  white;  seeds  smooth,  shiny,  lenticular,  2  mm. 
broad. 

Very  common.  A  form  with  the  cauline  leaves  distinct  is  C.  perfoliata 
amplectens  Greene. 

Claytonia  parviflora  Dougl.  Annual,  branched  from  the  base;  stems  usually 
15-30  cm.  high,  erect;  radical  leaves  long-petioled,  linear,  lanceolate  or 
spatulate;  cauline  pair  united  into  an  orbicular  somewhat  angled  disk,  1-4  cm. 
in  diameter;  raceme  usually  loose,  interrupted,  somewhat  one-sided;  calyx 
2  mm.  long;  petals  pink  or  white,  about  twice  as  long;  seeds  shiny,  usually 
smooth,  1  mm.  broad. 

In  prairies  or  "burns." 

Clajrtonia  parviflora  depressa  Gray.  Small  and  depressed,  more  fleshy; 
whole  plant  commonly  reddish;  cauline  leaves  sometimes  nearly  separate; 
radical  leaves  broadly  ovate. 

In  open  places. 

Claytonia  chamissoi  Ledeb.  Perennial,  with  slender  elongate  stolons, 
finally  tubcriferous  at  the  apex;  flower  stems  mostly  simple,  10-30  cm.  tall; 
leaves  3-7  pairs,  broadly  spatulate,  2-4  cm.  long;  raceme  few-flowered; 
pedicels  slender;  petals  pale  or  white,  6-8  mm.  long;  stamens  5;  capsule  equal- 
ing the  calyx;  seeds  kidney-shaped,  minutely  roughened. 

Moist  copses,  rare  in  our  limits.  Comox,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun\ 
Roy,  Washington,  Allen. 

Clajrtonia  parvifolia  Moc.  Fleshy  perennial,  producing  slender  creeping 
stolons,  and  propagating  by  leafy  off^sets  produced  in  the  axils  of  the  cauline 
leaves;  lower  leaves  obovate,  acutish,  short-petiolcd,  1-3  cm.  long;  cauline 
leaves  reduced  and  narrower;  racemes  few-flowered;  sepals  suborbicuiar,  2 
mm.  long;  petals  pink  with  darker  veins,  8-10  mm.  long. 

In  moist  places  especially  on  rocks  in  the  mountains. 


PORTULACACEAE.  141 

Claytonia  diffusa  Nutt.  Annual,  the  whole  plant  usually  reddish,  much 
branched,  5-10  cm.  high;  leaves  all  alternate  or  a  few  of  the  lower  ones  opposite, 
the  blades  ovate,  1-2  cm.  long,  abruptly  narrowed  into  petioles  of  equal 
length;  racemes  numerous;  pedicels  of  the  lower  flowers  elongate,  sometimes 
bracted;  petals  white  or  pale  pink,  emarginate,  longer  than  the  calyx;  seeds 
sculptured  with  fine  longitudinal  and  transverse  striae. 

In  open  coniferous  woods,  not  common. 

Claytonia  dichotoma  Nutt.  Very  similar  to  C.  linearis  but  smaller  in  every 
way,  2-8  cm.  tall;  calyx  2  mm.  long;  petals  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx; 
seeds  1  mm.  broad,  dull. 

Rare  in  our  limits,  but  common  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  First 
found  by  Nuttall  at  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  River. 

Claytonia  linearis  Dougl.  Annual,  branched  below,  5-15  cm.  tall;  leaves 
linear,  succulent,  all  alternate,  2-5  cm.  long,  scarious-margined  at  base; 
raceme  4-10- flowered,  one-sided,  the  pedicels  curving  downward;  sepals  4  mm. 
long;  capsule  shorter  than  the  sepals;  seeds  shiny,  2  mm.  broad. 

In  moist  open  places. 

Claytonia  howellii  (Wats.)  Piper.  Annual,  very  small  and  slender,  rooting 
at  the  nodes,  2-5  cm.  high;  leaves  linear-spatulate,  10-20  mm.  long,  the  foliar 
ones  alternate;  racemes  few-flowered  from  the  axils  of  ovate  bract-like  leaves 
opposite  the  foliar  ones;  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit;  flowers  very  small,  close- 
pollinated;  petals  minute,  white,  2-5  or  wanting. 

In  wet  places  in  early  spring.  Victoria,  Macoun;  Seattle,  Piper;  Sauvies 
Island,  Oregon,  where  first  found  by  Howell. 

Family  39.     CARYOPHYLLACEAE.     Pink  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  stems  often  swollen  at  the  nodes; 

leaves  opposite,  entire,  with  or  without  stipules;  flowers  regular 

and  perfect;  sepals  4  or  5,  separate  or  united  into  a  calyx- tube; 

petals  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals  or  none;  stamens  not  more 

than  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals,  hypogynous  or  perigynous; 

styles  2-5;  ovary  1-celled,  rarely  3-5-celled;  ovules  several  or 

many,  basal  or  attached  to  a  central  column;  fruit  a  capsule, 

akene  or  utricle;  endosperm  mealy. 

Sepals  united;  petals  long-clawed. 

Styles  2;  capsule  with  4  teeth.  175.  Dianthus,  142. 

Styles  more  than  2;  capsule  not  with  4  teeth. 
Styles  3,  rarely  4  or  5;  capsule  with  3  or  6 

teeth.  176.  Silene,  142. 

Styles  always  5;  capsule  with  5  or  10  teeth.   177.  Lychnis,  144. 
Sepals  free  to  the  base  or  nearly  so. 
Stipules  present,  scarious. 

Sepals  spine-tipped;  fruit  a  1-seeded  utricle.     178.  Pentacaena,  144, 
Sepals  not  spine-tipped;  fruit  a  capsule. 

Styles  and  valves  of  the  capsule  3.  179.  TissA,  145. 

Styles  and  valves  of  the  capsule  5.  180.  Spergula,  145. 

Stipules  wanting. 
Petals  none. 

Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alter- 
nate with  them.  183.  Sagina,  148. 


142  CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 

Styles  fewer  than  the  sepals  or  if  as  many 

opposite  them.  182.  Stellaria,  146. 

Petals  present. 

Petals  2-cleft  or  parted. 

Capsule  cylindric,  usually  curved.        181.  Cerastium,  146. 
Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong  not  curved.   182.  Stellaria,  146. 
Petals  entire  or  notched. 

Styles  as  many  as   the  sepals  and 

alternate  with  them.  183.  Sagina,  148. 

Styles  fewer  than  the  sepals  or  if  as 
many  opposite  them. 
Disk  of  the  receptacle  conspicu- 
ous, 8-10-lobed.  184.  Ammodenia,  148. 
Disk  none. 

Seeds  without  strophioles.  185.  Arenaria,  149. 

Seeds  each  with  a  strophiole.     186.  Moehringia,  150. 

175.     DIANTHUS.     Pink.     Carnation. 

Annual  or  perennial  ornamental  herbs;  flowers  solitary  or 
clustered,  mostly  pink,  rose-colored,  or  white;  calyx  cylindrical, 
nerved  or  striate,  5-toothed,  subtended  by  2  or  more  bractlets; 
stamens  10;  styles  2;  capsules  1-celled,  4-toothed;  seeds  flattish 
on  the  back. 

Dianthus  armaria  L.  Deptford  Pink.  Annual,  erect,  30-60  cm.  high, 
somewhat  pubescent;  leaves  linear;  flowers  in  clusters  of  2-4;  bracts  subulate, 
very  pubescent;  calyx  tubular,  15  mm.  long,  the  teeth  very  acute;  petals 
elliptic,  crenate,  rose-colored  and  with  small  white  dots. 

A  native  of  Europe  occasionally  found  in  fields;  introduced  with  grass  seed. 

176.     SILENE.     CATrHFT-v. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  flowers  clustered  or  solitary,  mainly 
pink,  red  or  white;  calyx  more  or  less  inflated,  tubular,  ovoid  or 
campanulate,  5-toothed,  10-many-nerved ;  petals  5,  narrow, 
clawed,  mostly  crowned  with  a  scale  at  the  base  of  the  blade; 
stamens  10;  styles  3,  rarely  2,  4  or  5,  if  5  opposite  the  calyx- 
teeth;  ovary  1-celled  or  incompletely  2-4-celled;  ovules  many; 
capsule  3  or  6- toothed. 

Calyx  with  15  nerves  or  more. 

Nerves  18-23,  prominent;  calyx  not  inflated.  5.  multinervia. 

Nerves  15-20,  obscure;  calyx  inflated.  5.  latifolia. 

Calyx  with  5-10  nerves. 

Plants  annual  or  biennial. 

Inflorescence  a  simple  raceme.  S.  anglica. 

Inflorescence  a  cyme  or  panicle. 

Plant  sticky-hairy.  5.  noctiflora. 

Plant  glabrous,  except  that  the  middle  portion  of 
each  of  the  upper  internodes  is  glutinous.  S.  antirrhina. 

Plants  perennial. 

Acaulescent  and  densely  matted.  S.  acaulis. 

Caulescent. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  forks  of  leafy  branches. 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  I43 

Flowers  small;  petals  white,  bifid.  S.  menziesii. 

Flowers  large;  petals  pink,  4-parted.  5.  hookeri. 

Flowers  in  terminal  panicles,  or  occasionally  sol- 
itary. 
Calyx  cylindric,  narrowed  at  base;  inflorescence 

a  narrow  panicle.     ^  S.  scouleri. 

Calyx  campanulate;   inflorescence  a  few-flow- 
ered cyme. 
Plants  5-10  cm.  high;  flowers  1-3.  S.  suksdorfii. 

Plants  taller;  flowers  often  numerous. 

Blades  of  petals  2-lobed.  S.  douglasii. 

Blades   of    petals   4-lobed,    the    lateral 

lobes  smaller.  S.  macounii. 

Silene  multinervia  Wats.  Annual,  erect,  20-30  cm.  high,  pubescent  and 
somewhat  viscid  in  the  inflorescence;  leaves  linear  to  narrowly  oblong,  acute; 
flowers  irregularly  cymose;  calyx  ovoid  but  narrowed  above,  with  18-23  prom- 
inent nerves;  petals  small,  purple. 

Sparingly  introduced  from  California. 

Silene  latifolia  (Mill.)  Britten  &  Rendle.  Bladder  Campion.  Perennial, 
glaucous;  stems  loosely  branched,  spreading  or  ascending,  20-40  cm.  high; 
leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  bracts;  calyx 
glabrous,  much  inflated,  thin,  with  15-20  veins  connected  by  cross  veinlets; 
petals  white,  2-cleft. 

Introduced  from  Europe. 

Silene  anglica  L.  Annual,  pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid;  stems  erect, 
15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  2-3.5  cm.  long; 
flowers  in  a  terminal  one-sided  raceme;  calyx  hairy,  cylindric  at  first,  becoming 
ovoid  in  fruit;  petals  small,  pink  or  white,  notched  or  entire. 

Introduced  from  Europe. 

Silene  noctifiora  L.  Stems  stout,  erect,  30-80  cm.  high;  lower  leaves 
oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  the  upper  lanceolate,  5-8  cm.  long;  flowers  white, 
few  and  long-peduncled,  in  a  loose  cyme;  fruiting  calyx  ovoid,  white  with 
green  veins,  25  mm.  long,  the  teeth  subulate. 

Sparingly  introduced  from  Europe. 

Silene  antlrrhina  L.  Annual,  glabrous  or  puberulent;  stem  slender,  mostly 
simple,  the  middle  of  each  internode  sticky-viscid;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate, 
acute,  2-6  cm.  long,  sessile;  flowers  in  a  forked  compound  cyme,  long-pedicelled; 
calyx  10-nerved,  ovoid,  cylindrical  in  fruit,  6-10  mm.  long;  petals  white  or 
pinkish,  notched,  little  exceeding  the  calyx. 

Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  infrequent. 

Silene  acaulis  L.  Moss  Campion.  Perennial,  densely  tufted  and  moss- 
like, 2-5  cm.  high;  leaves  numerous,  linear,  8-12  mm.  long;  flowers  solitary, 
subsessile  or  short-peduncled;  calyx  glabrous,  bell-shaped,  the  lobes  obtuse; 
petals  red-purple,  notched  or  cleft  at  the  apex,  the  lateral  auricles  very  small. 

Moist  rocky  places  at  high  altitudes  in  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Silene  menziesii  Hook.  Perennial,  glandular-puberulent;  stems  weak, 
erect  or  decumbent,  usually  branched,  10-30  cm.  high,  leafy;  leaves  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute  at  each  end,  2-6  cm.  long;  flowers  small,  solitary 
in  the  forks  of  leafy  branches;  calyx  obconical,  5-6  mm.  long,  5-toothed,  nerves 
not  prominent;  petals  white,  2-cleft,  6-8  mm.  long,  usually  without  a  crown. 

In  open  woods. 

Silene  hookeri  Nutt.  Leafy  perennial  with  stout  root;  herbage  grayish 
pubescent;  stems  10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  oblanceolate,  acutish,  4-7  cm.  long, 


144  CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 

with  margined  petioles;  flowers  large;  pedicels  erect,  3-5  cm.  long;  calyx  cla- 
vate,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  the  teeth  acute;  petals  white  or  pink,  cleft  into  4  narrow 
lobes. 

Prairies  and  open  woods,  Willamette  Valley,  Oregon,  to  California. 

Silene  scoiileri  Hook.  Perennial,  puberulent  throughout,  glandular- viscid 
above;  stems  erect,  simple,  40-60  cm.  tall,  solitary  or  tufted;  radical  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  4-6  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles  of  equal  length; 
cauline  several  pairs,  sessile  at  the  swollen  nodes,  lanceolate,  5-8  cm.  long; 
inflorescence  narrow,  elongated;  flowers  short-pedicelled,  one  or  several  in  the 
axils;  calyx  cylindrical  or  club-shaped,  10-15  mm.  long,  with  10  dark  nerves 
and  short  scarious-margined  teeth;  petals  2-cleft,  the  lobes  notched;  auricles 
of  the  claw  narrow,  cleft  into  narrow  lobes. 

Dry  prairies,  originally  found  at  Vancouver,  Washington,  by  Scouler. 

Silene  suksdorfii  Robinson.  Perennial,  5-10  cm.  high,  forming  broad  tufts; 
leaves  linear  to  spatulate,  obtuse,  8-15  mm.  long;  flowers  in  clusters  of  1-3, 
the  inflorescence  glandular;  calyx  about  10  mm.  long,  with  conspicuous  nerves; 
petals  white,  notched  at  apex,  the  lobes  entire,  the  lateral  auricles  oblong; 
capsule  on  a  short  stipe. 

On  high  peaks  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  at  about  2700  m.  altitude. 

Silene  douglasil  Hook.  Perennial,  tufted,  somewhat  pubescent  and  usually 
viscid-glandular  in  the  inflorescence;  flowering  stems  erect,  30-50  cm.  tali, 
simple;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear-oblanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
5-8  cm.  long;  cymes  few-flowered,  long-peduncled;  calyx  10-15  mm.  long, 
cylindric  or  obovoid,  slightly  inflated,  pale  green,  the  nerves  inconspicuous  and 
the  short  teeth  scarious  margined;  petals  white  or  pinkish,  2-lobed;  scales 
oblong,  obtuse;  claw  broad,  with  a  short  auricle  at  eaph  side  at  the  apex. 

Mostly  in  the  mountains;  common  and  very  variable. 

/Wt"/^2:(3,rAS  Silene  macounii  Wats.  Very  similar  to  S.  douglasii  but  the  blade  of  the 
J  it  ol)  petals  4-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  narrow  and  acute,  smaller  than  the  median 
^H*^^     lobes. 

»,  /co^^-y^  In  the  Cascade  and  Olympic  Mountains  at  about  2000  m.  altitude;  perhaps 
jj^  JU>J^  not  specifically  distinct  from  S.  douglasii. 

Showy  plants  similar  to  Silene,  but  with  styles  always  5  and  the 
pod  opening  with  5  or  10  teeth. 

Lychnis  coronaria  (L.)  Desr.  Mullein  Pink.  Herbage  white- woolly 
throughout;  stems  stout,  erect,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the  cau- 
line much  reduced;  calyx  ovoid,  the  alternating  ribs  prominent;  petals  crimson, 
sometimes  white,  the  appendage  at  the  top  of  the  claw  stiff^  and  sharp. 

Introduced  from  Europe. 

178.     PENTACAENA. 

Low  densely  tufted  perennials ;  leaves  subulate,  densely  crowded 
on  the  branches;  stipules  dry  and  silvery;  flowers  sessile,  clustered 
in  the  axils;  sepals  5,  nearly  distinct,  hooded,  unequal,  spiny ;  petals 
minute,  scale-like,  perigynous;  stamens  3-5,  on  the  base  of  the 
sepals;  style  very  short,  2-cleft;  fruit  a  utricle,  included  in  the 
rigid  connivent  calyx. 

Pentacaena  ramossissima  (Weinm.)  Hook.  &  Arn.  Plants  densely  matted, 
the  stems  prostrate,  10-50  cm.  long;  leaves  very  numerous,  subulate,  straight 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  1 45 

or  recurved,  8-12  mm.  long;  flowers  sessile,  in  axillary  clusters;  calyx-lobes 
divergent,  twice  as  long  as  the  tube;  petals  minute. 
On  high  sea-beaches  along  the  ocean  coast. 

179.     TISSA. 

Low  annual,  biennial  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  fleshy,  linear 
or  setaceous,  with  scarious  stipules;  flowers  in  terminal  racemose 
cymes;  sepals  5;  petals  5  (in  ours),  purplish  or  white;  stamens 
2-10,  commonly  10;  styles  3,  very  rarely  5;  ovary  1-celled; 
capsule-valves  as  many  as  the  styles,  when  5,  alternate  with  the 
sepals. 

Plants  not  maritime;  leaves  not  fleshy;  stipules  elongate,  sil- 
very. T.  rubra. 
Plants  maritime;  leaves  very  fleshy;  stipules  ovate. 

Annual,  fibrous-rooted;  flowers  4-5  mm.  long.  T.  marina. 

Perennial,  large-rooted;  flowers  6-7  mm.  long.  T.  macrotheca. 

Tissa  rubra  (L.)  Britt.  Annual,  sometimes  biennial  or  perennial,  prostrate 
or  decumbent;  stems  slender,  10-30  cm.  long,  smooth  below,  glandular  above; 
leaves  linear,  cuspidate,  8-12  mm.  long;  stipules  silvery,  attentuate-lanceolate, 
4-5  mm.  long;  flowers  in  a  small  cyme;  pediceis  filiform,  exceeding  the  leaf- 
like bracts;  petals  pink,  hardly  longer  than  the  sepals. 

Gravelly  prairies,  common. 

Tissa  marina  (L.  ) Britt.  More  or  less  glandular  pubescent,  the  branches 
spreading  or  procumbent;  leaves  fleshy;  stipules  ovate,  acuminate;  sepals  ovate, 
obtuse,  4-5  mm.  long;  petals  pink;  capsule  acute,  equalling  or  longer  than  the 
sepals. 

On  sandy  or  gravelly  sea  beaches. 

Tissa  macrotheca  (Hornem.)  Britt.  Glandular-pubescent  perennial 
with  a  stout  fleshy  root;  stems  decumbent  to  ascending,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves 
fleshy,  mucronate;  sepals  lanceolate,  subacute;  petals  pink,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  sepals;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Sea  beaches;  much  less  common  than  T.  marina. 

180.     SPERGULA.     Spurrey. 

Annual  branched  herbs;  leaves  subulate,  fascicled,  with  scari- 
ous stipules;  flowers  in  a  cymose  panicle;  sepals  5;  petals  5, 
white;  stamens  10,  rarely  5;  ovary  1-celled;  capsule-valves  5, 
opposite  the  sepals. 

Seeds  papillate;  herbage  nearly  glabrous.  6".  arvensis. 

Seeds  not  papillate;  herbage  viscid.  5.  sativa. 

Spergula  arvensis  L.  Annual,  the  decumbent  stems  15-30  cm.  long; 
leaves  whorled,  filiform,  2-5  cm.  long;  inflorescence  naked,  loosely  cymose; 
pedicels  often  deflexed  in  fruit;  sepals  4-5  mm.  long;  petals  white;  seeds  dark, 
minutely  roughened  with  pale  papillae. 

Common  weed  in  fields;  introduced  from  Europe. 

Spergula  sativa  Boenn.     Very  similar  to  5.  arvensis  but  minutely  viscid ; 
flowers  ill-scented ;  seeds  not  papillate. 
Victoria,  Macoun. 
II 


1 46  C  ARYOPH  YLL  ACEAE. 

181.     CERASTIUM.     Mouse-ear  Chickweed. 

Annual  or  perennial,  generally  pubescent  or  hirsute  herbs; 
leaves  flat,  rarely  subulate;  stipules  none;  flowers  in  terminal 
bracted  dichotomous  cymes;  sepals  5;  petals  5,  retuse  or  bifid, 
very  rarely  subentire,  white;  stamens  10,  sometimes  fewer; 
styles  5,  sometimes  4  or  3,  opposite  the  sepals;  capsule  cylindric, 
1-celled,  often  curved,  dehiscent  by  10,  rarely  8,  apical  teeth. 

Petals  decidedly  longer  than  the  sepals.  C.  arvense. 
Petals  not  longer  than  the  sepals. 

Pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx.  C.  vulgatum. 

Pedicels  not  longer  than  the  calyx.  C.  viscosum. 

Cerastium  arvense  L.  Perennial,  tufted,  pubescent  throughout  or  some- 
times nearly  glabrous;  stems  weak,  erect,  15-40  cm,  tall,  nearly  naked  above; 
leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  cymose,  on  slender  pedicels; 
sepals  oblong,  acute,  5-6  mm.  long;  petals  deeply  notched,  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals. 

In  dry  open  ground;  common  and  variable. 

Cerastium  vulgatum  L.  Perennial,  viscid-pubescent  throughout,  tufted 
10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  ones  acutish,  10-25  mm. 
long;  inflorescence  loose,  the  pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx;  sepals  obtuse, 
4-5  mm.  long,  as  long  as  the  2-cleft  petals;  capsule  somewhat  curved,  longer 
than  the  calyx. 

A  weed  in  lawns  and  pastures;  introduced  from  Europe. 

Cerastium  viscosum  L.  Annual,  viscid-pubescent,  erect  or  nearly  so, 
10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  oval  to  ovate  or  obovate,  very  obtuse,  the  lowest 
narrowed  into  short-margined  petioles;  inflorescence  rather  close  in  flower, 
looser  in  fruit;  sepals  acute,  3-4  mm.  long;  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

A  weed  introduced  from  Europe. 

182.     STELLARIA.     Chickweed. 

Annual  or  perennial  tufted  generally  diffuse  herbs;  leaves  flat, 
rarely  subulate;  stipules  none;  flowers  solitary  or  cymose,  terminal 
or  becoming  lateral ;  sepals  5  or  4 ;  petals  5  or  4,  rarely  none,  always 
more  or  less  deeply  bifid,  often  divided  almost  to  the  base,  white; 
stamens  3-10;  styles  3  or  4,  rarely  5;  capsules  globose,  ovoid  or 
oblong,  dehiscing  by  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles. 

Lowest  leaves  ovate,  petiolate. 

Stems  pubescent  with  a  line  of  hairs;  leaves  ovate.  5.  media. 

Stems  glabrous,  except  at  base;  leaves  shiny,  the  up- 
per linear-lanceolate.  S.  nitens. 
Leaves  all  sessile. 

Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  small,  scarious. 

Pedicels  erect;  cyme  few-flowered.  5.  longipes. 

Pedicels  spreading;  cyme  loosely  many-flowered. 

Leaves  linear,  acute  at  each  end ;  seeds  smooth.      S.  longifoUa. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  broadest  near  the  base;  seeds 

rough.  5.  graminea. 

Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  leafy. 

Leaves  lanceolate.  S.  horealis. 

Leaves  ovate. 

Herbage  glabrous.  S.  crispa. 

Herbage  finely  puberulent.  S.  washingtoniana. 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  147 

Stellaria  media  (L.)  Cyrill.  Annual,  weak  and  spreading;  stems  weak, 
10-30  cm.  long,  glabrous  except  a  line  of  hairs;  lower  leaves  ovate,  petioled,  the 
upper  narrower  and  sessile,  all  acute,  10-40  mm.  long;  flowers  solitary  in  the 
axils  or  somewhat  cymose,  on  slender  pedicels;  calyx  glandular-pubescent, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  capsule;  petals  deeply  2-parted,  shorter  than  the  sepals; 
stamens  3,  5,  or  10. 

A  common  weed  introduced  from  Europe. 

Stellaria  nitens  Nutt.  Annual,  somewhat  tufted;  stems  erect,  slender, 
shining,  8-15  cm.  tall,  branched  above,  pubescent  only  at  base;  lowest  pair  of 
leaves  ovate,  acute,  petioled,  4  mm.  long,  the  others  linear-lanceolate  and  ses- 
sile, 5-10  mm.  long;  cymes  loose,  few-flowered,  the  bracts  scarious;  pedicels 
thread-like,  1-5  cm.  long;  sepals  3-nerved,  very  acute,  scarious-margined, 
4  mm.  long;  petals  deeply  2-cleft,  half  as  long  as  the  sepals  or  wanting. 

In  dry  open  places. 

Stellaria  longipes  Goldie.  Somewhat  tufted,  with  creeping  rootstocks, 
smooth  and  shiningthroughout;  stems  4-angled,  erect,  15-40cm.  high,  branched 
above;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  from  the  base  to  the  acute  apex, 
prominently  1-nerved,  2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  or  in  very  loose  cymes; 
bracts  reduced  and  scarious  or  when  the  flowers  are  few  or  solitary  foliaceous; 
pedicels  slender,  2-10  cm.  long;  petals  2-cleft,  exceeding  the  rather  obtuse 
sepals;  capsule  longer  than  the  calyx;  seeds  smooth,  shining. 

Moist  places,  not  rare. 

Stellaria  longifolia  Muhl.  Erect  or  nearly  so,  the  stem  sharply  4-angled, 
glabrous,  20-40  cm.  high;  leaves  linear  or  oblong-linear,  acute  at  each  end, 
often  ciliate  near  the  base,  2-3  cm.  long;  cyme  open,  long-peduncled,  becoming 
lateral,  many-flowered;  pedicels  spreading  or  at  length  deflexed;  petals  exceed- 
ing the  sepals;  capsule  pale,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

In  wet  meadows,  rare. 

Stellaria  graminea  L.  Whole  plant  glabrous,  shining;  stems  4-angled, 
ascending,  branched  above,  35-60  cm.  high;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  acute, 
2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  in  a  loose  much-forked  cyme;  bracts  scarious,  somewhat 
ciliate;  pedicels  slender,  spreading  or  reflexed;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  3- 
nerved,  nearly  equalling  the  capsule;  petals  2-cleft,  as  long  as  the  sepals; 
seeds  minutely  roughened. 

In  wet  places;  introduced  from  Europe. 

Stellaria  borealis  Bigel.  {S.  calycantha  Bong.)  Perennial,  glabrous 
throughout,  the  weak  stems  ascending,  branched,  15-30  cm.  long;  leaves  ovate 
to  elliptic-lanceolate,  7-25  mm.  long;  pedicels  slender,  sometimes  deflexed, 
15-30  mm.  long;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  scarious-margined,  2-4  mm. 
long;  petals  wanting  or  if  present  shorter  than  the  sepals;  styles  mostly  4; 
capsule  ovoid,  3-5  mm.  long;  seeds  smooth. 

Along  rivulets  in  the  mountains  at  high  altitudes. 

Stellaria  borealis  bongardiana  Fernald.  Larger;  the  stems  often  60  cm. 
long;  leaves  lanceolate,  3-8  cm.  long,  the  upper  gradually  reduced;  sepals 
4-5.5  mm.  long;  capsule  5-8  mm.  long. 

Common  in  moist  woods. 

Stellaria  borealis  sitchana  (Steud.)  Fernald.  Upper  leaves  reduced  to 
scarious  bracts,  the  flowers  therefore  loosely  cymose.  Otherwise  like  S. 
borealis  bongardiana. 

In  marshes,  especially  near  the  seashore.  While  the  lowland  subspecies 
S.  borealis  bongardiana  appears  very  different  from  the  alpine  or  subalpine 
5.  borealis,  Fernald  concludes  that  they  are  completely  connected  by  Rocky 
Mountain  forms. 


148  CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 

Stellaria  crispa  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Perennial,  glabrous;  stems  weak, 
decumbent  or  prostrate,  10-30  cm,  long,  simple  or  with  but  few  branches; 
leaves  thin,  ovate,  acuminate,  8-12  mm.  long,  entire  or  crisped  on  the  margin, 
very  short-petioled;  pedicels  slender,  6-20  mm.  long;  sepals  lanceolate,  3- 
nerved,  very  acute,  with  a  narrow  scarious  margin;  petals  deeply  cleft  but 
usually  wanting;  capsule  acutish,  exceeding  the  sepals. 

In  moist  woods,  common. 

Stellaria  washingtoniana  Robinson.  Annual;  stems  slender,  decumbent, 
leafy,  not  much  branched,  pubescent;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  very  short-petioled, 
thin,  about  8  mm.  long,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  1-nerved,  ciliate  near  the  base; 
peduncles  1  cm.  long,  spreading,  1-flowered;  calyx  pubescent,  the  sepals  ovate, 
2-3  mm.  long,  obtusish,  faintly  3-nerved;  petals  none. 

In  deciduous  woods;  Nisqually  River,  Allen;  Lake  Cushman,  Piper. 

183.     SAGINA.     Pearlwort. 

Small  matted  herbs  with  thread-like  or  awl-shaped  leaves; 
stipules  none;  flowers  small,  terminating  the  stem  and  the 
branches;  sepals  4  or  5;  petals  4  or  5,  or  often  none;  stamens  as 
many  as  or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals;  styles  as  many  as  the 
sepals  and  alternate  with  them;  pod  many-seeded,  4-5-valved. 

Species  very  difficult  to  define. 

Herbage  glandular-puberulent.  S.  apetala. 
Herbage  glabrous. 

Stems  slender;  leaves  scarcely  fleshy.  S.  occidentalis. 

Stems  rather  stout;  leaves  fleshy.  S.  crassicaulis. 

Sagina  apetala  barbata  Fenzl.  (5.  ciliata  (Greene)  Piper.)  Very  slender, 
erect,  3-5  cm.  high,  minutely  glandular-pubescent;  leaves  linear,  ciliolate  at 
their  broadened  bases.  . 

In  dry  ground,  rare. 

Sagina  occidentalis  Wats.  Glabrous,  the  slender  decumbent  stems  5-12 
cm.  high;  leaves  linear,  very  acute,  6-10  mm.  long;  peduncles  15-25  mm.  long; 
sepals  subacute,  2.5  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  capsule;  petals  shorter  than 
the  sepals. 

Common  in  springy  ground. 

Sagina  crassicaulis  Wats.     Distinctly  fleshy;  stems  rather  stout;  leaves 
5-20  mm.  long;  calyx  3  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  capsule. 
Along  the  seashore.     Scarcely  different  from  S.  occidentalis. 

184.     AMMODENIA. 

Stout  fleshy  perennial  seashore  plants  with  clasping  thick 
leaves;  flowers  axillary;  disk  conspicuous,  10-lobed,  glandulif- 
erous;  styles  3-5;  capsule  globose,  somewhat  berry-like. 

Ammodenia  peploides  (L.)  Rupr.  Perennial,  very  fleshy,  glabrous,  10-30 
cm.  high;  leaves  obovate  or  ovate,  partly  clasping;  flower  axillary,  nearly 
sessile;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  7  mm.  long;  seeds  smooth. 

Along  the  seashore.  Scarcely  distinguishable  is  A.  peploides  major  (Hook.) 
Piper,  somewhat  taller  with  larger  somewhat  apiculate  leaves.     • 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  149 

185.     ARE  N  ARIA.     Sandwort. 

Annual  or  perennial  mainly  tufted  herbs;  leaves  sessile,  often 
subulate  and  more  or  less  rigid;  stipules  none;  flowers  white, 
cymosely  panicled  or  capitate,  rarely  solitary  and  axillary; 
sepals  5;  petals  5,  very  rarely  minute  or  wanting,  entire  or 
emarginate,  white  or  nearly  so;  stamens  10,  or  often  fewer; 
styles  generally  3,  rarely  2-5 ;  capsule  globose  or  oblong,  dehiscent 
at  the  apex  by  as  many  or  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles. 

Leaves  not  narrowly  linear  nor  rigid. 

Perennial;  leaves  linear  or  lance-linear;  stems  and  foliage 

weak  and  flaccid.  A.  paludicola. 

Annuals;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate;  stems  and  foliage 
not  weak  and  flaccid. 
Leaves  ovate;  capsule  flask-shaped.  A.  serpyllifolia. 

Leaves  lanceolate;  capsule  oblong.  A.  leptoclados. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  firm  or  rigid. 
Sepals  obtuse. 

Leaves  glandular-hirsute;  capsule-valves  entire.  A.  sajanensis. 

Leaves    glabrous    or    nearly    so;    capsule-valves    2- 

cleft.  A.  capillaris. 

Sepals  acute  or  cuspidate. 

Plants  loosely  or  not  at  all  matted;  cymes  dichot- 
omously  branched,  several  to  many-flowered;  low- 
land plant.  A.  tenella. 
Plants  densely  matted  or  tufted,  alpine;  cymes  few- 
flowered. 
Sepals  not  strongly  nerved;  petals  shorter  than 

the  sepals.  A.  nuttallii. 

Sepals  strongly  nerved ;  petals  equalling  the  sepals.    A .  verna.  > 

Arenaria  paludicola  Robinson.     Perennial,  glabrous,  the  weak  stems  pro-  '\ 

cumbent,  shiny,  angled,  15-30  cm.  long;  leaves  sessile,  and  somewhat  connate,  i 

linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  1-nerved,  flat,  2-4  cm.  long,  the  upper  not  : 

reduced;  flowers  solitary,  axillary;  sepals  elliptic,  subacute,  3-4  mm.  long,  | 

nerveless;  petals  obovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  capsule  oblong,  shorter  ! 

than  the  calyx.  ' 

In  swamps  near  Tacoma,  Flett;  otherwise  known  only  in  California.  - 

Arenaria  serpyllifolia  L.     Annual,  much  branched,  very  leafy,  puberulent  = 

throughout,  5-15  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate,  cuspidately  acute,  10-15  mm.  long, 
sessile  or  nearly  so;  uppermost  leaves  but  little  reduced;  pedicels  longer  than 
the  calyx;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  3-5-nerved;  capsule  flask-shaped. 

In  dry  soil;  introduced  from  Europe.  ' 

Arenaria  leptoclados  Guss.     Very  similar  to  A.  serpyllifolia;  stems  slender,  \ 

erect;  leaves  lanceolate,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  bracts;  capsule  oblong.  ' 

Introduced  from  Europe. 

Arenaria  sajanensis  Willd.     Perennial,  densely  cespitose;  stems  decumbent,  ■: 

2-6  cm.  high,  glandular-hirsute,  the  dead  leaves  persistent;  leaves  linear,  j 

firm,  rather  obtuse,  4-7  mm.  long,  glabrous  or  minutely  glandular;  flowers  < 

mostly  solitary;  sepals  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  much  longer  than  the  spatulate  \ 

obtuse  petals;  capsule  oblong,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

At  high  altitudes  in  the  mountains. 

Arenaria  capillaris  nardifolia  (Ledeb.)  Regel.  Perennial  from  a  branching  ^^^  /fh 
cau"clex,  the  stems  10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  basal,  crowded,  linear,  ^l^^^P"/ -«<,^a  ^, 


1 50  CARYOPH YLLACEAE. 

pointed,  usually  curved,  glabrous,  15-25  mm.  long;  inflorescence  loose,  gland- 
ular-puberulent;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,   3-nerved,  scarious  margined;  petals 
obovate,  longer  than  the  sepals;  capsule  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Common  in  the  mountains  at  about  2000  m.  altitude. 

Arenaria  tenella  Nutt.  Stems  slender,  loosely  branched,  10-20  cm,  high; 
leaves  subulate,  acute,  6-10  mm.  long,  the  broadened  bases  connate,  the  upper 
reduced;  inflorescence  glandularrpuberulent;  pedicels  very  slender,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  strongly  3-nerved;  petals 
oblong,  as  Jong  as  the  sepals;  capsule  ovoid;  seeds  roughened. 

In  dry  gravelly  prairies. 

Arenaria  nuttallii  Pax.  Perennial,  very  leafy,  densely  branched  from  a 
stout  vertical  root,  glandular  throughout;  leaves  linear-subulate,  rigid,  sharp- 
pointed,  spreading,  6-8  mm.  long,  connate  at  base,  the  uppermost  little'reduced; 
flowers  numerous,  in  open  cymes ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  faintly  3-nerved ; 
petals  acutish,  not  equalling  the  sepals;  capsule  ovoid,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

On  the  high  peaks  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  at  about  2500  m.  altitude. 

Arenaria  vema  L.  Perennial,  closely  tufted,  glandular-pubescent,  5-15  cm. 
high;  leaves  linear-subulate,  flat,  strongly  3-nerved;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  the  margins  scarious;  petals  narrowly  obovate,  obtuse,  as  long  as 
the  sepals;  capsule  longer  than  the  calyx. 

In  rocky  places,  Cascade  and  Olympic  Mountains,  at  about  2500  m.  altitude. 

186.     MOEHRINGIA. 

Low  perennial  herbs,  with  lanceolate  elliptic  or  oblong  sessile 
or  short-petioled  soft  leaves;  flowers  white,  solitary  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves  or  in  terminal  cymes;  sepals  and  petals  4  or  5; 
stamens  8  or  10;  capsule  oblong,  few-seeded;  seeds  each  with  a 
membranous  broad  strophiole. 

Petals  longer  than  the  obtusish  sepals.  M.  lateriflora. 

Petals  shorter  than  the  acuminate  sepals.  M.  macrophylla. 

Moehringia  lateriflora  (L.)  Fenzl.  Mostly  puberulent  throughout;  stems 
slender,  terete,  erect  or  decumbent,  simple  or  few-branched,  10-30  cm.  high; 
leaves  elliptic  or  oblong,  sessile,  obtuse,  1-2  cm.  long;  cymes  few-flowered; 
sepals  obtuse  or  acutish,  2  mm.  long,  one  half  the  length  of  the  obovate  petals. 

In  open  woods,  infrequent. 

Moehringia  macrophylla  (Hook.)  Torr.  Minutely  puberulent;  stems  erect 
or  decumbent,  angled,  5-10  cm.  tall,  mostly  simple;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  2-6  cm.  long;  cymes  few-flowered;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, 3  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  petals. 

In  open  woods,  not  rare. 

Family  40.  NYMPHAEACEAE.  Waterlily  Family. 
Aquatic  perennial  herbs  with  horizontal  rootstocks;  leaves 
peltate  or  cordate,  floating,  submersed  or  rarely  immersed;  flowers 
perfect,  solitary,  axillary,  on  long  peduncles;  sepals  3,  4,  6  or 
more;  petals  5-many,  often  grading  into  the  sepals  or  stamens; 
stamens  5-many;  carpels  3-many,  indehiscent,  free  or  immersed 
.  in  a  fleshy  receptacle  or  more  or  less  coalescent  into  a  fleshy  fruit; 
endosperm  present  or  none. 


NYMPHAEACEAE.  151 

Leaves  cordate;  flowers  large,  yellow.  187.  Nymphaea,  151. 

Leaves  peltate;  flowers  small,  purple.  188.  Brasenia,  151. 

187.     NYMPHAEA.     Yf.txow  Pond  Lilly. 

Acaulescent  perennials  from  stout  rootstocks,  commonly 
slightly  milky;  leaves  with  united  stipules  which  are  sometimes 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  petioles;  calyx  more  showy  than  the 
corolla;  sepals  5-12,  concave,  roundish,  mostly  yellow,  and  petal- 
like; petals  10-20,  hypogynous,  small  and  thick,  the  innermost 
or  sometimes  all  of  them  stamen-like;  stamens  numerous,  hy- 
pogynous; stigmas  radiate  on  the  summit  of  the  10-25-celled 
ovary;  ovules  and  seeds  numerous. 

Nymphaea  polysepala  (Engelm.)  Greene.  Wokas.  Leaves  orbicular  or 
broadly  oval,  deeply  cordate,  20-30  cm.  long,  12-20  cm.  broad;  calyx  sub- 
globose,  about  8  cm.  broad;  sepals  8-12,  yellow,  often  red-tinged;  petals  12-18, 
ovate-cuneate,  truncate,  1-1.5  cm.  long;  stamens  very  numerous;  fruit  sub- 
globose,  4-5  cm.  long. 

Common  in  lakes.     The  seeds  are  used  as  food  by  some  tribes  of  Indians 

188.     BRASENIA.     Watershield. 

Aquatic  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  alternate,  long- 
petioled,  centrally  peltate,  oval,  floating;  flowers  axillary,  small; 
sepals  3  or  4;  petals  3  or  4,  linear,  sessile;  stamens  12-18;  pistils 
4-18,  forming  club-shaped  indehiscent  pods,  each  with  1-2  seeds. 

Brasenia  schreberi  Gmel.  Watershield.  Leaves  alternate,  long-petioled, 
oval,  entire  or  obscurely  crenate,  centrally  peltate,  2-10  cm.  long;  flowers  dull 
purple;  submerged  parts  of  the  plant  coated  with  tough  transparent  jelly. 

Common  in  lakes. 

Family  41.     CERATOPHYLLACEAE.     Hornwort  Family. 
Aquatic  herbs,  with  whorled  finely  dissected  leaves;  flowers 
minute,  sessile,  monoecious,  without  calyx  or  corolla,  but  with 
an  8-12-cleft  involucre  in  place  of  a  calyx. 

189.     CERATOPHYLLUM.     Hornwort. 

Herbs  growing  submerged;  leaves  sessile,  cut  into  thrice- 
forked,  thread-like  rigid  divisions;  sterile  flowers  of  10-20  stamens; 
fruit  an  akene. 

Ceratophyllum  demersum  L.  Stems  50-200  cm.  long,  sparingly  branched; 
leaves  rigid,  8-25  mm.  long;  akene  smooth,  beaked  with  the  persistent  style 
and  having  a  sharp  tubercle  on  each  side  at  the  base. 

Common  in  quiet  streams  and  lakes.     Very  rarely  found  in  flower  or  fruit. 

Family  42.     RANUNCULACEAE.     Buttercup  Family. 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  sometimes  woody  plants,  with 
acrid  sap;  leaves  usually  alternate  (opposite  in  Clematis),  simple 


152  RANUNCULACEAE. 

or  compound;  stipules  none  but  the  base  of  the  petiole  often 

clasping  or  sheathing;  flowers  regular  or  irregular;  sepals  3-15, 

generally  soon  withering,  often  petal-like;  petals  3-15,  or  wanting; 

stamens  numerous  or  few,  hypogynous;  carpels  numerous  or  few 

or  rarely  solitary,  separate,  1-celled,  1-many-ovuled ;  endosperm 

present. 

Carpels  numerous,  1-ovuled;  fruit  an  akene. 

Leaves  opposite.  190.  Clematis,  152. 

Leaves  alternate,  whorled,  or  basal. 
Cauline  leaves  three  in  a  whorl. 

Styles  short,  glabrous  or  pubescent.  191.  Anemone,  153. 

Styles  long,  plumose.  192.  Pulsatilla,  154. 

Cauline  leaves  alternate  or  none. 
Petals  none. 

Leaves  ternately  decompound.  193.  Thalictrum,  154. 

Leaves  simple,  palmately  lobed.  194.  Trautvetteria,  154. 

Petals  present. 

Sepals   spurred;   akenes   in  a   long 

slender  spike.  195.  Myosurus,  155. 

Sepals    not    spurred;    akenes    in   a 
head. 
Petals  white;  akenes  transversely 

wrinkled.  196.  Batrachium,  155. 

Petals  yellow;  akenes  not  trans- 
versely wrinkled.  197.  Ranunculus,  156. 
Carpels  few,  2-many-ovuled;  fruit  a  follicle  or 
berry. 
Flowers  irregular. 

Upper  sepal  spurred;  petals  4.  198.  Delphinium,  159. 

Upper  sepal  hood-like;  petals  2.  199.  Aconitum,  160. 

Flowers  regular. 

Sepals  spurred.  200.  Aquilegia,  161. 

Sepals  not  spurred. 

Petals  large;  flowers  solitary.  201.  Paeonia,  161. 

Petals  small  or  none;  flowers  solitary  or 
in  racemes  or  umbels. 
Leaves  simple. 

Petals  none;  leaves  crenate.  202.  Caltha,  161. 

Petals    linear-spatulate ;     leaves 

palmately  parted.  203.  Trollius,  162. 

Leaves  compound. 

Carpels  becoming  berries.  204.  Actaea,  162. 

Carpels  becoming  follicles. 

Flowers  in  racemes.  205.  Cimicifuga,  162. 

Flowers  not  in  racemes. 

Petals  none;  follicles  ses- 
sile or  short-stalked.        206.  Isopyrum,  163. 
Petals  5-6,  linear;   folli- 
cles long-stalked.  207.  Coptis,  163. 

190.     CLEMATIS. 

Perennial  herbs,  low  and  erect,  or  more  or  less  woody  vines, 
climbing  by  the  petioles;  leaves  opposite;  sepals  4,  rarely  3,  or 


RANUNCULACEAE.  1 53 

more  than  4,  petal-like;  petals  none  or  minute;  stamens  numer- 
ous; pistils  numerous,  1-ovuled;  styles  feathery  or  naked  in  fruit. 

Clematis  ligusticifolia  Nutt.  Half-woody  climber,  the  stem  2-10  m.  long; 
leav^es  pinnately  compound,  of  5-7  leaflets,  or  the  lower  pair  ternate;  leaflets 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  sometimes  3-lobed,  coarsely  incised-dentate  or  subentire, 
3-6  cm,  long,  sparsely  pubescent,  becoming  glabrous;  flowers  dioecious,  in 
large  panicles,  the  staminate  more  showy;  sepals  white,  oblong,  densely  hairy, 
2  cm.  long;  akenes  pubescent,  the  long  tails  plumose. 

Reported  from  the  Willamette  Valley,  Oregon,  but  not  verified ;  common  east 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  in  the  Umpqua  Valley,  Oregon. 

191.    ANEMONE.    Anemone.    Windflower. 

Erect  perennial  herbs;  leaves  compound  or  divided,  all  radical, 
except  2  or  3  cauline  which  form  an  involucre  usually  remote 
from  the  flower;  peduncles  1 -flowered,  solitary  or  in  umbels; 
sepals  4-20,  petal-like;  petals  none;  stamens  numerous;  pistils 
numerous;  akenes  flattened,  not  ribbed;  styles  short,  glabrous 
or  pubescent,  never  plumose. 

Akenes  densely  woolly;  rootstock  short  and  stout. 

Leaves  hairy,  the  lobes  linear.  A .  hudsoniana. 

Leaves  glabrate,  the  lobes  usually  cuneate.  A.  drummondii. 
Akenes  not  woolly;  rootstocks  slender. 

Involucral  leaves  simple.  A.  deltoidea, 
Involucral  leaves  3-5-foliolate. 

Flowers  8-12  mm.  in  diameter,  white.  A.  lyallii. 
Flowers  20-35  mm.  in  diameter. 

Sepals  white.  A.  piperi. 

Sepals  blue.  A .  oregana. 

Anemone  hudsoniana  (DC.)  Richards.  More  or  less  silky- villous;  stems 
20-40  cm.  high,  1-3-flowered;  leaves  ternate,  cleft  into  linear  divisions;  sepals 
yellowish  or  dull  red,  about  1  cm.  long;  head  of  akenes  globose;  styles  about 
half  as  long  as  the  akenes. 

In  the  mountains,  infrequent. 

Anemone  dnmimondii  Wats.  Glabrous  or  becoming  so;  stems  10-15  cm. 
high;  leaf-segments  short,  linear  or  narrowly  cuneate;  sepals  bluish;  styles 
slender,  nearly  as  long  as  the  akene. 

In  rock  crevices  in  the  mountains  at  high  altitudes,  rare. 

Anemone  deltoidea  Hook.  Stems  15-30  cm.  high  from  slender  running 
rootstocks;  radical  leaves  trifoliolate,  the  leaflets  ovate,  dentate,  acute;  sepals 
white,  1-2  cm.  long;  akenes  ovate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

In  open  woods  from  Pierce  County,  Washington,  southward. 

Anemone  lyallii  Britt.  Stems  veiy  slender,  5-10  cm.  high;  leaves  3-foH- 
olate,  the  leaflets  lanceolate  to  ovate,  obtusely  toothed;  flowers  white,  small, 
the  sepals  4-6  mm.  long. 

In  moist  mountainwoodSj^£are. 

Anemone  piperi  Rritt .  Wood  Anemone.  Perennial  from  slender  deep- 
seated  white  rootstocks;  stems  erect,  1-flowered,  10-20  cm.  tall,  smooth  or 
pubescent;  radical  leaf  and  the  three  of  the  involucre  similar,  ternate  or  often 
5-foliolate,  petiolate,  the  leaflets  or  divisions  oblong-cuneate  or  ovate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  incisely  toothed  or  lobed,  3-5  cm.  long;  sepals  4-7,  oval,  white; 
akenes  puberulent,  the  style  short. 


154  RANUNCULACEAE. 

Moist  woods,  in  the  mountains.  Scarcely  distinct  from  the  eastern  A. 
quinquefolia  L. 

Anemone  oregana  Gray.  Similar  to  A.  piperi  but  larger;  leaflets  obovate 
to  oval,  obtusish,  coarsely  serrate  or  incised  with  but  few  teeth;  sepals  blue, 
12-20  mm.  long. 

In  the  Cascade  Mountains,  mostly  on  the  eastern  slope. 

192.  PULSATILLA.     Pasque  Flower. 

Perennial  herbs  with  thick  rootstocks,  long-petioled  palmately 
divided  basal  leaves  and  3  cauline  leaves  in  a  whorl  forming  an 
involucre  remote  from  the  calyx;  sepals  petal-like;  petals  none; 
stamens  numerous,  the  outer  often  sterile;  pistils  numerous; 
akenes  with  long  persistent  plumose  styles. 

Pulsatilla  occidentalis  (Wats.)  Freyn.  Whole  plant  covered  with  long 
hairs;  stems  stout,  30-60  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  long-petioled,  divided  into 
numerous  narrow  segments;  cauline  leaves  similar,  sessile;  flowers  solitary, 
large;  sepals  whitish,  tinged  with  purple,  15-20  mm.  long;  akenes  with  tails 
Z-4:  cm.  long. 

Mountain  meadows,  abundant. 

193.  THALICTRUM.     Meadow  Rue. 

Erect  perennial  herbs;  leaves  2-3-ternately  compound,  radical 
and  cauline,  the  latter  alternate;  flowers  perfect,  polygamous  or 
dioecious,  generally  small,  greenish-white,  in  corymbs,  panicles  or 
racemes;  sepals  4  or  5,  petal-like  or  greenish,  dull-colored;  petals 
none;  stamens  numerous;  pistils  4-15,  commonly  few,  1-ovuled; 
akenes  capitate,  grooved  or  ribbed,  inflated. 

Akenes  narrowly  fusiform,  3-nerved  on  each  face,  in  loose 

clusters.  T.  occidentale. 

Akenes  falcate,  compressed,  obscurely  veined,  in  dense  clus- 
ters. T.  papyraceum. 

ThaUctrum  occidentale  Gray.  Dioecious;  stems  50-100  cm.  tall;  leaves 
ternately  decompound;  leaflets  oblong,  obovate  or  orbicular,  mostly  petioled, 
incisely  dentate  at  the  apex,  glabrous,  1-2  cm.  long;  panicle  loose;  sepals 
elliptic-cuneate,  greenish;  filaments  very  slender;  anthers  linear,  slender- 
pointed;  akenes  6-12,  in  loose  clusters,  stipitate,  lanceolate,  long-acuminate, 
3-nerved  on  each  side,  the  mid-nerve  somewhat  salient,  6-8  mm.  long. 

In  moist  copses,  especially  in  the  mountains. 

Thalictrum  papyraceum  Greene.  Dioecious,  glabrous  throughout;  stems 
stout,  1-3  m.  tall;  leaflets  3,  incisely  3-lobed,  the  median  lobe  mucronate,  the 
others  obtuse;  panicle  loose,  narrow;  akenes  12-18,  in  dense  globose  clusters 
2  cm.  broad,  each  falcate,  strongly  compressed,  1  cm.  long,  the  thin  pericarp 
obscurely  and  irregularly  veined. 

Sauvies  Island,  Oregon,  Howell. 

194.     TRAUTVETTERIA. 

Tall  erect  perennial  herbs;  leaves  palmately-lobed,  the  radical 
large  and  long-petioled;  the  cauline  few,  short-petioled  or  sessile; 


RANUNCULACEAE.  1 55 

flowers  white,  in  corymbs;  sepals  3-5,  broad,  concave;  petals 
none;  stamens  numerous;  pistils  numerous,  1-ovuled;  akenes 
capitate,  sharply-angled,  inflated;  styles  minute. 

Trautvetteria  grandis  Nutt.  Stems  30-50  cm.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so; 
leaves  broader  than  long,  8-30  cm.  across,  5-9-cleft,  the  lobes  oblong  or  ob- 
oyate,  acute,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed;  akenes  smooth,  ovate,  three-angled, 
tipped  with  a  slender  recurved  beak. 

In  mountain  meadows  and  along  mountain  streams. 

195.     MYOSURUS.     Mouse  Tail. 

Very  small  annual  herbs;  leaves  entire,  linear  or  at  first  spatu- 
late,  in  a  basal  tuft;  scapes  simple,  1-flowered;  sepals  5,  spurred 
at  the  base;  petals  5,  greenish-yellow,  with  long  nectariferous 
claws,  or  none;  stamens  5-20;  pistils  numerous,  borne  on  a 
central  axis,  the  receptacle,  which  becomes  greatly  elongated  in 
fruit;  ovule  1. 

Myosurus  major  Greene.     Scapes  several-many,  8-15  cm.  high;  fruiting 
spikes  2-4  cm.  long,  rather  stout;  akenes  with  a  short  straight  beak. 
Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

196.    BATRACHIUM.     Water  Buttercup. 

Perennial  aquatic  herbs  with  alternate  dissected  or  palmately 
lobed  leaves,  the  ultimate  segments  of  the  submersed  leaves 
filiform;  flowers  solitary,  rather  small,  white,  borne  on  peduncles 
opposite  the  leaves;  sepals  and  petals  usually  5;  petals  oblong  or 
oval,  sometimes  yellowish  at  base;  stamens  several  or  numerous; 
akenes  compressed,  not  margined,  nearly  beakless,  transversely 
wrinkled. 

Receptacle  glabrous;  submersed  leaves  none,  the  float- 
ing ones  3-parted.  B.  lohbii. 
Receptacle  hairy;  submersed  leaves  capillary. 

Floating  leaves  reniform  or  orbicular.  B.  aquatile. 

Floating  leaves  wanting.  B.  aquatile  pantothrix. 

Batrachium  lobbii  (Gray)  Howell.  Stems  slender,  15-30  cm.  long;  floating 
leaves  orbicular  in  outline,  6-15  mm.  wide,  3-parted  into  oblong  lobes,  the 
lateral  ones  notched  at  the  apex;  petals  obovate,  4  mm.  long;  styles  slender, 
three  times  as  long  as  the  ovary;  akenes  rugose,  each  tipped  with  a  short  beak; 
receptacle  glabrous. 

Lost  Lake,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun,  and  in  western  Oregon. 

Batrachium  aquatile  (L.)  Wimm.  Water  Crowfoot.  Stems  5-40  cm.  long, 
slender,  growing  in  water;  immersed  leaves  flaccid,  all  finely  divided  into  fili- 
form segments,  8-20  mm.  long;  floating  leaves  1-5,  reniform  or  orbicular, 
3-5-lobed  or  parted;  petals  white,  yellow  at  base,  each  bearing  a  naked  nec- 
tariferous pit;  akenes  thick,  transversely  wrinkled,  the  style  short;  receptacle 
hairy. 

In  ponds,  frequent. 

Batrachium  aquatile  pantothrix  (Brot.)  Piper.  All  the  leaves  immersed  and 
divided  into  filiform  segments. 

In  ponds,  often  with  B.  aquatile. 


156  RANUNCULACEAE.  \ 

197.     RANUNCULUS.     Rttttfppttp  ^ 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  cauline  leaves  alternate;  flowers       \ 
solitary  or  corymbed;   sepals  usually   5,   deciduous;   petals  as        i 
many  or  more,  conspicuous  or  minute,  with  a  nectariferous  pit 
and  a  scale  at  the  base  of  the  blade;  stamens  numerous,  occa- 
sionally  few;   pistils   numerous,    1-ovuled;   akenes   capitate   or        ' 
spicate,  generally  flattened,  each  tipped  with  a  minute  or  an 

elongated  style.  [ 

Plants  aquatic  or  subaquatic;  leaves  finely  dis- 
sected when  submersed,  less  so  when  aerial.             R.  purshii.  ; 
Plants  terrestrial  but  often  growing  in  very  wet  \ 
places;  leaves  never  finely  dissected. 
Akenes  thin- walled,  the  faces  nerved;  leaves  ] 
crenate ;  the  plant  spreading  by  runners.            R.  cymhalaria.  ' 
Akenes  not  thin-walled  nor  nerved. 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so.  i 
Stems  creeping,  rooting  from  the  nodes. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long.  R.  flammula  unalaschensis.         '' 

Leaves  linear-spatulate,   5-20  mm.  ' 

long.  R.  flammula  reptans.  ; 

Stems  erect,  not  rooting  from  the  nodes.  ] 

Plants  30-60  cm.  high;   leaves  Ian-  - 

ceolate  or  oblong.  R.  alismaefolius.  '     : 

Plants  10-25  cm.  high;  leaves  ob-  i 

long-lanceolate.  R.  alismellus. 

Leaves  or  some  of  them  lobed  or  divided.  .  j 

Faces  of  the  akenes  scabrous  or  muri-  ' 

cate;  annuals. 

Pubescent;    akenes    hispid    with  '> 

hooked  hairs.  R.  hebecarpus.  ', 

Nearly   glabrous;   akenes   minutely  ! 

spiny.  R.  muricatus.  ■ 

Faces  of  the  akenes  smooth  or  merely  I 

pilose;  mostly  perennials. 

Herbage  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  low  •\ 

species.  ] 

Annual;     leaves     3-5-lobed     or  j 

parted,  the  lobes  crenately  in-  - 

cised  or  cleft;  akenes  apiculate.  R.  sceleratus.  1 

Perennials.  I 

Head     of     akenes     globose;  * 

petals  large,  showy.  R.  suksdorfii.  ; 

Head  of  akenes  oblong.  ' 

Style    straight;    leaves  ] 

ciliate,  not  cordate.  R.  eschscholtzii.  j 

Style    recurved;    leaves  i 

cordate,  not  ciliate.  R.  verecundus. 

Herbage  pubescent  or  hirsute;  most-  3 

ly  tall  and  coarse  species.  .  [ 

Beaks  of  the  akenes  hooked  at 

tip.  ! 

Petals    showy;    pubescence  -\ 

villous.  jR.  occidentalis.  * 

Petals  very  small,  pale;  pube-  \ 

scence  hirsute.  = 


RANUNCULACEAE.  157 

Akenes  hispid  on  the  faces.  R.  hongardi. 
Akenes  smooth.  R.  hongardi  douglasii. 

Beaks  of  the  akenes  not  hooked 
at  the  tip. 
Akenes  long  beaked.  R.  orthorhynchus. 

Akenes  short  beaked. 

Plants  decumbent,  creep- 
ing by  stolons;  petals 
showy.  R.  repens. 

Plants  erect  or  ascending, 
not  stoloniferous. 
Head  of  akenes  oblong; 
petals     not     longer 
than  the  sepals.  R.  pennsylvanicus. 

Head  of  akenes  glo- 
bose; petals  longer 
than  the  sepals.  R.  oreganus. 

Ranunculus  purshli  Richards.  Aquatic  and  glabrous  or  more  commonly 
terrestrial  on  muddy  banks,  and  then  pubescent;  leaves  orbicular,  palmately 
3-cleft,  the  segments  2-5-lobed;  petals  yellow,  4-5  mm.  long,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  sepals;  akenes  without  distinct  border,  tipped  with  a  short  straight 
beak. 

Rare  in  our  limits. 

•Ranunculus  cymbalaria  saximontanus  Fernald.  Perennial,  nearly  glabrous; 
leaves  clustered  at  the  base  and  at  the  joints  of  the  long  slender  stolons, 
ovate  or  ovate-cordate,  coarsely  crenate,  thick,  the  petioles  often  pilose; 
scapes  1-7-flowered,  3-15  cm.  high,  commonly  pilose;  petals  5-8,  pale 
yellow,  4-9  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  sepals;  heads  of  akenes  oblong,  6-12  mm. 
long. 

Moist  soil  especially  where  saline. 

Ranunculus  flammula  unalaschensls  (Bess.)  Ledeb.  Stems  slender,  creep- 
ing, rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  15-30  cm.  long;  leaves  narrowly-lanceolate, 
short- petioled,  acute  at  each  end,  2-5  cm.  long,  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
flowers  small,  yellow,  mostly  solitary  on  the  ascending  tips  of  the  stems;  akene 
small,  smooth,  short-beaked. 

Gravelly  borders  of  lakes  and  streams,  common. 

Ranunculus  flammiUa  reptans  (L.)  Schlecht.  Stems  very  slender,  rooting 
at  all  the  joints;  leaves  linear  to  linear-spatulate,  10-25  mm.  long. 

Gravelly  or  sandy  shores  of  lakes  and  streams,  especially  in  the  mountains 
at  low  altitudes. 

Ranunculus  alismaefolius  Geyer.  Glabrous  throughout,  rather  stout, 
40-60  cm.  tall,  branched  above;  radical  leaves  long- petioled,  lanceolate  or 
ovate,  obtuse,  usually  cuneate  at  the  base,  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate, 
5-10  cm.  long;  cauline  leaves  narrower,  mostly  sessile;  peduncles  elongated; 
sepals  small;  petals  yellow,  cuneate-obovate,  strongly-nerved,  8  mm.  long; 
akenes  turgid,  smooth,  short-beaked. 

In  wet  places,  Willamette  Valley.  Our  plant  is  not  typical  of  the  species 
and  may  be  distinct,  possibly  referrable  to  R.  samolifolius  Greene. 

Ranunculus  alismellus  (Gray)  Greene.  Glabrous,  15-25  cm.  high;  stems 
solitary  or  few  from  a  fascicle  of  fibrous  roots,  erect  or  nearly  so;  basal  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  petioled,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  cauline 
smaller;  peduncles  slender,  axillary,  longer  than  the  subtending  leaves;  flowers 
yellow,  small,  8-15  mm.  broad;  petals  5  or  6,  obovate;  akenes  thick,  short- 
beaked,  numerous  in  a  globose  cluster. 


158  RANUNCULACEAE. 

Mount  Adams  and  other  high  peaks  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  not  definitely 
known  from  within  our  limits. 

Ranunculus  hebecarpus  H.  &  A.  Annual;  whole  plant  hairy;  stems  slender, 
mostly  erect,  15-30  cm.  tall;  leaves  2-3  cm.  broad,  3-parted,  the  lobes  incisely 
3-lobed;  petioles  of  the  leaves  much  longer  than  the  blades;  petals  small, 
2  mm.  long,  about  equalling  the  sepals;  akenes  flattened,  with  short  hooked 
beaks,  the  sides  roughened  and  covered  with  hooked  hairs. 

Eastern  Washington  to  California.     Introduced  on  Vancouver  Island. 

Ranunculus  muricatus  L.  Annual,  nearly  glabrous;  stems  stout,  rather 
succulent,  10-20  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  circular  in  outline,  reniform,  3-lobed, 
coarsely  crenate-dentate;  cauline  3-cleft,  broadly  cuneate;  petals  bright  yellow, 
longer  than  the  calyx;  akenes  flat,  the  sides  armed  with  fine  prickles,  the  beak 
stout,  subulate. 

Wet  places,  introduced  from  Europe. 

Ranunculus  sceleratus  L.  Annual,  glabrous;  stems  erect,  hollow,  15^0 
cm.  high;  leaves  pale  green,  the  basal  ones  reniform  orbicular,  deeply  3-lobed, 
the  cauline  3-5-lobed  or  parted  and  the  divisions  cleft  or  lobed;  petals  pale 
yellow,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx;  akenes  short-beaked,  smooth,  numerous, 
in  a  cylindric  head. 

Rare  in  moist  places  but  undoubtedly  native. 

Ranunculus  suksdorfii  Gray.  Perennial,  glabrous;  leaves  1-2  cm.  long, 
truncate  to  somewhat  reniform  at  base,  deeply  3-5-parted;  segments  of  the 
basal  leaves  cuneate,  3-5-cleft,  of  the  cauline  linear  and  entire;  petals  suV 
orbicular,  retuse,  8-12  mm.  long,  bright  yellow;  akenes  in  a  globose  cluster, 
glabrous,  each  tipped  with  a  long  slender  style. 

In  moist  places  at  about  2000  m.  altitude,  Cascade  and  Olympic  Mountains. 

Rantinculus  eschscholtzii  Schlecht.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so, 
10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  ciliate,  the  basal  orbicular,  deeply  3-5-cleft  or  parted, 
the  cuneate  divisions  again  lobed  or  cleft;  cauline  mostly  3-parted,  the  lobes 
usually  entire;  flowers  few;  petals  pale  yellow,  6-10  mm.  long,  exceeding  the 
sepals;  head  of  akenes  oblong;  akenes  swollen,  marginless,  glabrous,  tipped 
with  a  straight  beak. 

Along  alpine  rills  at  1500-2000  m.  altitude.  First  found  at  Unalaska  by 
Chatnisso. 

Ranunculus  verecundus  Robinson.  Perennial,  nearly  glabrous;  seems  sub- 
erect  or  procumbent;  basal  leaves  reniform  to  suborbicular,  deeply  cordate,  3- 
parted,  not  ciliate,  the  segments  3-5-lobed  or  deeply  crenate,  the  lobes  obtuse; 
petiole  2-4  cm.  long,  sparsely  villose  at  the  broadened  base;  cauline  leaves  1-3, 
3-5-parted  into  narrow  segments;  peduncles  3-7  cm.  long;  petals  oboyate, 
bright-yellow,  scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals;  akenes  numerous  in  an  ovoid  to 
cylindric  cluster,  glabrous,  compressed,  1.8  mm.  long;  style  recurved;  receptacle 
villous  at  tip. 

Mount  Rainier,  2300  m.  altitude,  Flett;  Mount  Adams,  2000  m.  altitude, 
Suksdorf. 

Ranunculus  occidentalis  Nutt.  Perennial,  villous-hirsute;  stems  slender, 
25-45  cm.  high,  not  much  branched;  basal  leaves  orbicular,  cordate,  deeply 
3-5-cleft  or  sometimes  parted,  the  segments  cuneate  and  2-7-lobed,  the  lobes 
acute;  cauline  leaves  mostly  parted  into  linear  entire  segments;  petals  bright 
yellow,  10-12  mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  reflexed  sepals;  akenes  glabrous 
or  sparingly  bristly,  flat,  tipped  with  stout  hooked  beaks;  cluster  of  akenes 
globose;  receptacle  glabrous. 

Common  in  open  prairies. 


RANUNCULACEAE.  159 

Ranunculus  bongardi  Greene.  Erect,  40-60  cm.  tall,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
pubescent;  leaves  deeply  3-5-cleft,  the  lower  cuneate-obovate,  incisely  2-5- 
toothed;  petioles  longer  than  the  blades;  flowers  few,  in  open  cymes,  long- 
pedicelled;  petals  5,  very  small,  pale  yellow;  akenes  much  flattened,  hispid 
on  the  faces,  each  with  a  slender  circinate  beak,  aggregated  into  globose 
clusters. 

Common  in  shady  copses. 

Ranunculus  bongardi  douglasii  (Howell)  Davis.     Similar  to  R.  bongardi 
but  less  pubescent  or  sometimes  glabrous;  akenes  smooth,  the  beak  shorter. 
In  moist  places.     All  intergrades  with  the  preceding  occur. 

Ranunculus  orthorhynchus  Hook.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  sparsely  ap- 
pressed-hairy ;  stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  branched  and  nearly  naked  above; 
leaves  pinnately  divided  into  5-7  narrow  cleft  or  incised  segments,  the  tips 
with  white  callous  points;  petals  obovate,  yellow,  often  purplish  on  the  outside, 
strongly  nerved,  twice  as  long  as  the  reflexed  oval  sepals;  akenes  few,  glabrous, 
compressed,  sharp-margined,  the  border  shorter  than  the  slender  straight  beak. 

In  wet  meadows. 

Ranunculus  repens  L.  Pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous;  stems  30-60  cm. 
long,  creeping  and  roofing  at  the  lower  nodes;  leaves  often  white-blotched, 
mostly  3-parted  or  3-divided,  the  segments  rhombic-ovate,  2-3-lobed  and  in- 
cisely toothed;  petals  obovate,  about  1  cm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  spreading 
sepals;  akenes  obovate,  tipped  with  a  short  recurved  style. 

In  wet  meadows,  introduced  from  Europe. 

Ranunculus  pennsylvanicus  L.  f.  Stout  and  tall,  hirsute  with  spreading 
hairs,  erect,  30-100  cm.  high,  the  root  usually  annual;  leaves  ternately  com- 
pound, the  leaflets  ovate,  acute,  3-cleft;  flowers  small;  petals  pale  yellow,  not 
longer  than  the  sepals;  akenes  flat,  obscurely  margined,  each  tipped  with  a 
short  Straight  beak,  crowded  in  a  short  cylindric  head. 

In  damp  meadows,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Ranunculus  oreganus  (Gray)  Howell.  Sparsely  bristly-hirsute;  stems  stout, 
erect  or  ascending,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves  ternately  divided,  the  segments 
stalked,  broadly  ovate,  3-cleft,  the  lobes  incisely  toothed;  petals  bright  yellow, 
obovate,  6  mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  reflexed  sepals;  akenes  in  an  oblong 
or  oval  cluster,  each  with  a  stout  straight  flattened  beak. 

In  wet  places  in  open  deciduous  woods. 

198.     DELPHINIUM.     Larkspur. 

Annual  or  perennial  erect  branching  herbs;  leaves  palmately 
lobed  or  divided;  flowers  showy,  in  a  raceme  or  panicle;  sepals  5, 
petal-like,  the  upper  one  prolonged  into  a  spur;  petals  4,  some- 
times 2,  the  two  posterior  ones  spurred,  the  lateral,  when  present, 
small;  stamens  numerous;  pistils  1-5,  sessile,  many-ovuled, 
forming  follicles  at  maturity. 

Roots  thickened,  forming  irregular  tubers. 

Pubescence  minute,  white,  appressed.         ^    ^  D.  menziesii. 

Pubescence  if  any  spreading,  sometimes  viscid.  D.  columhianum. 

Roots  fasciculate,  elongate,  not  tuber-like. 

Pedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers  and  fruit;  flowers  pale 

blue.  D.  glaucum. 

Pedicels  longer  than  the  flowers  and  fruit;  flowers  deep 
blue. 
Plant  1-2  m.  high;  leaves  thin.  D.  trolliifolium. 

Plant  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  thickish.  D.  hicolor. 


l6o  RANUNCULACEAE. 

Delphinium  menziesii  DC.  Stems  erect,  simple  or  branched  above, 
30-70  cm.  tall,  appressed-puberulent  at  least  above  with  white  usually  curved 
hairs;  leaves  3-7-parted,  the  divisions  usually  deeply  cleft  into  2-4,  usually 
3  lobes,  the  segments  linear  or  lanceolate;  petioles  mostly  exceeding  the  blades; 
racemes  loose,  5-25-flowered;  pedicels  spreading,  mostly  as  long  as  or  longer 
than  the  dark  blue  flowers;  sepals  pubescent  on  the  outside,  2-2.5  cm.  long; 
spur  as  long,  mostly  acute  and  slender;  follicles  3,  mostly  diverging  at  maturity, 
pubescent,  1.4-3  cm.  long. 

In  open  grassy  places.  Originally  collected  by  Menzies,  probably  at  Nootka 
Sound. 

Delphinium  menziesii  ochroleucum  T.  &  G.  {D.  leucophaeum  Greene;  D. 
willametense  Suksdorf.)  Sepals  cream-colored;  petals  blue,  bordered  with 
white. 

Willamette  Valley,  Nuttall,  Howell,  Suskdorf. 

Delphinium  columbianum  Greene.  (D.  nuttallii  Gray.)  Very  similar  to 
D,  menziesii',  herbage  somewhat  glaucous,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  below,  finely 
villous  and  sometimes  viscid  in  the  inflorescence;  follicles  remaining  erect  or 
nearly  so,  villous-puberulent. 

In  prairies  and  open  places,  rare. 

Delphinium  glaucum  Wats.  Glabrous  throughout;  stems  erect,  stout, 
1-2  m.  high,  smooth  and  glaucous;  leaves  orbicular,  5-7-parted,  the  lobes 
laciniately  toothed  and  acuminate,  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath;  flowers 
pale,  dull  blue,  in  a  dense  raceme;  pedicels  short;  sepals  10-12  mm.  long; 
follicles  glabrous,  veiny. 

Along  streams  in  the  mountains. 

Delphinium  trolliifolitun  Gray.  Roots  stout,  elongated,  not  tuber-like; 
herbage  glabrous  or  the  inflorescence  sparsely  villous,  rarely  somewhat  viscid; 
stems  erect,  1-2  m.  high;  leaves  thin,  orbicular  in  outline,  5-10  cm.  broad, 
5-7-cleft  or  parted,  the  lobes  cuneate,  incisely  cleft  into  lanceolate  acute  lobes; 
raceme  loosely  many-flowered,  the  pedicels  spreading;  flowers  dark  blue; 
sepals  1.5-2  cm.  long,  ovate,  acuminate;  follicles  glabrous,  turgid,  veiny, 
recurved  when  mature,  12-15  mm.  long. 

In  meadows  along  streams,  Lewis  County,  Washington,  to  northern  Calif- 
ornia.    Commonly  reputed  to  be  very  poisonous  to  cattle. 

Delphinitmi  bicolor  Nutt.  {D.  glareosum  Greene.)  Roots  stout,  thick, 
elongated,  not  tuber-like;  herbage  sparsely  villous,  especially  in  the  inflores- 
cence, to  nearly  or  quite  glabrous;  stems  erect,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  succu- 
lent, orbicular  in  outline,  5-parted,  the  segments  3-5-cleft  into  narrow  lobes; 
raceme  loosely  few  to  many-flowered;  sepals  blue,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  petals 
white,  veined  with  blue;  follicles  turgid,  glabrous. 

^  Rare  in  our  limits;  Olympic  Mountains,  Piper,  Elmer,  Flett;  Goat  Moun- 
tains,  Allen. 

199.  ACONITUM.    Aconite.    Monkshood. 

Tall  erect  perennial  herbs;  leaves  palmately-lobed  or  divided; 
flowers  large,  showy,  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles;  sepals  5, 
petal-like,  very  irregular,  the  upper  one  hooded  or  helmet-shaped; 
petals  2-5,  the  upper  two  hooded,  long  clawed,  concealed  in  the 
helmet;  stamens  numerous;  pistils  3-5,  many-ovuled,  forming 
follicles  at  maturity. 

Aconitimi  howellii  A.  Nelson.     {A.  hulbiferum  Howell.)     Stems  slender 
weak  and  viny,  60-120  cm.  long,  smooth  below,  tomentose  above;  leaves 


RANUNCULACEAE.  l6l 

rather  small,  on  short  petioles,  or  the  upper  sessile,  bearing  bulblets  in  their 
axils,  all  laciniately  cut  into  acute  lobes;  sepals  pale  blue;  hood  12-16  mm. 
long. 

Near  the  base  of  Mount  Hood,  Oregon,  Howell. 

200.   AQUILEGIA.     Columbine. 

Erect  perennials  with  2-3-ternately  compound  leaves;  flowers 

regular,  showy,  on  the  ends  of  the  branches;  sepals  5,  regular, 

'"   petal-like;  petals  5,  all  alike,  each  with  a  short  lip  and  produced 

backward  into  a  large  hollow  spur  much  longer  than  the  calyx; 

pistils  5,  with  slender  styles;  pods  erect,  many-seeded. 

Flowers  scarlet  and  yellow.  A .  formosa. 

Flowers  wholly  yellow.  A.  fiavescens. 

'-  /^7^'^.A^qmleyia  formosa  _Fisch.  Usually  sparingly  pubescent;  stems  erect, 
2?/s^0-90  cm.  high;  leaflets  broadly  cuneate,  paler  beneath,  lobed;  flowers  nodding, 
^sf  bright  scarlet,  yellow  inside;  sepals  spreading;  spurs  nearly  straight,  about 
F-^twice  as  long  as  their  blades. 

ommon  in  moist  places  and  in  the  mountains  up  to  2000  m.  altitude. 

Aquilegia  fiavescens  Wats.      Like  A.  formosa  but  flowers  wholly  yellow. 
In  the  mountains,  rare. 

201.   PAEONIA.     Paeony. 

Robust  perennial  herbs  with  ternately  or  pinnately  compound 
leaves  and  showy  flowers;  sepals  5,  herbaceous,  persistent; 
petals  5-10:  stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  a  fleshy  disk;  pistils 
2-5;  fruit  of  3-5  leathery  several-seeded  follicles. 

Paeonia  brownli  Dougl.  Whole  plant  glabrous  and  glaucous,  20-50  cm. 
high,  at  first  erect  or  ascending,  in  fruit  decumbent;  leaves  thick,  once  or 
twice  ternately  divided  or  parted,  the  ultimate  segments  from  narrowly  oblong 
to  obovate;  sepals  green,  concave,  unequal;  petals  dull  brownish  red,  thick, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals;  follicles  usually  5,  oblong,  smooth,  about  3  cm. 
long;  seeds  black,  shining. 

In  the  Cascade  Mountains  at  low  elevations,  principally  on  the  eastern 
slope;  also  said  to  occur  on  Vancouver  Island,  but  this  is  doubtful. 

202.    CALTHA. 

Smooth  succulent  perennial  marsh  herbs  with  round  and 
heart-shaped  or  reniform  undivided  leaves;  sepals  5-15,  petal- 
like, regular;  petals  none;  stamens  numerous;  pistils  5-15, 
several-ovuled,  becoming  in  fruit  several-seeded  follicles. 

Flowers  yellow;  stems  decumbent,  leafy.  C.  asarifolia. 
Flowers  white;  stems  erect,  leafless  or  1-leaved. 

Leaves  reniform-orbicular,  broader  than  long.  C.  hiflora. 

Leaves  cordate,  longer  than  broad.  C.  leptosepala. 

Caltha  asarifolia  DC.  Marsh  Marigold.  Stems  decumbent,  usually 
rooting  at  the  nodes,  one  or  few-flowered;  leaves  round-reniform;  sepals  5-7, 
bright  yellow;  follicles  sessile. 

In  bogs,  Alaska  to  Oregon,  along  the  coast;  rare  southward. 

12 


1 62  RANUNCULACEAE.  j 

//ff  Ad^rws,^  Caltha  biflora  DC.     Stems  10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  crenate  or  repand,  the      , 
I.  .^fr»-«%4  *tf  jr4)asal  lobes  usually  overlapping;  sepals  6-9,  oval  to  oblong;  follicles  short- 
**.«^  ^!UA^  vPtalked. 
^*^  ^'•^CWl      In  wet  alpine  meadows,  Alaska  to  California.  uU*.  rf  l^J  (Um^  ^4/ 

V Caltha  leptosepala  DC.     Stems  8-20  cm. 'high;  leaves  cordate,  crenate  or 
repand;  sepals  7-10,  oblong,  often  bluish  beneath;  follicles  very  short-stalked.      , 
Wet  mountain  meadows,  Alaska  to  Oregon  and  Colorado.  , 

203.   TROLLIUS.  •! 

Glabrous  perennial  herbs  with  palmately  lobed  or  dissected  | 

leaves  and  yellow  flowers;  sepals  5-15,  regular,  petal-like,  de-  ■ 

ciduous;  petals  5-8,  small,  1-lipped,  tubular  at  base;  stamens  ; 

and  carpels  numerous,  the  latter  forming  in  fruit  many-seeded  ' 

follicles.  , 

Trollius    laxus    Salisb.      Globe   Flower.     Leaves    5-7-cleft;  sepals  white;      | 
petals  numerous,  shorter  than  the  stamens,  very  small. 

In  wet  places  at  low  elevations  in  the  mountains,  rare.  j 

204.  ACTAEA.     Bane  berry.  ; 

Erect  perennial  herbs;  leaves  large,  2-3-ternately  compound; 
flowers  small,  white,  in  a  terminal  raceme;  sepals  3-5,  petal-like;     : 
petals  4-10,  small,  spatulate  or  narrow-clawed;  stamens  numer-     ; 
ous;  ovary  1-many-ovuled,  in  fruit  forming  a  large  somewhat     i 
poisonous  berry.  j 

Actaea  spicata  arguta  (Nutt.)  Torn     Stems  30-60  cm.  tall,  erect;  leaves  ' 

triternately  decompound;  leaflets  obliquely  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  I 

coarsely  incised-serrate   or  lobed,   puberulent  when  young,   3-6  cm.   long;  1 

racemes  densely  flowered,  2-3  cm.  long,  becoming  loose  in  age;  berries  bright  ■ 
red,  rarely  white. 

In  moist  copses,  frequent.  . 

205.   CIMICIFUGA.     Bug  bane.  i 

Perennial  herbs,  with  2-3-ternately  divided  leaves  and  serrate 
leaflets;  flowers  white,  in  elongated  racemes;  sepals  4  or  5,  early     ; 
falling;   petals   1-8,   small,   clawed,    2-lobed   or   none;   stamens 
numerous;    carpels    1-8,    many-ovuled,    becoming    follicles    at 
maturity.  j 

Follicles  stalked ;  petals  usually  present.  C.  laciniata.      i 

Follicles  not  stalked;  petals  none.  C.  elata. 

Cimicifuga  laciniata  Wats.     Tall,  1  m,  or  more  high;  leaflets  oblong  or      i 

ovate,  lacinately  toothed;  follicles  3-5,  stalked,  12  mm.  long;  seeds  flattened.      j 

Woods  about  the  base  of  Mount  Hood,  Oregon. 

Cimicifuga  elata  Nutt.  Tall,  1-2  m.  high;  leaflets  broad,  cordate,  acute, 
coarsely  serrate,  mostly  3-lobed;  follicles  1-3,  sessile,  8-10  mm.  long;  seeds 
not  flattened. 

In  open  woods,  rare. 


RANUNCULACEAE.  1 63 

206.   ISOPYRUM. 

Low  glabrous  perennials  with  1-3  ternately  compound  leaves, 

their  primary  divisions  long-petiolulate ;   flowers  white;  sepals 

5  or  6,  broad,  widely  spreading;  petals  none  (in  ours);  follicles 

2-20,  sessile,  rarely  short  stipitate;  ovules  and  seeds  few  (in  ours). 

Isopyrum  hallii  Gray.  Stems  erect,  30-80  cm.  high;  leaflets  2-3  cm.  long, 
cuneate-obovate,  incisely  3-lobed;  flowers  in  leafy-bracted  umbel-like  cymes; 
sepals  obovate;  stamens  numerous,  as  long  as  the  sepals,  the  filaments  clavate; 
follicles  3-5,  ovate,  turgid,  sharp-lDeaked;  seeds  rugulose. 

In  woods  along  mountain  streams,  western  Oregon,  rare. 

207.   COPTIS.     Goldthread. 

Low  glabrous  perennials  with  slender  rootstocks;  leaves  all 
radical,  ternately  compound;  flowers  on  scapes,  solitary,  or  in 
few-flowered  umbels;  sepals  5-7,  petal-like;  petals  5-6,  small, 
linear,  hood-shaped;  stamens  numerous;  pistils  3-7,  on  slender 
stalks,  in  fruit  forming  a  cluster  of  divergent  follicles. 

Coptis  laciniata  Gray.  Leaves  trifoliolate,  the  ovate  leaflets  firm,  shiny, 
3-cleft  or  parted  and  the  divisions  incisely  dentate;  sepals  whitish,  linear, 
8-10  mm  long;  petals  filiform  with  a  broader  concave  nectary  below  the  middle; 
follicles  longer  than  their  stalk-like  bases. 

In  mountain  woods,  Skamania  County,  Washington  to  northern  Cali- 
fornia. C.  trifoliata  (L.)  Salisb.  has  been  reported  to  occur  near  Snohomish, 
Washington,  but  no  specimens  have  been  seen  from  farther  south  than  Mount 
Mark,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun.  The  species  is  readily  distinguished  by  the 
'  three  undivided  leaflets,  oval  sepals,  and  clavate  petals. 

Family  43.    BERBERIDACEAE.     Barberry    Family. 

Shrubs  or  herb^;  leaves  alternate,  mostly  compound  or  divided, 

with  stipules  or  dilated  bases;  flowers  perfect,  the  bracts,  sepals, 

petals  and  stamens  all  distinct  and  hypogynous ;  sepals  and  petals 

each  usually  in  two  rows  of  three;  anthers  opening  by  two  valves 

or  lids  hinged  at  the  top;  pistil  single;  style  short  or  none;  fruit 

a  berry  or  pod ;  seeds  few  or  several ;  endosperm  present. 

Shrubs;  leaves  evergreen,  pinnate,  spiny.  208.  Berberis,  163. 
Herbs;  leaves  deciduous,  not  pinnate  nor  spiny. 

Leaves  ternately  compound;  flowers  in  panicles.  209.  Vancouveria,  164. 

Leaves  3-parted;  flowers  in  spikes.  210.  Achlys,  164. 

208.   BERBERIS. 

Shrubs  with  yellow  wood ;  leaves  alternate,  simple  or  compound, 
often  spiny,  evergreen  (in  ours);  flowers  yellow,  in  clustered 
racemes;  bractlets  2-6;  sepals  6,  petal-like;  petals  6,  in  two  rows, 
each  with  two  basal  glands;  stamens  6,  short;  stigma  peltate; 
fruit  a  berry. 

Leaflets  palmately  nerved.  B.  nervosa. 

Leaflets  pinnately  nerved.  B.  aguifolium. 


I64                                         BERBERIDACEAE.  | 

i 

Berberis  nervosa  Pursh.     Oregon  Grape.     Stems  erect,  simple,  15-30  cm.  j 

high;  leaves  30-75  cm.  long,  with  11-19  leaflets,  these  ovate  or  lanceolate,  j 

acuminate,  spinulose-dentate;  bud   scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,   2-2.5  cm.  j 

long,  persistent,  becoming  dry  and  rigid;  racemes  terminal,  one  or  several,  i 
10-20  cm,  long;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  fruit;  berries  globose,  purple-black 

with  a  white  bloom,  very  acid.  j 

Very  common  in  coniferous  woods.  • 

Berberis  aquifolium  Pursh.     Shrub  often  1-2  m.  high,  erect  or  nearly  so; 

leaflets  5-1 1 ,  evergreen,  shining,  oblong  or  ovate,  4-10  cm.  long,  with  numerous  ! 

spiny  teeth ;  racemes  usually  clustered,  subterminal ;  berries  black  with  a  bloom,  \ 

usually  pear-shaped.  I 

In  open  places,  not  uncommon.  I 


209.  VANCOUVERIA.  ] 

Perennial  herbs  with  triternate  leaves;  flowers  in  racemes  or  I 

panicles;  sepals  6,  in  2  series,  obovate,  petal-like,  reflexed,  sub-  i 

tended  by  6  or  9  calyx-like  bracts  in  2  or  3  series;  petals  6,  clawed,  ' 

nectariferous;  stamens  6;  style  slender;  stigma  terminal;  ovary  ; 
2-9-ovuled;  follicle  oblong,  membranaceous,  2-valved. 

Vancouveria  hexandra  THook.j  Morr.  &  Dene.    Nearly  glabrous  with  a  few  f//:, 

pilose  hairs  on  the  stem  and  petioles;  leaves  triternate,  the  petioles  slender;  (fu^ 

leaflets  thin,  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  2-5  cm.  long,  angularly  3-lobed,  or  j^ 

the  margin  repand  or  sub-entire;  scape  naked  or  bearing  a  single  leaf,  10-30  /e*. 
cm.  high,  exceeding  the  leaves;  flowers  white. 

In  deep  woods;  valley  of  the  Nisqually  River,  Washington,  and  southward. 

210.  ACHLYS.  ! 


Herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks;  flowers  in  an  erect  spike;  j 

stamens  6-12;  filaments  elongated,  filiform,  or  .the  outer  dilated;  i 

ovary  ovoid  with  a  broad  sessile  stigma;  ovule  solitary;  fruit  at  j 

first  somewhat  fleshy,  at  length  dry  indehiscent,  1-seeded.  < 

Achlys  triDhvlla   (Smith)   DC,      Vanilla-leaf.     Rootstocks  slender,  scaly;  ^/; 
leaves  rnostly  solitary,  glabrous,  erect,  the  petiole  about  30  cm.  long;  leaflets  3,  ^ 
spreading,  broadly  cuneate  or  fan-shaped,  the  outer   margin  coarsely  sinuate- 
dentate,  the  larger  5-10  cm.  long;  scape  naked,  as  long  as  the  leaf,  the  small  ' 
white  flowers  in  an  erect  spike  2-3  cm.  long.  ! 

Common  in  open  coniferous  woods.     The  plant  contains  cumarin  which  I 

gives  it  a  vanilla-like  odor  in  drying.  1 


Family  44.     PAPAVERACEAE.     Poppy  Family. 

Herbs  with  a  milky  or  watery  juice;  leaves  alternate,  simple 
or  compound,  without  stipules;  flowers  perfect,  regular  or  irreg- 
ular, the  parts  in  twos  or  fours;  sepals  2;  petals  4-12,  separate 
or  somewhat  united;  stamens  6,  diadelphous,  or  numerous  and 
distinct;  ovary  1-celled  with  2  or  more  parietal  placentae;  fruit 
a  dry  1-celled  pod  with  numerous  seeds. 


PAPAVERACEAE.  165 

Flowers  regular. 

Leaves  alternate,  lobed  or  dissected.  211.  Eschscholzia,  165. 

Leaves  opposite,  entire.  212.  Platystigma,  165. 
Flowers  irregular. 

Corolla  2-spurred  at  the  base.  213.  Bikukulla,  165. 

Corolla  1 -spurred  at  the  base.  214.  Capnoides,  166. 

211.  ESCHSCHOLZIA. 

Smooth  glaucous  slender  annual  herbs  with  colorless  bitter 
juice;  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  lobed  or  dissected;  flowers 
bright  orange  or  yellow;  sepals  coherent  into  a  narrow  pointed 
hood;  petals  4;  stamens  numerous,  with  short  filaments  and 
linear  anthers;  style  short;  stigma  divided  into  4-6  linear  unequal 
lobes;  ovary  linear,  with  2  placentae;  capsule  elongated,  1-celled, 
10-nerved,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

Eschscholzia  califomica  Cham.  California  Poppy.  Perennial,  glabrous 
and  glaucous,  the  erect  or  decumbent  branches  20-60  cm.  long;  leaves  ter- 
nately  divided  into  linear  acutish  lobes;  calyx  conic;  petals  orange-yellow, 
fan-shaped,  3-5  cm.  broad;  capsule  5-8  cm.  long;  rim  of  the  receptacle  3-6  mm. 
broad. 

In  open  prairies,  Willamette  Valley.  E.  califomica  is  extremely  variable 
and  numerous  species  have  been  proposed  for  the  variant  forms.  The  nor- 
thern forms  have  been  named  E.  columbiana  Greene  and  E.  douglasii  (Hook. 
&  Arn.)  Walp.,  the  former  with  a  broad  rim  to  the  receptacle,  the  latter  with 
a  narrow  rim,  but  this  character  is  very  variable.  No  species  of  Eschscholzia 
is  known  to  be  native  north  of  the  Columbia  River  and  west  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains,  but  cultivated  forms  commonly  escape  and  become  established 
for  a  time. 

212.  PLATYSTIGMA. 

Low  slender  annual  herbs;  leaves  pale-green,  entire,  opposite 
or  whorled;  flowers  pale-yellow,  long-peduncled ;  sepals  3  (rarely 
2) ;  petals  4-6 ;  stamens  few  to  many,  with  narrow  filaments  and 
oblong  or  linear-oblong  anthers;  stigmas  3,  distinct,  ovate  to 
linear;  ovary  2-angled,  oblong  or  linear;  capsule  1-celled,  3-valved, 
many-seeded. 

Platystigma  oreganum  (Nutt.)  Benth.  &  Hook.  Glabrous,  the  spreading 
stems  usually  5-20  crp.  high;  basal  leaves  spatulate  to  obovate,  15-20  mm. 
long,  the  petioles  margined;  cauline  spatulate  to  linear,  sessile;  flowers  white, 
on  long  peduncles;  petals  white,  2-4  mm.  long;  anthers  shorter  than  the  fila- 
ment; capsule  linear,  usually  twisted  when  mature. 

In  open  places,  especially  in  gravelly  or  sandy  soil.  Rare  in  Washington 
but  common  southward. 

213.   BIKUKULLA. 


Erect  or  diffuse  glabrous  perennial  herbs;  leaves  ternately 
compound  or  dissected;  flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles,  irregular, 
nodding;  pedicels  2-bracted;  sepals  2,  scale-like;  petals  slightly 
united  into  a  2-spurred  or  swollen  nectariferous  often  withering- 
persistent  corolla;  stamens  6,  in  two  sets,  opposite  the  outer 


1 66  PAPAVERACEAE. 

petals;  placentae  2;  style  slender;  capsule  oblong  or  linear, 
2-valved. 

eu^  fi^  Bikukulla  formosa    (^nc[r^   Coville.     Rootstocks  thickish,  creeping,  the 

n^ut  J"Z«*—       leaves  and  scapes  arising  at  the  tips  of  the  branches;  leaves  two  or  three  times 

^^^  ternate,  20-30  cm.  broad,  the  ultimate  segments  pinnately  incised  into  narrow 

lobes,   glaucous  beneath;  scapes  exceeding  the  leaves;   flowers  bracted    in 

panicles;  corolla  rose-colored,  cordate  with  short  rounded  spurs,  the  outer 

petals  with  ovate  spreading  tips. 

In  moist  woods,  especially  along  streams. 

214.    CAPNOTDKS.     (^^rV^^if^^^^^^^— ^^ 

Biennial  erect  pale  or  glaucous  herbs;  leaves  radical  and 
cauline,  decompound;  flowers  in  racemes;  sepals  2,  small;  petals 
4,  slight  y  united  to  a  1-spurred  corolla;  inner  petals  narrow, 
keeled;  stamens  6,  in  two  sets,  opposite  the  outer  petals;  pla- 
centae 2;  style  entire,  dilated  or  lobed;  capsule  oblong  or  linear, 
2-valved. 

7.^  ^^^»^>^Capnoides   scouleri    CHook.')    Kuntze.     Perennial   from   thickened   roots; 

< ^y  stems  scaly  at  base;  basal  leaves  very  large,  pinnately  decompound,  the  ulti- 

mate segments  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  the  terminal  ones  3-lobed,  3-5  cm. 
long,  glaucous  beneath,  blackening  in  drying;  flowering  stems  with  1-3  smaller 
leaves;  flowers  pale  pink,  in  a  loose  raceme;  corolla  2-3  cm.  long,  the  spurs 
three  times  as  long  as  the  body. 

In  moist  woods,  not  abundant,  at  500-1000  m.  altitude;  in  some  places  at 
sea  level. 

Family  45.  CRUCIFERAE.  Mustard  Family. 
Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  woody,  with  watery  sap;  leaves  alter- 
nate; stipules  none;  flowers  perfect,  regular,  in  usually  bractless 
racemes,  spikes  or  corymbs;  sepals  4,  usually  oblong;  petals  4 
rarely  none,  hypogynous,  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  equal,  generally 
clawed,  alternate  with  the  sepals;  stamens  6,  rarely  fewer, 
hypogynous,  of  unequal  length,  the  two  shorter  opposite  the 
sepals,  the  four  longer  opposite  the  petals;  pistil  1,  of  2  united 
carpels;  pod  usually  2-celled,  dehiscing  by  the  separation  of  two 
valves  from  the  central  partition,  or  rarely  indehiscent,  either 
much  longer  than  broad  (a  silique)  or  short  (a  silicle) . 

Pods  indehiscent. 

Pod  elongated,  transversely  constricted. 
Pod  of  2  joints  separating  at  maturity; 

fleshy  seashore  plants.  215.  Cakile,  168. 

Pod  constricted  between  the  several  seeds, 
not    jointed;    terrestrial    plants,    not 

fleshy.  216.  Raphanus,  168. 

Pod    not   elongated,    not   transversely   con- 
stricted. 
Pod  broader  than  long,  2-cellcd.  217.  Coronopus,  168. 


CRUCIFERAE.  167 

Pod  orbicular,  1-celled. 

Fruit  wingless;  pubescence  branched.      218.  Athysanus,  169. 
Fruit  winged;  pubescence  simple.  219.  Thysanocarpus,  169. 

Pods  dehiscent,  2-valved,  either  elongate  {sili- 
ques)  or  short  (silides). 
Pods  elongate  (siliques). 

Siliques  compressed  parallel  to  the  broad 
partition. 
Valves   1-nerved;  cauline  leaves  ses- 
sile. 220.  Arabis,  169. 
Valves  nerveless;  leaves  all  petioled. 
Flowers  red;  stem  2  or  3-leaved  at 

or  above  the  middle.  221.  Dent  aria,  171. 

Flowers  white ;  stem  leafy  below  or 
throughout.  222.  Cardamine,  172. 

Siliques  terete,  not  at  all  compressed. 
Pods  4  cm.  or  more  long. 

Flowers  not  yellow;  stigmas  entire 
or  several-lobed,  not  2-lobed. 
Flowers    cream-colored,    often 

purple-tinged  (in  ours).  223.  Thelypodium,  173. 

Flowers  pink-purple  (in  ours).     224.  Hesperis,  173. 
Flowers  yellow;  stigmas  2-lobed. 
Flowers  large ;  leaves  nearly  en- 
tire. 225.  Erysimum,  173. 
Flowers  small;  leaves  pinnati- 
fid.                                           228.  Sisymbrium,  175. 
Pods  less  than  4  cm.  long. 

Herbage  canescent;  flowers  white.      226.  Smelowskia,  174. 
Herbage    not    canescent;    flowers 
yellow  or  white. 
Siliques  beaked;  seeds  globose.     227.  Brassica,  174. 
Siliqu es  beakless ;  seeds  oblong. 
Valves  of  the  pods  nerve- 
less. 235.  Radicula,  179. 
Valves  of  the  pods  nerved. 
Annuals;    leaves    pin- 
nate or  pinnatifid.         228.  Sisymbrium,  175. 
Perennials;     leaves     ly- 
rate.                                229.  Barbarea,  176. 
Pods  short  (silides). 

Silicles  compressed  parallel  to  the  parti- 
tion. 
Silicle  turgid.  230.  Lesquerella,  176. 

Silicle  flat,  not  turgid. 

Silicles  orbicular.  231.  Alyssum,  177. 

Silicles  ovate  or  oblong.  232.  Draba,  177. 

Silicles  either  not  compressed  or  compress- 
ed at  right  angles  to  the  partition. 
Plant     aquatic,     submerged;     leaves 

subulate.  233.  Subularia,  178. 

Plant  terrestrial;  leaves  not  subulate. 
Pods  terete,  not  compressed. 

Flowers    white;    plants    mari- 
time, fleshy.  234.  Cochlearia,  178. 
Flowers  yellow,  or  if  white  the 

plants  not  maritime  or  fleshy.  235.  Radicula,  179. 


1 68  CRUCIFERAE. 

Pods  compressed  at  right  angles  to 
the  partition. 
Nerves    of   the    valves    acute, 
forming  keels  or  wings. 
Silicles    orbicular     or     ob- 

ovate;  cells  1-2-seeded.       236.  Lepidium,  179. 
Silicles    ovate    or    oblong; 

cells  2-several-seeded.         237.  Thlaspi,  180. 
Nerves  of  the  valves  obtuse, 
not  prominent. 
Silicles  cuneate,  notched  at 

the  apex.  238.  Bursa,  181. 

Silicles    not    cuneate,     not 
notched  at  the  apex. 
Cauline    leaves    sessile; 

pod  elHptic.  239.  Hutchinsia,  181. 

Cauline    leaves  ,  auricu- 

late;  pod  obovoid.  240.  Camelina,  181. 

215.   CAKILE. 

Seaside  annuals  with  fleshy  stems;  flowers  purplish;  pods 
short,  2-jointed,  fleshy,  the  upper  joint  separating  at  maturity, 
each  joint  indehiscent,  1 -celled  and  1 -seeded  or  the  lower  joint 
seedless. 

Cakile  edentula  (Bigel.)  Hook.  Stems  fleshy,  leaves  obovate,  crenately 
or  sinuately  toothed;  joints  of  the  pod  nearly  equal  in  length,  the  upper  ovoid, 
4-angled  at  base,  narrowed  into  a  flattened  beak. 

Very  rare  along  the  seacoast.  Long  Beach  near  Ucluelet,  Vancouver 
Island,  British  Columbia,  Macoun;  Port  Angeles,  Washington,  Flett. 

216.   RAPHANUS. 

Erect  branching  annual  or  biennial  herbs  with  showy  flowers; 
style  long  and  slender;  pod  linear  or  oblong-cylindric,  tapering 
upward,  indehiscent,  several-seeded,  with  a  spongy  pith  between 
the  seeds  but  no  true  partitions;  seeds  spherical. 

Petals  reddish,  rarely  white;  pod  not  grooved.  R.  sativus. 

Petals  yellowish,  purple-veined;  pod  longitudinally  grooved.  R.  raphanistrum. 

Raphanus  sativus  L.  Radish.  Stems  branched,  30-150  cm.  high,  glab- 
rous or  nearly  so;  basal  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid,  rough-hairy;  petals  purple; 
pods  10-12  mm.  thick,  cylindric,  tapering  into  a  long  pointed  beak;  seeds 
usually  2  or  3. 

Persisting  in  cultivated  ground. 

Raphanus  raphanistrum  L.  Wild  Radish.  Stems  30-90  cm.  high,  loosely 
branched,  hispid  below,  glabrous  above;  basal  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid;  petals 
yellow,  strongly  veined,  turning  white  or  purplish  in  age;  pods  2-4  mm.  thick, 
moniliform,  the  beak  slender;  seeds  3-8. 

A  weed  in  fields  and  waste  places. 

217.    CORONOPUS. 

Annual  or  biennial  diffused  herbs  with  pinnatifid  leaves; 
flowers  small,   whitish;   pods   flattened   at  right  angles   to   the 


CRUCIFERAE.  169 

narrow   partition,    the    2    cells   indehiscent,    strongly   wrinkled, 
each  1 -seeded. 

Pods  notched  at  the  apex,  wrinkled.  C.  didymus. 

Pods  not  notched  at  the  apex,  tubercled.  C.  coronopus. 

Coronopus  didymus  (L.)  Smith.  Sparsely  pubescent;  stems  branched, 
spreading,  5-30  cm.  long;  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  narrow  entire  or  lobed 
segments,  the  lower  ones  petioled;  pods  2  mm.  broad,  about  two  thirds  as  long, 
notched  at  the  apex,  the  surface  finely  wrinkled. 

Sparingly   introduced   from    Europe. 

Coronopus  coronopus  (L.)  Karst.  Glabrous  or  a  little  pubescent;  leaves 
similar  to  those  of  C.  didymus,  mostly  less  divided;  pods  coarsely  rugose,  not 
notched  at  the  apex. 

Native  of  Europe,  introduced  with  ballast. 

218.   ATHYSANUS. 

Slender  annual  herbs,  usually  branching  at  the  base,  with  a 
pubescence  of  branched  hairs;  flowers  minute,  in  racemes;  petals 
small,  white,  or  none;  style  short;  ovules  3-4,  only  one  maturing; 
pod  orbicular,  indehiscent,  not  margined,  nerveless,  1 -celled, 
1 -seeded. 

Athysanus  pusillus  (Hook.)  Greene.  Stems  slender,  branched  from  the 
base,  10-20  cm.  tall,  hirsute-pubescent  throughout;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  usually  coarsely  dentate,  rough-pubescent,  5-30  mm.  long;  racemes 
loose,  elongate;  flowers  very  small,  on  curved  pedicels;  petals  linear,  minute 
or  wanting;  pods  orbicular,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter,  hirsute,  on  recurved 
longer   pedicels. 

Gravelly  prairies  and  rocky  slopes,  rare  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains 
but  common  in  the  interior. 

219.   THYSANOCARPUS. 

Erect  and  slender  sparingly  branched  annual  herbs,  with  a 
pubescence  of  simple  hairs;  flowers  minute,  white  or  rose-colored, 
in  elongated  racemes;  pod  mostly  pendulous,  on  a  slender  pedicel, 
1 -celled,  indehiscent,  disk-shaped  or  concave,  orbicular,  winged, 
1 -seeded;  seed  flattened  but  not  winged. 

Thysanocarpus  curvipes  Hook.  More  or  less  hirsute  below,  glabrous  above ; 
stem  erect,  usually  branched  above,  30-50  cm.  tall;  radical  leaves  oblong, 
obtuse,  dentate,  3-4  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  base,  with  a  petiole;  cauline  sagit- 
tate and  clasping  at  base,  acute,  usually  entire,  commonly  smaller;  racemes 
elongated,  loose;  pedicels  slender,  recurved;  pods  orbicular,  ovate  or  obovate, 
notched,  apiculate  by  the  persistent  style,  puberulent,  4-6  mm.  long,  the  entire 
or  crenulate  wings  as  broad  as  the  body. 

In  dry  open  ground,  Victoria,  British  Columbia,  Macoun;  Willamette 
Valley,  Oregon.     Not  known  from  western  Washington. 

220.   ARABIS.     Rock  Cress. 

Erect  annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  seldom  divided,  the 
cauline  sessile  and  usually  clasping  and  auricled  at  the  base; 


I70  CRUCIFERAE. 

flowers  white  or  purple;  pod  long-linear,  compressed  parallel 
to  the  partition;  valves  more  or  less  1-nerved;  seeds  flattened, 
usually  winged,  in  one  or  two  rows. 

Seeds  wingless;  flowers  white. 

Basal  leaves  pinnately  cleft  into  short  and  broad  seg- 
ments. A.  lyrata. 
Basal  leaves  entire;  cauline  auriculate.  A.  glabra. 
Seeds  winged  or  wing-margined. 
Seeds  arranged  in  a  single  row. 

CauHne  leaves  cordate  or  auriculate  at  base.  A .  hirsuta. 

Cauline  leaves  not  cordate  nor  auricled. 

Pubescence  of  very  fine  stellate  hairs  or  none ;  pods 

broad.  A.  platysperma. 

Pubescence  of  simple  or  forked  hairs;  pods  narrow. 

Petals  small,  not  exceeding  the  sepals.  A.  olympica. 

Petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals.  A .  furcata. 

Seeds  more  or  less  distinctly  in  two  rows. 

Pods  reflexed.  A.  patula. 

Pods  erect  or  ascending. 

Tall,  30-60  cm.  high;  plant  somewhat  glaucous; 

pubescence  of  2-forked  hairs.  A.  drummondii. 

Low,  10-30  cm.  high;  plant  glabrous  or  somewhat 

stellate-pubescent  below.  A .  lyallii. 

Arabis  lyrata  occidentalis  Wats,  Pubescent  at  base,  glabrous  above 
stems  branching  from  the  base,  ascending,  20-30  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  lyrate- 
pinnatifid  or  sometimes  nearly  entire;  cauline  leaves  spatulate  to  linear, 
mostly  entire;  petals  white;  pods  ascending  or  spreading,  very  slender,  flat- 
tened; stigma  sessile  or  on  a  very  short  style;  seeds  oblong,  wingless. 

Nooksack  River,  Whatcom  County,  Washington,  Suksdorf. 

Arabis  glabra  (L.)  Bernh.  Biennial,  pubescent  near  the  base,  glabrous  and 
glaucous  above;  stems  usually  simple,  60-90  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  oblanccolate, 
dentate  or  pinnatifid,  pubescent,  5-8  cm.  long;  cauline  oblong-lanceolate, 
sessile,  sagittate  and  auricled  at  base,  all  but  the  lower  glabrous;  flowers  whitish, 
about  5  mm.  long;  pods  erect  or  ascending,  linear,  4-10  cm.  long,  tipped  with 
the  large  2-lobed  sessile  stigma;  pedicels  4-10  mm.  long. 

Fields  and  open  places,  not  rare. 

Arabis  hirsuta  (L.)  Scop.  Biennial,  usually  rough-hairy,  but  shade  plants 
often  nearly  glabrous;  stems  erect,  15-50  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  clustered, 
oblanceolate,  entire  or  somewhat  dentate,  usually  2-5  cm.  long;  cauline  oblong 
to  lanceolate,  entire  or  dentate,  cordate  or  auriculate  at  base;  flowers  greenish 
white,  small;  pods  on  slender  pedicels,  erect,  slender,  2-5  cm.  long,  tipped  with 
a  very  short  stout  style. 

On  rocky  cliff^s  or  gravelly  bars,  infrequent. 

Arabis  platysperma  Gray.  Perennial  from  a  branched  rootstock,  finely 
stellate-pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous,  glaucous;  leaves  all  entire,  the  basal 
oblanceolate  and  petiolate,  10-30  cm.  high,  the  cauline  oblong  to  lanceolate  and 
sessile;  flowers  rose-colored  or  white;  pods  erect  or  ascending,  flattened,  the 
valves  veiny,  3-6  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  broad,  tipped  with  a  short  style;  seeds 
circular,  broadly  winged. 

Mount  Hood,  Oregon,  and  southward  in  the  mountains. 

Arabis  oljrmpica  Piper.  Perennial,  sparsely  pubescent  with  simple  or 
branched  hairs;  basal  leaves  obovateto  oblanceolate,  obscurely  crcnate,  obtuse, 
petiolate,  about  8  mm.  long;   cauline  sessile,  oblong  to   lanceolate,  obtuse. 


CRUCIFERAE.  171  ^ 

entire  or  nearly  so;  flowers  corymbose;  petals  white,  2  mm.  long,  as  long  as  the  ! 

sepals;  pods  erect,  narrowly  linear,  glabrous,  about  2  cm.  long,  on  stout  gla-  ' 

brous  pedicels.  I 

Mount  Olympus,  Flett.  . 

Arabis  furcata  Wats.  Perennial  from  a  branched  rootstock;  stems  slender, 
20-40  cm.  high,  glabrous;  basal  leaves  oblong-ovate,  entire  or  few-toothed,  i 

3-5  cm.  long,  sparsely  pubescent  with  forked  hairs;  cauline  oblong  to  linear,  i 

sessile;  petals  white,  spatulate,  12-15  mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  pods  i 

slender,  erect  or  ascending,  2^  cm.  long,  attenuate  at  the  apex. 

On  rocky  bluffs  in  the  gorge  of  the  Columbia  River. 

Arabis  patula  Graham.  (A.  columbiana  Macoun.)  Biennial  or  perennial, 
somewhat  pubescent  below,  glabrous  above;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  entire 
or  few-toothed,  finally  stellate  pubescent,  the  petioles  ciliate;  cauline  lanceo-  1 

late,  subentire,  sessile,  sagittate  at  base;  flowers  purple  to  nearly  white;  pods 
sharply  reflexed,  flattened,  4-6  cm.  long;  seeds  in  2  rows. 

On  rocks  and  gravel  bars  in  the  mountains  at  low  altitudes;  not  common.  ^  . 

Arabis    drummondii    Gray.     Biennial,    nearly    glabrous    and    somewhat  V'^A—l^ 
glaucous;  stems  mostly  simple,  30-90  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  spatulate,  sparingly  •^^'^ 
dentate;  cauline  oblong  to  lanceolate,  somewhat  auriculate;  pods  erect  or  9 0-30 ^^'^-r— 
ascending,  4-10  cm.  long;  seeds  oblong,  winged,  in  two  indigtmct  rows. 

In  rocky  places  in  the  mountains  at  low  altitudes.       '  "^^^    ^'  ^ 

Arabis  lyallii  Wats.     Perennial  from  a  branched  base,  green  or  somewhat /*'^/^j^     f  . 
glaucous,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  below;  stems  usually  several,  5-10  J-^-*-^-^ 
cm.  high;  radical  leaves  oblanceolate,  acute,  with  slender  petioles;  pods  straight,  ^^.v 
erect,  2-5  cm.  long;  valves  1-nerved  below  the  middle  and  with  some  smaller 
veins. 

Common  in  the  mountains  at  1500-2000  m.  altitude. 


I ^ 


[221.     DENTARIA. 

Perennial  herbs  with  long  fleshy  rootstocks  which  have  a 
pleasant  pungent  taste;  stems  leafless  below,  with  2  or  3  petioled 
compound  leaves  about  or  above  the  middle;  flowers  white  or 
purple  in  a  corymb  or  raceme;  style  elongated;  pod  lanceolate, 
compressed  parallel  to  the  partition;  seeds  in  1  row,  wingless. 

Basal  leaved  cordate-orbicular,  crenately  or  sinuately  lobed.      D.  tenella. 
Basal  leaves  mostly  parted  or  divided  into  3-5  segments.  D.  macrocarpa. 

Dentaria  tenella  Pursh.  Glabrous;  rootstocks  tuberiferous;  stems  10-40 
cm.  high;  basal  leaves  simple,  cordate-orbicular,  coarsely  crenate  or  lobed, 
1-3  cm.  long,  their  petioles  often  bulbiferous  below;  cauline  leaves  3-parted, 
the  narrow  segments  entire,  1-4  cm.  long;  raceme  short;  petals  rose-purple; 
pods  2-3  cm.  long,  2  mm.  broad,  tipped  with  a  slender  style  and  a  2-lobed 
stigma. 

In  moist  woods. 

Dentaria  macrocarpa  Nutt.  Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent;  rootstock 
tuberiferous,  the  tubers  subglobose,  1-2  cm.  in  diameter;  basal  leaves  3-5- 
lobed,  cleft  or  divided,  the  segments  linear,  entire  or  toothed;  peduncle  short; 
flowers  rose-purple;  pods  3-5  cm.  long,  2  mm.  broad;  stigma  entire. 

A  variable  species  of  which  several  forms  have  been  described  as  subspecies, 
based  mainly  on  difi"erences  in  leaf  contour.  Most  frequent  on  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  but  occurring  locally  in  the  Willamette  Valley. 


172  CRUCIFERAE. 

222.   CARDAMINE.     Bitter  Cress. 

Mostly  glabrous  leafy-stemmed  perennial  herbs,  growing  in 
moist  places;  leaves  entire,  lobed  or  divided,  all  petioled;  flowers 
white  (in  ours) ;  pod  elongated,  compressed  parallel  to  the  par- 
tition; valves  nerveless;  seeds  in  1  row,  wingless. 

Leaves  all  simple,  entire  or  nearly  so.  C.  hellidijolia. 

Leaves,  or  some  of  them,  pinnate. 

Basal  leaves  simple;  cauline  3-5-foliolate.  C.  breweri. 

Basal  leaves  pinnate. 

Leaves  all  3-foliolate,  sometimes  5-foliolate;  leaflets 

coarsely  3-5-toothed.  C.  angulata. 

Leaves  3-1 3-foliolate. 

Petals  4  mm.  long;  leaflets  7-13,  orbicular.  C.  occidentalis. 

Petals  2-4  mm.  long;  leaflets  3-7. 

Flowers  subumbellate;  leaflets  orbicular.  C.  kamtschatica. 

Flowers  racemose;  leaflets  oblong  or  round- 
ish. 
Capsules    8-20-seeded;    leaflets    mostly 

roundish.  C.  oligosperma. 

Capsules    20-30-seeded;    leaflets    mostly 

oblong.  C.  pennsylvanica. 

Cardamine  bellidifolia  L.  Tufted  from  a  branched  caudex;  stems  2-3  cm. 
high;  leaves  ovate  to  elliptical,  entire  or  with  one  or  two  lateral  teeth,  mostly 
obtuse,  slender- petioled;  flowers  1-5,  white;  pods  erect,  15-20  mm.  long; 
style  very  short  and  stout. 

At  high  altitudes  in  the  mountains,  not  definitely  known  from  our  limits. 
Mount  Adams,  Suksdorf. 

Cardamine  breweri  Wats.  Perennial  from  slender  rootstocks,  glabrous 
or  a  little  pubescent;  stems  erect  or  nearly  so,  mostly  branched,  20-30  cm. 
high;  basal  leaves  simple  and  cordate-orbicular,  entire  or  sinuate,  sometimes 
pinnate  with  a  pair  of  lateral  leaflets;  cauline  pinnate,  the  leaflets  orbicular 
to  oblong,  usually  sinuate,  sometimes  lobed;  flowers  white,  the  petals  4  mm. 
long;  pods  erect  or  ascending,  15-25  mm.  long;  style  short  and  thick. 

Mostly  in  the  mountains  along  streams. 

Cardamine  angulata  Hook.  Perennial  from  running  rootstocks,  glabrous 
or  sparsely  hirsute;  stems  erect,  mostly  simple,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  3-5- 
foliolate;  leaflets  subequal,  ovate  to  oblong,  mostly  cuneate,  the  terminal  one 
3-5-toothed;  petals  white,  8-10  cm.  long;  pods  spreading,  2-25  mm.  long; 
style  stout,  2  mm.  long. 

In  wet  places  in  woods,  mostly  near  the  ocean  coast. 

Cardamine  occidentalis  (Wats.)  Howell.  Perennial  from  a  short  some- 
what tuberous  rootstock,  glabrous  or  pubescent  below;  stems  erect,  20-40  cm. 
high;  leaves  all  pinnate  with  3-6  pairs  of  leaflets;  leaflets  subentire,  those  of 
the  basal  leaves  rounded,  of  the  cauline  obovate  to  oblong  or  linear;  petals 
white,  4  mm.  long;  pods  2-2.5  cm.  long,  very  slender,  erect  or  nearly  so;  stigma 
nearly  sessile. 

In  wet  places,  infrequent. 

Cardamine  kamtschatica  (Rcgel)  Schulz.  Perennial  from  slender  root- 
stocks,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  several,  erect,  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves 
pinnate,  the  basal  with  3-5  rounded  or  oval,  the  cauline  with  5-7  oblong 
subentire  leaflets;  flowers  few,  in  a  short  corymb;  pods  crowded,  erect,  2-2.5 
cm.  long,  slender,  prominently  beaked. 

Along  rills  at  high  altitudes  in  the  mountains. 


CRUCIFERAE.  173 

Cardamine  oligosperma  Nutt.  Annual,  erect,  usually  simple-stemmed, 
15-30  cm.  high,  sparsely  hirsute  throughout  or  nearly  glabrous;  leaflets  small, 
orbicular,  petiolulate,  3-5-lobed  or  toothed;  raceme  few-flowered;  flowers  2 
mm.  long;  pods  erect,  8-20-seeded,  12-20  mm.  long. 

Very  common  in  moist  upland  soil  in  open  woods. 

Cardamine  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  Annual  or  biennial,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  30-60  cm.  high,  simple  or  branched;  leaflets  7-13,  sessile,  mostly  oblong, 
but  those  of  the  lowermost  leaves  suborbicular;  pods  suberect  on  spreading 
pedicels. 

In  wet  places,  common.  Ambiguous  forms  seem  to  connect  with  C.  oli- 
gosperma. 

223.    THELYPODIUM. 

Stout  biennial  herbs,  often  succulent;  leaves  simple,  entire, 
toothed  or  pinnatifid,  often  auricled  at  the  base;  flowers  usually 
in  rather  dense  racemes;  sepals  oblong  to  linear,  rather  short; 
style  short ;  stigma  entire ;  pods  slender,  terete  or  4-angled ;  seeds 
oblong,  in  1  row  in  each  cell. 

Thelypodium  lasiophyllum  (Hook.  &  Am.)  Greene.  Annual,  erect,  30-90 
cm.  high,  hispid  below,  glabrous  above;  leaves  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  5-15 
cm.  long,  irregularly  dentate  or  incised,  the  spreading  lobes  entire  or  dentate, 
the  cauline  sessile;  flowers  in  a  close  usually  simple  raceme;  petals  cream- 
colored,  often  purple-tinged,  spatulate,  5  mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong 
sepals;  pods  slender,  usually  curved  downwards,  attenuate  at  apex,  5-7  cm. 
long. 

Sandy  or  rocky  soil;  rare  in  our  limits. 

224.   HESPERIS. 

Erect  perennial  or  biennial  herbs  with  some  branched  hairs; 
flowers  large,  showy,  pink-purple  (in  ours) ;  sepals  erect,  oblong, 
the  lateral  ones  saccate  at  base;  petals  with  long  and  slender 
claws  and  broad  obovate  to  orbicular  blades;  pods  very  long, 
spreading,  torulose,  beaked. 

Hesperis  matronalis  L.  Rocket.  Perennial  herb,  the  numerous  stems 
erect,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  serrate,  acuminate,  5-10  cm. 
long,  the  lower  ones  long-petioled;  flowers  pink-purple;  pods  slender,  spreading, 
5-10  cm.  long. 

A  common  garden  plant,  occasionally  found  escaped  from  cultivation. 

225.   ERYSIMUM. 

Biennial  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  rather  narrow,  entire  or 
toothed,  not  clasping;  flowers  often  large,  usually  yellow;  pod 
linear,  4-angled  or  rarely  flattened,  not  stipitate;  valves  keeled 
by  the  prominent  midrib;  seeds  oblong,  marginless,  in  one  row 
in  each  cell. 

Pods  flattened.  E.  arenicola. 
Pods  terete. 

Seeds  quadrangular.  E.  asperum. 

Seeds  lenticular.  E.  capitatum. 


174  CRUCIFERAE. 

Erysimum  arenicola  Wats.  Perennial,  several-stemmed  from  a  loosely 
branched  base,  15-20  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  basal,  oblanceolate,  sparsely 
denticulate,  3-4  cm.  long,  sparingly  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs;  flowers 
bright  yellow;  pod  somewhat  flattened,  very  gradually  attentuate  into  a  long 
beak;    valves    1 -nerved. 

In  sandy  soil  at  high  altitudes  in  the  Olympic  Mountains. 

^4^ /4^^4«-a  Erysimum   asperum    (Nutt.)    DC.     Whitish   throughout   with   appressed 

_  pubescence;  stems  simple,  stout,  15-40  cm.  tall,  erect;  leaves  lanceolate  or 

^'**-'*-''^rr*'  oblanceolate,  entire  or  somewhat  dentate,  rarely  lobed,  mostly  petioled,  6-10 

-4t.  of.  ifi*^  cm.  long;  flowers  bright  yellow;  petals  15-25  mm.  long;  pods  stout,  somewhat 

4-angled,  about  8  cm.  long,  tipped  with  a  short  stout  beak  and  a  large  2-lobed 

stigma;  pedicels  stout,  1  cm.  long. 

In  open  places,  in  our  limits  only  at  high  altitudes,  1500-2000  m.,  in  the 
mountains. 

Erysimum  capitatum  (Hook.)  Greene.  (£.  elatum  Nutt.).  Very  similar 
to  E.  asperum;  taller,  usually  30-90  cm.  high,  more  leafy,  the  leaves  greener 
and  subentire,  acuminate;  pods  5-10  cm.  long,  the  stigmas  not  deeply  lobed; 
seeds  lenticular,  thin  and  scarious-winged  at  one  end. 

On  rocky  cliff's,  along  the  lower  Columbia  River  and  northward. 

226.    SMELOWSKIA. 

Low  cespitose  canescent  perennials  with  pinnatifid  leaves; 
flowers  small,  in  terminal  racemes;  petals  entire,  obovate  or 
spatulate;  style  short  or  none;  pods  lanceolate-oblong,  compressed 
at  right  angles  to  the  partition;  valves  sharply  keeled  so  that 
the  pod  is  4-angled. 

Capsule  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  each  end.  5.  calycina. 

Capsule  ovate,  nearly  subcordate  at  base.  5".  ovalis. 

Smelowskia  calycina  C.  A.  Mey.  Densely  cespitose  from  a  stout  branched 
caudex  covered  with  the  bases  of  old  leaves;  herbage  densely  canescent  with 
stellate  and  a  few  longer  simple  hairs;  stems  5-15  cm.  high;  leaves  pinnate  or 
deeply  pinnatifid,  the  segments  linear  to  oblong,  obtuse;  flowers  white,  often 
pink-tinged;  pods  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  each  end,  6-10  mm.  long. 

Rocky  places  in  the  mountains  at  2000-2500  m.  altitude. 

Smelowskia  ovalis  Jones.  Very  similar  to  5.  calycina  but  more  densely 
pubescent;  pods  ovate,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base. 

Olympic  Mountains  and  Cascade  Mountains  at  high  altitudes. 

227.   BRASSICA. 


Erect  annual  or  biennial  herbs;  lower  leaves  mostly  pinnate 
or  lyrate,  with  a  large  terminal  lobe;  flowers  yellow;  pod  terete  or 
nearly  so,  tipped  with  a  slender  conical  or  somewhat  flattened 
beak;  seeds  globose,  in  1  row  or  rarely  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

Cauline  leaves  auricled  at  base  and  clasping.  B.  campestris. 

Cauline  leaves  not  auricled  nor  clasping. 

Beak  of  the  pod  very  short,  less  than  one  fourth  the  fertile 

portion.  B.  nigra. 

Beak  of  the  pod  long,  about  equaling  the  fertile  portion. 

Herbage  hispid;  upper  leaves  sessile.  B.  arvensis. 

Herbage  nearly  glabrous;  upper  leaves  short-petioled.       B.juncea. 


CRUCIFERAE.  1 75 

Brassica  campestris  L.  Turnip.  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  often  glaucous, 
30-90  cm.  high;  lower  leaves  petioled,  somewhat  lobed  or  toothed;  upper  entire 
or  nearly  so,  sessile  and  clasping  by  auricled  bases;  flowers  yellow;  pedicels 
spreading;  petals  6-10  mm.  long;  pods  terete,  3-5  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  a 
beak  about  1  cm.  long. 

A  weed  in  fields.     A  cultivated  form  of  this  plant  is  the  rutabaga. 

Brassica  nigra  (L.)  Koch.  Black  Mustard.  Erect,  30-80  cm.  high,  sparsely 
hirsute;  leaves  green,  slender-petioled,  the  terminal  lobe  large  and  coarsely 
toothed,  the  few  lateral  lobes  small;  pods  15-18  mm.  long,  erect,  on  very  short 
pedicels,  only  the  lower  fourth  seed-bearing;  seeds  dark-colored. 

In  waste  places. 

Brassica  arvensis  (L.)  Kuntze.  Charlock.  Stout,  annual,  30-90  cm.  high, 
hispid  with  scattered  hairs;  lower  leaves  pinnately  parted,  consisting  of  a 
large  ovate-oblong  terminal  segment  and  1  or  2  pairs  of  much  smaller  ones, 
all  dentate;  uppermost  leaves  sessile,  none  clasping;  pods  2-4  cm.  long,  erect  or 
ascending,  the  fertile  portion  torulose,  tipped  with  a  flat  and  stout  beak  half 
as    long. 

A  weed  in  waste  ground. 

Brassica  juncea  (L.)  Cosson.  Stout,  30-100  cm.  high,  the  herbage  some- 
what glaucous  and  nearly  glabrous;  basal  leaves  lyrately  lobed;  cauline  oblong, 
entire  or  nearly  so,  narrowed  at  base  and  short-petiolate;  pods  spreading, 
terete,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  the  empty  beak  long  and  slender. 

A  weed  in  fields;  native  of  Asia. 

228.    SISYMBRIUM. 

Mostly  annual  or  biennial  herbs;  leaves  neither  clasping  nor 
auriculate  at  the  base,  rarely  entire,  often  finely  dissected; 
flowers  small,  usually  yellow  or  yellowish;  style  short  or  none; 
stigma  2-cleft;  pod  linear,  short  or  long,  flat  or  terete;  seeds 
oblong. 

Flowers  white;  leaves  subentire,  mostly  basal.  S.  thalianum. 
Flowers  yellow;  leaves  pinnate  or  pinnatifid. 

Stigma  simple;  pubescence  of  branched  hairs.  S.  hartwegianum. 
Stigma  2-lobed;  pubescence  of  simple  hairs. 

Pods  short,  subulate.  S.  officinale. 

Pods  long,  linear.  5.  altissimum. 

Sisymbrium  thalianum  (L.)  Gay.  Mouse-ear  Cress.  Slender  annual, 
10-20  cm.  high,  pubescent  below;  leaves  mostly  in  a  basal  rosette,  obovate  to 
oblanceolate,  obtuse,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed,  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  usually 
white;  pods  terete,  somewhat  4-sided,  usually  purplish,  about  1  cm.  long, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  slender  pedicels. 

In  dry  ground,  introduced  from  Europe. 

Sisjrmbrium  hartwegianum  Fourn.  Loosely  branched,  20-40  cm.  high; 
leaves  pinnate  with  narrow  lanceolate  to  oblong  leaflets,  these  obtuse  and 
more  or  less  toothed;  pods  crowded,  erect,  5-7  mm.  long,  on  suberect  pedicels 
nearly  as  long. 

Rare  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  Charleston,  Kitsap  County,  Washing- 
ton, Piper. 

Sisymbrium  officinale  L.  Hedge  Mustard.  Erect,  sparsely  hirsute  with 
simple  hairs  or  glabrous,  30-90  cm.  high,  divaricately  branched  above;  leaves 
pinnatifid  into  5-13  lobes,  the  terminal  longest,  all  more  or  less  dentate;  upper 


176  CRUCIFERAE. 

cauline  leaves  sessile,  the  others  petioled;  flowers  yellow,  3  mm.  broad;  pods 
pubescent,  tapering  from  the  base  to  the  apex,  1-2  cm.  long,  erect  on  short 
pedicels. 

A  weed  in  waste  places;  native  of  Europe. 

Sisymbrium  officinale  leiocarpum   DC.     Pods  glabrous. 
A  very  common  weed  in  waste  ground. 

Sisymbrium  altissimimi  L.  Tumbling  Mustard.  Erect,  much  branched, 
60-150  cm.  tall,  glabrous  or  sparsely  hirsute  with  simple  hairs;  basal  leaves 
petioled,  pinnatifid  into  linear  or  lanceolate  entire  or  dentate  lobes;  upper 
leaves  reduced,  sessile;  flowers  pale  yellow,  5  mm.  broad;  pods  spreading, 
linear,  6-10  cm.  long,  on  short  stout  pedicels. 

Introduced  from  Europe.     Locally  called  "  Jim  Hill  Mustard." 

229.   BARBAREA. 

Somewhat  succulent  perennials;  stems  angled;  leaves  entire  or 
pinnatifid;  flowers  yellow,  in  racemes;  pod  linear,  terete,  or 
somewhat  4-angled,  tipped  with  the  short  slender  style;  seeds 
flat,  in  1  row. 

Pods  1-1.5  cm.  long,  the  beak  slender,  2-3  mm.  long;  upper- 
most leaves  rarely  pinnatifid.  B.  barbarea. 

Pods  2-4  cm.  long,  the  beak  thick  and  short;  uppermost  leaves 

pinnatifid.  B.  orthoceras. 

Barbarea  barbarea  brachycarpa  (Rouy  &  Foucaud)  Piper,  n.  comb.  (B. 
vulgaris  brachycarpa  Rouy  &  Foucaud).  Perennial,  glabrous;  stems  simple 
or  branched  above,  30-60  cm.  high;  lower  leaves  pinnatifid,  the  terminal 
segment  oblong  to  orbicular,  larger  than  the  2-4  lateral  pairs;  upper  cauline 
leaves  obovate  to  oblong,  coarsely  toothed,  or  toward  the  base  lobed;  flowers 
deep  yellow;  pods  1-1.5  cm.  long,  ascending  to  spreading,  terete,  the  slender 
beak  2-3  mm.  long. 

Introduced  from  Europe;  Seattle,  Piper. 

Barbarea  orthoceras  dolichocarpa  Fernald.  Bitter  Cress.  Perennial, 
glabrous;  stems  simple  or  branched  above,  30-90  cm.  high;  lower  leaves  from 
entire  to  pinnately  cleft  or  divided,  the  terminal  segment  large,  orbicular  or 
ovate,  entire  or  nearly  so;  lateral  segments  1-5  pairs,  smaller,  oblong,  entire  or 
toothed;  petioles  short,  auricled  at  base;  upper  cauline  leaves  obovate,  clasp- 
ing, the  lower  part  pinnately-cleft;  raceme  dense;  petals  yellow,  4  mm.  long, 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  pods  ascending  or  spreading,  at  length  curved, 
2-4  cm.  long,  beaked  by  the  stout  style;  pedicels  short  and  stout. 

In  wet  places,  not  common  but  clearly  native. 

230.    LESQUERELLA. 

Low  annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  stellate  pubescence; 
flowers  usually  yellow;  sepals  oblong  or  elliptical,  rather  short; 
petals  longer,  spatulate  to  oblong-obovate,  entire;  stamens  6; 
style  slender;  stigma  entire  or  nearly  so;  pod  a  turgid  sub-globose 
silicle  with  a  broad  suborbicular  partition,  2-celled,  each  cell 
2-16-seeded. 

Lesquerella  occidentalis  Wats.  Perennial,  from  a  stout  caudex;  herbage 
canescent  with  fine  appressed  silvery  pubescence;  stems  10-30  cm.  high,  erect 
or  ascending;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  coarsely  toothed;  cauline  spatulate, 


CRUCIFERAE.  1 77 

entire;  flowers  yellow,  the  petals  8-10  mm.  long;  pods  oval  in  outline,  half  as 
thick  as  broad,  6-8  mm.  long,  acutish,  finely  pubescent. 

Stony  places  mostly  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  Mul- 
tnomah  County,   Oregon,    Howell;   Mount  Adams,   Washington,    Flett. 

231.   ALYSSUM. 

Low  branching  annual  herbs;  leaves  mostly  simple;  flowers 
yellow;  style  slender;  pod  ovoid  or  orbicular,  compressed;  valves 
convex,  nerveless;  seeds  one  or  two  in  each  cell. 

Alyssum  alyssoides  (L.)  Gouan.  Annual,  10-30  cm.  high,  stellate- 
pubescent  throughout,  usually  branched  from  the  base;  leaves  entire,  spatulate, 
1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  in  racemes,  5-15  cm.  long;  petals  pale  yellow,  cuneate, 
scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals;  pods  orbicular,  margined,  notched  at  the  apex, 
minutely  pubescent,  3  mm.  broad,  on  spreading  pedicels. 

Introduced  and  becoming  common. 

232.    DRABA. 

Low  annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  entire  or  toothed; 
flowers  white  or  yellow,  mainly  in  racemes;  pod  oval  to  oblong  or 
linear,  compressed  parallel  to  the  partition;  valves  nearly  flat, 
nerveless  or  faintly  nerved ;  seeds  few  to  many,  in  two  rows  in  the 
cell,  wingless. 

Perennials. 

Midrib  of  leaves  becoming  prominent;  flowers  yellow.        D.  glacialis. 
Midrib  of  leaves  not  prominent;  flowers  white  or  yellow. 

Stems  scapose;  flowers  white.  D.  lonchocarpa. 

Stems  very  leafy;  flowers  yellow.  D.  aureola. 

Annuals. 

Flowers  white;  j^etals  deeply  2-cleft.  D.  verna. 

Flowers  yellow  or  yellowish;  petals  emarginate. 

Pods  4  mm.  long,  crowded.  D.  hrachycarpa. 

Pods  longer,  not  crowded. 

Pods  6-8  mm.  long,  much  shorter  than  the  pedi- 
cels. D.  nemorosa. 
Pods  8-15  mm.  long,  about  equalling  the  pedi- 
cels. D.  stenoloha. 

Draba  glacialis  Adams.  Perennial  with  many  short  clustered  leafy 
branches,  the  old  leaves  persistent  on  the  stems;  leaves  linear,  entire,  ciliate 
at  base,  stellate-pubescent,  5-15  mm.  long,  rigid  in  age  and  with  a  prominent 
midrib;  scapes  5-15  cm.  long;  flowers  yellow;  pods  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
acute,  pubescent,  2-8  mm.  long,  on  pedicels  a  little  longer. 

On  rock  cliffs  in  the  mountains. 

Draba  lonchocarpa  Rydb.  Perennial,  from  a  branched  caudex;  leaves 
all  or  mostly  in  basal  rosettes,  oblanceolate,  entire,  minutely  and  densely 
stellate-canescent,  not  ciliate,  the  midrib  prominent;  scapes  very  slender, 
pubescent,  3-8  cm.  high;  flowers  white;  pods  lanceolate,  glabrous,  pointed  at 
each  end,  8-15  mm.  long,  on  shorter  pedicels. 

In  gravelly  or  rocky  soil  in  the  mountains  at  about  2000  m.  altitude. 

Draba  aureola  Wats.  Perennial  from  a  stout  root,  densely  stellate-pubes- 
cent throughout,  very  leafy;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  entire,  obtuse,  8-12 

13 


178  CRUCIFERAE. 

mm.  long;  cauline  oblong;  raceme  dense;  flowers  yellow;  calyx  glabrous;  pods 
oblong,  obtuse,  pubescent,  8-10  mm.  long. 

In  loose  rocky  soil,  on  Mount  Rainier  at  3000  m.  altitude,  an  elevation 
reached  by  only  one  other  plant,  namely  Smelowskia  ovalis.  Known  also 
from  the  Three  Sisters,  Oregon,  and  from  Lassen's  Peak,  California. 

Draba  vema  L.  Annual;  stems  several,  leafless,  5-10  cm.  high,  simple, 
nearly  glabrous;  leaves  in  a  rosette,  oblong  or  oval,  toothed  or  entire,  obtuse, 
4-8  mm.  long,  pubescent  with  branched  hairs;  flowers  white,  in  a  loose  raceme; 
petals  deeply  2-cleft;  pods  oblong,  glabrous,  4-8  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the 
spreading  pedicels. 

In  sandy  soil.  A  very  variable  species  composed  of  many  forms  which  on 
account  of  close-pollination  breed  true. 

Draba  brachycarpa  Nutt.  Annual,  the  herbage  pubescent;  stems  simple 
or  branched,  5-20  cm.  high,  leafy  to  the  inflorescence;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong, 
entire  or  nearly  so,  4-8  mm.  long;  pods  oblong,  acutish,  glabrous,  4  mm.  long, 
about  equalling  the  pedicels,  crowded  in  a  strict  raceme. 

Coburg,  Oregon,  Howell. 

Draba  nemorosa  L.  Annual,  the  simple  stems  5-40  cm.  high,  leafy  and 
pubescent  below;  leaves  sessile,  oblong  or  ovate,  usually  dentate,  acutish, 
1-2  cm.  long,  stellate-pubescent;  raceme  loose,  3-many-flowered;  flowers 
small,  4  mm.  broad;  petals  yellow  becoming  whitish,  notched,  a  little  longer 
than  the  villous  sepals;  pod  oblong,  acute,  appressed-pubescent  or  glabrous, 
about  1  cm.  long,  much  shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicels. 

In  sandy  soil.  Pods  usually  pubescent.  The  form  with  glabrous  pods  is 
D.  nemorosa  leiocarpa  Lindbl.     [D.  lutea  Gilib.) 

Draba  stenoloba  Ledeb.  Annual,  the  slender  stems  10-40  cm.  high,  the 
leaves  mostly  in  a  basal  rosette;  leaves  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  mostly  acute, 
more  or  less  pubescent;  sepals  glabrous  or  with  a  few  hairs;  pods  linear,  glab- 
rous, 10-15  mm.  long,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  pedicels. 

Warm  exposures,  in  the  mountains. 

233.   SUBULARIA.     Awlwort. 

Small  stemless  aquatic  glabrous  perennials  with  tufted  awl- 
shaped  leaves;  flowers  few,  minute,  white,  on  a  naked  scape 
2-8  cm.  high;  style  none;  pod  ovoid  or  spherical  with  a  broad 
partition;  valves  turgid,  1-nerved;  seeds  several. 

Subularia  aquatica  L.  Submersed  in  shallow  water  or  on  muddy  shores; 
leaves  12-20,  unequal,  erect,  3-6  cm.  long. 

Sproat  Lake,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  Macoun;  Whatcom 
Lake,  Whatcom  County,  Washington,  Suksdorf.  Infrequent,  but  usually 
abundant  where  found,  sometimes  forming  extensive  colonies  like  a  greensward. 

234.    COCHLEARIA. 

Maritime  fleshy  glabrous  herbs  with  lobed  or  entire  alternate 
leaves;  flowers  small,  white;  sepals  short  and  broad,  rounded 
at  the  apex;  petals  obovate,  cuneate;  style  slender;  stigma 
simple  or  nearly  so;  pod  a  very  turgid  globose  silicle;  seeds 
2-several,  in  2  rows. 

Cochlearia  officinalis  L.  Succulent  herb  with  decumbent  branched  stems 
about  30  cm.  long;  basal  leaves  pctioled,  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular,  subcordate, 


CRUCIFERAE  1 79 

somewhat  lobed  or  subentire;  upper  cauline  more  deeply  lobed  or  toothed, 
sessile  and  auriculate  at  base;  pods  globose,  smooth  or  faintly  reticulated. 
Along  the  seacoast,  Alaska  to  Oregon.  Cape  Elizabeth  and  Port  Gran- 
ville, Washington,  A.  S.  Foster;  Oregon,  Howell;  Vancouver  Island,  British 
Columbia,  Macoun. 

235.   RADICULA. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs;  leaves  usually  lyrately  or  pinnately 
parted  or  toothed,  auricled  at  base;  flowers  small,  yellow  or  white; 
style  short  or  slender;  pods  terete  or  nearly  so;  seeds  turgid, 
minute,  in  two  rows  in  each  cell. 

Flowers  white;  leaves  pinnately  divided.  R.  nasturtium-aquatica. 

Flowers  yellow;   leaves  variously  margined,   mostly 
pinnate. 
Pedicels  short,  2-4  mm.  long;  stems  diffuse. 

Pods  curved ;  leaf-lobes  acute.  R.  curvisiliqua. 

Pods  straight;  leaf-lobes  obtuse.  R.  obtusa. 

Pedicels  longer,  6-8  mm.  long;  stems  erect. 

Pods  4-8  mm.  long.  R.  palustris. 

Pods  8-12  mm.  long.  R.  pacifica. 

Radicula  nasturtium-aquatica  (L.)  Britten  &  Rendle.  Perennial,  aquatic, 
smooth;  stems  procumbent,  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves 
pinnate;  leaflets  3-11,  orbicular  or  oblong,  sinuate,  or  the  lower  ones  some- 
times reduced  to  the  terminal  leaflet;  petals  white,  3-4  mm.  long;  pods  linear, 
12-20  mm.  long,  acute  at  each  end,  a  little  longer  than  the  spreading  pedicels. 

Cultivated  under  the  name  of  Water  Cress,  and  often  escaping. 

Radicula  curvisiliqua  (Hook.)  Greene.  Annual  or  biennial,  glabrous  or 
slightly  pubescent,  erect  or  decumbent,  15-40  cm.  high;  leaves  oblanceolate, 
sinuate-dentate  or  pinnately  cleft  into  oblong  dentate  lobes;  flowers  small, 
pale  yellow;  petals  2  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  sepals;  pods  linear-oblong,  4-16 
mm.  long;  style  stout  or  none. 

In  dried-up  ponds  and  swales,  common  and  variable. 

Radicula  obtusa  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Annual  or  biennial,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  branching  from  the  base,  spreading;  leaves  pinnately  parted  or  divided,  or 
the  upper  often  subentire  and  oblong;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long,  ascending  or 
spreading;  flowers  yellow;  pods  usually  long,  straight;  style  very  short  and 
thick. 

Reported  from  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  Macoun. 

Radicula  palustris  (L.)  Moench.  Annual  or  biennial,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  erect,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  pinnately  cleft  or  parted,  petioled, 
5-15  cm.  long,  the  segments  toothed;  pods  4-8  mm.  long,  short-cylindric  or 
ovoid,  mostly  shorter  than  the  pedicels. 

Wet  places,  sometimes  in  shallow  water. 

Radicula  pacifica  (Howell)  Greene.  Very  similar  to  R.  palustris;  pods 
larger,  8-12  mm.  long,  as  long  as  the  pedicels. 

In  wet  places.     Probably  only  a  subspecies  of  R.  palustris. 

236.   LEPIDIUM.    Peppergrass. 

Erect  or  diffuse  annual  or  biennial  herbs;  leaves  pinnatifid, 
toothed  or  entire;  flowers  small,  white  or  greenish,  in  racemes; 


l8o  CRUCIFERAE. 

pod  orbicular  to  obovate,  much  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the 
partition,  2-winged  at  the  summit,  each  valve  with  one  acute 
nerve  forming  a  keel;  seeds  flattened,  solitary  in  each  cell. 

Cauline  leaves  clasping  at  base.  L.  draha. 

Cauline  leaves  not  clasping  at  base. 

Apex  of  the  pods  bidentate,  the  valves  reticulated. 

Teeth  of  pods  widely  divergent.  L.  oxycarpum. 

Teeth  of  pods  not  widely  divergent.  L.  strictum. 

Apex  of  the  pods  merely  emarginate,  the  valves  not  re- 
ticulated. 
Petals  wanting  or  very  minute;  pods  puberulent.  L.  lasiocarpum. 

Petals  present;  pods  usually  glabrous. 

Basal  leaves  pinnately  parted,  pubescent.  L.  menziesii. 

Basal  leaves  dentate,  glabrous.  L.  medium. 

Lepidlum  draba  L.  Perennials,  20-40  cm.  high,  the  herbage  pubescent; 
leaves  oval  to  oblong,  obtuse,  denticulate,  the  upper  broadly  auricled  and 
clasping  at  base;  racemes  short;  pods  ovate,  subcordate  at  base,  tipped  with 
the  conspicuous  style. 

Sparingly  introduced  from  Europe;  Victoria,  British  Columbia,  Anderson. 

Lepidlum  oxycarpum  T.  &  G.  Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems 
branched  from  the  base,  slender,  ascending,  10-15  cm.  high;  leaves  narrow, 
pinnately  cleft  with  a  few  acute  lobes,  or  entire;  raceme  loose;  petals  none; 
pods  glabrous,  nearly  orbicular,  about  3  mm.  broad,  with  the  teeth  short  and 
widely  divergent. 

Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  Macoun,  and  California;  mostly  in 
saline  soil. 

Lepidlum  strictum  Rattan.  Annual,  the  herbage  finely  pubescent;  stems 
branched,  erect  or  ascending,  8-15  cm.  high;  leaves  pinnately  cleft  into  narrow 
lobes;  raceme  crowded;  petals  none;  pods  ovate,  glabrous,  2-2.5  mm.  long, 
the  teeth  short  and  subacute,  not  widely  divergent. 

In  saline  soil,  Cadboro  Bay,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun;  otherwise  known 
only  from  California  and  southwestern  Oregon. 

Lepidltmi  lasiocarpum  Nutt.  Annual,  usually  with  several  decumbent 
stems;  herbage  pubescent;  lower  leaves  pinnately  parted,  the  obtuse  segments 
toothed  or  entire;  petals  wanting  or  minute;  capsule  lenticular,  retuse,  thinner 
at  apex,  minutely  pubescent. 

Rare,  probably  only  introduced  in  our  limits. 

Lepidlum  menzlesU  DC.  Biennial,  erect  or  sometimes  decumbent,  much 
branched  above,  30-90  cm.  high;  stems  puberulent;  lower  leaves  pinnately 
parted,  more  or  less  hairy,  petioled,  the  segments  toothed  or  entire;  upper 
leaves  incisely  dentate  to  entire;  petals  present;  stamens  2  or  4;  pods  lenticular, 
retuse,  glabrous,  about  3  mm.  broad,  on  longer  spreading  pedicels. 

Common  on  high  sea  beaches. 

Lepidltmi  medium  Greene.  Much  like  L.  menziesii  but  root  annual; 
leaves  serrate-dentate,  seldom  lobed,  glabrous;  stamens  usually  6,  sometimes 
only  2;  pods  glabrous  or  puberulent. 

In  sandy  soil,  common  in  the  interior  but  only  occasional  west  of  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains. 

237.   THLASPL 

Glabrous  annual  or  perennial  herbs;  basal  leaves  entire  or 
toothed;  cauline  oblong,  auricled  and  clasping;  flowers  white  or 


CRUCIFERAE.  l8l 

purplish;  pod  more  or  less  compressed  at  right  angles  to  the 
partition,  the  valves  often  winged  at  the  apex;  seeds  2-4  in 
each   cell. 

Pods  large,  winged,  deeply  notched;  annual.  T.  arvense. 

Pods  small,  scarcely  winged  or  notched;  perennial.  T.  alpestre. 

Thlaspi  arvense  L.  Penny  Cress.  Annual,  erect,  glabrous,  simple  or 
branched,  15-40  cm.  high;  radical  leaves  oblanceolate,  petioled;  cauline 
oblong,  obtuse,  sagittate  and  half-clasping;  petals  white,  spatulate,  exceeding 
the  sepals;  pod  orbicular,  8-12  mm.  long,  broadly  winged,  deeply  notched. 

A  weed,  sparingly  introduced. 

Thlaspi  alpestre  L.  Perennial,  glabrous  and  green;  stems  usually  several 
from  a  branched  base,  10-20  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  obovate  or  elliptic,  petioled, 
entire  or  toothed;  cauline  oblong,  entire,  sessile  and  somewhat  auriculate; 
flowers  white;  pods  obovate,  emarginate  at  apex,  4-8  mm.  long. 

At  high  altitudes  in  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

238.   BURSA. 

Slender  and  mostly  smooth  annual  herbs;  radical  leaves  tufted; 
flowers  small,  white,  in  racemes;  pods  cuneate,  notched  at  apex, 
compressed  at  right  angles  to  the  partition,  many-seeded. 

Bursa  bursa-pastoris(L.)  Weber.  Shepherd's  Purse.  Stellate-pubescent 
below,  glabrous  above,  30-60  cm.  tall,  sparingly  branched;  basal  leaves  in  a 
rosette,  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  pinnately-lobed,  2-8  cm.  long,  dentate  or 
entire;  flowers  white,  about  2  mm.  long;  pods  triangular,  cuneate,  with  a 
broad  shallow  notch  at  the  apex. 

A  common  weed. 

239.   HUTCHINSIA. 

Low  spreading  annual  with  entire  or  pinnately-lobed  leaves; 
flowers  minute,  white,  in  crowded  racemes  which  elongate  in  fruit; 
stigma  sessile  or  nearly  so;  silicle  oval,  compressed  at  right  angles 
to  the  partition,  not  cuneate,  not  notched  at  the  apex;  each 
valve  conspicuously  1 -nerved. 

Hutchinsia  procumbens  (L.)  DC.  Branched  from  the  base,  glabrous  or 
sparsely  pubescent,  5-15  cm.  high;  stems  decumbent  or  ascending;  basal 
leaves  pinnately  lobed  or  entire;  petioles  1-2  cm.  long;  cauline  leaves  spatulate 
or  oblanceolate,  sessile,  entire  or  with  a  few  lobes;  petals  white,  about  as 
long  as  the  sepals,  1  mm.  long;  pods  smooth,  elliptic,  3-4  mm.  long,  on  slender 
pedicels. 

In  moist  ground,  rare  in  our  limits. 

240.   CAMELINA.     False  flax. 

Erect  annual  herbs;  leaves  entire,  toothed  or  pinnatifid; 
flowers  small,  yellowish;  style  slender;  pod  obovoid  or  pear- 
shaped,  slightly  flattened  parallel  to  the  partition,  many-seeded. 

Pods  4-5  mm.  long;  herbage  pubescent  toward  the  base.  C.  microcarpa. 

Pods  6-8  mm.  long;  herbage  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  C.  sativa. 


1 82  CRUCIFERAE. 

Camelina  microcarpa  Andrz.  Stems  erect,  mostly  simple,  30-90  cm.  tall, 
hirsute  below,  glabrous  above;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  sagittate  at  base, 
half-clasping,  erect,  entire  or  nearly  so,  stellate-pubescent;  flowers  pale  yellow; 
pods  obovate,  4-5  mm.  wide,  6-8  mm.  long,  beaked  by  the  persistent  style, 
glabrous,  on  slender  pedicels,  8-18  mm.  long. 

Sparingly  introduced  from  Europe. 

Camelina  sativa  (L.)  Crantz.     Very  similar  to  C.  microcarpa;  pods  larger, 
6-7  mm.  broad,  6-8  mm.  long,  on  longer  pedicels,  12-30  mm.  long. 
Sparingly  introduced  from  Europe. 

Family  46.  DROSERACEAE.  Sundew  Family. 
Small  biennial  or  perennial  mostly  glandular-pubescent  in- 
sectivorous herbs,  living  in  bogs;  leaves  with  circinate  vernation; 
flowers  regular,  hypogynous,  5-merous,  with  all  the  parts  persist- 
ent; anthers  versatile;  styles  1-5;  ovary  1-3-celled;  capsule 
with  twice  as  many  styles  as  there  are  parietal  placentae;  seeds 
numerous. 

241.   DROSERA.     Sundew. 

Low  biennial  or  perennial  herbs  with  a  basal  tuft  of  leaves 
covered  with  sensitive  motile  glandular  hairs  which  act  as  insect 
traps;  flowers  usually  in  a  simple  1 -sided  raceme  on  a  naked  scape; 
stamens  5;  styles  3  or  5,  each  deeply  2-parted,  stigmatic  on  the 
inner  face  near  the  tip. 

Leaf  blade  nearly  orbicular,  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  peti- 
ole. D.  rotundifolia. 

Leaf  blade  spatulate-oblanceolate,  not  abruptly  narrowed  into 

the  petiole.  D.  anglica. 

Drosera  rotundifolia  L.  Leaves  in  a  spreading  rosette,  the  blade  orbicular, 
abruptly  narrowed  into  a  much  longer  hairy  petiole;  scape  slender,  10-30  cm. 
high,  the  raceme  usually  5-15-flowered;  petals  oblong,  white,  3  mm.  long; 
capsule  oblong;  seeds  narrowly  spindle-form. 

In  sphagnum  bogs,  common. 

Drosera  anglica  Huds.  Leaves  nearly  erect,  linear-spatulate,  the  naked 
or  slightly  hairy  petiole  scarcely  longer  than  the  blade;  scape  6-20  cm.  high, 
1-8-flowered;  petals  oblanceolate,  white,  6  mm.  long;  capsule  oblong;  seeds 
narrowly  spindle-shaped. 

In  bogs  in  the  mountains,  rare.  Home  Lake,  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun; 
Mount  Adams,  Washington,  Henderson. 

Family  47.     CRASSULACEAE.     Stonecrop  Family. 

Succulent  or  fleshy  plants,  mostly  herbs;  stipules  none;  flowers 
regular  and  symmetrical,  in  cymes  or  rarely  solitary;  calyx 
hypogynous,  mostly  4  or  5-parted  or  lobed;  petals  of  the  same 
number  as  the  calyx-lobes,  distinct  or  slightly  united  at  the  base, 


CRASSULACEAE.  1 83 

rarely  wanting;  stamens  of  the  same  number  or  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals;  carpels  of  the  same  number  as  the  sepals,  distinct 
or  united  below;  ovules  numerous;  follicles  1-celled;  seeds  minute; 
endosperm  fleshy. 

Flowers  solitary  axillary;  annuals.  242.  Tillaea,  183. 
Flowers  cymose;  perennials  or  biennials. 

Petals  free  to  the  base.  243.  Sedum,  183. 

Petals  united  below  the  middle.  244.  Gormania,  184. 

242.   TILLAEA. 

Small  and  slender  somewhat  succulent  glabrous  annual  herbs; 
leaves  opposite,  entire;  flowers  minute,  solitary  axillary,  white; 
sepals  and  petals  3-5,  distinct  or  united  at  the  base;  stamens  as 
many  as  the  petals;  carpels  distinct;  styles  short-subulate; 
ovules  1-many. 

Tillaea  aquatica  L.  (T.  angustifolia  Nutt.)  Stems  branching,  rooting  at 
base,  2-5  cm.  high;  leaves  linear,  acute,  the  pairs  somewhat  connate;  flowers 
mostly  solitary,  nearly  sessile;  petals  ovate,  obtuse,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals; 
carpels  obtuse;  seeds  many,  oblong-linear. 

On  muddy  river  banks,  rare. 

243.    SEDUM.     Stonecrop. 

Fleshy  mostly  glabrous  herbs,  erect  or  decumbent;  leaves 
alternate,  entire  or  dentate,  fleshy;  flowers  perfect,  in  terminal 
often  1-sided  cymes;  calyx  4  or  5-lobed  or  parted;  petals  4  or  5, 
distinct;  stamens  8  or  10,  perigynous,  the  alternate  ones  usually 
attached  to  the  petals ;  carpels  4  or  5 ,  distinct  or  united  at  the  base ; 
ovules  numerous;  follicles  few-many-seeded. 

Leaves  spatulate,  very  glaucous.  S.  spathulifolium. 
Leaves  not  spatulate  nor  glaucous. 

Leaves  subglobose.  S.  divergens. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  broadest  at  base. 

Leaves  becoming  scarious;  carpels  divergent.  S,  douglasii. 

Leaves  not  becoming  scarious;  carpels  erect.  S.  stenopetalum. 

Sedum  spathulifolium  Hook.  Herbage  very  glaucous;  stems  decumbent, 
10-20  cm.  long,  curved  upward  near  the  tips;  leaves  broadly  spatulate,  flat, 
15-20  mm.  long;  flowers  pale  yellow,  nearly  sessile,  in  a  rather  compact  com- 
pound cyme;  petals  lanceolate,  acute,  6  mm.  long,  much  longer  than  the  sepals. 

On    rocks,    common. 

Sedum  divergens  Wats.  Glabrous  and  bright  green;  stems  decumbent, 
5-10  cm.  long;  leaves  oval  in  outline,  subglobose,  nearly  as  thick  as  broad, 
sessile,  7-8  mm.  long,  mostly  in  rosettes  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  flowers 
yellow,  in  a  compact  cyme;  petals  three  times  as  long  as  the  sepals;  carpels 
widely  divergent  when  mature. 

In  the  mountains  at  moderate  elevations. 

Sedum  douglasii  Hook.  Stems  erect,  branched  at  base,  from  a  stout 
rootstock,  15-20  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  the  apex,  6-12  mm. 


1 84  CRASSULACEAE. 

long,  becoming  white-scarious  when  old;  axils  of  the  cauline  leaves  commonly 
bearing  short  deciduous  leafy  branches  by  which  the  plant  is  propagated; 
flowers  yellow,  sessile,  in  an  open  cyme;  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  5-6  mm. 
long,  longer  than  the  stamens;  follicles  diverging  from  their  united  bases. 
On  rocks,  rather  rare  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  but  common  in  the 
interior.  A  form  occurring  at  Elk  Rock  near  Portland,  Oregon,  has  solitary 
terminal  flowers,  the  others  being  replaced  by  propagula.  This  has  been 
described  as  a  distinct  species  under  the  name  S.  uniflorum  Howell, 

Sedum  stenopetalum  Pursh.  Perennial  from  branched  rootstocks,  glabrous 
or  minutely  puberulent,  green;  stems  erect,  6-15  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate, 
broadest  at  base,  acute,  sessile,  4-8  mm.  long;  flowers  bright  yellow,  nearly 
sessile,  in  a  close  cyme;  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals;  carpels  4  mm.  long,  divergent  only  at  the  tips. 

On  cliffs  in  the  mountains  at  moderate  altitudes. 

244.    GORMANIA. 

Low  perennial  herbs  with  horizontal  root-stocks;  leaves 
spatulate  to  obovate,  the  cauline  similar  to  but  smaller  than 
the  basal  ones;  flowers  yellow  to  red,  in  compound  cymes;  calyx 
mostly  deeply  5-lobed,  the  lobes  acute  or  obtuse;  petals  5,  united 
below  the  middle,  acute  to  acuminate,  spreading  above ;  stamens 
10,  epipetalous;  carpels  many-ovuled,  erect  or  nearly  so  in  fruit. 

This  genus  is  very  feebly  separable  from  Sedum. 

Gormania  oregana  (Nutt.)  Britt.  Glabrous,  bright  green;  stems  de- 
cumbent, 10-20  cm.  long;  leaves  broadly  spatulate,  scattered  rather  equally; 
flowers  yellow,  becoming  pink  in  age,  in  a  compound  cyme;  petals  linear- 
lanceolate,  attenuate-acuminate,  somewhat  united  at  base;  stamens  only  half 
as  long  as  the  petals. 

On  rocks,  especially  at  low  altitudes  in  the  mountains. 

Family  48.  SAXIFRAGACEAE.  Saxifrage  Family. 
Herbs  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite;  stipules  usually 
none;  flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious ;  calyx  usually  5- 
lobed,  free  or  adherent  to  the  ovary;  petals  usually  4  or  5,  peri- 
gynous,  rarely  none;  stamens  usually  definite  in  number  and 
not  more  than  twice  the  number  of  the  calyx-lobes;  pistil  formed 
by  the  partial  or  complete  union  of  2-5  carpels;  placentae  axile 
or  parietal;  seeds  usually  numerous;  endosperm  present;  em- 
bryo small. 

Shrubs. 

Low  and  spreading  or  trailing;  stamens  usu- 
ally 10  or  12.  245.  Whipplea,  185. 
Erect;  stamens  5  or  many. 

Leaves  alternate.  246.  Ribes,  185. 

Leaves  opposite.  247.  Philadelphus,  188. 

Herbs. 

Staminodia  present;  carpels  3  or  4,  united.      248.   Parnassia,  188. 
Staminodia  none;  carpels  2,  distinct  above. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE.  1 85 

Placentae  axial. 

Carpels    distinct;    leaves    coriaceous, 

without  stipules.  249.  Leptarrhena,  188. 

Carpels  united,  at  least  below;  leaves 
mostly  not  coriaceous. 
Stamens  10.  250.  Saxifraga,  189. 

Stamens  5. 

Ovary  superior.  251.   Bolandra,  191. 

Ovary  not  superior. 

Rootstocks  bearing  bulb- 
lets;  ovary  almost  wholly 
inferior.  252.  Hemieva,  192. 

Rootstocks     not       bearing 
bulblets;    ovary    half- 
inferior. 
Seeds  winged;  petals  per- 
sisting. 253.   SULLIVANTIA,  192. 
Seeds    wingless;     petals 

promptly  deciduous.      254.  Therofon,  192. 
Placentae  parietal  or  nearly  basal. 
Stamens  8  or  10. 

Petals  none;  stamens  8.  255.  Chrysosplenium,  193. 

Petals  present;  stamens  10. 

Carpels  unequal;  petals  entire.      256.  Tiarella,  193. 
Carpels  equal;  petals  laciniate.     257.  Tellima,  194. 
Stamens  5  or  3. 

Petals  pinnatifid.  258.  Mitella,  194. 

Petals  entire  or  wanting,  at  least 
not  pinnatifid. 
Stamens  3;  calyx  tubular.  259.  Leptaxis,  195. 

Stamens  5;  calyx  campanulate 
or  turbinate. 
Inflorescence  a  raceme.  260.  Elmera,  196. 

Inflorescence  a  panicle.  261.  Heuchera,  196. 

245.   WHIPPLEA. 

Low  diffuse  shrubs,  pubescent  with  simple  hairs;  leaves 
opposite,  short-petioled,  without  stipules;  flowers  white,  in 
cymose  clusters  on  a  naked  terminal  peduncle;  calyx  5-cleft, 
whitish,  the  tube  adherent  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary;  petals 
5,  ovate  or  oblong,  contracted  at  base;  stamens  usually  10; 
styles  distinct,  subulate;  ovary  3-5-celled,  each  cell  1-ovuled; 
capsule  septicidally  dehiscent  into  3-5  1 -seeded  parts. 

Whipplea  modesta  Torn  Stems  trailing,  20-60  cm.  long;  leaves  oval  to 
ovate,  acutish,  pubescent,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  entire  or  few-toothed,  1-3  cm. 
long;  cymes  few-flowered;  calyx  campanulate,  its  lobes  ovate;  petals  white, 
about  3  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes;  capsule  globose. 

Lake  Crescent,  Clallam  County,  Washington,  Webster,  and  southwards 
to  California. 

246.   RISES.     Currant.     Gooseberry. 

Low  sometimes  prickly  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  often  fas- 
cicled, palmately-veined  and  lobed;  flowers    small,  solitary  or 


1 86  SAXIFRAGACEAE. 

racemose,  mostly  terminating  short  and  1-2-leaved  axillary 
shoots;  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  globose  ovary  and  more  or 
less  extended  beyond  it,  5-,  rarely  4-cleft,  commonly  colored  or 
petal-like;  petals  4  or  5,  small,  perigynous;  stamens  as  many  as 
the  petals  and  alternate  with  them;  styles  2,  more  or  less  united; 
ovary  1-celled;  ovules  few  or  numerous;  berry  globose,  fleshy, 
usually  many-seeded. 

Stems  usually  armed  with  spines  and  frequently  with  prick- 
les. 
Peduncles  with  numerous  flowers  in  a  raceme;  calyx  tube 

saucer-shaped.  R.  lacustre. 

Peduncles    1-4-flowered;    calyx    tube   campanulate  or 
cylindric. 
Flowers  about  2  cm.  long,  dark  purple.  R.  lohhii. 

Flowers  much  smaller,  greenish  or  purplish.  R.  divaricatum. 

Stems  not  thorny  nor  prickly. 

Calyx  tube  cylindric  or  campanulate. 

Flowers  red;  raceme  many-flowered.  R.  sanguineum. 

Flowers  white  or  greenish;  inflorescence  few-flowered. 
Berries  red  or  orange,  glabrous  or  slightly  gland- 
ular;  leaves   resinous-dotted;    inflorescence  a 
raceme.  R.  cereum. 

Berries  black,  glandular;  leaves  viscid-pubescent ; 
inflorescence  corymbose.  R.  viscosissimum. 

Calyx  tube  rotate. 

Berries  red,  smooth.  R.  ciliosum. 

Berries  black,  glandular. 

Racemes  pendent.  R.  howellii. 

Racemes  erect  or  ascending. 

Glands  sessile.  R.  bracteosum. 

Glands  stalked.  R.  laxiflorum. 

Ribes  lacustre  (Pers.)  Poir.  Stout,  1-2  m.  high,  armed  with  short  3-5- 
branched  spines  and  very  numerous  bristly  prickles;  leaves  orbicular,  cordate, 
deeply  5-lobed,  incisely  dentate,  minutely  glandular,  2-4  cm.  long;  racemes 
loose,  drooping;  flowers  greenish  or  purplish,  slender- petioled ;  calyx  short, 
saucer-shaped,  the  obtuse  lobes  spreading;  stamens  very  short;  berries  nearly 
black,  bristly  glandular. 

Moist  woods,  common. 

Ribes  lobbii  Gray.  Stems  1-2  m,  high,  the  branchlets  not  bristly;  sub- 
axillary  spines  3,  stout;  leaves  orbicular,  cordate  or  subcordate  at  base,  about 
2  cm.  broad,  3-5-cleft,  the  lobes  serrate,  somewhat  glandular-pubescent; 
flowers  solitary  or  in  threes,  drooping,  2  cm.  long;  calyx  purple,  campanu- 
late, pubescent,  shorter  than  the  narrow  spreading  or  reflexcd  segments; 
petals  wedge-shaped,  obtuse,  white;  berries  globose,  10-12  mm.  in  diameter, 
warty-glandular. 

dLto  north( 

_„  fpjit.  **^  Ribes  divaricatum  Dou?l.     Shrub,  2-4  m.  high;  branchlets  often  with 

u^  »v*A  S(v^ 'Scattered  bristles;  subaxillary  spines  1-3,  stout,  mostly  dark  colored,  often 

/    ^  deflexed;    leaves   orbicular,   3-5-lobed,    incisely  toothed,    slightly   pubescent 

/  ''  beneath,  2-3  cm.  broad;  flowers  1-4,  in  small  corymbs;  calyx  pale  green  or  its 

lobes  dark  purplish,  the  tube  campanulate,  shorter  than  the  spreading  oblong 

lobes;  petals  wedge-shaped,  white,  erect,  half  as  long  as  the  calyx  lobes;  style 

villous;  berries  globose,  black,  3-5  mm.  in  diameter. 


Vancouver  Island  to  northern  California,  but  occurring  only  locally. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE.  1 87  ; 

i 

In  wet  open  places,  common.     The  fruit  of  this  wild  gooseberry  is  of  ex-  i 

cellent  flavor.  , 

.Ribes  sanguineum  Pursh.     Red-flowering   Currant.     Shrub  2-3  m.    high, 
with  a  balsamic  odor;  branchlets  glandular;  leaves  orbicular  in  outline,  cor- 
date, 3-5-lobed,  doubly  serrate,  glabrous  above,  canescent  beneath,  3-10  cm.  ,' 
long,  short-petioled;  racemes  drooping,  3-10  cm.  long;  bracts  erose,  about  as  | 
long  as  the  pedicels;  calyx  dark  to  light  red,  tubular-campanulate,  the  obovate  1 
segments  spreading;  petals  white  to  pink,  erect,  spatulate,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  calyx  segments;  berry  black,  densely  glaucous  and  sparsely  hirsute,  sweet-  i 
ish  but  insipid.                                                                                                                                     ' 

Common  in  open  dry  woods,  very  showy  when  in  bloom,  the  flowers  spicy- 
scented. 

Ribes  cereum  Dougl.     About  1  m.  high,  with  numerous  short  branches,  ///^^  ^ 
the  young  shoots  commonly  resinous-dotted  and  glutinous;  shoots  and  under  ^  rL  ^'^^ 
sides  of  the  leaves  puberulent;  leaves  orbicular,  somewhat  3-5-lobed,  crenate-  ^il^^^ 
dentate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  about  1  cm.  long;  petioles  mostly  f^^j[,^^l(' 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  very  short;  racemes  short,  dense,  3-5-flowered, 
drooping;  calyx  white,  cylindric,  6-8  mm.  long,  glandular,  the  short  lobes 
obtuse;  petals  orbicular;  berry  orange-red,  insipid. 

Common  east  of  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  but  very  rare  on 
the  western  slope;  Mount  Jefferson,  Oregon. 

Ribes  viscosissimum  Pursh.  Unarmed,  about  1  m.  high,  pubescent 
throughout  and  somewhat  glandular;  leaves  cordate-orbicular,  obtusely 
5-lobed,  somewhat  doubly  dentate,  soft-pubescent,  especially  beneath,  2-5 
cm.  broad;  petioles  about  as  long  as  the  blades,  hirsute-glandular;  racemes 
ascending,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  bracts  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse,  conspic- 
uous; flowers  whitish  or  purplish,  about  10  mm.  long,  on  short  pedicels  which 
become  slender  and  elongate  in  fruit;  calyx-tube  campanulate,  becoming  cy- 
lindric, the  erect  lobes  acute,  shorter;  petals  small,  white;  berry  black,  rather 
dry. 

Common  in  mountain  woods  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 
Reported  on  the  west  slope  at  the  head  of  Skagit  River,  British  Columbia, 
Macoun. 

Ribes  ciliosum  Howell.  Stems  prostrate  or  decumbent,  about  1  m.  long; 
leaves  orbicular,  cordate,  2-5  cm.  broad,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  on  the 
veins  beneath,  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  acute,  serrate,  ciliolate;  racemes  pendent; 
bracts  ovate,  half  as  long  as  the  pedicel;  calyx  reddish,  saucer-shaped,  its  lobes 
rounded;  petals  wedge-shaped,  1  mm.  long;  berries  globose,  bright  red. 

In  the  Cascade  Mountains,  rare.  The  berries  are  very  similar  to  those 
of  the  cultivated  red  currant,  to  which  our  species  is  closely  related. 

Ribes'  howellii  Greene.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  1-2  m.  high;  leaves 
orbicular,  cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  3-5-lobed,  the  rounded  lobes  doubly 
serrate  or  incised,  glabrous  above,  resinous-dotted  beneath,  5-8  cm.  broad; 
petioles  about  as  long  as  the  blades;  racemes  pendent;  bracts  linear-lanceolate, 
equalling  the  pedicels;  calyx  green,  the  tube  saucer-shaped,  the  lobes  broad 
and  obtuse;  petals  spatulate,  dark  purple;  fruit  black,  glandular-bristly. 

Abundant  at  the  limit  of  trees  in  the  mountains.     The  berries  are  not  edible. 

Ribes  bracteosum  Dougl.  Stems  1-2  m.  high;  branchlets  glabrous;  leaves 
large,  15-20  cm.  broad,  punctate  beneath  with  resiniferous  glands,  orbicular 
in  outline,  cordate,  deeply  5-7-lobed,  the  lobes  acuminate  and  coarsely  doubly 
serrate;  petioles  slender;  racemes  erect,  10-25  cm.  long;  flowers  many,  greenish; 
bracts  spatulate,  about  as  long  as  the  pedicels;  calyx  glabrous,  saucer-shaped, 
the  lobes  oblong;  petals  wedge-shaped,  obtuse,  about  2  mm.  long;  fruits  black, 
sprinkled  with  resin  dots,  unpleasantly  flavored. 


l88  SAXIFRAGACEAE. 

Common  along  streams  in  woods,  often  forming  dense  thickets,  the  her- 
bage strongly  scented  on  which  account  the  plant  is  locally  known  as  "  Stink 
Currant."     The  berries  are  scarcely  eatable. 

Ribes  laxiflorum  Pursh.  Stems  1-3  m.  long,  ascending;  branchlets  copper- 
colored,  smooth;  leaves  orbicular,  deeply  cordate,  glabrous,  shiny  above, 
5-8  cm.  broad,  5-7-lobed,  the  lobes  acute,  doubly  serrate  or  somewhat  incised; 
racemes  erect,  pubescent;  bracts  narrow,  shorter  than  the  glandular  pedicels; 
calyx  saucer-shaped,  the  lobes  orbicular;  petals  fan-shaped;  fruit  globose, 
glandular-bristly,  wine-colored. 

Near  the  coast,  Alaska  to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River. 

247.   PHILADELPHUS. 

Shrubs;  leaves  opposite,  petioled,  entire  or  toothed,  ovate  or 
oblong,  without  stipules;  flowers  large,  showy,  white,  solitary  or 
cymose-clustered ;  calyx- tube  top-shaped,  4-  or  5-lobed,  adherent 
to  the  ovary  nearly  or  quite  to  its  summit;  petals  4  or  5,  large, 
obovate  or  roundish;  stamens  20-40,  on  the  disk;  styles  3-5, 
more  or  less  united;  ovary  3-5-celled,  inferior;  ovules  numerous; 
capsule  3-5.-valv^d^;  seeds  very  numerous. 

Philadelphiis  gordnniflnns  T.inHl.  Syringa.  Shrub  2-4  m.  high,  much 
branched  above;  bark  pale,  flaky;  leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  dentate  or 
nearly  entire,  pubescent  on  the  under  surface,  2-5  cm.  long;  petioles  short; 
panicle  4-10-flowered,  the  lower  bracts  leafy;  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  tube;  petals  white,  oblong, 
1.5-2  cm.  long;  styles  united  for  two-thirds  their  length ;  stigmas  dilated. 

Common  in  moist  open  places.     The  odorous  flowers  are  very  showy. 

248.   PARNASSIA. 

Glabrous  perennial  herbs  with  entire  leaves;  flower  solitary, 
on  a  long  scape-like  stem  which  often  bears  a  single  sessile  leaf; 
sepals  5,  slightly  united,  persistent;  petals  5,  white  with  greenish 
or  yellowish  veins  and  a  gland-bearing  scale  (really  a  cluster  of 
sterile  stamens  or  staminodia)  at  the  base  of  each;  stamens  5, 
alternate  with  the  petals,  persistent;  stigmas  4,  sessile;  ovary 
1-celled,  with  4  parietal  placentae;  capsule  4-valved,  separating 
between  the  placentae. 

Pamassia  fimbriata  Koenig.  Leaves  cordate  to  reniform,  3-4  cm.  broad, 
slender  petioled;  stems  20-40  cm.  high,  bearing  a  single  cordate  sessile  leaf 
above  the  middle;  sepals  oblong;  petals  oblong,  unguiculate,  fringed  near  the 
base,  white,  8-12  mm.  long;  scales  fleshy,  keeled,  each  usually  bearing  5-9 
teeth. 

Common  in  bogs  in  the  mountains. 

249.   LEPTARRHENA. 

Perennial  herbs  with  alternate  coriaceous  leaves;  flowers  in 
panicles;  sepals  5,  erect,  slightly  adherent  to  the  ovary;  petals  5, 
white,  narrow,  persistent;  stamens  10;  carpels  2,  united  only 
at  the  base;  follicles  erect,  slightly  spreading  at  the  tips. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE.  189 

Leptarrhena  amplexifolia  (Sternb.)  Ser.  Rootstock  stout,  covered  with 
the  old  brownish  leaf-bases;  basal  leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  serrate  above  the 
middle,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  green  and  shining  above,  pale  beneath,  3-12  cm. 
long;  petiole  stout  and  broad;  stems  20-40  cm.  high,  bearing  1  or  2  small  leaves; 
inflorescence  paniculate,  glandular;  sepals  ovate;  petals  white,  narrow,  about 
2  mm.  long;  carpels  8-10  mm.  long,  not  diverging,  usually  purple. 

Common  along  alpine  rivulets  at  about  1700  m.  altitude  in  Washington 
and  northward  to  Alaska. 

250.   SAXIFRAGA.     Saxifrage. 

Chiefly  perennial  herbs;  stem  short  or  none;  radical  leaves 
tufted;  cauline  mostly  alternate;  flowers  perfect,  solitary  or  in 
cymes  or  cymose  panicles;  calyx  5-lobed,  free  or  adhering  to  the 
base  of  the  ovary;  petals  5,  entire,  perigynous;  stamens  10, 
perigynous;  carpels  2,  nearly  distinct  or  united  into  a  2-celled 
ovary;  placentae  axile;  styles  distinct;  capsules  2-beaked,  2- 
celled,  sometimes  forming  two  almost  separate  follicles. 

By  some  botanists  divided  into  ten  or  more  genera. 

Stems  producing  perennial   branches,  these  densely  beset 
with  small  leaves. 
Leaves  coriaceous  and  evergreen,  entire. 

Filaments  clavate;  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,  not  cili- 

ate.  S.  tolmiei. 

Filaments  subulate;  leaves  lanceolate,  ciliate.  S.  bronchialis. 

Leaves  not  coriaceous,  thin,  3-5-lobed  or  cleft. 

Calyx  united  only  at  base;  leaves  cleft.  5.  cespitosa. 

Calyx  united  to  the  middle;  leaves  lobed.  S.  adscendens. 

Stems  not  producing  perennial  leafy  branches. 
Calyx  campanulate;  stems  leafy. 

Leaves  mostly  5-lobed;  sepals  obtuse.  S.  debilis. 

Leaves  entire  or  3-toothed ;  sepals  acute.  5.  nuttallii. 

Calyx  rotate;  leaves  all  or  mostly  basal. 
Leaves  serrate  or  coarsely  dentate. 

Petals  dissimilar;  leaves  spatulate,  serrate,  short- 

petioled.  S.  bongardi. 

Petals  similar;  leaves  cordate  or  reniform,  coarse- 
ly toothed,  long-petioled. 
Caudex  bulbous;  herbage  somewhat  glandular; 

leaves  usually  doubly  dentate.  S.  mertensiana. 

Caudex  not  bulbous;  leaves  glabrous,  simply 
dentate. 
Petals  orbicular,  clawed.  S.  odontoloma. 

Petals  elliptic,  not  clawed.  5.  nelsoniana. 

Leaves  entire  or  merely  crenate,  all  basal. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  petioled,  usually  coarsely 
crenate. 
Filaments  subulate.  'S'.  rufidula. 

Filaments  clavate.  S.  marshallii. 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,   oblong-spatulate  to 
ovate. 
Stems  30-60  cm.  tall;  flowers  7-9  mm.  broad; 

leaves  without  petioles.  S.  oregana. 

Stems  10-30  cm.  high;  flowers  6-8  mm.  broad; 

leaves  more  or  less  distinctly  petioled.  S.  integrifolia. 


190  SAXIFRAGACEAE. 

a>*^S  ^/i.0  Saxifraga  tolmiei  T.  &  G.  Densely  tufted,  the  leafy  stems  short  and 
Sv.  «H«««^  branched ,  nearly  prostrate ;  leaves  glabrous,  crowded,  succulent,  spatulate, 
^•lia.6-10  mm.  long,  the  margins  entire  and  revolute;  peduncles  erect,  scape-like, 
5-10  cm,  high,  glandular,  1-6-flowered;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse;  petals  oblong, 
unguiculate,  white,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  filaments  dilated;  carpels  often 
3  or  4,  united  only  at  base,  8-10  mm.  long. 

Abundant  in  the  mountains  along  rivulets  at  about  2000  m.  altitude.  First 
collected  by  Tolmie,  probably  on  Mount  Rainier. 

Saxifraga   bronchialis    austromontana    (Wiegand)    Piper.     Stems  tufted, 
densely  leafy,  erect  or  ascending,  10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  coriaceous,  subulate- 
lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  high;  flowers  cymose;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse;  petals  white 
with  a  few  yellow  spots,  oblong,  5-6  mm.  long. 
\     Common  in  the  mountains  on  rock  cliffs  at  1500-2000  m.  altitude. 

Saxifraga  bronchialis  vespertina  (Small)  Rosendahl.  Differs  from  5. 
bronchialis  austromontana  in  having  the  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  obtuse  or 
obtusish,  and  the  cymes  larger  and  looser.  # 

On  rock  cliffs  at  low  altitudes. 

Saxifraga  cespitosa  L.  Densely  tufted,  glandular-pubescent,  5-15  cm. 
high;  leaves  crowded,  spatulate,  6-20  mm.  long,  mostly  3-lobed  or  3-cleft,  with 
linear  obtuse  lobes;  peduncles  leafy-bracted,  glandular,  1-6-flowered;  sepals 
ovate,  obtuse;  petals  white,  oblong,  often  retuse,  5-6  mm.  long. 

Rocky  slopes  and  cliffs.  Two  forms  occur  in  our  limits,  one  high  alpine, 
densely  cespitose,  the  leaves  with  short  obtuse  lobes  and  obscure  veins;  the 
other  from  cliffs  along  the  Columbia  River  and  the  San  Juan  Islands,  with 
thinner  prominently  veined  leaves  and  a  taller  looser  habit.  The  latter 
approaches  closely  S.  cespitosa  laxa  Koch.  The  former  is  scarcely  matched 
in  European  material.  This  has  recently  been  proposed  as  a  new  species  by 
Small  under  the  name  Muscaria  emarginata,  the  type  being  Elmer  No.  2649 
collected  in  the  Olympic  Mountains.  This  plant  is,  however,  much  nearer  to 
true  S.  cespitosa  than  is  the  thin-leaved  form. 

Saxifraga  adscendens  L.  Glandular-pubescent,  3-10  cm.  high;  leaves 
mostly  basal,  cuneate  to  spatulate,  mostly  3-toothed,  ciliate,  5-10  mm.  long; 
flowers  few,  in  a  compact  cyme;  sepals  ovate,  glandular;  petals  white,  cuneate- 
oblong,  clawed,  3-nerved,  3  mm.  long. 

On  rocks  in  the  mountains,  known  in  our  limits  only  from  Mount  Baker, 
Flett. 

Saxifraga  debilis  Engelm.  Loosely  tufted,  somewhat  glandular-pubescent; 
stems  3-10  cm.  high,  ascending;  basal  leaves  roundish,  thin,  crenately  lobed, 
5-15  mm.  long,  petioled,  the  cauline  few-lobed  or  entire;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse; 
petals  white,  oblong,  clawed,  3-7  mm.  long. 

In  rock  crevices  in  the  mountains.  In  our  limits  known  only  from  Mount 
Rainier,  Allen. 

Saxifraga  nuttallii  Small.  (5.  elegans  Nutt.)  Glabrous,  5-30  cm.  high; 
stems  slender,  branched,  leafy;  leaves  oval  to  ovate,  entire  or  3-toothed  at 
apex,  4-10  mm.  long,  the  lower  ones  petiolate;  flowers  white,  on  slender  pedi- 
cels; sepals  triangular,  acute  or  acuminate;  petals  oblong,  obtuse,  4-5  mm. 
long;  follicles  united  below,  diverging  above. 

On  wet  banks  and  cliffs,  western  Oregon;  rare  and  local. 

Saxifraga  bongardi  Presl.  Pubescent  and  somewhat  glandular;  stems 
10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  in  a  basal  rosette,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate, 
toothed  above  the  middle,  2-6  cm.  long,  the  petiole  broad  and  short;  inflores- 
cence loosely  paniculate;  flowers  white,  some  of  them  often  replaced  by  leafy 
bulblets;  sepals  ovate,  reflexcd;  petals  lanceolate,  clawed,  unequal,  white  with 
two  yellowish  spots  at  base,  4-6  mm.  long. 

Common  along  alpine  rills. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE.  191 

Saxifraga  mertensiana  Bong.  Leaves  nearly  all  basal,  the  blades  orbic- 
ular-reniform,  incisely  many  lobed,  the  lobes  mostly  3-toothed  at  apex;  stems 
10-30  cm.  high;  panicle  loose,  the  branches  flowering  at  the  tips  and  usually 
bearing  bulblets  below;  sepals  reflexed;  petals  white,  oblong  or  obovate, 
short-clawed;  filaments  broadest  at  top. 

On  moist  cliffs,  especially  in  the  mountains. 

Saxifraga  odontoloma  Piper.  Glabrous  below  the  inflorescence;  leaves  all 
basal,  reniform-orbicular,  coarsely  and  evenly  dentate,  2-8  cm.  broad;  petioles 
2-3  times  as  long  as  the  blade;  scapes  10-40  cm.  high;  flowers  white,  in  a  loose 
panicle;  calyx  lobes  oval,  obtuse,  reflexed,  2  mm.  long;  petals  orbicular,  un- 
guiculate,  longer  than  the  calyx;  filaments  spatulate;  carpels  7-8  mm.  long, 
becoming  divaricate. 

Common  along  streams  in  the  mountains.  Formerly  confused  with  the 
European  S.  punctata  L. 

Saxifraga  nelsoniana  D.  Don.  Very  similar  to  S.  odontoloma;  petals  oblong 
to  ovate,  unguiculate  at  base,  3-4.5  mm.  long. 

Along  mountain  rivulets  at  1500-2000  m.  altitude,  Alaska  to  Washington. 
Except  for  the  form  of  the  petals  it  is  scarcely  distinguishable  from  S.  odon- 
toloma. 

Saxifraga  rufidula  (Small)  Piper  n.  comb.  (Micranthes  rufidula  Small.) 
Leaves  in  a  basal  rosette,  thickish,  ovate  to  oval,  crenate,  bright  green  and 
nearly  glabrous  above,  densely  red-tomentose  beneath  at  least  when  young, 
1-4  cm.  long,  short-petioled;  scapes  5-10  cm.  high,  pubescent;  cyme  few- 
flowered;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse;  petals  white,  4-5  mm.  long,  nearly  orbicular, 
clawed;  filaments  subulate. 

In  rock  crevices  mostly  in  the  mountains. 

Saxifraga  marshallii  Greene.  Very  similar  to  S.  rufidula,  but  the  leaves 
larger,  4-9  cm.  long,  not  so  thick  and  usually  less  pubescent;  filaments  clavate 
or   spatulate. 

Rock  crevices  in  the  mountains  at  about  2000  m.  altitude. 

Saxifraga  oregana  Howell.  Leaves  spreading  in  a  basal  rosette,  oblong 
to  oblanceolate,  obscurely  denticulate,  obtuse,  nearly  glabrous,  5-20  cm.  long; 
scapes  stout,  erect,  glandular,  30-90  cm.  tall;  inflorescence  paniculate,  usually 
pyramidal,  rather  dense;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  at  length  reflexed;  petals  white, 
oblong  to  oval,  short-clawed,  4  mm.  long;  filaments  subulate. 

In  marshes,  Washington  to  California;  rather  local. 

Saxifraga  integrifolia  Hook.  Leaves  all  basal  in  a  rosette,  oblong  to  ovate, 
entire  or  obscurely  denticulate,  viscidly-pubescent  or  glabrate,  4-8  cm.  long; 
scapes  glandular,  erect,  15-40  cm.  high;  inflorescence  paniculate;  sepals  ovate, 
becoming  reflexed;  petals  white,  obovate,  2-3  mm.  long;  filaments  subulate, 

Prairies,  rare.  First  found  near  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River  by 
Scouler. 

251.   BOLANDRA. 

Perennial  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  alternate; 
flowers  in  loose  few-flowered  panicles;  calyx  broadly  campan- 
ulate,  5-lobed,  the  tube  free  from  the  ovary;  petals  5,  on  the 
throat  of  the  calyx,  small,  subulate,  persistent,  recurved;  stamens 
5,  short,  alternate  with  the  petals;  ovary  enclosed  by  the  dilated 
calyx,  ovate  with  a  broad  2-celled  base,  deeply  cleft  above  into  two 
tapering  horns,  each  tipped  by  a  truncate  nearly  sessile  stigma; 
capsule  membranaceous. 


192  SAXIFRAGACEAE. 

Bolandra  oregana  Wats.  Flowering  stems  10-40  cm.  high,  the  inflores- 
cence glandular-pubescent;  leaves  reniform,  angularly  lobed,  dentate,  glabrous, 
2-6  cm.  broad;  calyx  large,  campanulate,  green  or  purple,  the  tube  5  mm.  long, 
the  lanceolate  lobes  shorter;  petals  purple,  lanceolate-attenuate,  about  1  cm. 
long;  carpels  scarcely  diverging,  conical,   1  cm.  long. 

On  wet  cliffs  in  the  gorge  of  the  Columbia  River  and  at  the  falls  of  the 
Willamette,  Oregon.     The  plant  bears  bulbils  near  the  base. 

252.   HEMIEVA. 

Glandular-puberulent  perennial  herbs  with  short  bulbiferous 
rootstocks;  basal  leaves  ternately  divided;  cauline  leaves  with 
more  or  less  developed  stipules;  flowers  in  a  cyme;  calyx-tube 
campanulate,  adherent  to  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary;  sepals  5, 
triangular-lanceolate;  petals  5,  obovate;  stamens  5,  opposite  the 
sepals,  erect,  on  the  outer  margin  of  the  disk;  styles  distinct; 
ovary  2-celled,  with  axile  placentae. 

Hemieva  ranunctilifolia  (Hook.)  Raf.  Glandular-pubescent;  stems  10-30 
cm.  high;  basal  leaves  long-petioled,  reniform,  3-parted,  the  segments  cuneate 
and  incisely  3-  or  4-lobed;  middle  cauline  leaves  similar  but  the  petiole  short 
and  broad;  uppermost  leaves  sessile,  3-lobed,  passing  into  the  oblong  bracts; 
flowers  white,  in  a  compact  cyme;  calyx  campanulate,  its  ovate  lobes  as 
long;  petals  obovate,  6-7  mm.  long. 

In  the  Cascade  Mountains  in  rocky  places  at  about  1700  m.  altitude. 
Bulblets  are  produced  in  the  axils  of  some  of  the  leaves. 

253.    SULLIVANTIA. 

Slender  acaulescent  perennial  herbs  with  small  ^rootstocks 
and  scape-like  stems;  leaves  alternate,  all  but  one  basal,  reniform 
to  orbicular  in  outline,  shallowly  lobed  and  coarsely  toothed, 
cordate,  long-petioled;  flowers  in  panicled  cymes;  calyx- tube 
campanulate,  longer  than  the  calyx;  sepals  5,  erect;  corolla 
whitish,  regular,  of  5  persistent  clawed  petals;  stamens  5;  ovary 
half-inferior;  follicles  erect,  enclosed  in  the  calyx- tube. 

Sullivantia  oregana  Wats.  Glandular-pubescent  above;  stems  10-20  cm. 
high;  leaves  orbicular,  cordate,  obscurely  lobed,  incisely  toothed,  2-5  cm. 
broad,  the  slender  petioles  dilated  at  base;  calyx  campanulate  with  ovate 
lobes;  petals  obovate,  unguiculate,  white,  1.5  mm.  long;  carpels  thin,  4  mm. 
long. 

On  wet  cliffs,  Multnomah  Falls  and  Elk  Rock,  Oregon. 

254.   THEROFON. 

Glandular-pubescent  perennial  herbs  with  scaly  rootstocks; 
leaves  reniform,  cleft  or  lobed  and  dentate  or  crenate;  stipules 
foliaceous  or  bristle-like;  flowers  perfect,  in  panicles  on  leafy 
lateral  shoots;  calyx- tube  campanulate,  urn-shaped  or  turbi- 
nate, adnate  to  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary;  sepals  5,  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate;  petals  5,  white,  obovate  or  spatulate;  stamens 
5,  opposite  the  sepals;  styles  2,  distinct,  in  fruit  forming  2  diver- 


SAXIFRAGACEAE.  193 

gent  beaks;  ovary  and  capsule  usually  2-celled  with  axile  placen- 
tae; seeds  numerous. 

Stipules  scarious  or  foliaceous.  T.  intermedium. 

Stipules  represented  by  bristles.  ,  T.  elatum. 

Therofon  intermedium  (Piper)  Heller.  Sparsely  pubescent,  glandular  in 
the  inflorescence;  stems  rather  stout,  40-50  cm.  high,  few-leaved;  basal  leaves 
orbicular,  cuneate  at  base,  subreniform  with  a  broad  sinus,  5-7-cleft,  the  lobes 
incisely  toothed,  5-9  cm.  broad;  cauline  similar  but  smaller  and  with  stipules; 
peduncles  axillary,  6-12-flowered;  calyx  campanulate,  its  lobes  triangular; 
petals  obovate,  white,  4-5  mm.  long. 

Chehalis  County,  Washington,  Lamb.  Very  closely  allied  to  T.  majus 
(Gray)  Wheelock  which  occurs  in  Idaho,  southern  Oregon  and  California. 

Therofon  elatum  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Sparsely  hirsute  with  reddish  hairs; 
stems  slender,  40-70  cm.  high,  few-leaved;  basal  leaves  reniform  cordate, 
5-9-lobed,  incisely  serrate,  slender-petioled,  2-5  cm.  broad;  cauline  similar 
but  smaller;  inflorescence  a  long  loose  panicle;  calyx  deeply  campanulate,  its 
lobes  acute;  petals  spatulate-oblong,  white,  4-6  mm.  long. 

Rocky  banks  of  streams,  Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

255.    CHRYSOSPLENIUM. 

Low  and  small  glabrous  herbs  with  tender  succulent  leaves; 
flowers  small,  solitary  or  in  leafy  cymes;  calyx-lobes  4  or  5, 
yellow  within;  stamens  8  or  10,  very  short,  inserted  on  a  conspic- 
uous disk;  styles  2;  capsule  obcordate  or  2-lobed,  flattened,  very 
short,  1 -celled  with  2  parietal  placentae,  2-valved  at  the  top, 
many-seeded. 

Chrysosplenium  scouleri  (Hook.)  Rose.  (C.  glechomaefolium  Nutt.) 
Perennial,  glabrous;  stems  creeping  or  ascending,  5-15  cm.  long,  rooting  at 
the  joints;  flowering  branches  ascending,  5-10  cm.  high;  leaves  opposite,  or 
those  of  the  flowering  stems  alternate,  orbicular,  crenate,  5-20  mm.  broad, 
nearly  sessile;  flowers  solitary,  axillary;  sepals  4  mm.  long,  obtuse;  stamens 8. 

In  muddy  places  in  the  mountains  at  low  altitudes. 

256.   TIARELLA. 

Slender  perennial  herbs;  leaves  palmately  lobed,  sometimes 
with  small  stipules;  flowers  small,  white,  in  a  terminal  raceme  or 
panicle;  calyx-tube  campanulate,  5-parted,  nearly  free  from  the 
ovary;  petals  5,  entire,  small,  short  clawed;  stamens  10;  fila- 
ments long  and  slender;  styles  2;  ovary  1-celled,  2-horned; 
placentae  parietal,  becoming  almost  basal  in  fruit;  ovules  num- 
erous; capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  the  valves  usually  unequal; 
seeds  usually  few. 

Leaves  merely  lobed.  T.  unifoliata. 
Leaves  trifoliolate. 

Leaflets  coarsely  dentate.  T.  trifoliata. 

Leaflets  deeply  lobed  or  cleft.  T.  laciniata. 

Tiarella  unifoliata  Hook.  Pubescent  throughout  or  nearly  glabrous; 
stems  simple,   15-40  cm.  high,  erect  or  ascending;  radical  leaves  ovate  or 

14 


194  SAXIFRAGACEAE. 

orbicular,  cordate,  long-petioled,  3-7-Iobed,  the  lobes  crenate-dentate;  cau- 
line  1-3,  similar  but  smaller,  short-petioled;  panicle  narrow,  loose,  5-15 
cm.  long;  flowers  white;  petals  small,  thread-like. 

Common  in  woods  at  low  altitudes  in  the  mountains. 

Tiarella  trifoliata  L.  Sparsely  hirsute,  the  inflorescence  glandular;  stems 
slender,  erect  or  ascending,  15-40  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  long-petioled,  trifolio- 
late,  the  middle  leaflet  cuneate-obovate,  3-lobed  and  toothed;  lateral  leaflets 
oblique;  cauline  leaves  similar,  smaller,  short-petioled;  panicle  narrow;  sepals 
oblong,  acute;  petals  filiform,  white,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  carpels  unequal, 
membranaceous,  the  larger  6-7  mm.  long. 
[Common  in  moist  woods. 

Tiarella  laciniata  Hook.  Similar  in  size  and  habit  to  T,  trifoliata;  leaves 
trifoliolate,  the  middle  leaflet  3-cleft,  the  segments  deeply  incised;  lateral 
leaflets  oblique,  2-cleft,  the  segments  incised. 

A  rare  species,  known  from  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  Mount 
Constitution  and  Skamania  County,  Washington. 

257.   TELLIMA. 

Perennial  herbs;  stem  simple  or  branched  at  the  base;  leaves 
few,  round-cordate,  toothed  or  palmately-divided,  chiefly  alter- 
nate; petioles  with  stipule-like  dilations  at  the  base;  flowers  in  a 
single  terminal  raceme;  calyx  5-lobed,  campanulate  or  turbinate, 
the  base  adhering  to  the  base  or  lower  half  of  the  ovary;  petals 
5,  white,  whitish  or  pink,  on  the  throat  or  in  the  sinuses  of  the 
calyx,  cleft  or  lobed;  stamens  10,  short,  included;  styles  2  or  3, 
very  short;  ovary  short,  1 -celled,  with  2  or  3  parietal  placentae; 
capsule  conical,  slightly  3-beaked;  seeds  very  numerous. 

Calyx  campanulate;  petals  sessile,  pinnately  parted;  plant 

not  producing  bulblets.  T.  grandiflora. 

Calyx  obconic;  petals  clawed,  palmately  cleft;  plant  producing 

bulblets.  T.  parviflora. 

Tellima  grandiflora  (Pursh)  Dougl.  Hirsutely  pubescent,  the  inflores- 
cence glandular;  stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  bearing  2  or  3  nearly  sessile 
smaller  leaves;  basal  leaves  cordate-orbicular,  shallowly  3-9-lobed,  dentate 
with  broad  teeth,  5-10  cm.  broad,  the  hairy  petioles  10-20  cm.  long;  raceme 
somewhat  one-sided;  calyx  campanulate,  8  mm.  long,  the  lobes  triangular; 
petals  pinnately  divided  into  filiform  segments,  greenish  at  first,  gradually 
changing  to  bright  red. 

Common  in  moist  woods.  T.  odorata  Howell  and  T.  hreviflora  Rydberg, 
each  based  mainly  on  slight  calyx  characters,  are  scarcely  distinct. 

Tellima  parviflora  Hook.  Perennial,  propagating  by  bulblets;  herbage 
rough-pubescent;  stems  slender,  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  palmately  3-5-parted; 
segments  cuneate,  3-cleft,  the  lobes  sometimes  again  cleft;  pedicels  erect, 
mostly  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  calyx;  calyx  4-6  mm.  long,  obconic  or  club- 
shaped;  petals  pink,  deeply  3-cleft;  ovary  half-inferior. 

In  gravelly  or  rocky  soil  in  open  places.  Bulblets  are  sometimes  formed 
in   the  inflorescence. 

258.  ,MITELLA.     Mitre  wort. 

Low  slender  perennial  herbs;  leaves  simple,  mostly  radical, 
long-petioled,   ovate  or  orbicular;   cauline  rarely   few,   usually 


SAXIFRAGACEAE.  195 

none;  flowers  small,  white  or  greenish,  in  a  simple  raceme;  calyx 
short,  the  broad  tube  5-lobed,  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary 
and  dilated  beyond  it;  petals  5,  slender,  pinnatifid  or  3-cleft 
into  thread-like  lobes;  stamens  10  or  5,  very  short;  styles  2, 
short;  ovary  globose,  1 -celled,  with  2  parietal  almost  basal 
placentae,  partly  superior;  capsule  globular  or  depressed,  hardly 
at  all  lobed;  seeds  several  to  each  placenta. 

Stems  bearing  1-3  leaves.  M.  caulescens. 

Stems  leafless. 

Petals  mostly  3-cleft  at  apex.  M.  trifida. 

Petals  pinnately  3-5-parted. 

Stamens  opposite  the  petals.  M.  pentandra. 

Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals. 

Leaves  broadly  reniform.  M.  hreweri. 

Leaves  oblong-cordate.  M.  ovalis. 

Mitella  caulescens  Nutt.  Stems  slender,  25-40  cm.  high,  bearing  1-3 
petioled  alternate  leaves;  basal  leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  5-7-lobed, 
crenate-dentate,  sparsely  hairy;  flowers  greenish,  in  a  loose  raceme;  petals 
pinnately  cleft  into  7-9  filiform  lobes;  plants  producing  runners  in  summer. 

In  moist  woods,  not  common. 

Mitella  trifida  Graham.  (Ozomelis  pacifica  Rydb.)  Leaves  all  basal,  their 
petioles  hairy,  slender,  5-7  cm.  long,  their  blades  reniform,  obscurely  7-9- 
lobed,  crenate-dentate,  sparsely  pubescent,  2-4  cm.  broad;  scapes  15-30  cm. 
high;  raceme  often  1 -sided;  calyx  campanulate;  petals  cuneate,  deeply  3-cleft. 

In  the  mountains  at  about  2000  m.  altitude,  rare. 

Mitella  pentandra  Hook.  Scapes  10-30  cm.  high,  puberulent;  leaves  all 
basal,  broadly  cordate,  coarsely  crenate,  sparsely  pubescent,  petioled;  raceme 
loose;  calyx  saucer-shaped,  the  lobes  short  and  obtuse;  petals  pinnately  divided 
into  7-9  filiform  lobes. 

In  moist  woods  in  the  mountains. 

Mitella  breweri  Gray.  Rootstock  horizontal;  leaves  all  basal,  few,  the 
slender  petioles  sparsely  hairy,  the  blades  reniform-orbicular,  obscurely  3-5- 
lobed,  crenate-serrate,  somewhat  shiny  above,  nearly  glabrous,  3-8  cm.  wide; 
scapes  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  calyx  saucer-shaped,  3-4  mm.  in  diameter; 
petals  greenish,  pinnately  3-5-parted  into  filiform  segments. 

Common  in  the  mountains  at  about  the  limit  of  trees. 

Mitella  ovalis  Greene.  {M.  hallii  Howell.)  Rootstock  short,  creeping; 
leaves  all  basal,  their  blades  oval,  cordate  or  reniform,  obscurely  5-9-lobed, 
crenate-dentate,  sparsely  hirsute,  2-4  cm.  long,  on  slender  hairy  petioles  4-10 
cm.  long;  scapes  exceeding  the  leaves;  calyx  saucer-shaped,  2-3  mm.  broad; 
petals  pinnate  with  3-5  filiform  segments. 

In  moist  ground  near  the  coast,  Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

259.   LEPTAXIS. 

Perennial  herbs  with  scaly  rootstocks  and  lateral  leafy  flower- 
ing branches;  stipules  membranaceous;  calyx-tube  funnelform, 
free  from  the  ovary;  sepals  5,  ascending;  petals  4,  subulate, 
persistent;  stamens  3,  opposite  the  upper  3  sepals;  ovary  1 -celled, 
many-seeded,  with  parietal  placentae,  attenuate  and  slightly 
stipitate  at  the  base,  each  carpel  long  beaked. 


196  SAXIFRAGACEAE. 

Leptaxis  menziesii  (Pursh)  Raf.  Sparsely  hirsute  throughout;  stems 
clustered,  40-60  cm.  high,  simple,  erect,  3-5-leaved;  basal  leaves  ovate,  cor- 
date, acute,  obscurely  5-7-lobed,  serrate-dentate,  5-15  cm.  long,  slender- 
petioled;  cauline  leaves  smaller,  shorter- petioled;  racemes  10-30  cm.  long; 
jjedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers;  calyx  cylindric,  dark  purple,  the  lobes 
unequal;  petals  filiform,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  lobes;  stamens  exserted. 

Common  in  rich  woods;  the  plant  propagates  itself  vegetatively  by  means 
of  an  adventitious  bud  formed  at  the  tip  of  the  petiole  on  many  of  the  leaves. 

260.    ELMERA. 

Low  glandular-pubescent  perennial  herb  with  a  thick  scaly 
rootstock  and  lateral  leafy  flowering  branches;  cauline  leaves 
with  conspicuous  membranous  stipules;  inflorescence  racemose; 
calyx-tube  deeply  campanulate,  adnate  to  the  lower  half  of  the 
ovary;  sepals  5,  ovate,  erect;  petals  5,  spatulate,  erect,  3-5-cleft 
at  the  apex  or  entire;  stamens  5,  opposite  the  sepals;  ovary 
1 -celled,  many-ovuled,  with  2  parietal  placentae. 

Elmera  racemosa  (Wats.)  Rydb.  {Heuchera  racemosa  Wats.)  Somewhat 
pubescent  and  the  inflorescence  glandular;  basal  leaves  reniform-cordate, 
obscurely  lobed,  crenate,  2-4  cm.  broad,  long-petioled;  stems  10-40  cm.  high, 
bearing  1-3  small  leaves;  flowers  white;  calyx  4  mm.  long,  campanulate,  its 
lobes  ovate;  petals  spatulate,  entire  or  somewhat  incised,  slightly  longer  than 
the   calyx-lobes. 

Rock  cliff's  or  rock  talus  in  the  mountains  at  1500-3000  m.  altitude.  Most 
abundant  in  the  Olympic  Mountains.     Known  only  from  Washington. 

261.   HEUCHERA.     Alum  Root. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  mostly  basal,  long-petioled,  rounded, 
mostly  cordate;  cauline,  if  any,  alternate;  petioles  with  dilated 
margins  or  adherent  stipules;  flowers  greenish  or  purple,  in  clusters 
which  form  a  long  narrow  panicle;  calyx  tube  campanulate, 
5-lobed,  coherent  with  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary;  lobes  some- 
times unequal;  petals  5,  small,  entire,  sometimes  minute  or 
wanting,  or  early  deciduous;  stamens  5;  styles  2,  slender;  ovary 
1 -celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae;  capsule  1 -celled,  more  or  less 
2-beaked;  seeds  numerous. 

Stamens  exserted ;  flowers  in  loose  panicles. 

Leaf  lobes  triangular,  acute;  herbage  glabrous.  H.  glabra. 

Leaf  lobes  rounded;  herbage  pubescent,  at  least  the  under 

leaf  surface.  _  H.  micrantha. 

Stamens  included;  flowers  in  a  spike  or  spike-like  panicle. 

Pubescence  villous  or  hirsute.  //.  chlorantha. 

Pubescence  glandular.  ,      //.  ovalifolia. 

Heuchera  glabra  Willd.  Glabrous;  stems  erect  or  curved,  30-60  cm.  high, 
bearing  1-3  leaves;  basal  leaves  cordate-orbicular,  5-7-lobed,  doubly  serrate, 
thin,  shining  above,  4-10  cm.  broad,  slender-petioled;  cauline  similar,  short- 
petioled;  panicles  loose;  calyx  turbinate,  puberulent,  the  oblong  obtuse  lobes 
as  long  as  the  tube;  petals  white,  ovate,  clawed,  2-3  mm.  long. 

Rocky  cliffs  and  slopes  in  the  mountains,  Alaska  to  Oregon. 


ROSACE  AE.  197 

Heuchera  micrantha  Dougl.  More  or  less  villous;  stems  erect,  30-60  cm. 
high,  bearing  1-3  leaves  or  scapiform;  basal  leaves  cordate-orbicular,  obtusely 
lobed,  crenate  with  cuspidate  teeth,  usually  pubescent  beneath,  ciliate,  2-6 
cm.  broad,  the  slender  petioles  usually  pilose  with  reddish  hairs;  panicle  loose, 
glandular-puberulent;  calyx  turbinate,  the  ovate  lobes  of  equal  length;  petals 
white,  oblanceolate,  clawed,  becoming  twisted. 

Common  on  rocky  cliffs.  The  less  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  form  is 
considered  by  some  botanists  distinct  under  the  name    H.  nuttallii  Rydb. 

Heuchera  chlorantha  Piper.  Tufted  from  a  branching  caudex;  leaves  all 
basal,  orbicular  to  reniform,  cordate,  7-9-lobed,  the  lobes  broadly  rounded 
and  dentate,  glabrous  except  on  the  veins  beneath;  petioles  slender,  sparsely 
pilose  with  brownish  hairs;  scapes  50-100  cm.  high,  villous;  inflorescence  a 
dense  narrow  panicle  5-10  cm.  long;  bracts  ovate  to  lanceolate,  fimbriate,  the 
lower  ones  3-cleft;  calyx  greenish,  turbinate-campanulate,  the  lobes  oblong; 
petals  minute  or  wanting. 

In  damp  meadows,  not  rare.  This  species  has  generally  been  confused  with 
H.  cylindrica  Dougl.  of  the  interior. 

Heuchera  ovalifolia  Nutt.  Densely  and  minutely  glandular-pubescent 
throughout;  leaves  all  basal,  broadly  oval  or  ovate,  slightly  cordate,  shallowly 
5-lobed,  crenate-dentate;  stems  erect,  10-30  cm.  high;  inflorescence  dense, 
2-6  cm.  long;  calyx  greenish,  6-7  mm.  long. 

In  rocky  places,  mostly  on  the  east  slope  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  in 
the  interior,  but  known  from  Mount  Hood,  Oregon. 

Family  49.     ROSACEAE.     Rose  Family. 

Herbs  shrubs  or  trees;  leaves  alternate,  simple  or  compound, 
usually  with  evident  stipules  which  are  often  quickly  deciduous ; 
flowers  regular,  mostly  perfect,  rarely  polygamo-dioecious ;  calyx 
of  5,  rarely  3-8,  sepals,  united  at  the  base,  often  surrounded  by 
a  row  of  bractlets;  calyx- tube  lined  by  the  disk;  petals  as  many 
as  the  sepals,  rarely  wanting,  on  the  edge  of  the  calyx- tube; 
stamens  usually  numerous  or  few  and  coherent  with  the  calyx- 
tube;  carpels  1-many,  distinct  and  free,  or  few  and  coherent 
with  the  calyx-tube  into  a  2-several-celled  inferior  ovary ;  seeds 
few  or  solitary;  endosperm  none,  scanty  or  rarely  copious. 

The  so-called  "  calyx- tube  "  in  this  family  is  partly  or  wholly 
a  hollowed-out  receptacle,   sometimes  called   the  hypanthium. 

Pistil  one. 

Fruit  a  drupe;  petals  present,  white. 

Flowers  perfect;  carpel  one.  262.  Prunus,  199. 

Flowers  dioecious;  carpels  5.  263.  Osmaronia,  199. 

Fruit  an  akene;  petals  none,  or  if  present,  yel- 
low. 
Petals  5,  yellow;  calyx  prickly.  274.  Agrimonia,  205. 

Petals  none;  calyx  not  prickly. 

Leaves    palmately-lobed;    flowers    axil- 
lary. 275.  Alchemilla,  206. 
Leaves    pinnately-lobed;    flowers    in    a 

spike.  276.  Sanguisorba,  206. 


198 


ROSACEAE. 


Pistils  more  than  one. 

Pistils  2-5,  united  with  each  other  and  with  the 
lower  part  of  the  receptacle  and  calyx-tube 
with  which  in  fruit  they  form  a  pome. 
Flowers    in    racemes;     locules    of    mature 

pomes  10. 
Flowers  in  corymbs  or  cymes;  locules  1-5. 
Carpels  stony  in  fruit. 
Carpels  papery  in  fruit. 
Pistils  few  or  many,  free. 

Fruit  of  few  2-several-seeded  follicles. 
Leaves  palmately-lobed. 
Leaves  not  palmately-lobed. 

Stamens  united  at  base;  flowers  in 

racemes. 
Stamens  not  united  at  base;  flowers 
in  panicles  or  corymbs. 
Stamineal  disk  adherent,  entire; 

ovules  2. 
Stamineal  disk  free  at  the  edge, 
not  entire ;  ovules  5  or  more. 
Shrubs    with    simple    leaves; 

flowers  perfect. 
Herbs  with  compound  leaves; 
flowers  dioecious. 
Fruit   of   numerous    1-2-seeded   akenes   or 
drupelets. 
Fruit  of  drupelets,  usually  united. 
Fruit  of  akenes. 

Receptacle  urn-shaped  or  bell-shaped, 
enclosing  the  akenes. 
Receptacle   fleshy;   akenes   num- 
erous. 
Receptacle  dry;  akenes  1-4. 
Petals  5,  yellow;  calyx  prickly. 
Petals  none;  calyx  not  prickly. 
Leaves   palmately-lobed ; 

flowers  axillary. 
Leaves    pinnately-lobed ; 
flowers  in  a  spike. 
Receptacle  convex,  flat  or  but  slightly 
concave. 
Styles  persistent,  mostly  plumose 
or  geniculate. 
Calyx-lobes  and  petals  8  or  9. 
Calyx-lobes  and  petals  5. 

Styles  jointed,   the   upper 

part  deciduous. 
Styles    not    jointed,    plu- 
mose or  naked. 
Styles  deciduous,  naked. 
Styles  terminal. 
Styles  lateral. 

Shrubs;  carpels  hairy. 
Herbs;  carpels  glabrous. 
Stamens  5;  carpels  10- 
15. 


264.  Amelanchier,  200. 


265. 
266. 


267. 


268. 


Crataegus,  200. 
Pyrus,  200. 


Opulaster,  201. 

LUTKEA,  201. 


269.  HoLODiscus,  202. 


270. 
271. 


Spiraea,  202. 
Aruncus,  203. 


272.  RuBUS,  203. 


273. 
274. 


275. 
276. 


Rosa,  204. 
Agrimonia,  205. 

Alchemilla,  206. 
Sanguisorba,  206. 


277.  Dryas,  206. 


278. 
279. 
280. 


281. 


Geum,  207. 

SlEVERSIA,  207. 

Potentilla,  208. 
Dasiphora,  210. 


282.    SiBBALDIA,  210. 


ROSACEAE.  199  ; 

Stamens     20;     carpels  i 

numerous.  ] 

Leaves    trif oliolate ;  ; 

receptacle    fleshy  1 

in  fruit.  283.  Fragaria,  210.  1 

Leaves  pinnate;  re-  '■> 

ceptacle     not  ) 

fleshy.  - 

Flowers       dark-  J 

purple;   recep- 
tacle spongy.     284.  Comarum,  21L 
Flowers     yellow 
or  whitish; 
receptacle 

dry.  ' 

Plant  stolon-  ,; 

iferous; 

flowers  sol-  * 

itary.  285.  Argentina,  21L  I 

Plant  not  sto- 
loniferous ; 
flowers  cy- 
mose.  286.  Drymocallis,  21  L 

262.   PRUNUS.     Plum.     Cherry.  ' 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  many  with  edible  fruits;  leaves  alternate, 

simple,  usually  serrulate;  flowers  white  or  rose-colored,  solitary  * 

or  fascicled  in  the  axils  or  in  terminal  racemes  or  corymbs;  calyx  ; 

5-lobed,  free  from  the  ovary;  petals  5,  on  the  calyx- tube;  stamens  i 

numerous ;  pistil  1 ;  style  1 ;  ovary  1-celled,  2-ovuled ;  fruit  a  drupe ;  \ 

seed  1,  rarely  2;  endosperm  none.  i 

Flowers  in  corymbs.  P.  emarginata.  i 

Flowers  in  racemes.  P.  demissa. 

Prunus  emarginata  erecta  (Presl)  Piper  n.  comb.     (Cerasus  erecta  Presl;  ^ji,a  M^/ 
Prunus  emarginata  villosaSudw. )     Wild  Cherry.     Small  tree,  10-20  m.  high;   ■^^' 
branches  and  bark  chestnut  brown,  with  prominent  lenticels;  leaves  narrow,  ■'. 

ovate,  elliptical  orobovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  cuneate  at  base,  minutely  serrate,  ^ 

tomentose  beneath,  3-8  cm.  long,  short-petioled;  corymbs  few-flowered,  ap-  | 

pearing  with  the  leaves,  the  pedicels  pubescent;  flowers  about  1  cm.  broad;  i 

fruit  oblong,  bright  red,  bitter;  stone  with  a  grooved  ridge  on  one  side. 

In  open  woods,  common.     The  trees  reach  a  maximum  diameter  of  about 
50  cm.  and  a  height  of  20  m. 

Prunus  demissa  (Nutt.)  Dietr.     Chokecherry.     Shrub  or  small  tree,  2-8  m.  2^l4^-7#y=7^ 

high;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  cuneate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  ^ 

sharply  serrate,   5-10  cm.   long,   sometimes  somewhat   pubescent  beneath;  ; 

petioles  1-2  cm.  long,  appearing  after  the  leaves;  calyx  somewhat  glandular;  ' 

petals  nearly  orbicular;  fruit  globose,  dark  purple,  5-6  mm.  in  diameter,  not  -, 

edible;  stone  globose.  ^ 

In  open  prairies.     First  collected  by  Nuttall  near  the  mouth  of  the  Willa-  i 

mette  River.  i 

263.    OSMARONIA.  1 

Shrubs   with   alternate   simple   entire   leaves;    stipules   none; 
flowers   polygamo-dioecious,   white,   in   loose   nodding  racemes, 


200  ROSACEAE. 

which  appear  with  the  branchlets  from  the  same  buds;  calyx 
turbinate-campanulate,  5-lobed,  deciduous;  petals  5,  broadly 
spatulate  ,  erect;  stamens  15,  in  two  rows;  styles  short,  lateral; 
carpels  5,  on  the  base  of  the  calyx- tube,  free,  glabrous;  fruit 
consisting  of  1-4  oblong-ovoid  1-seeded  drupes,  with  thin  pulp 
and  a  smooth  bony  stone. 

Osmaronia  cerasiformis  (T.  &  G.)  Greene.  Indian  Plum.  Shrub,  2-4 
m.  high;  leaves  broadly  oblanceolate,  acute,  5-10  cm.  long,  glabrous,  entire; 
racemes  nodding;  petals  white,  spatulate;  drupes  purple-black,  oblong. 

In  wet  soil,  common.  The  young  leaves  and  flowers  have  a  peculiar  rather 
unpleasant  odor.     The  fruits  are  somewhat  bitter. 

264.    AMKLANCHIER.     Sfuvtcf.  Berry. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  not  thorny;  leaves  alternate,  simple, 
petioled,  serrate  or  entire;  flowers  white,  in  racemes;  calyx-tube 
campanulate,  5-lobed,  more  or  less  adherent  to  the  ovary;  petals 
5;  stamens  numerous,  on  the  calyx- tube;  styles  2-5,  united  below 
or  distinct;  ovary  5-celled,  each  cell  2-ovuled;  berry-like  pome 
10-celled,  by  the  growth  of  a  false  partition  in  each  cell  of  the 
ovary;  ovules  10. 

Amelanchier  florida  Lindl.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  2-5  m.  high;  leaves 
broadly  oblong,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  obtuse,  tomentose  when 
young  especially  beneath,  glabrate,  toothed  above  the  middle  or  rarely  entire, 
2-4  cm.  long;  petioles  pubescent,  1-2  cm.  long;  racemes  4-8  cm.  long;  calyx 
pubescent,  the  triangular  acute  lobes  not  longer  than  the  tube;  petals  ob- 
lanceolate, obtuse,  about  1  cm.  long. 

In  open  woods,  common. 

265.   CRATAEGUS.     Thorn.    Hawthorn. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  mostly  thorny;  leaves  alternate,  petioled, 
entire,  serrate,  lobed  or  pinnatifid;  flowers  white,  rarely  rose- 
colored,  in  terminal  corymbs;  calyx-tube  cup-shaped  or  cam- 
panulate, adherent  to  the  carpels,  the  limb  5-lobed;  petals  5, 
roundish,  on  the  calyx-tube;  stamens  many,  or  only  5  or  10; 
styles  1-5,  separate;  ovary  inferior,  or  its  summit  free;  ovules 
one  to  each  carpel;  pome  small,  drupe-like,  with  1-5  bony 
carpels,  each  1-seeded. 

Crataegus  douglasii  Lindl.  ( C.  hrevispina  (Dougl.)  Heller.)  Shrub,  2-6  m. 
high;  spines  stout,  2-3  cm.  long;  leaves  obovate,  broadly  cuncate  at  base, 
coarsely  doubly  dentate  above  the  middle,  acute  or  obtuse,  sparsely  pubescent 
on  both  sides  when  young,  paler  beneath,  2-5  cm.  long;  petioles  short,  gland- 
less;  corymbs  usually  many-flowered;  flowers  about  12  mm.  broad;  calyx-tube 
glabrous,  the  lanceolate  lobes  pubescent;  anthers  pink;  fruit  black,  smooth; 
nutlets  with  cavities  on  the  ventral  faces. 

Along  streams  and  rivers,  not  common  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

266.   PYRUS. 

Trees  or  shrubs ;  leaves  simple  or  compound ;  flowers  in  corymbed 
cymes;  calyx  urn-shaped,  5-cleft;  petals   roundish  or  obovate; 


1 

5 

ROSACE  AE.  20 1  : 

J 
stamens  numerous;  styles  2-5;  pome  fleshy  or  berry-like,  the  ] 

2-5  carpels  or  cells  of  a  papery  or  cartilaginous  texture,  2-seeded,  1 

Leaves  simple;  cyme  simple.  P.  diver sifolia.  1 

Leaves  pinnate;  cyme  compound.  { 

Leaflets  acute,  serrate  the  whole  length.  P.  sitchensis.  \ 

Leaflets  obtuse,  serrate  only  at  the  apex.  P.  occidentalis.  \ 

Pyrus  diversifolia  Bong.      Wild   Crab-apple.     Small  tree,  5-10  m.  high,  i 

somewhat   spiny;    leaves   ovate-lanceolate,   acute   or   acuminate,    sometimes  i 

3-lobed,  serrate,  pubescent  beneath;  flowers  white,  in  a  simple  cyme;  fruit  \ 

oblong,  green  or  purplish,  depressed  at  each  end.  I 

In  swamps,  common. 

Pyrus  sitchensis  (Roem.)  Piper.     Mountain  Ash.     Shrub,  2-5  m.  high,  with^  A^  /yWf 
smooth  bark;  young  branches  pubescent;  leaves  pinnate,   12-20  cm.  long;   J^        ^   ^ 
leaflets  4-6  pairs,  mostly  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate,  ^2v*^^.v>****-  m 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  shiny  above,  2-6  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  broad;  cymes  dense, 
compound,  8-12  cm.  broad;  flowers  white,  8  mm.  broad;  calyx  and  pedicels  , 

loosely  woolly-pubescent;  fruit  bright-red,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter. 

In  the  mountains  at  low  altitudes. 

Pyrus  occidentalis  Wats.  Low  shrub,  about  1  m.  high;  leaflets  1-\\,%X./a.t  ^ 
oblong,  obtuse,  serrate  near  the  tip,  dull  above,  paler  beneath;  cymes  rather /gj^  ^>  i 
small;  fruit   purplish  with  a  bloom.  ^>aZ<«^^^ >*» 

In  the  mountains,  at  about  the  limit  of  trees. 

267.    OPULASTER.     Ninebark.  j 

Branching  shrubs;  leaves  petioled,  simple,   palmately-lobed ; 

flowers  in  umbel-like  corymbs;  calyx  5-lobed;  petals  5,  round,  ' 

on  the  calyx-tube;  stamens  many,  distinct,  on  the  calyx-tube;  } 

pistils   1-5,   more  or  less  united;  follicles   1-5,   2-valved;  seeds  j 

2-4;  endosperm  copious.  ] 

Opulaster  opulifolius   (L.)   Kuntze.     Shrub,   2-5   m.   high,  the  branches  j 

spreading  and  covered  with  a  thin  flaky  brownish  bark;  leaves  broadly  ovate  1 

to  orbicular,  cordate,  palmately  3-5-lobed,  somewhat  doubly  dentate,  nearly  ^ 

glabrous  above,  stellate  pubescent  beneath,  2-8  cm.  long;  petioles  1-2  cm.  i 

long;  inflorescence  a  dense  corymb;  petals  white,  obovate,  longer  than  the  j 

blunt  calyx-lobes;  carpels  membranaceous,  glabrous,  a  half  longer  than  the  1 

calyx.  j 

On  stream  banks.     The  western  form  is  by  some  authors  considered  distinct 
under  the  name  0.  capitatus  (Pursh)  Kuntze. 

268.    LUTKEA. 


Low  cespitose  shrubs  with  decumbent  stoloniferous  branches;  \ 

leaves  2-3  times  ternately  dissected;  flowers  perfect,  in  racemes;  • 

disk    thickened,    10-lobed;    calyx- tube    hemispheric;    sepals    5;  ; 

petals  5;  stamens  numerous;  pistils  usually  5,  distinct;  styles  ; 

terminal,  deciduous;  stigmas  truncate;  ovules    several;  follicles  j 

coriaceous;  seeds  linear-lanceolate.  ' 

Lutkea   pectinata    (Pursh)    Kuntze.      Densely    matted;    stems    creeping,  77/^0 '^*' 
slender,  woody;  leaves  twice  or  thrice  cleft  into  narrow  acute  spreading  lobes,  ^¥9^^ 

glabrous;  flowering  stems  5-10  cm.  high;  racemes  2-3  cm.  long.  -I 

In  alpine  meadows,  abundant,  often  forming  extensive  mats.  i 


202  ROSACEAE. 

269.   HOLODISCUS. 

Thornless  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  simply  pinnately  toothed 
or  lobed,  without  stipules;  flowers  numerous,  white,  in  terminal 
panicles;  calyx  deeply  5-lobed;  petals  5,  as  long  as  the  calyx 
lobes,  rounded;  stamens  20,  on  a  perigynous  entire  ring-like 
adherent  disk,  scarcely  exserted;  pistils  5,  each  with  2  ovules,  be- 
coming 1 -seeded  hairy  carpels  almost  indehiscent. 

Holodiscus  discolor  (Pursh)  Maxim.  Ocean  Spray.  Iron-wood.  Large 
shrub,  2-5  m.  high;  young  twigs  pubescent;  leaves  triangular-ovate,  mostly 
obtuse,  truncate  or  cuneate  at  base,  woolly-pubescent  beneath,  glabrous  above, 
2-5  cm.  long;  panicle  broadly  pyramidal,  much  branched,  10-20  cm.  long; 
flowers  small,  white,  becoming  yellowish;  calyx  densely  short-pubescent,  the 
lobes  acute,  spreading. 

In  open  woods,  abundant. 

270.   SPIRAEA. 


Shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  without  stipules;  flowers  white 
or  pink,  perfect,  in  racemes,  cymes,  corymbs,  or  panicles;  calyx 
4-  or  5-lobed;  petals  4  or  5,  exceeding  the  calyx  and  inserted  on 
the  calyx- tube;  stamens  numerous,  distinct,  on  a  disk  which  is 
free  at  the  edge  and  crenate  or  glandular- toothed ;  filaments  much 
exserted ;' pistils  commonly  5,  superior,  alternate  with  the  calyx- 
lobes;  ovules  5-11;  follicles  usually  5,  not  inflated,  1-valved; 
seeds  few  to  several. 

Low  depressed  shrubs  with  entire  leaves.  S.  hendersoni. 

Taller  shrubs  with  serrate  or  incised  leaves. 

Flowers  white.  S.  lucida. 

Flowers  red. 

Flowers  in  flat  corymbs.  S.  densiflora. 

Flowers  in  elongate  panicles. 

Leaves  tomentose  beneath.  S.  douglasii. 

Leaves  glabrous  beneath.  S.  menziesii. 

Spiraea  hendersoni  (Canby)  Piper.  Densely  matted  low  shrub  with  the 
leaves  in  rosettes;  leaves  oblanceolate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  thick,  pale  green; 
flowering  stem  5-10  cm.  high;  raceme  dense,  2-3  cm.  long. 

In  rock  crevices  on  high  peaks  in  the  Olympic  Mountains. 

Spiraea  lucida  Dougl.  Low  shrub,  30-60  cm.  high,  branched  below; 
leaves  elliptic  or  ovate,  rounded  at  base,  2-6  cm.  long,  coarsely  and  unevenly 
serrate  or  incised  above  the  middle,  green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides;  petioles 
short;  inflorescence  a  flat-topped  dense  corymb,  5-12  cm.  across;  flowers  small, 
white;  carpels  5,  glabrous. 

At  low  altitudes  in  the  mountains.  Very  feebly  distinguishable  from  the 
eastern  S.  corymhosa  Raf. 

/Hf  i4^t<u»*^^  Spiraea  densiflora  Nutt.     Stems  erect,  30-100  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate  or 
»•  y/.0t£J'^  elliptic,  serrate  near  the  apex,  usually  obtuse;  flowers  in  dense  corymbs;  petals 


ij^ 


itl 


AuA. 


rose-colored. 

In  the  mountains  at  1500-2000  m.  elevation,  near  the  limit  of  trees. 

Spiraea  douglasii  Hook.     Stems  erect,  1-2  m.  high;  leaves  oblong,  serrate 


ROSACEAE.  203  ! 

toward  the  apex,  tomentose  beneath;  flowers  in  dense  panicles,  8-20  cm.  long;  ' 

petals  rose-colored. 

In  swamps  and  on  the  margins  of  lakes,  common. 

Spiraea  menziesii  Hook.  Erect  shrub,  1-1.5  m.  high,  not  much  branched, /?A''  /rn  f^ 
minutely  pubescent  on  the  young  twigs  and  under  side  of  the  leaves;  leaves  Cfr-^  ^^^^ 
oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  green  on  both  sides,  lixM^  ^"f^ 
coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle,  rarely  entire,  3-6  cm.  long;  petioles  short;  njc'^f^r^  >^ 
panicles  dense,  pyramidal  or  oblong,  5-20  cm.  long;  flowers  rose-colored;  v"*^""^ 
calyx-lobes  becoming  reflexed;  carpels  5,  glabrous.  i 

In  wet  places,  rare  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  Common  in  the 
interior. 

271.  ARUNCUS.    Goat's  Beard. 

Tall  dioecious  herbs;  leaves  2-3-pinnate,  the  leaflets  rather 
large,  ovate-oblong;  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  on  long  spike-like 
branches  in  a  large  open  panicle;  petals  small,  narrow,  white; 
carpels  3  or  4. 

Aruncus  aruncus  (L.)  Karst.  Glabrous;  stems  erect,  1-2  m.  high;  leaflets 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  doubly  dentate,  5-10  cm.  long;  panicle  large; 
flowers  white. 

On  moist  cliffs  and  banks,  not  rare. 

272.   RUBUS. 


Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs  or  vines,  often  prickly;  leaves  alter- 
nate, simple,  or  pinnately  3-7-foliolate,  with  stipules  adherent 
to  the  petiole;  flowers  white  or  red,  solitary  or  in  racemes  or 
corymbs;  calyx  5-lobed,  without  bractlets;  petals  5,  conspicuous; 
stamens  numerous,  on  the  calyx- tube;  styles  nearly  terminal; 
carpels  numerous,  on  the  convex  receptacle,  ripening  into  1- 
seeded  drupelets  forming  an  aggregate  fruit. 

Herbs. 

Leaves  palmately  lobed;  carpels  tomentose.  R.  lasiococcus. 

Leaves  palmately  compound;  carpels  glabrous.  R.  pedatus. 

Shrubs. 

Stems  trailing. 

Leaves  mostly  compound;  berries  black.  R.  macropetalus. 

Leaves  mostly  simple;  berries  red.  R.  nivalis. 

Stems  erect  or  ascending. 

Leaves  palmately  lobed;  not  prickly.  R.  parviflorus. 

Leaves  compound;  prickly. 

Stems  perennial ;  berry  cylindric.  R.  laciniatus. 

Stems  biennial;  berry  hemispheric. 

Flowers  red ;  berries  yellow  or  orange.  R.  spectahilis. 

Flowers  white;  berries  black.  R.  leucodermis. 

Rubus  lasiococcus  Gray.  Herbaceous  with  trailing  stems;  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  3-5-lobed  or  rarely  3-foliolate,  the  lobes  or  leaflets  serrate;  flowers 
white,  solitary,  on  slender  peduncles;  fruit  composed  of  few-several  large  red 
fuzzy  drupelets. 

In  shaded  mountain  woods,  common. 

Rubus  pedatus  Smith.  Much  like  R.  lasiococcus  but  the  leaves  palmate 
with  3-5  leaflets;  fruit  red,  not  fuzzy. 

In  mountain  woods,  often  growing  with  R.  lasiococcus. 


204  ROSACEAE. 

RubusmacropetalusDougl.  {R.helleriRydh.)  Dewberry.  Stems  slightly 
woody,  biennial,  prickly,  trailing,  1-8  m.  long,  usually  unbranched  the  first 
year,  but  bearing  numerous  short  flowering  branches  the  second  year;  leaves 
3-foliolate,  rarely  5-foliolate;  leaflets  ovate,  mostly  acute,  rounded  or  cordate 
at  base,  doubly  and  somewhat  incisely  dentate,  pubescent  especially  beneath, 
2-5  cm.  long;  calyx  glandular  and  prickly;  petals  white,  1-2  times  as  long  as 
the  acute  somewhat  foliaceous  tipped  sepals;  fruit  black  when  ripe,  cylindrical, 
1-3  cm.  long,  finely  flavored. 

Abundant,  especially  in   "burns";  commonly  known  as   "blackberry." 

Rubus  nivalis  Dougl.  Stems  trailing,  armed  with  weak  prickles;  leaves 
ovate-cordate,  3-lobed  or  rarely  3-foliolate,  serrate,  shining;  petals  "  lurid 
red";  fruit  bright  red,  hemispherical,  acid. 

In  mountain  woods,  rarely  blooming. 

^  ^/^(^»^^  Rubus  parviflorus  Nutt.  Thimble  Berry.  Stems  wholly  unarmed,  peren- 
^^j  J^^  nial,  1-1.5  m.  high;  bark  brownish,  becoming  shreddy,  usually  glandular- 
y'\j  /D  ^pubescent  when  young;  leaves  palmately  and  acutely  5-lobed,  irregularly 
j-  ^^""^""^  serrate,  cordate  at  base,  soft-pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  10-30  cm,  broad; 

petioles  about  as  long  as  the  blades,  with  stipules;  corymbs  few-flowered; 
calyx  glandular  and  woolly;  petals  white,  about  2  cm.  long;  fruit  red,  flat- 
convex,  juicy,  about  2  cm.  broad. 
In  open  woods,  abundant. 

Rubus  laciniatus  Willd.  Evergreen  Blackberry.  Stems  climbing,  3-5  m. 
long,  armed  with  numerous  stout  recurved  prickles;  leaflets  3,  pinnately  cleft 
or  parted  and  laciniately  incised,  sparsely  pubescent  beneath;  petioles  prickly; 
flowers  in  small  corymbs;  sepals  pubescent  and  armed  with  straight  prickles; 
petals  white  or  pinkish,  often  incisely  cleft;  fruit  a  blackberry. 

Cultivated  and  commonly  established  as  an  escape  making  dense  thickets. 

Rubus  spectabilis  Pursh._  Salmon-berry.  Stems  1-3  m.  high,  armed  with 
weak  prickles;  leaves  mostly  3-foliolate;  leaflets  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
coarsely  serrate,  often  lobed;  flowers  red,  mostly  solitary;  fruit  a  raspberry, 
yellow   or   dark-red. 

In  swamps  and  along  streams.  Two  varieties  occur,  one  the  better- 
flavored  with  salmon-yellow  fruits,  the  other  with  reddish-black  fruits.  The 
latter  is  also  distinguishable  by  the  purple  color  of  the  twigs.  The  young 
fleshy  shoots  are  sweet  and  are  often  eaten  by  children  and  were  formerly  used 
as  food  by  the  Indians. 

Rubus  leucodermis  Douel.  Blackcap.  Erect  shrubs,  the  biennial  stems 
1-2  m.  higK,  very  glaucous,  armed  with  stout  straight  or  curved  prickles; 
leaves  3-foliolate,  rarely  5-foliolate;  leaflets  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  ser- 
rulate, white-pubescent  benjeath,  the  lateral  ones  oblique  and  frequently  with 
one  or  two  lobes;  petioles  and  midveins  prickly;  flowers  small,  in  few-flowered 
corymbs;  petals  white,  small,  erect,  shorter  than  the  reflexed  sepals;  fruit 
nearly  black  when  mature,  hemispherical,  glaucous  or  tomentose,  about  1  cm. 
broad. 

In  open  woods.     Young  shoots  sweet  and  edible. 

273.   ROSA.     Rose. 

Erect  or  climbing  shrubs,  usually  with  prickly  stems;  leaves 
alternate,  odd-pinnate,  with  adherent  stipules;  leaflets  mostly 
serrate;  flowers  solitary  or  in  corymbs;  calyx- tube  cup-  or  urn- 
shaped,  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit,  usually  5-lobed,  without  bractlets ; 
petals  5,  large,  obcordate;  stamens  numerous,  on  the  calyx-tube; 


ROSACEAE.                                                205  : 

styles  distinct  or  united;  carpels  numerous,  sessile,  within  the 

calyx- tube;  akenes  numerous,  enclosed  in  the  berry-like  calyx-  1 

tube.  ] 

Leaves  very  glandular  beneath.                                                     R.  ruhiginosa.  J 

Leaves  not  very  glandular.  \ 

Flowers  small,  about  2  cm.  in  diameter;  calyx-lobes  de-  ■ 

ciduous  from  the  fruit.                                                             R.  gymnocarpa.  j 

Flowers  large,  3  cm.  or  more  in  diameter;  calyx-lobes 

persistent.  ^ 

Flowers  mostly  solitary;  fruit  globose,  2  cm.  broad.          R.  nutkana.  5 

Flowers  in  corymbs;  fruit  ovoid  or  oblong,  not  more  ' 
than  1  cm.  broad.                                                             R.  pisocarpa. 

Rosa  rubiginosa  L.     Sweetbrier.     Stems  slender,  1-2  m.  high,  armed  with  ■ 
stout  recurved  prickles;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  not  foliaceous  at  the  tips;  fruit 
oval,  1-2  cm.  long. 

A  sweet-scented  species  introduced  from  Europe  and  now  abundant. 

Rosa  gymnocarpa   Nutt.     Small   shrub,   about    1    m.   high,   armed   with^A^yJ^y4^ 
numerous  slender  straight   prickles;   leaflets  5-9,  elliptic,   cuneate  at  base,      ^  ^.,«^ 

serrate,  nearly  glabrous,  5-20*  mm.  long;  serratures  and  petioles  glandular;  ^^^^'"'^ '^^sl^^t* 
flowers  mostly  solitary,  about  2  cm.  in  diameter;  calyx-lobes  acuminate,  not  rf^^"^ 
foliaceous  appendaged,  deciduous  from  the  fruit;  fruit  oblong  or  pear-shaped, 

about    1    cm.    long.  \ 

Dry  woods,  common.  ,       < 

Rosa  nutkana  Presl.     Stout,  1-2  m.  high,  armed  with  few  but  stout  prickles;  ■ 

leaflets  5-7,  ovate  or  elliptic,  obtuse,  coarsely  usually  doubly  serrate,  1-3  cm.  j 

long,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent,  usually  glandular  on  the  petioles  and  j 

serratures;   flowers   mostly   solitary,   4-8   cm.   broad;  calyx-lobes  glandular,  , 

foliaceous  appendaged,  persistent;   calyx-tube  globose,  smooth;  fruit  globose  \ 

but  varying  to  ovoid  or  pyriform,  about  2  cm.  in  diameter;  seeds  large.  j 

In  springy  places.     Usually  the  leaves  are  sprinkled  with  minute  glands  i 

beneath,  but  in  one  form  they  are  sparsely  pubescent,  becoming  glabrate.  ' 

Rosa  pisocarpa  Gray.     Very  similar  to  R.  nutkana,  the  leaves  usually  \ 
finely  pubescent;  flowers  smaller,  about  3  cm.  in  diameter,  usually  in  corymbs; 
fruit  ovoid  or  oblong,  5-10  mm.  in  diameter. 

Usually  growing  with  R.  nutkana. 

274.   AGRIMONIA. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate  with  crenate-  '\ 

serrate  leaflets;  flowers  small,  in  spike-like  racemes  with  3-cleft  ■ 

bracts;  calyx- tube  top-shaped  or  hemispherical,  the  throat  beset  j 

with  hooked  bristles,  hardened  in  fruit  and  enclosing  the  akenes;  \ 

petals  5,  yellow;  stamens  5-15;  styles  terminal.  \ 

Agrimonia  gryposepala  Wallr.     Hirsute  and  somewhat  glandular;  stems  ■ 

erect,  branched,  90-120  cm.  high;  principal  leaflets  7,  unequal,  oblong  or  the  j 

terminal  one  obovate,  coarsely  serrate,  pubescent  especially  on  the  nerves  ] 

beneath,  usually  with  small  leaflets  between  the  principal  ones;  stipules  coarsely  j 

toothed;  flowers  8-10  mm.  broad;  fruit  reflexed,  turbinate,  its  bristles  mostly  \ 

spreading,  the  outer  reflexed.  ] 

Sumas  Prairie,  Lyall.  \ 


206  ROSACEAE. 

275.   ALCHEMILLA. 

Low  annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  palmately  lobed  or 
compound,  with  sheathing  stipules;  flowers  perfect,  small,  green- 
ish, in  corymbs ;  calyx  4-  or  5-lobed,  with  as  many  minute  bractlets; 
petals  none;  stamens  1-4,  very  small;  styles  basal  or  lateral; 
carpels  1-4,  distinct,  free  from  the  calyx-tube;  akenes  1-4,  en- 
closed in  the  calyx-tube. 

Alchemilla  occidentalis  Nutt.  Annual,  2-8  cm.  high,  simple  or  branched 
below,  sparsely  hairy;  leaves  short-petioled,  fan-shaped,  3-parted,  the  lobes 
acutely  2-3-cleft;  stipules  conspicuous,  cleft;  calyx  1-1.5  mm.  long,  acutely 
4-cleft,  the  bractlets  minute;  akenes  ovoid,  pale,  1  mm.  long. 

In  dry  fields,  very  inconspicuous. 

276.   SANGUISORBA. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  odd-pinnate; 
stipules  adherent  to  the  petiole;  flowers  small,  perfect  (in  ours), 
in  dense  terminal  spikes  or  heads;  calyx  4-lobed;  petals  none; 
stamens  4-many;  styles  terminal,  filiform;  carpels  1-3,  free  from 
the  calyx-tube;  akenes  usually  1,  enclosed  in  the  4-angled  dry 
closed  calyx-tube. 

Annual;  flowers  greenish.  5.  occidentale. 
Perennial;  flowers  not  greenish. 

Flowers  white.  5.  latifolia. 

Flowers  purple.  5.  microcephala. 

Sanguisorba  occidentale  Nutt.  Annual,  erect,  glabrous,  15-40  cm.  high, 
usually  simple  below;  leaflets  4-6  pairs,  1-2  cm.  long,  ovate  or  oblong,  deeply 
pinnatifid  into  linear  obtusish  lobes;  flowers  perfect,  greenish,  in  short 
oblong  spikes,  1-3  cm.  long;  bracts  ovate,  scarious-margined,  persistent; 
calyx-lobes  broadly  ovate,  scarious;  stamens  4,  rarely  2,  somewhat  exserted. 

In  open  prairies;  scarcely  separable  from  5.  annua  Nutt. 

Sanguisorba  latifolia  (Hook.)  Coville.  (S.  sitchensis  C.  A.  Mey.)  Per- 
ennial, glabrous;  stems  30-90  cm.  high,  simple  or  branched  above;  leaflets 
5-10  pairs,  oval,  about  three  times  as  long  as  broad,  coarsely  serrate,  more  or 
less  cordate;  stipules  serrate;  spikes  3-10  cm.  long;  flowers  white. 

Wet  places  in  the  mountains,  rare  southward;  Alaska  to  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

Sanguisorba  microcephala  Presl.  Glabrous;  stems  erect,  20-60  cm.  high, 
sparingly  branched  above,  not  much  longer  than  the  leaves;  leaflets  9-13, 
oblong-ovate,  cordate,  coarsely  serrate-dentate,  1-4  cm.  long,  firm,  paler  be- 
neath; spikes  dark  purple,  dense,  oblong,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  sepals  oval; 
stamens   short,    not    much    exserted. 

In  bogs  near  the  ocean  coast,  Alaska  to  northern  California. 

277.    DRYAS. 

Low  tufted  shrubs;  leaves  simple,  petioled,  white-canescent 
beneath;  stipules  present;  flowers  rather  large,  perfect,  solitary 
on  slender  scapes;  calyx  persistent,  not  bracted,  glandular- 
hirsute,  8-9-lobed;  petals  8  or  9,  obovate,  larger  than  the  calyx- 
lobes;  stamens  numerous,  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx;  carpels 


ROSACEAE.  207 

numerous,  sessile  on  the  dry  receptacle;  style  terminal,  persistent, 
elongated  and  plumose  in  fruit. 

Dryas  octopetala  L.     Somewhat  shrubby,  densely  matted;  leaves  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse,  crenate,  bright  green  above,  white  beneath;  flowers  white. 
At  high  altitudes  on  Mount  Rainier  and  northward. 

278.    GEUM. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  pinnate,  with  stipules,  the  radical  clus- 
tered; cauline  smaller;  flowers  rather  large,  solitary  or  in  corymbs; 
calyx  5-lobed  with  5  alternate  bractlets;  petals  5,  obovate, 
usually  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  many,  on  the  throat 
of  the  calyx;  styles  terminal,  elongated  in  fruit,  usually  plumose 
or  jointed,   the  upper  part  deciduous;  akenes  2-6,  pubescent. 

Receptacle  downy ;  terminal  leaflet  cuneate-obovate  to  ob- 

lanceolate,  deeply  cleft  into  acute  lobes.  G.  strictum. 

Receptacle  nearly  naked. 

Terminal  leaflet  broadly  ovate  to  suborbicular,  not  cor- 
date, crenately  cleft  into  mostly  obtuse  lobes.  G.  oregonense. 
Terminal  leaflet  suborbicular,  cordate,  finely  crenate- 

dentate.  G.  macro phyllum. 

Geum  strictum  Ait.  Stems  60-120  cm.  high,  hirsute;  radical  leaves  pinnate; 
cauline  3-5-foliolate;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate,  incisely  and  acutely  lobed  and 
toothed,  pubescent;  petioles  hirsute;  flowers  rather  large;  petals  golden  yellow; 
receptacle  densely  pubescent;  styles  hairy  at  top,  the  lower  portion  not  glan- 
dular. 

Victoria,  British  Columbia,  common,  Macoun.  Not  elsewhere  reported 
from  west  of  the   Cascade   Mountains. 

Geum  oregonense  Scheutz.  Intermediate  between  G.  strictum  and  G. 
macrophyllum;  leaflets  obtuse,  the  terminal  one  broadly  ovate  or  suborbicular, 
cuneate  or  truncate  at  base,  deeply  lobed  and  toothed;  inflorescence  open; 
receptacle  glabrous;  petals  pale  yellow;  styles  puberulent. 

Reported  from  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun. 

Geum  macrophyllum  Willd.  Stout,  erect,  30-80  cm.  high,  bristly-hairy; 
radical  leaves  pinnate,  the  terminal  leaflet  much  larger  than  the  3-8  lateral 
ones,  broadly  ovate  or  suborbicular,  3-7-lobed,  dentate,  5-10  cm.  long;  lateral 
leaflets  ovate  or  elliptic,  dentate,  2-3  cm.  long,  usually  with  smaller  ones  inter- 
spersed; cauline  leaves  similar,  but  nearly  sessile,  with  1-3  leaflets  or  segments; 
stipules  ovate,  toothed,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  yellow,  about  1  cm.  broad, 
several  in  a  loose  cyme;  petals  obovate,  deep  yellow,  longer  than  the  reflexed 
acute  calyx-lobes;  fruiting  head  globose,  1.5  cm.  long;  akenes  hispid;  styles 
jointed  and  twisted  near  the  tip,  the  lower  portion  glandular. 

In  fields  and  meadows. 

279.    SIEVERSIA. 

Low  perennial  herbs  with  simple  stems;  radical  leaves  pinnate; 
flowers  in  terminal  cymes;  sepals  5,  erect  or  spreading,  with  5 
bractlets;  petals  5;  carpels  sessile;  styles  not  jointed,  persistent, 
erect,  plumose  or  naked. 

Petals  shorter  than  the  sepals.  S.  ciliata. 

Petals  longer  than  the  sepals.  S.  campanulata. 


208  ROSACEAE. 

Sieversia  ciliata  (Pursh)  G.  Don.  Erect,  from  stout  rootstocks,  30-50 
cm.  high,  soft  hairy  throughout;  radical  leaves  tufted,  oblanceolate  in  outline, 
10-15  cm.  long,  pinnate  with  numerous  leaflets,  these  cuneate,  obovate,  in- 
cisely  cleft  into  acute  narrow  lobes;  cauline  leaves  1  or  2,  much  reduced; 
flowers  long-peduncled,  3-5  in  a  cyme;  calyx  purplish,  the  linear  bractlets 
scarcely  exceeding  the  triangular  acute  calyx-lobes;  petals  oblong,  erect, 
yellowish  with  purple  veins,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  akenes  with  straight 
plumose  tails,  2-3  cm.  long. 

In  open  prairies,  rare  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains, 

Sieversia  campanulata  (Greene)  Rydb.  Very  similar  to  S.  ciliata;  stems 
not  so  tall,  15-25  cm.  high,  mostly  2-flowered;  calyx-tube  hemispheric,  the 
lobes  obtusish;  petals  broadly  obovate,  reddish-purple,  much  exceeding  the 
calyx. 

Olympic  Mountains,  Clallam  County,  Washington,  Elmer,  Grant;  Saddle 
Mountain,  Oregon,  Gorman. 

280.    POTENTILLA. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  pinnate  or  pal- 
mate, with  stipules;  flowers  perfect,  solitary  or  in  cymes;  sepals 
5,  rarely  4,  with  5,  rarely  4,  alternate  bractlets;  petals  5,  seldom 
4,  rounded,  mostly  yellow;  stamens  usually  20,  in  two  or  three 
rows  on  the  calyx-tube;  style  small,  terminal  or  nearly  so,  not 
elongating  in  fruit,  neither  jointed  nor  plumose;  carpels  usually 
numerous;  ovules  pendulous,  anatropous;  receptacles  and  akenes 
dry   in   fruit. 

Flowers  solitary,  long  peduncled.  P.  longipedunculata. 

Flowers  cymose. 

Cymes  leafy;  annuals  or  biennials  with  small  flowers 

and  ternate  leaves. 
•     Petals  as  long  as  the  sepals.  P.  monspeliensis. 

Petals  much  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

Cymes  loose,  rather  broad;  leaflets  oblanceo- 
late. P.  millegrana. 
Cymes  narrow,  elongated ;  leaflets  obovate.       P.  biennis. 
Cymes  not  leafy;  perennials,  with  digitate  leaves. 
Leaflets  3. 

Plant  densely  silky-villous.  P.  villosa. 

Plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  P.  flahellifolia. 

Leaflets  5-9. 

Low  alpine  plants,  20-30  cm.  high;  cymes  few- 
flowered. 
Leaves  green,  pubescent.  P.  diversifolia. 

Leaves  glaucous,  nearly  glabrous.  P.  glaucophylla. 

Taller  lowland  plants,  40-80  cm.  high;  cymes 
many-flowered. 
Leaflets  white-tomentose  beneath.  P.  gracilis. 

Leaflets  green  on  both  sides.  P.  macropetala. 

Potentilla  longipedunculata  Rydb.  Perennial  with  creeping  rootstocks, 
villous;  stems  ascending,  40-50  cm.  long,  dichotomously  branched;  leaves 
digitately  3-5-foliolate;  leaflets  oblanceolate,  3-5  cm.  long,  deeply  incised- 
serrate,  green  above,  white  tomentose  beneath;  peduncles  villous,  1-flowered, 
about  10  cm.  long;  flowers  2  cm.  broad;  petals  broadly  cuneate,  retuse,  yellow; 
stamens  about   20. 

Known  by  a  single  specimen  from  Monmouth,  Oregon;  possibly  abnormal. 


ROSACEAE.                                                209  ; 

Potentilla  monspeliensis  L.     Annual  or  biennial,  stout,  leafy,  erect,  30-80  i 

cm.  high,  hairy;  leaves  3-foliolate,  or  the  lowest  sometimes  5-foliolate,  green;  ; 

leaflets  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  serrate,  3-10  cm.  long;  cyme  rather  dense,  \ 

leafy;  calyx  hairy;  petals  pale  yellow,  obovate;  stamens  usually  20;  akenes  1 

glabrous,  rough.  .1 

In  open  places,  not  common.  ^ 

Potentilla  millegrana  Engelm.     Annual  or  biennial,  pubescent;  stems  erect  '■ 

or  ascending,  branched,  20-60  cm.  high;  leaves  all  trifoliolate;  leaflets  cuneate-  \ 

oblong,  incisely  serrate,  the  middle  one  lobed,  2-5  cm.  long;  cyme  loose,  the  j 

bracts  leaf-like;  sepals  acute;  petals  pale-yellow,  half  as  long  as  the  sepals;  \ 

stamens  mostly  10,  3-4  mm.  long;  akenes  pale.  ■ 

Prairies  and  river  banks,  rare  in  our  limits.  j 

Potentilla  biennis  Greene.     Very  similar  to  P.  millegrana,  usually  some-  • 

what   glandular;   leaflets  broadly  cuneate-obovate;   inflorescence   somewhat  j 

elongate.  ] 

Prairies,  not  common.  \ 

Potentilla  villosa  Pall.     Perennial  from  a  thick  caudex,  densely  silvery  '< 

pubescent;    stems    10-20   cm.    high,    1-2-leaved;    leaves   3-foliolate;    leaflets  I 
cuneate-obovate,  coarsely  toothed,  silky  above,  tomentose  beneath,  2-4  cm. 

long;  cyme  few-flowered;  sepals  ovate;  petals  obcordate,  8-12  mm.  long;  : 

stamens  about  20.  i 

In  rocky  places  in  the  mountains  at  about  2000  m.  altitude.  Washington 
northward  to  Alaska. 

Potentilla  flabellifolia  Hook.     Perennial  from  a  short  rootstock,  green,^Ao  M^M 
nearly  glabrous;   leaves  3-foliolate,   thin;   leaflets  cuneate-obovate,   incisely  ffw^pt 

toothed,  minutely  pubescent,  2-3  cm.  long,  the  median  one  petiolulate;  petals  \ 

obcordate,  8-10  mm.  long,  bright  yellow,  longer  than  the  sepals;  stamens  \ 

about  20.       ^                  _                   ^  I 

Common  in  the  moist  mountain  meadows;  first  found  on  Mount  Rainier  \ 

by  Douglas,  according  to  Hooker  but  this  is  an  error,  as  Douglas  was  never  j 

on  this  mountain.  ] 

Potentilla  diversifolia  Lehm.  Perennial,  somewhat  silky-pubescent; 
stems  ascending,  10-20  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  5-7-folioIate,  pinnate  or  digitate; 
leaflets  cuneate-oblanceolate,  incisely  toothed,  unequal,  silky  beneath;  cyme 
few-flowered;  petals  obovate,  emarginate,  6-7  mm.  long,  one  half  longer  than 
the  sepals;  stamens  about  20. 

In  the  mountains  at  about  1500  m.  altitude. 

Potentilla  glaucophylla  Lehm.  Very  similar  to  P.  diversifolia,  but  less 
pubescent  and  somewhat  glaucous;  leaves  apparently  always  digitate. 

Mount  Rainier,  Piper,  and  widely  distributed  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  '^ 

Potentilla  gracilis  Dougl.     Perennial;  stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  white  j 

villous;  leaves  digitate;  leaflets  5-7,  oblanceolate,  pinnately  incised  half  way  j 

to  the  midrib  into  acute  teeth,  dark  green  above,  densely  white  tomentose  1; 

beneath,  3-6  cm.  long;  petiole  of  basal  leaves  long,  of  the  cauline  short;  cyme  * 
flat  topped,  rather  loose;  petals  bright  yellow,  obcordate,  about  1  cm.  long, 

much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  sepals.  . 

Prairies,   Vancouver  Island  to  southern  Oregon.  i 

Potentilla   macropetala    Rydb.     Perennial,    somewhat    pubescent;    stems  i 

ascending  or  decumbent  at  base,  20-40  cm.   high,    sparsely    hairy;    leaves  j 

digitate,  the  basal  mostly  5-foliolate  and  long-petioled,  the  upper  ternate  and  : 

subsessile;  leaflets  cuneate,  coarsely  toothed,  green,  appressed  pubescent  on  \ 

both  sides;  cyme  few-flowered;  sepals  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate;  petals  \ 

broadly  obcordate,  about  1  cm.  long;  stamens  about  20.  \ 

Tillamook,  Oregon,  and  southward.  i 

^5  \ 


210  ROSACEAE. 

281.    DASIPHORA. 

Small  shrubs  with  pinnate  leathery  leaves;  stipules  sheathing, 
scarious;  flowers  axillary,  yellow;  calyx-tube  saucer-shaped; 
bractlets,  sepals  and  petals  5,  the  petals  nearly  orbicular;  stamens 
numerous;  pistils  numerous;  styles  club-shaped,  thick  and 
glandular  upward,  inserted  near  or  below  the  middle  of  the 
ovary;  stigmas  large,  4-lobed;  akenes  densely  covered  with  long 
straight  hairs. 

Dasiphora  fruticosa  (L.)  Rydb.  Much  branched,  30-100  cm.  high;  leaves 
numerous,  pinnate  with  5-7  leaflets;  leaflets  linear  to  lanceolate-oblong,  acute, 
somewhat  involute,  silky,  paler  beneath,  1-2  cm.  long;  petals  bright  yellow, 
orbicular,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

In  rocky  places  in  the  mountains  at  about  1500  m.  altitude. 

282.   SIBBALDIA. 

Depressed  somewhat  woody  alpine  plants  with  alternate 
trifoliolate  leaves;  flowers  in  cymes  on  nearly  leafless  peduncles; 
calyx  persistent,  slightly  concave,  5-lobed,  with  5  bracts; 
petals  5,  yellow,  much  smaller  than  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  5, 
on  the  margin  of  the  villous  disk;  carpels  5-10,  on  short  pubescent 
stipes;  styles  lateral. 

Sibbaldia  procumbens  L.  Perennial,  sparsely  villous,  5-15  cm.  high; 
leaflets  3,  rather  thick,  cuneate,  3-5-toothed  at  the  truncate  apex,  1-2  cm. 
long;  peduncles  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves;  petals  yellow,  acute. 

At  high  altitudes  in  the  mountains. 

283.  FRAG  ARIA.    Strawberry. 

Acaulescent  perennial  herbs,  propagating  by  runners;  leaves 
alternate,  basal,  tufted,  3-foliolate,  with  obovate  serrate  leaflets; 
flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  white,  few,  in  corymbs  or  racemes, 
on  naked  scapes;  calyx  deeply  5-lobed,  with  5  alternate  bractlets; 
petals  5,  obovate,  short-clawed;  stamens  numerous,  in  1  row; 
style  lateral;  carpels  numerous;  receptacle  much  enlarged  and 
fleshy  in  fruit,  conical,  scarlet  or  white,  bearing  the  small  turgid 
akenes  on  the  surface. 

Leaves  thick,  silky  and  tomentulose  beneath. 

Leaflets  strongly  reticulate;  pubescence  close.  F.  chiloensis. 

Leaflets  not  strongly  reticulate;  pubescence  loose.  F.  crinita. 
Leaves  thin,  not  at  all  tomentulose  beneath. 

Flowers  white.  F.  hracteata. 

Flowers  pink.  F.  helleri. 

H    \\r  {^  f" Frftgmjfl  chilnensis  (\..\  Duch.     Rootstock  stout;  leaves  usually  3-10  cm. 

^^^«      long,  tne  petioles  villous;  leaflets  obovate,  the  lateral  ones  oblique,  coarsely 

*^  <ur'V^'^-*-  toothed,  firm,  nearly  glabrous  above,  densely  silky  beneath,  reticulated, 
2-5  cm.  long,  all  with  short  petiolules;  scape  villous,  usually  longer  than  the 
leaves,  the  cyme  few-flowered;  calyx  silky-villous,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acute, 
longer  than  the  bractlets;  petals  nearly  orbicular;  fruit  hemispherical,  sweet 
and  juicy,  the  akenes  nearly  superficial. 


ROSACEAE.  ___  211 

Very  common  in  open  places.  F.  cuneifolia  Nutt.  is  probably  indistin- 
guishable. It  is  usually  characterize3~Ey  having  narrower  more  cuneate 
longer-stalked  thinner  less-reticulated  leaflets  and  slightly  smaller  flowers; 
but  all  of  these  characters  are  decidedly  variable  in  F.  chiloensis. 

Fragaria  crinita  Rydb.  Very  similar  to  F.  chiloensis  but  more  hairy,  not 
reticulated,  some  of  the  pubescence  loose  and  spreading;  petioles  densely 
hirsute. 

Infrequent,  British  Columbia  to  California. 

Fragaria  bracteata  Heller.  Rootstocks  stout;  scapes  10-20  cm.  high, 
usually  exceeding  the  leaves;  whole  plant  sparsely  silky-villous;  leaflets 
broadly  obovate,  cuneate  at  base,  coarsely  dentate;  lateral  leaflets  oblique; 
flowers  1.5-2  cm.  broad;  petals  nearly  orbicular,  somewhat  longer  than  the 
spreading  sepals;  fruit  oblong,  the  akenes  on  the  surface. 

In  prairies  and  open  woods,  common. 

Fragaria  helleri  Holzinger.  Very  similar  to  F.  hracteata;  petals  pink; 
flowers  more  often  nodding. 

Known  from  only  a  few  localities,  namely  Olympia,  Olga,  and  Woodlawn, 
Washington,  and  Latah  County,  Idaho.  Probably  not  distinct  from  F. 
hracteata. 

284.    COMARUM. 

Stout  dark  green  nearly  glabrous  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alter- 
nate, pinnate,  with  large  stipules;  flowers  large,  cymose  or  soli- 
tary, terminal  or  also  axillary;  calyx  deeply  5-lobed  and  with  5 
narrow  bractlets;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes,  acute, 
purple;  stamens  numerous  on  the  large  pubescent  disk;  pistils 
numerous  on  the  pubescent  receptacle  which  becomes  spongy  in 
fruit;  styles  lateral;  akenes  glabrous. 

Comarum  palustre  L.  Perennial;  stems  decumbent,  rooting  below,  30-90 
cm.  long;  leaves  pinnately  5-7-foliolate;  leaflets  elliptic  or  oblong,  serrate, 
obtuse,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  5-8  cm.  long;  cyme  few-flowered; 
flowers   dark-purple. 

In  swampy  places  or  shallow  water  especially  along  lake  shores,  common. 

285.   ARGENTINA. 

Stoloniferous  creeping  herbs  with  pinnately  compound  leaves; 
flowers  axillary  solitary;  calyx  deeply  5-lobed  and  with  5  alternate 
bractlets;  petals  yellow;  stamens  20  or  more;  carpels  numerous 
on  a  small  villous  receptacle ;  style  filiform,  lateral ;  akenes  glabrous, 

Argentina  grandis  (T.  &  G.)  Piper  n.  comb.  {Potentilla  anserina  grandis 
T.  &  G.;  P.  pacifica  Howell;  Argentina  occidentalis  Rydh.)  Leaves  30-40  cm. 
long,  with  7-31  principal  leaflets,  bright  green  above,  white  tomentose  be- 
neath; leaflets  oblong  to  obovate,  coarsely  serrate,  the  larger  4-6  cm.  long; 
peduncles  10-30  cm.  long,  nearly  glabrous;  akenes  firm,  laterally  compressed, 
rounded  on  the  back. 

Abundant  along  the  seashore,  rare  elsewhere. 

286.    DRYMOCALLIS. 

Very  similar  to  Potentilla;  leaves  pinnate;  flowers  yellow  or 
whitish;  stamens  in  groups  on  a  thick  fleshy  disk;  anthers  flat; 
styles  lateral,  nearly  basal;  seeds  ascending,  orthotropous. 


212  LEGUMINOSAE. 

Sepals  broadly  ovate.  D.  wrangeliana. 
Sepals  lanceolate  to  ovate. 

Petals  small,  slightly  if  at  all  exceeding  the  sepals.  D.  glandulosa. 

Petals  large,  much  exceeding  the  sepals.  D.  valida. 

Drymocallis  wrangeliana  (Fisch.  &  Lall.)  Rydb.  (D.  oregana  (Nutt.) 
Rydb.)  Villous  and  glandular;  stems  erect,  6(>-90  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  with 
7-9  leaflets,  these  cuneate-obovate,  doubly  serrate-dentate,  pubescent  on  both 
sides,  3-4  cm.  long;  petioles  hairy;  cauline  leaves  gradually  reduced  upwards; 
cyme  rather  loose;  calyx  glandular-hairy,  the  sepals  ovate,  the  bractlets  lan- 
ceolate and  smaller;  petals  yellow,  oval,  5-7  mm.  long. 

In  open  places  mostly  at  low  altitudes  in  the  mountains. 

Drymocallis  glandulosa  (Lindl.)  Rydb.  Perennial;  stems  erect,  40-50  cm. 
high,  sparsely  villous  and  glandular,  loosely  branched  above;  basal  leaves 
with  7-9  leaflets,  these  obovate  or  orbicular,  simply  or  doubly  dentate,  sparsely 
pubescent,  1-3  cm.  long;  cauline  leaves  usually  with  fewer  leaflets;  flowers 
10-15  mm.  broad,  in  loose  open  cymes;  calyx  somewhat  glandular;  bractlets 
shorter  than  the  ovate  acute  or  acuminate  calyx-lobes;  petals  oval  or  obovate, 
about  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

Prairies  and  open  places. 

Diymocallis  valida  (Greene)  Piper.  Similar  in  habit  to  D.  glandulosa; 
glandular-pubescent  throughout;  leaflets  7-11,  mostly  obovate  to  orbicular, 
incisely  serrate,  3-6  cm.  long;  cyme  rather  loose  and  flat-topped;  petals  elliptic 
to  suborbicular,  one  third  longer  than  the  sepals. 

Open  places  in  the  mountains. 

Family   50.    LEGUMINOSAE.     Pulse  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees;  leaves  alternate,  mostly  compound, 
with  stipules;  flowers  irregular  {papilionaceous)  (in  ours),  perfect 
or  sometimes  polygamous,  in  spikes,  heads,  racemes  or  panicles; 
calyx  4-5-toothed  or  cleft;  lobes  equal  or  unequal,  sometimes 
in  2  lips;  petals  more  or  less  united  or  separate,  perigynous  or 
hypogynous,  usually  papilionaceous,  that  is,  with  the  upper  or 
odd  petal  {standard)  larger  than  the  others  and  usually  turned 
backward  or  spreading;  the  two  lateral  ones  {wings)  oblique  and 
exterior  to  the  two  lower;  the  last  pair  connivent  and  commonly 
more  or  less  coherent  by  their  anterior  edges,  forming  the  keel, 
which  usually  encloses  the  stamens  and  pistil;  stamens  10,  rarely 
5  or  many,  monadelphous,  diadelphous  or  sometimes  distinct; 
pistil  1,  1-celled  or  several-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  partitions, 
free;  ovules  1-many;  fruit  a  legume;  endosperm  mostly  none. 

Stamens  distinct.  287.  Thermopsis,  213. 

Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous. 

Anthers  of  two  forms,  round  and  oblong. 

Leaves  palmate  with  5-^1  rieafletsV plant  not 

spiny.  288.  Lupinus,  213. 

Leaves  with  solitary  leaflets;  plant  spiny.  289.  Ulex,  217. 


LEGUMINOSAE.  213 

Anthers  all  alike. 

Leaves  palmate  or  trifoliolate. 

Foliage  glandular-dotted.  290.  Psoralea,  218. 

Foliage  not  glandular-dotted. 

Flowers  in  heads.  291.  Trifolium,  218. 

Flowers  in  racemes. 

Racemes     close,     spike-like;    pods 

curved  or  twisted.  292.  Medicago,  222. 

Racemesloose,  long;  pods  straight.     293.  Melilotus,  222. 
Leaves  pinnate. 

Leaves    abruptly    pinnate,    usually    with 
tendrils. 
Style  filiform,  hairy  near  the  tip  only.       294.  ViciA,  222. 
Style    flattened,    hairy    on   the    inner 

side.  295.  Lathyrus,  223. 

Leaves  odd  pinnate,  without  tendrils. 

Pod  a  loment.  296.  Hedysarum,  225. 

Pod  not  a  loment. 

Flowers  in  umbels  or  solitary;  pods 

linear.  297.  Hosackia,  225. 

Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes,  rarely 
solitary,    then   the    pods   not 
linear. 
Keel    of   the    corolla    acute    or 

subulate  at  the  apex.  298.  Oxytropis,  227. 

Keel   of   the  corolla  obtuse  at 
the  apex.  299.  Astragalus,  227. 

287.   THERMOPSIS. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  palmately  3-foliolate,  with 
large  foliaceous  stipules;  flowers  large,  yellow,  in  terminal  or 
axillary  racemes;  calyx  campanulate,  the  lobes  equal  and  separate 
or  the  two  upper  united;  standard  nearly  orbicular,  equalling 
the  oblong  wings  and  about  equalling  the  keel;  stamens  10,  dis- 
tinct; ovary  sessile  or  short-stipitate;  ovules  numerous;  pod 
sessile  or  short-stipitate  in  the  calyx,  flat,  linear,  straight  or 
curved. 

Thermopsis  gracilis  Howell.  {T.  montana ovata  Robinson.)  Stout,  60-100 
cm.  high,  the  glabrous  somewhat  glaucous  stems  slightly  branched  above; 
leaflets  oval,  ovate  or  obovate,  mostly  obtuse,  cuneate  at  base,  3-6  cm.  long, 
glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath;  stipules  ovate  or  lanceolate,  large;  petioles 
about  as  long  as  the  leaflets;  raceme  terminal,  short-peduncled,  8-16  cm.  long; 
flowers  yellow,  somewhat  whorled,  stout-pedicelled;  calyx  pubescent,  its  teeth 
triangular,  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  nearly  2  cm.  long;  pods  pubescent, 
dark-colored,  linear,  slender-beaked,  5-10  cm.  long,  erect  or  ascending,  8-12- 
seeded. 

In  open  woods,  Chehalis  County,  Washington,  Lamb,  and  southwards; 
scarcely  more  than  a  subspecies  of   T.  montana  Nutt. 

.   288.   LUPINUS.     Lupine. 

Annuals  or  herbaceous  or  shrubby  perennials;  leaves  alternate 
or  basal,  palmately  5-1 3-foliolate;  flowers  showy,  often  whorled, 


214 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes;  calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  often 
bifid,  the  lower  sometimes  3-toothed;  standard  orbicular  with 
reflexed  sides;  wings  obovate,  united  at  the  summit  and  enclosing 
the  falcate  keel;  stamens  united  into  a  closed  tube;  ovary  sessile; 
pod  more  or  less  flattish,  leathery  and  hairy. 

Annuals. 

Corolla  15  mm.  long;  pod  short,  ovate,  villous,  1  or  2- 

seeded.  L.  microcarpus. 

Corolla  6-8  mm.  long;  pods  linear,  silky,  4-6-seeded. 
Bracts  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx;  plant  suc- 
culent. L.  carnosulus. 
Bracts  much  shorter  than  the  calyx;  plants  not  suc- 
culent. 
Flowers  subsessile,  6  mm.  long.  L.  micranthus. 
Flowers  distinctly  pedicelled,  8  mm.  long.  L.  hicolor. 
Perennials. 

Calyx  saccate  or  spurred  at  base.  L.  laxifiorus. 

Calyx  symmetrical  or  nearly  so. 

Pubescence  thin,  never  silky  or  villous;  leaves  gla- 
brous above. 
Leaflets  10-16,  very  large,  6-14  cm.  long;  stems 

usually  simple;  pods  loosely  villous.  L.  polyphyllus. 

Leaflets  6-9, 4-9  cm.  long;  stems  usually  branched; 

pods  thinly  pubescent.  L.  columbianus. 

Pubescence  either  silky  or  villous. 

Herbage  more  or  less  villous  with  loose  hairs, 
never  silky. 
Keel  ciliate;  corolla  8-10  mm.   long;  alpine 

plant,  10-20  cm.  high.  L.  volcanicus. 

Keel  naked;  corolla  larger. 

Corolla  15-18  mm.  long;  pubescence  long 
villous;   somewhat   fleshy   plant   of  the 
seacoast. 
Corolla  12-16  mm.  long;  pubescence  thin, 
short-villous;  subalpine  plant. 
Herbage  silky,  often  silvery. 

Stems  dwarf,  7-15  cm.  high;  racemes  short; 
high  alpine  species. 
Leaflets  5-8,  acutish;  standard  elliptical. 
Leaflets  7-10,  obtuse;  standard  orbicular. 
Stems  taller;  racemes  usually  elongate. 

Leaves  mostly  basal  and  the  stems  scape- 
like. 
Pubescence    very    silky    and    silvery; 

pods  not  villous. 
Pubescence  somewhat  loose  and  shaggy, 
not  silvery;  pods  villous. 
Leaves  not  mostly  basal,  the  stems  leafy. 
Keel   narrow,   bent  at   nearly  a   right 
angle,  early  exposed  for  much  of 
its  length;  pubescence  thin. 
Stems    tall,    branched,    50-90    cm. 

high;  root  not  much  thickened.       L.  alhicaidis. 
Stems  usually  simple,  20  cm.  high; 

root  much  thickened.  L.  gormani. 


L. 


nootkatensis. 
subalpinus. 


lyallii. 
hreweri. 


lepidus. 
aridus. 


LEGUMINOSAE.  215 

Keel  broader,  only  moderately  falcate, 
only  the  tip  exposed. 
Stems  woody  at  base;  herbage  very 

silvery.  L.  holosericeus. 

Stems  wholly  herbaceous;   herbage 
not  very  silvery. 
Leaflets  1-2.5  cm.  long;  procum- 
bent seashore  species.  L.  Uttoralis. 
Leaflets  2.5-3.5  cm.  long;  erect 

subalpine  plants.  L.  alpicola. 

Lupinus  microcarpus  Sims.  Annual,  villous  with  long  hairs;  stems  erect, 
10-60  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  basal;  stipules  very  slender;  leaflets  7-11, 
oblong,  cuneate  at  base,  obtuse,  acute  or  emarginate,  smooth  above,  villous 
beneath,  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  in  whorls,  short-pedicelled;  bracts  subulate, 
persisting;  calyx  villous,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  2-toothed,  the  lower  3-toothed; 
corolla  cream-colored,  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  purple,  12-15  mm. 
long;   keel   ciliate;   pod   villous. 

In  sandy  ground,  Vancouver  Island  to  California;  rare  northward. 

Lupinus  carjiosulus  Greene.  Annual,  somewhat  succulent;  stems  erect, 
30-60  cm.  high,  usually  simple;  pubescence  thin,  appressed;  leaflets  5-7, 
oblanceolate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  pubescent  on  both  sides,  2-3  cm.  long,  on 
longer  petioles;  flowers  verticillate,  in  a  loose  raceme;  bracts  mostly  exceeding 
the  calyx;  corolla  deep  blue,  6-10  mm.  long;  keel  ciliate. 

Willamette  Valley,  Howell,  to  Middle  California. 

Lupinus  micranthus  Dougl.  Annual;  herbage  villous;  stems  erect,  15-30  cm. 
high;  leaflets  5-7,  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  glabrous  above,  8-20  mm. 
long;  petioles  as  long  as  the  leaflets;  racemes  short;  flowers  nearly  sessile; 
bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx;  calyx  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  2-toothed,  the 
lower  entire;  corolla  blue,  5-6  mm.  long;  keel  ciliate;  pods  linear,  pubescent, 
5-7-seeded;  seeds  gray. 

In  dry  open  ground,  Washington  to  California. 

Lupinus  b'icolor  Lindl.  Very  similar  to  L.  micranthus;  leaflets  silky  on 
both  sides;  flowers  on  pedicels  4  mm.  long;  corolla  larger,  8  mm.  long;  seeds 
brown. 

Fort  Vancouver,  Douglas,  to  California. 

Lupinus  laxiflorus  Dougl.  Rather  slender,  about  60  cm.  high;  pubescence 
finely  silky,  but  the  plant  green;  leaflets  6-11,  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute, 
silky  on  both  sides,  3-4  cm.  long;  petioles  slender,  usually  twice  as  long  as  the 
leaflets;  racemes  loose,  10-15  cm.  long;  pedicels  slender,  5-6  mm.  long; 
calyx  short,  spurred  at  base;  corolla  about  1  cm.  long;  standard  glabrous  or 
pubescent. 

Open  pine  woods,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Lupinus  polyphyllus  Lindl.  Perennial;  herbage  green,  sparsely  pubescent; 
stems  erect,  1-2  m.  high,  one  to  several  arising  from  the  same  root;  leaflets  of 
the  lower  leaves  10-16,  lanceolate,  6-14  cm.  long,  glabrous  above,  silky  pubes- 
cent beneath;  stipules  triangular-subulate,  large;  petioles  long;  racemes  20-40 
cm.  long,  densely  flowered;  flowers  long-pedicelled;  calyx  silky,  the  lips  entire; 
corolla  violet-blue,  12-14  mm.  long;  keel  not  ciliate;  pods  dark,  loosely  hairy. 

In  wet  meadows,  Vancouver  Island  to  Oregon.  A  very  showy  plant, 
often    cultivated. 

Lupinus  columbianus  Heller.  Perennial,  with  several  stems  usually 
arising  from  the  same  crown;  pubescence  thin,  short  and  appressed;  stems 
branched,  60-80  cm.  high;  leaflets  6-9,  oblanceolate,  mostly  acute,  4-5  cm. 


2l6  LEGUMINOSAE. 

long,  about  half  as  long  as  the  petioles;  principal  racemes  elongated  and  long 
peduncled;  bracts  subulate,  longer  than  the  calyx;  upper  calyx-lip  entire  or 
2-toothed;  corolla  purplish-blue;  keel  ciliate;  pods  sparsely  pubescent. 

Common  in  open  woods.  This  species  has  been  much  confused  with  the 
very  different  L.  rivularis  Dougl.  of  California. 

Lupinus  volcanicus  Greene.  Perennial,  with  villous  pubescence;  stems 
simple,  leafy,  10-20  cm.  high,  erect;  leaflets  7-9,  oblanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
2-2.5  cm.  long,  about  one  half  as  long  as  the  petioles;  stipules  subulate;  racemes 
short;  corolla  blue,  8-10  mm.  long;  keel  ciliate. 

In  volcanic  sand  on  Mount  Rainier  at  2600  m.  altitude. 

Lupinus  nootkatensis  Donn.  Perennial;  pubescence  villous  with  long 
spreading  hairs,  but  herbage  green;  stems  stout,  leafy,  50-60  cm.  high;  leaflets 
6-8,  obovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  glabrous  above,  shorter  than  the  petioles; 
stipules  lanceolate,  large;  flowers  long-pedicclled,  in  loose  racemes;  calyx  large, 
the  upper  lip  2-toothed,  the  lower  3-cleft;  corolla  blue-purple,  1.5  cm.  long; 
keel  not  ciliate;  pods  4  cm.  long,  appressed  pubescent. 

Near  the  sea  coast,  Alaska  to  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia  (Victoria, 
Macoun),  and  to  be  expected  in  Washington. 

AAfAu^Y^^      Lupinus  subaloinus  Piper  &  Robinson.     Erect  or  somewhat  decumbent, 

'      ^^       sparsely  villous;  stems^siraple,  25-40  cm.  high,  leafy;  leaflets  spatulate-ob- 

^*  lanceolate,  rounded  or'obtuse  at  the  apex,  villous  beneath,  sparsely  so  or  rarely 

quite  glabrous  above.  3-^2  cm.  long;  T^3LCQV[y^teTr)^^^\^^^j\Scm..  long,  many- 

flowered,  borne   on  a  stoutish   peduncle*5^^r^n.  iriTengfh;'*pedicels  slender, 

4-8  mm.  long,  spreading-pubescent;  flowers  large  and  showy;  petals  12-16 

mm.  long;  standard  glabrous;  keel  entirely  glabrous  or  with  traces  of  ciliation; 

pods  linear-oblong,  about  3.5  cm.  long,  obliquely  sharp-pointed,  7-9-seeded. 

In  mountain  meadows,  at  about  1700  m.  altitude. 

Lupinus  lyallii  Gray.  Perennial  from  a  stout  woody  caudex;  herbage 
densely  silvery  silky;  stems  short,  the  leaves  mostly  basal;  leaflets  5-6,  ob- 
lanceolate to  obovate,  acute,  6-10  mm.  long;  petioles  2-4  times  as  long  as  the 
leaflets;  flowering  stems  erect  or  ascending,  10-20  cm.  high,  exceeding  the 
leaves;  racemes  short  and  dense;  calyx  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  2-clcft,  the 
lower  3-cleft;  corolla  deep  blue,  10  mm.  long;  keel  ciliate;  standard  elliptical; 
pods  silky. 

At  high  altitudes  in  the  Cascade  Mountains,  British  Columbia  to  Oregon. 
First  collected  by  Lyall  on  the  49th  parallel  of  latitude. 

/)^i4J4y»^  Lupinus  breweri  Gray.  Perennial  from  a  branched  woody  base;  herbage 
)-  7ff^r^.  silvery  silky  with  appressed  hairs;  leaves  mostly  basal;  leaflets  7-10,  narrowly 

obovate,  obtuse,  8-12  mm.  long;  peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves; 

racemes  very  short;  calyx  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  2-cWt,  the  lower  3-toothed; 

corolla  blue,  6-8  mm.  long;  standard  orbicular;  kecTciIiate;  pod  oblong,  silky. 
Mount  Hood,  Howell,  and  south  through  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada 

Mountains  at  high  altitudes. 

Lupinus  lepidus  Dougl.  Perennial  from  a  stout  taproot;  pubescence  very 
silvery  and  silky;  leaves  chiefly  basal;  leaflets  7-9,  narrowly  oblanceolate, 
acute,  2-4  cm.  long,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  petiole;  stems  erect,  40-60 
cm.  high,  the  narrow  raceme  elongated;  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx;  calyx 
bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  2-cleft,the  lower  entire;  corolla  purplish-blue,  10  mm. 
long;  keel  ciliate;  pods  silky. 

In  dry  prairies,  British  Columbia  to  California. 

Lupinus  aridus  Dougl.  Perennial,  with  a  stout  vertical  root;  pubescence 
coarse,  loose,  white  or  somewhat  yellowish;  leaves  mostly  basal;  leaflets  5-7, 
oblanceolate,  acute,  1-2  cm.  long,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  petioles; 
flowering  stems  erect,  20-^0  cm.  high,  the  raceme  dense,  rather  conical;  bracts 


LEGUMINOSAE.  217 

subulate,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  calyx  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  the 

lower  entire;  corolla  purple-blue,  6-10  mm.  long;  keel  ciliate;  standard  glabrous,  ; 

oblong-obovate;  pods  villous.  ; 
In  dry  prairies,  Washington  to  California. 

Lupinus  albicaulis  Dougl.  Perennial,  with  several  to  many  stems  arising  7y/2^  mt  Atii. 
from  a  stout  crown;  pubescence  mostly  thin  and  appressed,  somewhat  velvety;  ^^wti/^  ^'ff*^ 
stems  leafy,  branched,  50-90  cm.  high;  leaflets  5-9,  oblanceolate,  acute,  thinly  j^  i»"^^ 
silky  on  both  sides,  3-5  cm.  long,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles;  principal  raceme  £xn^,cijJ(  ■  ^ 
elongated,  often  30  cm.  long,  the  others  short;  bracts  subulate,  4-6  mm.  long,  tffi^,,^r>:JLL^, 
equalling  the  pedicels;  calyx  silky,  the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  the  lower  entire;  pjlMyfvS jmii>^ 
corolla  purple,  about  12  mm.  long;  keel  much  elongated,  bent  at  right  angles /jj^jt  kvJkfc^Tt 
and  early  exposed,  not  ciliate;  pods  linear,  villous.     CtdLstm-^^^CCL fu./JtL  ^t^ft^^iL^JLo^^^ 

Dry  ground,  Washington  to  California.  trr..><iJUZ~^. 

Lupinus  gormani  Piper.     Perennial  with  a  very  large  woody  root ;  herbage 

silvery-pubescent;  stems  erect,  20  cm.  high;  leaflets  5-7,  oblanceolate,  obtuse  \ 

or  acute,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  thinly  sericeous  on  both  sides;  petioles  shorter  than  \ 

the  leaflets;  stipules  subulate;  racemes  few-flowered;   pedicels  3-4  mm.   long;  "! 
calyx  pubescent,  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  2-toothed,  the  lower  entire;  corolla 

violet,  10  mm.  long;  standard  orbicular,  glabrous;  keel  strongly  falcate,  not  , 

ciliate;  ovary  hairy,  6-ovuled.  \ 

Known  only  from  the  Three  Sisters,  Oregon,  where  it  was  collected  by  \ 

Gorman.  \ 

Lupinus    holosericeus    Nutt.     Stems    much    branched,    decumbent    and  _\ 
shrubby  at  base,  30-50  cm.  high,  leafy;  pubescence  very  silvery  and  silky; 
leaflets  5-9,  lanceolate,  acute,  2-5  cm.  long,  usually  shorter  than  the  petiole; 
stipules  subulate;  flowers  pedicelled,  in  racemes  10-30  cm.  long;  calyx  silky, 

the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  the  lower  entire;  corolla  blue,  10-12  mm.  long;  keel  '\ 
ciliate;    pods   silky,    3-5-seeded. 

Rocks  near  the  falls  of  the  Willamette  River,  where  it  was  first  found  by  1 

Nuttall,  and  southward.     A  very  handsome  species  on  account  of  its  silvery  4 

foliage  and  deep  blue  flowers.  \ 

Lupinus  littoralis  Dougl.     Perennial ;  pubescence  mostly  silky  and  appressed ;  ' 

stems  decumbent,  30-90  cm.  long;  leaflets  5-8,  obovate,  acute,  silky  on  both  '\ 
sides,  10-25  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  petioles;  stipules  subulate;  racemes 

short;  pedicels  5-6  mm.  long;  calyx  without  bractlets,  the  lip  entire  or  nearly  , 

so;  corolla  blue,  12  mm.  long;  keel  ciliate;  pods  linear,  10-12-seeded.  I 

Common  on  high  sandy  beaches  along  the  ocean  coast,  Vancouver  Island  \ 

to  California.     The  roots  are  said  to  have  been  used  by  the  Indians  for  food.  I 

Lupinus  alpicola  Henderson.  Stems  several  from  a  thickish  caudex,  scaly  ^ 
at  the  base,  erect,  30-50  cm.  high,  simple  or  nearly  so,  leafy,  covered  by  a  fine 

short  closely  appressed  pubescence;  petioles  slender,  erect,  all  but  the  upper  \ 
exceeding  the  7  or  8  leaflets,  these  linear-oblanceolate,  acute,  finely  sericeous- 
pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  2.6-3.6  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  broad;  racemes  mostly 

terminal  on  the  stems,  shortly  peduncled,  loosely  flowered,  7-10  cm.  long;  i 

bracts  lanceolate,  sericeous-pubescent,  rather  short,  when  persisting  not  equal-  \ 

ling  the  tomentulose  pedicels;  petals  purplish  blue;  standard  suborbicular,  \ 

sparingly  villous  near  the  middle  dorsally;  keel  strongly  ciliated;  pods  lance-  i 

oblong,  acute,  silky,  2.4-3  cm.  long,  4  or  5-seeded.  ; 

Mount  Adams,  Henderson,  Suksdorf;  north  side  of  Mount  Hood,  Oregon, 

Howell.  \ 

289.    ULEX.  \ 

Low  densely  branched  shrubs  with  leaves  mostly  reduced  to  \ 

phyllodes  and  spine-like;  calyx  deeply  2-lipped;  standard  ovate;  \ 


21 8  LEGUMINOSAE. 

wings  and  keel  oblong,  of  about  equal  length ;  stamens  monadel- 
phous;  pod  short-oblong. 

Ulex  europaeus  L.  Gorse.  Whin.  A  spiny  much-branched  shrub,  about 
1  m.  high;  leaves  mostly  spiny,  the  lowest  sometimes  foliaceous,  lanceolate; 
flowers  bright  yellow,   solitary. 

A  European  plant  established  in  a  few  places. 

290.   PSORALEA. 

Perennial  herbs,  usually  glandular-dotted;  leaves  mostly  3-5- 
foliolate,  with  stipules;  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes;  calyx-lobes 
5,  the  lower  longest;  corolla  papilionaceous;  stamens  10,  diadel- 
phous  or  sometimes  monadelphous;  anthers  of  two  kinds;  ovary 
sessile  or  short-stalked,  1-ovuled;  pod  seldom  longer  than  the 
calyx,  thick,  often  wrinkled,  indehiscent,  1 -seeded. 

Psoralea  physodes  Dougl.  Erect  or  ascending,  bushy,  30-50  cm.  hight 
sparsely  hairy;  leaflets  ovate,  acute,  3-4  cm.  long,  somewhat  glandular; 
peduncles  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  in  dense  short  racemes; 
bracts  small;  calyx  black-hairy,  8-10  mm.  long,  in  age  becoming  larger  and 
inflated;  corolla  dirty-white,  the  keel  tipped  with  purple;  pod  membranaceous, 
pubescent,  sifborbicular,  enclosed  in  the  calyx. 

In  dry  open  woods,  common.     The  dried  leaves  are  sometimes  used  for  tea. 

291.   TRIFOLIUM.     Clover. 

Tufted  or  diffuse  herbs;  leaves  mostly  palmately,  sometimes 
pinnately,  3-foliolate;  stipules  united  with  the  petiole;  flowers  in 
heads  or  in  umbel-like  heads;  calyx-teeth  5,  nearly  equal;  petals 
more  or  less  persistent,  the  claws  of  all  but  the  standard  united 
more  or  less  below  the  stamen-tube;  stamens  10,  diadelphous  or 
the  tenth  only  partly  separate;  pod  small  and  membranous, 
1-6-seeded,  included  in  the  calyx. 

Head  subtended  by  an  involucre. 

Corolla  becoming  conspicuously  inflated,  yellowish.        T.  flavulum. 
Corolla  not  becoming  inflated. 

Involucre  not  deeply  cleft,  its  lobes  serrate  or  en- 
tire; flowers  white  or  pale  pink;  annuals. 
Glabrous;  calyx  teeth  slender  and  branched.        T.  cyathiferum. 
Villous;  calyx  teeth  scarious-margined. 

Involucre  merely  basal.  T.  microcephalum. 

Involucre  nearly  enclosing  the  head.  T.  microdon. 

Involucre  deeply  cleft,  the  lobes  laciniately  toothed; 
flowers  purple. 
Perennial  with  creeping  rootstocks.  T.  fimbriatum. 

Annuals. 

Stems  erect ;  calyx  lobes  often  3-toothed.  T.  tridentatum. 

Stems  decumbent;  calyx  lobes  usually  en- 
tire. 
Leaflets  linear.  T.  oliganthum. 

Leaflets  obovate  or  obcordatc.  T.  variegatum. 

Head  not  subtended  by  an  involucre. 

Perennials  with  thick  roots  or  creeping  rootstocks. 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


219 


Heads  on  axillary  peduncles;  flowers  pedicelled. 

Flowsrs  white;  stems  creeping.  T.  repens. 

Flowers  pink;  stems  procumbent.  T.  hyhridum. 

Heads  on  terminal  peduncles;  flowers  sessile. 

Calyx-teeth  plumose.  T.  eriocephalum. 

Calyx-teeth  not  plumose. 

Flowers  red;  stipules  aristate.  T.  pratense. 

Flowers  whitish;  stipules  not  aristate.  T.  longipes. 

Annual;  roots  fibrous. 
Calyx-teeth  plumose. 

Heads  ovate;  flowers  dark  purple.  T.  alhopurpureum. 

Heads  oblong;  flowers  pink.  T.  arvense. 

Calyx-teeth  not  plumose. 

Corollas  yellow,  becoming  papery  in  age. 

Heads  20-40-flowered;  standard  distinctly 

striate.  T.  procumbens. 

Heads     3-15-flowered;     standard     faintly 

striate.  ^  T.  duhium. 

Corollas  pink,  not  becoming  papery. 

Teeth  of  the  calyx  scarious-margined  and 

ciliate.  T.  ciliolatum. 

Teeth  of  the  calyx  not  scarious-margined 
nor  ciliate. 
Leaflets    shallowly    notched    at    apex; 

calyx  glabrous.  T.  gracilentum. 

Leaflets  deeply  notched  at  apex;  calyx 

hairy.  T.  hallii. 

Trifolium  flavulum  Greene.  Annual,  glabrous  and  somewhat  fleshy; 
stems  20-40  cm.  high;  leaflets  obovate,  obtuse,  denticulate;  stipules  ovate, 
entire;  heads  globose,  large,  the  involucre  cleft  into  entire  acuminate  lobes; 
flowers  large,  reddish  or  yellowish,  2-2.5  cm.  long;  calyx-teeth  triangular, 
acute. 

Sparingly  introduced  from  California.  Perhaps  not  specifically  distinct 
from  T.  fucatum  Lindl. 

Trifolium  cyathifenim  Lindl.  Annual,  glabrous;  stems  weak,  ascending, 
10-30  cm.  high;  leaflets  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  serrulate,  acute,  obtuse  or 
truncate,  cuneate  at  base,  1-2  cm.  long;  petioles  slender;  stipules  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  laciniate;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  heads  commonly  1.5 
cm.  broad;  involucre  large  and  conspicuous,  whitish  with  green  margin, 
many-nerved,  with  short  sharply-toothed  lobes;  flowers  whitish;  calyx  mem- 
branous, prominently  5-nerved,  the  nerves  prolonged  and  branched,  equalling 
the  corolla;  pod  2-seeded. 

Very  rare  in  our  limits  but  common  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  Lake 
Crescent,  Webster;  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  Macoun. 

Trifolium  microcephalum  Pursh.  Annual,  erect  or  spreading,  soft  villous; 
stems  5-30  cm.  long;  leaflets  obovate,  usually  retuse,  serrulate,  8-12  mm. 
long;  petioles  slender;  stipules  entire,  acuminate;  heads  small,  many-flowered; 
involucre  membranaceous,  about  9-lobed,  the  lobes  3-nerved,  entire;  calyx 
hairy,  the  teeth  subulate;  corollas  pale  pink;  pods  glabrous,  1-seeded. 

In  sandy  soil,  common. 

Trifolium  microdon  Hook.    &  Arn.     Very  much  like    T.  microcephalum 
but  the  cup-shaped  involucre  nearly  enclosing  the    head;    calyx    glabrous. 
Sandy  soil,   near  the  seacoast. 

Trifolium  fimbriatum  Lindl.  (T.  spinulosum  Dougl.)  Perennial  by 
creeping  rootstocks,  glabrous  throughout;  branches  prostrate  or  ascending^ 


220  LEGUMINOSAE. 

20-40  cm.  long;  leaflets  oblong-obovate  to  oblanceolate,  spinulose-denticulate, 
the  lower  obtuse  or  even  retuse,  the  upper  acute  or  acuminate,  mostly  1-3 
cm.  long;  stipules  triangular,  acuminate,  with  a  few  teeth;  heads  subglobose, 
1-2  cm.  broad;  involucre  short,  laciniately  parted;  calyx  lobes  unequal, 
subulate,  somewhat  spiny,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  tube;  petals  purple  with 
paler  or  white  tips. 

In  wet  places,  especially  near  the  seashore. 

Trifolium  tridentatum  Lindl.  Annual,  glabrous;  stems  erect,  very  slender, 
10-40  cm.  high;  leaflets  lance-linear,  acute,  spinulose-serrulate,  2-5  cm.  long; 
stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  upper  ones  laciniate;  heads  globose,  the 
largest  2  cm.  broad;  involucre  laciniately  cleft,  shorter  than  the  head;  calyx- 
lobes  subulate  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  near  the  base;  corolla  purple  and 
white. 

In  dry  open  ground,  British  Columbia  to  California.  First  collected  by 
Douglas  on  the  Columbia   River. 

Trifolium  oliganthum  Steud.  Annual,  glabrous;  stems  very  slender,  erect 
or  ascending,  usually  branched  from  the  base;  stipules  laciniately  cleft;  leaf- 
lets serrulate,  the  lower  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  the  upper 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate;  stipules  laciniately  cleft; 
heads  very  small,  5-7-flowered;  involucre  small,  deeply  cleft;  calyx-teeth 
subulate,  rigid,  entire;  corolla  purple  and  white. 

In  moist  places,  common.  First  collected  by  Nuttall  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Willamette  River. 

Trifolium  variegatum  Nutt.  Annual,  glabrous  throughout;  stems  decum- 
bent, 10-30  cm.  long,  branching,  leafy;  leaflets  obovate  to  obcordate,  minutely 
and  sharply  serrulate,  veiny,  6-12  mm.  long;  stipules  broad,  f ringed-toothed; 
peduncles  very  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves;  heads  small,  4-12-flowered; 
involucre  shorter  than  the  flowers,  campanulate,  fringe-toothed ;  calyx  glabrous, 
its  teeth  subequal,  subulate,  longer  than  the  tube;  petals  purple  with  white 
tips,  pods  2-seeded. 

In  moist  ground,  common. 

Trifolium  repens  L.  White  Clover.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  sparsely 
pubescent,  with  creeping  stems  10-30  cm.  long,  which  root  at  the  nodes; 
leaflets  obovate,  obtuse  or  notched  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  denticulate,  1-2 
cm.  long;  petioles  elongated;  stipules  narrow,  acute;  peduncles  longer  than  the 
leaves;  head  globose;  flowers  white,  6-10  mm.  long,  pedicelled,  at  length 
reflexed;  calyx-teeth  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  tube. 

Introduced  from  Europe,  common. 

Trifolitmi  hybridum  L.  Alsike  Clover.  Perennial,  erect  or  decumbent, 
not  creeping,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  stem  30-60  cm.  long;  leaflets  obovate, 
obtuse  or  notched,  cuneate  at  base,  sharply  serrulate,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  petioles 
about  as  long  as  the  leaflets;  stipules  membranous,  ovate-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate; peduncles  elongated;  heads  globose;  flowers  pink  or  pinkish,  6-8  mm. 
long,  on  slender  pedicels,  at  length  reflexed;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  about  as 
long  as  the  tube,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

Introduced  from  Europe,  common, 

Trifoliimi  eriocephalum  Nutt.  Perennial,  villous-pubescent;  root  stout, 
fusiform;  stems  erect,  15-20  cm.  high;  leaflets  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
serrulate,  2-5  cm.  long;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate;  heads  dense,  ovoid  to 
subglobose;  flowers  whitish,  at  length  reflexed;  calyx-teeth  very  plumose. 

In  gravelly  soil,   in   prairies. 

Trifolium  pratense  L.  Red  Clover.  Perennial,  erect  or  decumbent,  rarely 
branched,  20-40  cm.  high,  somewhat  pubescent  throughout;  leaflets  elliptic 


LEGUMINOSAE.  221 

or  obovate,  obtuse  or  rarely  emarginate,  denticulate,  1-4  cm.  long,  frequently 
dark-spotted  near  the  middle;  petioles  short;  heads  globose  or  ovoid,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  2  cm.  long;  flowers  red,  10-12  mm.  long;  calyx-teeth  subulate, 
shorter  than  the  corolla. 

Introduced   and   common.     Native  of  Europe. 

Trifolium  longipes  Nutt.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  root  stout, 
fusiform;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
entire  or  minutely  denticulate,  obtuse;  stipules  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute, 
entire;  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves;  heads  ovoid  to  subglobose,  dense, 
25-40-flowered,  the  flowers  not  becoming  reflexed;  calyx  hairy,  the  teeth 
subulate,  not  plumose;  corolla  white;  ovules  2-5. 

In  moist  places  in  the  mountains. 

Trifolium  albopurpureum  T.  &  G.  Annual,  villous-pubescent ;  stems  slender, 
10-30  cm.  high,  erect  or  ascending;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire; 
leaflets  oblong,  cuneate  at  base,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  denticulate,  5-12  mm. 
long;  heads  ovoid,  dense,  long-peduncled,  the  flowers  not  becoming  reflexed; 
calyx-teeth  slender,  plumose,  the  lowest  one  longest  and  exceeding  the  dark 
purple  corolla;  pod  1-seeded. 

In  dry  ground,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  to  California. 

Trifolium  arvense  L.  Rabbit's  Ear  Clover.  Annual,  erect,  somewhat 
silky-pubescent  throughout,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaflets  linear  or  oblanceolate, 
obtuse  or  notched,  denticulate  near  the  apex,  1-2  cm.  long;  petioles  mostly 
shorter  than  the  leaflets;  stipules  narrow,  with  long  subulate  tips;  peduncles 
2-4  cm.  long;  head  oblong,  dense,  10-25  mm.  long,  without  an  involucre; 
calyx  plumose,  the  subulate  lobes  longer  than  the  tube  and  the  pink  or  whitish 
corolla. 

Sparingly  introduced  from  Europe. 

Trifolium procumbens  L.  Hop  Clover.  Annual,  pubescent;  stems  slender, 
spreading  or  ascending,  8-60  cm.  long;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate,  emarginate, 
denticulate;  stipules  ovate,  ciliate;  flowers  yellow,  at  length  reflexed,  persistent 
and  papery,  4  mm.  long;  standard  not  becoming  folded  over  the  pod  at 
maturity. 

Common  in  fields  and  along  roadsides,  introduced  from  Europe. 

Trifolium  dubium  Smith.     Very  similar  to  T.  procumbens,  but  smaller  in 
all  its  parts;  flowers  3  mm.  long;  standard  persistent  and  folded  over  the  pod. 
In  fields,   introduced  from  Europe. 

Trifolium  ciliolatum  Benth.  Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  erect, 
often  branched  from  the  base,  10-40  cm.  high;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate; 
leaflets  oblong  to  obovate,  obtuse  or  epiarginate,  serrulate,  1-2  cm.  long; 
heads  axillary,  globose,  5-10  mm.  in  diameter;  flowers  pedicelled,  reflexed  at 
maturity;  calyx  teeth  unequal,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  ciliolate  on  the  scarious 
margins;  corolla  pink  or  purplish,  6  mm.  long. 

Prairies,  Washington  to  California. 

Trifolium  gracilentum  T.  &  G.  Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems 
slender,  erect,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  to  obovate,  serru- 
late, 5-20  mm.  long;  stipules  lanceolate,  the  upper  ones  broader,  acumi- 
nate; heads  axillary,  globose,  small;  flowers  pedicelled,  reflexed  in  age;  calyx 
glabrous,  the  teeth  subulate;  corolla  pink. 

Prairies  and  open  places.  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  to  Cali- 
fornia. 

Trifolium  hallii  Howell.  Very  similar  to  T.  gracilentum  but  somewhat 
pubescent  and  slightly  glaucous;  leaflets  linear  to  oblong  or  cuneate,  obcor- 
date,   denticulate;   heads    10-30-flowered;   calyx   hairy. 

In  dry  or  sandy  soil,  Washington  to  California. 


'222  LEGUMINOSAE. 

292.   MEDICAGO. 


Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  small  trifoliolate  leaves;  leaf- 
lets toothed;  flowers  small,  yellow  or  violet,  in  axillary  spikes 
or  heads ;  pods  1-several-seeded,  curved  or  coiled. 

Perennial;  flowers  violet.  M.  saliva. 
Annual;  flowers  yellow. 

Pod  1-seeded,  curved,  not  spiny.  M.  lupulina. 

Pod  several-seeded,  coiled,  spiny  on  the  edge.  M.  hispida. 

Medicago  saliva  L.  Alfalfa.  Erect  smooth  much  branched  perennial; 
leaflets  obovate-oblong,  toothed  especially  near  the  apex;  flowers  violet  or 
blue,  in  spike-like  racemes;  pods  coiled. 

Sparingly  introduced  in  waste  places. 

Medicago  lupulina  L.  Black  Medick.  Yellow  Trefoil.  Low  pubescent 
decumbent  branched  annual;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate,  toothed  at  the  apex; 
flowers  yellow,  in  short  spikes;  pods  curved,  black,  slightly  hirsute,  1-seeded. 

Abundantly  introduced  in  waste  places. 

Medicago  hispida  denticulata  (Willd.)  Urban.  Bur  Clover.  Annual, 
glabrous;  stems  prostrate;  leaflets  obovate,  notched;  flowers  yellow,  in  3-5- 
flowered  heads;  pods  loosely  coiled,  deeply  reticulated,  the  edge  with  spines  as 
long  as  one-half  the  width  of  the  windings. 

Roadsides  and  fields,  common.  The  prickles  on  the  pod  vary  greatly  in 
length  and  in  one  form,  M.  hispida  apiculata  (Willd.)  Urban,  are  only  as  long 
as  the  thickness  of  the  windings. 

293.    MELILOTUS^ 

Annual  or  biennial  sweet-scented  herbs;  leaves  pinnately 
3-foliolate;  leaflets  denticulate;  flowers  in  racemes;  calyx  cam- 
panulate,  with  short  equal  teeth;  corolla  deciduous,  free  from  the 
stamen-tube;  stamens  diadelphous;  anthers  all  alike;  ovary 
sessile   or    stipitate,    few-ovuled;    pod    coriaceous,    1-2-seeded. 

Melilotus  alba  Desr.  Sweet  Clover.  Biennial,  stout,  erect,  branching, 
1-2  m.  high,  finely  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  slender-petioled; 
leaflets  oblong  or  obovate,  denticulate,  mostly  truncate  at  apex,  1-2  cm.  long; 
stipules  subulate;  racemes  slender,  10-20  cm.  long;  flowers  white,  sweet- 
scented,  4-5  mm.  long,  reflexed  on  short  pedicels;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  as 
long  as  the  tube;  pod  ovoid,  2-3  mm.  long. 

Introduced    in    waste    ground. 

294.  VICIA.    Vetch. 

Climbing  or  trailing  herbaceous  vines;  leaves  pinnate,  tendril- 
bearing,  with  half-sagittate  or  entire  stipules;  flowers  solitary  or 
in  loose  peduncled  axillary  racemes;  calyx  5-cleft  or  toothed,  un- 
equal, the  two  upper  teeth  often  shorter  or  the  lowest  longer; 
wings  adherent  to  the  short  keel ;  stamens  diadelphous  or  nearly 
so;  style  filiform,  hairy  near  the  tip  only  ;  ovary  2-many-ovuled ; 
pod  flat,  2-valved,  2-several-seeded. 

Flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  in  twos,  nearly  sessile. 

Leaflets  oblong  to  ovate;  pods  brown.  V.  saliva. 

Leaflets  linear  to  linear-oblong;  pods  black.  V.  anguslifolia. 


LEGUMINOSAE.  223 

Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes  on  axillary  peduncles. 

Annuals;  peduncles  few-flowered.  V.  hirsuta. 

Perennials;  peduncles  mostly  many-flowered. 

Flowers  ochroleucous  or  tawny.  V.  gigantea. 

Flowers  violet  or  bluish-purple,  rarely  white. 

Raceme  1-sided,  densely  15-40-flowered,  V.  cracca. 

Raceme  loosely  5-20-flowered,  not  1-sided.  V.  americana. 

Vicia  sativa  L.  Common  Vetch.  Tares.  Pubescent  or  glabrous;  stems 
erect,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaflets  5-7  pairs,  variable  in  form,  obovate,  oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  usually  notched  and  mucronate;  flowers  violet-purple,  2-3  cm. 
long;  pods  brown,  4-8  cm.  long;  seeds  somewhat  compressed. 

Introduced  in  waste  places  and  cultivated. 

Vicia   angustifolia    (L.)     Roth.     Much   like     V.   sativa,   but  the    leaflets 
narrow,  linear;  flowers  1-1.8  cm.  long;  pods  black,  4-6  cm.  long;  seeds  globose. 
Introduced  from  Europe. 

Vicia  hirsuta  (L.)  Koch.  Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  very 
slender,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaflets  6-8  pairs,  oblong  or  linear,  obtuse;  flowers 
very  small,  3  mm.  long,  whitish  or  bluish,  in  small  racemes. 

Sparingly  introduced. 

Vicia  gigantea  Hook.  Somewhat  pubescent,  rather  succulent,  drying 
black;  stems  about  1  m.  high;  leaflets  10-15  pairs,  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate; 
racemes  close,  5-20-flowered;  corolla  ochroleucous. 

In  moist  woods,  common.  First  found  on  the  Columbia  River  by  Douglas 
and  by  Scouler. 

Vicia  cracca  L.  Perennial,  soft  pubescent;  stems  stout,  30-90  cm.  high; 
leaflets  20-24,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  mucronate;  racemes  dense,  one-sided; 
flowers  blue  or  purplish. 

Whatcom  County,  Washington,  Gardner,  Suksdorf. 

Vicia  americana  Muhl.  Perennial,  stout  or  slender,  30-100  cm.  high, 
nearly  glabrous;  leaflets  4-8  pairs,  usually  elliptic  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  truncate, 
mucronulate,  entire  or  toothed  above,  glabrous  above,  minutely  puberulent 
beneath,  about  2  cm.  long;  tendrils  well  developed;  stipules  deeply  toothed; 
peduncles  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves,  4-8-flowered;  flowers  purple-violet, 
15-20  mm.  long,  short-pedicelled;  calyx-tube  campanulate  with  short  broad 
unequal  teeth,  somewhat  pubescent;  pods  glabrous,  2-4  cm.  long,  6-8  mm. 
broad. 

In  thickets,  common. 

Vicia  americana  minor  Hook.  (  V.  americana  linearis  Wats.)  Leaflets 
linear,  acute. 

In  dry  ground,  infrequent. 

295.   LATHYRUS.     Vetchling. 

Mostly  smooth  perennial  herbaceous  vines  or  erect  herbs; 
leaves  pinnate,  mostly  with  tendrils  or  tendrils  much  reduced  or 
wanting;  flowers  in  racemes  or  sometimes  solitary;  peduncles 
usually  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves  and  several-flowered; 
calyx-teeth  nearly  equal  or  the  upper  ones  somewhat  shorter  than 
the  lower;  corolla  rather  larger  than  in  Vicia;  stamens  diadelphous 
or  monadelphous  below;  style  dorsally  flattened  near  the  top, 
hairy  on  the  inner  side;  ovules  generally  numerous;  pod  flat  or 
terete,  2-valved. 


224  LEGUMINOSAE. 

Herbage  densely  silky- villous;  tendrils  none.  L.  littoralis. 

Herbage  glabrous  or  if  pubescent  not  villous. 

Plants  erect;  tendril  wanting  or  much  reduced. 

Flowers  solitary,  rarely  2.  L.  torreyi. 

Flowers  5-7  to  each  raceme.  L.  nuttallii. 

Plants  climbing  by  simple  or  3-forked  tendrils. 

Stems  wing- margined.  L.  paluster. 

Stems  wingless. 

Stipules  narrow,  semi-sagittate;  leaves  coriaceous. 

Leaflets  cuspidate,  glabrous.  L.  pauciflorus. 

Leaflets  not  cuspidate,  pubescent.  L.  coriaceus. 

Stipules  large,  broad,  semi-hastate;  leaves  mem- 
branaceous. 
Flowers  yellowish,  becoming  ochraceous.  L.  sulphureus. 

Flowers  blue-purple. 

Leaflets  thin,  5-8  pairs.  L.  polyphyllus. 

Leaflets  thickish,  3-5  pairs.  L.  maritimus. 

Lathyrus  littoralis  (Nutt.)  Endl.  Herbage  densely  silky-villous;  stems 
terete,  weak  and  decumbent,  15-60  cm.  long;  leaflets  1-3  pairs,  the  lateral  ones 
oblong,  cuneate  at  base,  10-12  mm.  long,  the  terminal  one  linear  and  much 
smaller;  stipules  entire,  longer  than  the  leaflets;  tendrils  none;  peduncles 
2-7-flowered;  calyx-teeth  subequal,  lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  tube; 
corolla  violet-purple;  pods  villous,  3-4  cm.  long. 

Common  along  the  ocean  coast;  first  collected  and  described  by  Nuttall 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River. 

Lathjrrus  torreyi  Gray.  Herbage  sparsely  villous;  stems  terete,  erect, 
15-40  cm.  high;  leaflets  4-7  pairs,  oblong  or  ovate,  mucronate,  5-12  mm.  long, 
the  terminal  one  often  wanting;  stipules  semi-sagittate,  narrow,  entire,  acumi- 
nate; peduncles  1-flowered  or  rarely  2-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
calyx-teeth  subulate,  the  three  lower  ones  longer  than  the  tube;  corolla  15  mm. 
long;  standard  bluish-purple,  the  other  petals  whitish;  pods  narrow,  pubescent. 

In  open  woods,  Washington  to  northern  California,  rather  local. 

Lathyrus  nuttallii •  Wats.  Somewhat  pubescent;  stems  slender,  angled, 
30-90  cm.  high,  ascending  or  erect;  tendrils  oblong  to  ovate,  thin,  cuspidate, 
pubescent  beneath;  stipules  semi-sagittate;  peduncles  5-7-flowered,  about  as 
long  as  the  leaves;  calyx  pubescent,  its  teeth  unequal,  the  lower  one  longest; 
corolla  purple,  12-15  mm.  long;  pods  glabrous. 

In  open  woods,   rather  scarce. 

Lathyrus  paluster  L.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  slender,  wing-margined, 
erect  or  ascending,  30-90  cm.  high;  tendrils  well  developed;  leaflets  2-4  pairs, 
linear  to  narrowly  oblong,  firm,  acute,  2-4  cm.  long;  stipules  sagittate,  narrow, 
acuminate;  peduncles  3-6-flowered;  calyx-teeth  unequal,  the  longer  lower  ones 
about  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  purple,  2-2.5  cm.  long;  pods  glabrous,  5 
cm.  long. 

In  marshes  near  the  seashore,  not  common. 

Lathjmis  pauciflorus  Fernald.  Glabrous  throughout,  60-90  cm.  high; 
stems  angled;  leaflets  3-6  pairs,  oblong-elliptic,  thickish,  prominently  veined, 
paler  beneath,  acute  and  cuspidate,  rounded  at  base,  2-4  cm.  long;  stipules 
about  half  as  long  as  the  adjacent  leaflets;  tendrils  simple  or  branched;  pe- 
duncles exceeding  the  leaves,  3-5-flowered;  flowers  violet,  about  2  cm.  long; 
calyx-teeth  slightly  pubescent,  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  pods  smooth,  4-6 
cm.  long. 

Rare  in  our  limits;  Nisqually  Valley,  Washington,  Allen;  Vancouver  Island, 
British   Columbia,   Macoun. 


LEGUMINOSAE.  225 

Lathyrus  coriaceus  White.  Perennial,  glabrous,  pale  green;  stems  10-30 
cm.  high,  terete;  stipules  semi-sagittate,  acuminate,  not  more  than  half  as 
long  as  the  leaflets;  leaflets  6-12,  elliptical,  obtuse,  firm,  3-6  cm.  long;  raceme 
shorter  than  its  leaf,  3-10-flowered;  calyx- teeth  subequal,  acute,  shorter  than 
the  tube;  corolla  violet-purple. 

Seattle,  O.  A.  Piper.  A  characteristic  species  of  the  sagebrush  region, 
whose  occurrence  at  Seattle  is  remarkable. 

Lathyrus  sulphureus  Brewer.  Glabrous,  glaucescent;  stems  short,  angled, 
60-120  cm.  high,  erect  or  ascending;  leaflets  3-5  pairs,  ovate  to  oblong,  acutish, 
2-4  cm.  long;  stipules  broad,  somewhat  dentate;  peduncles  6-15-flowered, 
about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  calyx-teeth  very  unequal,  the  lower  ones  largest; 
corolla  at  first  pinkish-yellow,  quickly  fading  to  ochraceous;  pods  glabrous. 

In  open  coniferous  woods,  not  rare.  In  contrast  to  L.  polyphyllus  which 
grows  in  similar  locations  this  fruits  abundantly.  The  flowers  are  never 
"  sulphur-yellow." 

Lathyrus  polyphyllus  Nutt.  Glabrous;  stems  stout,  angled,  erect  or  nearly 
so,  60-100  cm.  high;  tendrils  small;  leaflets  5-8  pairs,  thin,  oblong  to  ovate, 
obtuse,  paler  beneath,  2-5  cm.  long;  stipules  broad,  nearly  as  large  as  the 
leaflets,  more  or  less  dentate;  peduncles  6-10-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
calyx-teeth  ciliate,  the  two  upper  triangular  and  shorter  than  the  subulate 
lower  ones;  corolla  purple,  12-15  mm.  long;  pods  glabrous. 

Very  abundant  in  open  coniferous  woods.  Few  of  the  pods  develop  to 
maturity. 

Lathyrus  maritimus  (L.)  Bigel.  Beach  Pea.  Pale  and  usually  glabrous; 
stems  short,  30-90  cm.  long,  decumbent;  leaflets  3-5  pairs,  thick,  oblong  to 
ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  2-5  cm.  long;  stipules  ovate,  nearly  as  large  as  the 
adjacent  leaflets,  acute,  the  lower  lobe  often  dentate;  peduncles  6-10-flowered; 
calyx-teeth  unequal,  the  upper  two  triangular,  the  others  broadly  subulate; 
corolla  purple,  2-2.5  cm.  long;  pods  4-5  cm.  long,  nearly  glabrous. 

Common  on  seabeaches,  the  green  seeds  sometimes  eaten  like  green  peas. 

296.   HEDYSARUM. 

Perennial  herbs  with  odd-pinnate  leaves;  calyx  5-cleft,  the 
lobes  awl-shaped  and  nearly  equal ;  keel  nearly  straight,  obliquely 
truncate,  not  appendaged,  longer  than  the  wings;  stamens 
diadelphous,  9  and  1;  pod  a  loment,  flattened,  composed  of 
several  symmetrical  separable  roundish  joints  connected  in  the 
middle. 

Hedysarum  occidentale  Greene.  Glabrous;  stems  30-60  cm.  high;  leaflets 
13-21,  oblong  or  lanceolate;  stipules  scaly;  flowers  purple,  deflexed. 

Abundant  in  the  Olympic  Mountains.  Scarcely  diff"erent  from  the  eastern 
H.  americanum  (Michx.)  Britt. 

297.   HOSACKIA. 

Herbs  or  shrubs;  leaves  pinnate,  1-many-foliolate;  stipules 
minute  and  gland-like  or  spine-like;  flowers  yellow  or  reddish,  soli- 
tary or  in  umbels;  calyx- teeth  nearly  equal;  petals  free  from  the 
diadelphous  stamens;  standard  ovate  or  roundish;  pod  linear, 
compressed  or  somewhat  terete,  sessile,  several-seeded. 
16 


226  LEGUMINOSAE. 

Annuals;  flowers  solitary  or  sometimes  two  on  the  peduncles. 

Peduncles  very  short,  the  flowers  nearly  sessile.  H.  dentictdata. 

Peduncles  usually  exceeding  the  leaves. 

Flowers  3-4  mm.  long;  leaflets  oblong  to  ovate,  usu- 
ally glabrous.  H.  parviflora. 
Flowers  5-6  mm.  long;  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  usu- 
ally villous.                                                                       H.  americana. 
Perennials;  flowers  in  umbels. 

Pods  curved,  pubescent,  1  or  2-seeded;  flowers  yellow,         H.  decumbens. 
Pods  straight,  glabrous,  many-seeded;  flowers  at  least  in 
part  not  yellow. 
Leaflets  9-15;  flowers  purple.  H.  crassifolia. 

Leaflets  5-9,  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Peduncles  usually  naked;  corolla  with  yellow  stand- 
ard and  white  wings.  H.  hicolor. 
Peduncles  with  a  bract  at  the  umbel;  corolla  with 

yellow  standard  and  purple  wings.  H.  gracilis. 

Hosackia  denticulata  Drew.  Nearly  glabrous;  stems  erect,  15-40  cm.  high; 
leaflets  2-6,  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  thick;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
flowers  solitary;  calyx-lobes  denticulate;  petals  yellow  or  reddish. 

In  low  ground,  not  common. 

Hosackia  parviflora  Benth.  Glabrous;  stems  slender,  10-20  cm.  high, 
erect  or  ascending;  leaflets  3-5,  mostly  oblong,  12-15  mm.  long;  flowers  very 
small,  4  mm.  long,  solitary  or  in  twos;  petals  yellow  or  the  standard  pinkish. 

In  dry  soil,  common. 

Hosackia  americana  (Nutt.)  Piper.  Annual,  erect,  usually  branched,  30-60 
cm.  high;  leaves  3-foliolate,  or  the  upper  1-foliolate,  nearly  sessile;  leaflets 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  silky-pubescent,  acuminate,  stalked,  6-20  mm.  long; 
stipules  gland-like,  dark;  peduncles  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  leaves; 
flowers  pink,  4-6  mm.  long;  calyx  villous,  the  slender  lobes  twice  as  long  as  the 
tube,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla;  pod  linear,  narrow,  often  reflexed,  glabrous 
and  shining,  2-3  cm.  long. 

Common  and  very  variable. 

Hosackia  decmnbens  Benth.  Perennial,  many-stemmed  from  a  thick 
woody  root,  villous  and  more  or  less  tomentose;  stems  decumbent,  branched, 
30-60  cm.  long;  leaflets  5-7,  oblong  to  obovate,  cuneate  at  base,  mostly  acute, 
6-10  mm.  long;  stipules  minute,  spine-like,  deciduous;  peduncles  scarcely 
longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  yellow,  in  5-10-flowered  umbels,  each  umbel 
with  a  1-3-foliolate  bract;  calyx  silky,  the  teeth  as  long  as  the  tube;  pods 
falcate,  pubescent,  mostly  2-seeded. 

In  dry  prairies. 

Hosackia  crassifolia  Benth.  Glabrous;  stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high; 
leaflets  9-15,  oblong  or  obovate;  flowers  dull  purple,  in  umbels;  pods  thick, 
5  cm.  long. 

In  open  pine  woods,  Mason  County,  Washington,  and  southward. 

Hosackia  bicolor  Dougl.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout, 
erect  or  decumbent,  30-50  cm.  high,  stout;  leaflets  5-9,  obovate,  mostly  obtuse, 
cuneate  at  base,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  stipules  broad,  scarious;  peduncles  exceeding 
the  leaves;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  spreading,  3-7  in  an  umbel;  calyx  about  6  mm. 
long,  the  teeth  shorter  than  the  campanulate  tube;  corolla  yellow,  the  wings 
white,  2-2.5  cm.  long;  pod  linear,  narrow,  glabrous,  4-6  cm.  long. 

In  wut  ground,  not  rare. 

Hosackia  gracilis  Benth.     Glabrous;  stems  weak,  decumbent,  15-30  cm. 


LEGUMINOSAE.  227 

long;  leaflets  5-7,  obovate  or  oblong-obovate;  flowers  in  umbels;  calyx-teeth 
as  long  as  the  tube;  standard  yellow,  the  wings  and  keel  rose-colored;  pod  short. 
In  moist  soil,  near  the  seacoast,  infrequent. 

298.    OXYTROPIS. 

Low  tufted  perennials  with  very  short  stems  and  a  thick  root 
or  rootstock;  leaves  pinnate,  of  many  leaflets;  flowers  in  a  head 
or  short  spike  on  a  scape-like  peduncle;  keel  tipped  with  a  sharp 
point  or  appendage;  otherwise  similar  to  Astragalus;  pod  often 
more  or  less  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  ventral  suture. 

Leaflets  6-8  mm.  long,  crowded,  densely  appressed  canescent  on 

both  sides.  O.  luteolus. 

Leaflets  8-12  mm.  long,  not  crowded,  thinly  appressed  canes- 
cent becoming  glabrate  above.  O.  cusickii. 

Oxytropis  luteolus  (Greene)  Piper  n.  comb.  (Aragallus  luteolus  Greene.) 
Loosely  appressed  canescent;  leaflets  close  together,  in  8-12  pairs,  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  acutish,  4-6  mm.  long;  stipules  scarious,  ovate,  acute;  flowering 
stems  10-20  cm.  high,  erect,  bearing  spikes  1-3  cm.  long;  bracts  oval,  half  as 
long  as  the  calyx;  corolla  short-cylindric,  canescent  or  with  a  few  black  hairs 
intermixed;  corolla  pale  yellow,  15  mm.  long. 

Olympic  Mountains,  head  of  Elwha  River,   Elmer. 

Oxytropis  cusickii  Greenman.  Loosely  appressed  villous;  leaflets  in  8-15 
pairs,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  7-15  mm.  long;  stipules  scarious,  ciliate; 
scapes  exceeding  the  leaves,  10-20  cm.  high;  spike  dense,  2-5  cm.  long;  bracts 
lanceolate,  obtusish,  half  as  long  as  the  calyx;  flowers  nearly  sessile;  calyx 
cylindric,  appressed  pubescent  with  white  hairs  intermixed  with  black  ones; 
corolla  whitish,  12-15  mm.  long;  pods  cylindric,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  2-celled. 

In  the  Olympic,  Cascade  and  Blue  Mountains,  rare. 

299.   ASTRAGALUS. 

Chiefly  perennial  herbs;  leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  stipules; 
flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes;  calyx  with  5  nearly  equal  teeth; 
corolla  and  its  slender-clawed  petals  usually  narrow,  spreading, 
equalling  or  exceeding  the  wings  and  blunt  keel;  stamens 
diadelphous;  anthers  all  alike;  ovary  sessile  or  stipitate;  ovules 
numerous;  pod  sometimes  inflated,  1-celled,  or  2-celled  by  a  false 
partition;  seeds  few  or  many. 

Astragalus  hookerianus  (T.  &  G.)  Gray.  Herbage  pale,  silky  or  villous 
with  a  fine  whitish  pubescence;  stems  ascending,  10-30  cm.  long,  usually 
much  branched  at  base;  leaflets  7-9  pairs,  oblong,  petiolulate,  4-6  mm.  long; 
stipules  lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  sheathing;  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  the  racemes  few-flowered ;  bracts  setaceous,  about  as  long  as  the  pedicels; 
calyx  pubescent  with  black  and  white  hairs,  the  teeth  subulate,  shorter  than 
the  tube;  corolla  whitish,  the  tip  of  the  keel  purple  tinged;  pods  short-stipi- 
tate,  much  inflated,  thin,  ovoid,  1-3  cm.  long,  pale,  mottled  with  purple 
splotches. 

Olympic  Mountains,  Elmer. 


228  GERANIACEAE. 

Family  51.     GERANIACEAE,     Geranium  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  mostly  basal,  alternate  or 
opposite,  often  with  stipules;  flowers  solitary  or  clustered,  per- 
fect, regular,  commonly  symmetrical,  the  parts  in  fives;  sepals 
persistent;  stamens  usually  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  mostly 
in  two  sets,  those  alternate  with  the  petals  sometimes  sterile; 
ovary  1,  deeply  3-5-lobed  and  3-5-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity; 
fruit  a  capsule;  carpels  1-seeded,  separating  when  mature  from 
the  axis. 

Leaves  palmate,  variously  cleft  or  divided.  300.  Geranium,  228. 

Leaves  pinnately  compound  (in  ours).  SOL  Erodium,  228. 

300.   GERANIUM.    Wild  Geranium. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  palmately-lobed,  cleft  or 
divided,  with  stipules;  flowers  regular,  on  axillary  1-2-flowered 
peduncles;  sepals  5;  petals  5,  hypogynous;  stamens  10,  rarely  5, 
generally  5  longer  and  5  shorter;  ovary  5-lobed,  5-celled,  beaked 
with  a  compound  style;  capsule  5-celled,  each  1-seeded,  and  long- 
tailed,  at  maturity  separating  from  the  long  beak  of  the  recep- 
tacle, splitting  from  below  upward. 

Perennials;  flowers  large.  G.  oreganum. 

Annuals;  flowers  small. 

Seeds  smooth  or  nearly  so. 

Carpels  canescent,  not  rugose.  G.  pusillum. 

Carpels  glabrous,  rugose.  G.  molle. 

Seeds  reticulate  or  pitted. 

Flowers  deep  purple;  seeds  pitted.  ^  G.  dissectum. 

Flowers  pale  purple;  seeds  reticulately  ridged. 

Peduncles  short;  inflorescence  compact.  G.  carolinianum. 

Peduncles  long;  inflorescence  loose. 

Style-branches  4-6  mm.  long.  G.  hicknelUi. 

Style- branches  3  mm.  long.  G.  laxum. 

Geranium  oreganum  Howell.  Perennial  with  a  stout  crown;  stems  30-60 
ciji.  high,  sparsely  retrorse  pubescent;  leaf  blades  5-7-parted,  the  segments 
cuneate  and  irregularly  toothed,  sparsely  appressed  pubescent  especially  on 
the  nerves;  petioles  long,  retrorsely  pubescent;  inflorescence  glandular;  sepals 
oblong-ovate,  aristate;  petals  obovate,  12-15  mm.  long,  purple;  carpels  puberu- 
lent. 

In  open  places,  Willamette  Valley,  Oregon. 

Geranium  pusillum  Burm.  f.  Annual,  spreading,  finely-pubescent,  the  weak 
stems  15-30  cm.  long;  leaves  1-3  cm.  broad,  7-9-clcft  into  equal  cuneate- 
oblong  lobes,  these  3-toothed  at  apex;  peduncles  scattered,  2-flowered;  flowers 
pink  or  violet,  4-5  mm.  broad;  sepals  acute,  not  awncd;  petals  notched; 
anther-bearing  stamens  only  5;  carpels  canescent,  small,  including  the  tails 
about  1  cm.  long;  seeds  smooth. 

A  weed  in  lawns  and  waste  places. 


GERANIACEAE.  229 

Geranium  molle  L.  Annual,  pubescent  with  white  hairs;  stems  spreading, 
15-30  cm.  long;  leaves  orbicular,  2-3  cm.  broad,  deeply  cleft,  the  lobes  crenately 
toothed,  obtuse;  sepals  ovate-oblong,  villous,  notaristate;  petals  pink-purple, 
notched  at  apex,  scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals;  stamens  10;  carpels  trans- 
versely rugose,  glabrous;  seeds  striate. 

Introduced  from  Europe,  common. 

Geranium  dissecttmi  L.  Annual,  somewhat  pubescent;  stems  decumbent, 
or  ascendent,  15-45  cm.  long;  leaves  5-7-parted,  the  segments  deeply  cleft 
into  narrow  very  acute  usually  curved  divisions;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate; 
petals  purple;  carpels  pubescent. 

Abundantly  introduced  from  Europe. 

Geranium  carolinianum  L.  Annual,  erect,  branched,  15-30  cm.  high, 
pubescent  throughout  and  somewhat  glandular;  leaves  orbicular,  3-6  cm. 
broad,  deeply  5-9-cleft;  lobes  cuneate-oblong,  acutely  and  incisely  toothed  or 
lobed;  petioles  slender;  peduncles  short,  2-flowered,  the  inflorescence  rather 
compact;  flowers  pink,  8-10  mm.  broad;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  short-awned, 
ciliate;  carpels  hispid,  the  beaks  2  cm.  long,  tipped  with  a  short  slender  style; 
seeds  reticulated. 

Common  in  sandy  soil. 

Geranium  bicknellii  Britt.  Similar  to  G.  carolinianum;  peduncles  scat- 
tered, elongate;  flowers  in  pairs,  the  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  calyx; 
petals  rose-colored;  beak  of  the  fruit  tipped  with  a  long  slender  style  4-6  mm. 
long. 

In  open  woods. 

Geraniimi  laxtmi  Hanks.  Annual;  stems  procumbent,  30-60  cm.  long, 
retrorsely  pubescent;  leaves  reniform  in  outline,  2.5-5  cm.  broad,  parted  into 
linear  segments;  pedicels  glandular-hirsute;  sepals  ovate,  aristate,  glandular- 
pubescent,  the  outer  7-8  mm.  long;  petals  purple;  carpels  hirsute;  seeds  reticu- 
late. 

Oyhut,  Chehalis  County,  Washington,   Lamb,  and  south  to  California. 

301.   ERODIUM. 

Herbs,  generally  with  jointed  nodes;  leaves  opposite  or  alter- 
nate, with  stipules;  flowers  regular,  in  axillary  umbels;  sepals  5; 
petals  5,  hypogynous;  anthers  5,  the  5  shorter  stamens  sterile 
or  wanting;  ovary  5-lobed,  5-celled,  beaked  by  the  united  styles; 
tails  of  the  carpels  bearded  on  the  inner  side,  becoming  twisted. 

Erodimn  cicutarium  (L.)  L'Her.  Alfilaria.  Filaree.  Branched  and 
spreading  from  the  base,  hairy-pubescent,  the  weak  stems  10-60  cm.  long; 
leaves  pinnate,  3-15  cm.  long,  the  leaflets  pinnatifid  into  narrow  acute  lobes; 
peduncles  generally  longer  than  the  leaves,  bearing  2-10  pink  flowers;  sepals 
acute,  nearly  as  long  as  the  entire  petals,  these  4  mm.  long;  carpels  puberulent, 
the  tails  5-7  cm.  long,  spirally-twisted  when  ripe. 

Introduced  from  Europe;  very  common. 

Family  52.     OXALIDACEAE.    Wood  Sorrel  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  low  herbs  (in  ours)  with  sour  watery 
juice;  leaves  delicate,  palmate,  usually  trifoliolate,  alternate 
or  radical;  flowers  perfect,  regular,  5-merous,  but  with  10  or  15 
stamens;  ovary  superior,  5-celled,  the  carpels  2-many-ovuled, 
usually  distinct  above. 


230  OXALIDACEAE. 

302.   OXALIS.,    Wood  Sorrel. 

Annual  or  perennial,  short-stemmed  or  stemless  herbs  with 
alternate  or  basal  trifoliolate  leaves  (in  ours)  and  axillary  or 
basal  1 -several-flowered  peduncles,  sometimes  also  with  small 
self-pollinating  flowers;  styles  5,  separate,  persistent;  capsule 
subglobose,  ovoid  or  columnar. 

Caulescent;  flowers  yellow.  0.  suksdorfii. 
Acaulescent;  flowers  white. 

Scapes  1-flowered;  capsule  ovoid.  0.  oregana. 

Scapes  several-flowered;  capsule  linear.  0.  trilliijolia. 

Oxalis  suksdorfii  Trelease.  (0.  pumila  Nutt.  not  Urv.)  Rootstocks 
creeping;  stems  slender,  10-30  cm.  high,  sparsely  villous;  leaflets  obcordate, 
10-15  mm.  long;  stipules  wanting;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  subtending 
leaf;  flowers  yellow,  solitary  or  in  pairs  on  slender  pedicels;  sepals  oblong, 
villous;  petals  three  times  as  long  as  the  sepals,  obtuse;  capsule  a  little  longer 
than  the  sepals. 

In  dry  open  woods,  Clarke  County,  Washington,  and  southwards. 

Oxalis  oregana  Nutt.  Acaulescent,  sparsely  villous;  petioles  5-20  cm. 
long;  leaflets  obcordate,  2-4  cm.  long,  glabrous  above;  scapes  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  2-bracted  above  the  middle;  flower  solitary;  sepals  oblong;  petals  white 
with  purple  veins,  oblong,  15-25  mm.  long;  capsule  subglobose,  10  mm.  long. 

In  deep  woods,  especially  at  low  altitudes  in  the  mountains. 

Oxalis  trilliifolia  Hook.  Acaulescent.  nearly  glabrous;  petioles  10-30 
cm.  long;  leaflets  3-5  cm.  long,  broadly  obcordate;  scapes  as  long  as  the  leaves; 
umbels  3-8-flowered;  bracts  lanceolate,  acute;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
4  mm.  long;  petals  white,  oblanceolate,  deeply  notched  and  twice  as  long  as 
the  sepals;  capsule  linear,  2-3  cm.  long. 

In  deep  woods,  often  growing  with  0.  oregana. 

Family  53.    EUPHORBIACEAE.    Spurge  Family. 

Herbs  (in  ours),  with  milky  juice;  leaves  opposite,  alternate  or 
whorled,  entire  or  toothed,  sessile  or  petioled;  stipules  present 
or  wanting;  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  often  much  reduced 
and  subtended  by  an  involucre  which  resembles  a  calyx;  parts  of 
flowers  various,  often  different  in  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers; 
calyx  none  or  minute;  petals  often  wanting;  stamens  1-many, 
free  or  united;  ovary  usually  3-celled;  fruit  a  3-lobed  capsule; 
endosperm  copious. 

Flowers  surrounded  by  an  involucre;  capsule  3-celled.    303.  Euphorbia,  230. 
Flowers  without  an  involucre;  capsule  1-celled.  304.  Piscaria,  231. 

303.   EUPHORBIA.     Spurge. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs  (in  ours);  flowers  monoecious,  in- 
cluded in  a  cup-shaped  4-  or  5-lobed  involucre  resembling  a  calyx 
or  corolla  and  usually  bearing  large  thick  glands  at  its  sinuses; 


EUPHORBIACEAE.  23I 

glands  rounded  or  often  petal-like  or  crescent-shaped;  staminate 
flowers  numerous,  of  a  single  naked  stamen,  jointed  upon  a  short 
pedicel  which  usually  has  a  minute  bract  at  its  base;  pistillate 
flowers  solitary  in  the  center  of  the  involucre,  pedicelled,  and 
soon  exserted;  calyx  none,  or  rarely  present  and  minute;  styles 
3,  2-cleft;  stigmas  6;  ovary  3-celled,  3-ovuled. 

Glands  of  the  involucre  bearing  petal-like  appendages;  plants 

prostrate  or  nearly  so;  seeds  pitted  and  wrinkled.  E.  serpyllifolia. 

Glands  of  the  involucre  not  bearing  petal-like  appendages; 

stems  erect;  seeds  pitted.  E.  peplus. 

Euphorbia  serpyllifolia  L.  Annual,  glabrous;  stems  prostrate,  much 
branched  from  the  base,  5-20  cm.  long;  leaves  opposite,  narrowly  obovate, 
cuneate  at  base,  serrulate,  4-10  mm.  long;  stipules  fringed;  involucres  soli- 
tary-axillary, campanulate,  1  mm.  long;  glands  4,  disc-shaped,  each  with  a 
lobed  appendage;  seeds  whitish,  slightly  ridged  and  pitted. 

In  dry  soils,  often  in  dried-up  ponds. 

Euphorbia  peplus  L.  Annual  or  biennial;  stems  erect,  10-30  cm.  high; 
leaves  entire,  alternate,  obovate  or  the  uppermost  ovate;  flowers  umbellate; 
umbels  3-rayed,  then  dichotomous;  glands  of  the  involucre  crescent-shaped, 
the  horns  elongated;  carpels  each  with  2  wing-like  crests  on  the  back;  seeds 
pale,  pitted  on  the  back,  grooved  on  the  inner  face. 

Sparingly  introduced. 

304.   PISCARIA. 

Low  heavy-scented  annual  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  entire, 
3-nerved,  petioled,  without  stipules;  flowers  monoecious,  in 
axillary  cymose  fascicles,  without  an  involucre,  all  apetalous, 
the  pistillate  without  a  calyx;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower 
3-6-parted;  stamens  6  or  7,  central  on  the  hairy  receptacle ;  style 
simple,  filiform;  ovary  with  4  or  5  small  glands  at  its  base,  1- 
celled,  1-ovuled;  capsule  obovate-oblong,  1-celled,  2-valved. 

Piscaria  setigera  (Hook.)  Piper.  Turkey  Mullein.  Grayish  pubescent 
with  stellate  hairs  and  hispid  bristles;  stem  much  branched  from  near  the 
base,  the  branches  mostly  procumbent,  15-60  cm.  long;  leaves  ovate,  obtuse, 
1-5  cm.  long,  crowded  near  the  tips  of  the  branches;  calyx  of  staminate  flower 
with  oblong  obtuse  lobes;  pistillate  flowers  often  in  clusters  of  2  or  3;  ovary 
and  style  pubescent;  seed  shiny,  4  mm.  long. 

In  dry  ground,  Columbia  River  to  southern  California.  The  plant  was 
formerly  used  by  the  Indians  to  stupefy  fish  by  throwing  quantities  of  it  in 
the  streams. 

Family  54.  CALLITRICHACEAE.  Water  Starwort  Family. 
Aquatic  or  rarely  terrestrial  usually  tufted  herbs;  leaves  op- 
posite, entire,  spatulate  or  linear,  without  stipules;  flowers 
minute,  perfect  or  monoecious,  axillary;  perianth  none;  bracts 
two,  sac-like,  or  none;  stamen  1 ;  pistil  1 ;  styles  2,  filiform;  ovary 
4-celled;  ovule  1  in  each  cell;  fruit  nutlike,  compressed,  4-lobed, 
4-celled,  more  or  less  winged  or  keeled;  endosperm  oily. 


232  CALLITRICHACEAE. 

305.   CALLITRICHE.     Water  Starwort. 

Low  slender  usually  tufted  herbs;  leaves  spatulate  or  linear  or 
both,  entire;  flowers  monoecious,  solitary  or  2  or  3  in  the  axil  of 
a  leaf,  with  or  without  a  pair  of  membranaceous  bracts;  stami- 
nate  flower  a  single  stamen;  pistillate  flower  a  single  4-celled 
ovary,  sessile  or  pedicelled,  with  2  distinct  sessile  stigmas. 

Leaves  all  submersed,  linear,  1-nerved.  C.  autumnalis. 
Floating  leaves  obovate-spatulate,  3-nerved. 

Styles  about  as  long  as  the  fruit.  C.  palustris. 

Styles  twice  as  long  as  the  fruit.  C.  holanderi. 

Callitriche  autumnalis  L.  Leaves  all  submersed,  linear,  1-nerved,  retuse 
or  bifid  at  apex;  fruit  orbicular,  retuse,  the  two  carpels  separate  nearly  to 
the  axis. 

In  flowing  water,  rare. 

Callitriche  palustris  L.  Aquatic  or  growing  in  the  mud;  floating  leaves 
obovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  the  others  linear  or  spatulate,  1-nerved,  1-2  cm. 
long;  when  terrestrial,  leaves  all  linear;  bracts  2,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the 
fruit  or  wanting;  fruit  oval,  emarginate,  1  mm.  long,  the  edges  grooved  and 
narrowly  winged;  styles  erect,  shorter  than  the  fruit. 

Not  rare,  in  ponds  and  pools. 

Callitriche   bolanderi    Hegelm.     Floating   leaves   rhombic-obovate;   fruit 
orbicular,  usually  obcordate,  tipped  with  the  much  longer  styles. 
In  still  ponds,  common. 

Family  55.  EMPETRACEAE.  Crowberry  Family. 
Low  evergreen  heath-like  shrubs;  flowers  small,  dioecious  or 
polygamous,  axillary  or  in  terminal  heads;  sepals  3;  petals  2  or  3 
or  none;  stamens  3;  style  short;  ovary  2-several-celled,  sessile, 
the  style  cleft  into  as  many  stigma-bearing  segments  as  there  are 
cells  of  the  ovary;  ovules  1  in  each  cell;  fruit  a  berry-like  drupe 
with  2-several  seed-like  nutlets. 

306.  EMPETRUM.       Crowberry. 

Low  spreading  shrubs;  flowers  polygamous,  scattered  and 
solitary  in  the  leaf-axils,  inconspicuous,  scaly-bracted ;  calyx  of 
3  spreading  somewhat  petal-like  sepals;  style  very  short;  stigmas 
6-9-rayed;  fruit  a  berry-like  drupe. 

Empetrum  nigrum  L.  Crowberry.  Branches  procumbent,  5-25  cm.  long; 
leaves  linear,  obtuse,  thick,  4-7  mm.  long;  berry  black. 

Mount  Rainier,  Piper;  Copalis,  Coward;  Vancouver  Island,  British  Colum- 
bia, Macoun. 

FamUy  56.     LIMNANTHACEAE.     False  Mermaid  Family. 
Low  annual   herbs  with   alternate   pinnate   leaves,   without 
stipules;    flowers    perfect,    regular,    3-6-merous,    slightly    peri- 


LIMNANTHACEAE.  233 

gynous;  sepals  persistent;  glands  alternating  with  the  petals; 
stamens  distinct;  style  one;  carpels  nearly  distinct,  1-ovuled,  in 
fruit  fleshy  and  indehiscent,  not  beaked,  separating  from  a  very 
short  axis. 

Flower  parts  in  fours,  fives  or  sixes;  stigmas  capitate.  307.  Limnanthes,  233, 
Flower  parts  in  threes;  stigmas  not  capitate.  308.  Floerkea,  2.33. 

307.   LIMNANTHES. 

Tender  annual  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  pinnately  dissected, 
without  stipules;  flowers  solitary,  regular,  symmetrical,  on  naked 
axillary  straight  peduncles;  petals  longer  than  the  sepals,  per- 
sistent, stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals;  carpels  nearly 
distinct,  each  1-ovuled,  becoming  a  half-fleshy  nutlet  in  fruit; 
stigmas  capitate. 

Limnanthes  macounii  Trelease.  Glabrous;  stems  much  branched,  de- 
cumbent, 5-10  cm.  high;  leaves  pinnately  5-9-parted,  the  ovate,  entire  or 
3-cleft  divisions  remote;  sepals  mostly  4,  lanceolate,  acute;  petals  cuneate- 
oblong,  3-4  mm.  long,  cream-colored;  carpels  obovoid,  tuberculate. 

Victoria,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  Macoun;  not  known  from 
any  other  locality. 

308.   FLOERKEA. 

Tender  low  annuals,  with  alternate  leaves  lacking  stipules; 
flowers  regular,  symmetrical,  the  parts  in  threes,  solitary  axillary, 
on  curved  peduncles;  petals  small,  shorter  than  the  sepals; 
stamens  6;  carpels  3,  united  at  base;  style  1 ;  stigmas  3,  not  capi- 
tate; fruit  of  3  akenes  with  half-fleshy  walls. 

Floerkea  proserpinacoides  Willd.  {F.  occidentalis  Rydb.)  Small  glabrous 
herb,  branched  from  the  base,  the  branches  5-20  cm.  long;  leaves  pinnate 
with  3-5  leaflets,  these  lanceolate  or  the  upper  ones  linear,  sometimes  2-3- 
cleft;  sepals  ovate,  acute;  petals  white,  about  2  mm.  long;  carpels  tuberculate. 

In  moist  places,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Family  57.  ANACARDIACEAE.  Cashew  Family. 
Trees  or  shrubs  with  resinous  or  milky  acrid  juice;  leaves 
alternate,  usually  compound,  without  stipules,  not  punctate; 
flowers  regular,  small,  polygamo-dioecious  or  perfect;  calyx  5- 
lobed ;  petals  5 ;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals, 
rarely  fewer  or  more;  styles  3;  ovary  1 -celled,  1-ovuled;  fruit 
generally  a  small  drupe;  endosperm  scanty  or  none. 

309.  RHUS. 


Trees  or  shrubs,  some  of  them  poisonous  to  the  skin;  flowers 
polygamous  or  dioecious,  seldom  truly  perfect,  small,  greenish  or 


234  CELASTRACEAE. 

rarely  yellow  or   rose-colored;  calyx  small,  5-parted;  petals  5; 
stamens  5;  fruit  drupe-like;  ovule  basal. 

Rhus  diversiloba  T.  &  G.  Poison  Oak.  Shrub  with  erect  stems  1-2  m. 
high  or  under  favorable  circumstances  clinging  upon  trees  up  to  3-8  m.; 
leaves  3-foliolate;  leaflets  oblong  to  obovate,  obtuse,  mostly  coarsely  toothed, 
rarely  entire  or  pinnatifid,  2-7  cm.  long;  flowers  green,  in  small  loose  axillary 
panicles,  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves;  drupes  white,  globose,  about  5  mm. 
in  diameter. 

Common  in  gravelly  or  rocky  soil. 

Family  58.     CELASTRACEAE.    Stafftree  Family. 

Shrubs,  often  climbing;  leaves  simple  and  undivided,  alternate 
or  opposite;  stipules  none  or  small  and  early  withering;  flowers 
regular,  usually  perfect,  small;  pedicels  commonly  jointed; 
cal)^  4-  or  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated ;  petals  4  or  5,  spreading: 
stamens  4  or  5,  perigynous  on  a  disk,  alternate  with  the  petals; 
ovary  sessile,  free  from  or  confluent  with  the  disk;  fruit  a  some- 
what fleshy  dehiscent  pod;  endosperm  fleshy. 

Deciduous  shrub;  flowers  5-merous.  310.  Euonymus,  234. 

Evergreen  shrub;  flowers  4-merous.  311.  Pachistima,  234. 

310.  EUONYMUS. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  4-sided  branchlets  and  opposite  serrate 
leaves;  flowers  small,  on  axillary  peduncles,  in  loose  cymes, 
perfect,  5-merous  (in  ours);  stamens  short;  style  short  or  none; 
pod  3-5-lobed,  3-5-valved;  seeds  1-4  in  each  cell. 

Euonymus  occidentalis  Nutt.  Glabrous  shrub,  2-5  m.  high,  the  slender 
branches  pale  green;  leaves  ovate  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  mostly  acute  at  base, 
acute  or  acuminate,  serrulate,  5-10  cm.  long,  on  petioles  4-10  mm.  long; 
peduncles  5  cm.  long,  1-4-flowered;  flowers  S-merous,  dark  purple,  about 
10  mm.  broad;  fruit  smooth. 

In  deep  woods  along  streams;  Clarke  County,  Washington,  and  southward. 

311.   PACHISTIMA. 

Low  evergreen  shrubs;  leaves  opposite,  smooth,  serrulate, 
coriaceous;  flowers  perfect,  very  small,  green  or  purplish,  solitary 
or  fascicled  in  the  axils;  calyx-lobes  4,  broad;  petals  4;  stamens  4, 
on  the  edge  of  the  disk;  style  very  short;  ovary  free;  pod  small, 
oblong,  2-ceiled;  seeds  1  or  2,  enclosed  in  a  white  membranous 
many-cleft  aril. 

Pachistima  myrsinites  (Pursh)  Raf.  Evergreen  glabrous  shrub,  much 
branched,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong,  lanceolate  or  obovate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
cuneate  at  base,  serrulate,  nearly  sessile,  1-3  cm.  long,  the  margin  somewhat 
revolute;  flowers  yellowish  or  purplish,  3  mm.  broad;  peduncles  and  pedicels 
short,  2-3  mm.  long;  capsule  oblong,  acute,  5-6  mm.  long. 

In  woods,  especially  in  the  mountains  but  occurring  at  sea  level  along 
Puget  Sound. 


ACERACEAE.  235 

Family  59.  ACERACEAE.  Maple  Family. 
Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  simple  or  pinnately  or  palmately  com- 
pound, opposite,  without  stipules  (in  ours) ;  flowers  small,  regular 
(in  ours) ,  polygamous  or  dioecious;  sepals  4-5;  petals  often  none 
(in  ours);  stamens  3-12,  inserted  on  the  fleshy  disk;  ovary  2- 
celled  and  lobed  (in  ours),  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell  (in  ours); 
endosperm   none. 

312.   ACER.     Maple. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  opposite,  palmately-lobed,  without 
stipules;  flowers  small,  polygamo-dioecious,  in  clusters;  calyx 
colored,  usually  5-lobed;  petals  5  and  equal  or  none;  stamens 
3-12;  styles  2;  ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cell; 
fruit  a  double  samara,  2-winged  above,  separable  at  maturity, 
each  1 -seeded. 

Flowers  in  racemes;  fruit  hispid.  A.  macrophyllum. 
Flowers  in  corymbs;  fruit  glabrous. 

Leaves  3-5-lobed;  fruit  wings  somewhat  spreading.  A.  douglasii. 

Leaves  7-9-lobed;  fruit  wings  widely  spreading.  A.  circinatum. 

Acer  mstrrnphylliiTn  Piirsh  Broadleaf  Maple.  Large  tree  reaching  a 
height  of  10-30  m.  and  a  diameter  of  1-2  m.;  bark  longitudinally  sulcate; 
leaves  15-30  cm.  long  and  broad,  deeply  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  entire  or  more 
commonly  3-5-cleft  into  acute  sinuously-margined  lobes,  shiny  above,  paler 
and  somewhat  pubescent  beneath  especially  on  the  ribs;  flowers  greenish- 
yellow,  in  pendent  racemes  8-15  cm.  long,  the  lower  flowers  infertile;  calyx 
campanulate;  petals  obovate,  as  long  as  the  sepals;  fruit  very  hispid,  the 
oblong  slightly  spreading  wings  4-5  cm.  long. 

Abundant  in  alluvial  land;  northward  in  Alaska  to  about  latitude  55°  and 
southward  in  the  mountains  through  California.  First  collected  by  Captain 
Meriwether  Lewis. 

Acer  douglasii  Hook.  Dwarf  Maple.  Small  tree,  3-10  m.  high,  with  smooth 
light-gray  bark;  leaves  simple,  rarely  3-foliolate,  orbicular,  acutish,  5-lobed, 
coarsely  serrate,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base,  glabrous,  dark-green  above, 
paler  beneath,  5-10  cm.  long;  petiole  slender;  flowers  polygamous,  in  small 
corymbs;  petals  narrow,  spatulate-oblong,  veiny,  about  as  long  as  the  similar 
sepals;  fruit  glabrous,  roughened,  the  wings  diverging  at  less  than  a  right 
angle,  2.5-3  cm.  long. 

Along  mountain  streams,  only  rarely  found  at  sea-level  in  our  limits.  Ex- 
tends northward  to  Lynn  Canal,  Alaska. 

Acer  circinatum  Pursh.  Vine  Maple.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  the  trunk 
3-10  m.  high,  rarely  erect;  bark  smooth,  gray;  leaves  6-12  cm.  long,  nearly 
orbicular,  more  or  less  cordate  at  base,  cleft  nearly  to  the  middle  into  7-9 
acute  serrate  lobes,  nearly  glabrous  when  mature,  somewhat  villous  when 
young;  flowers  loosely  corymbose;  sepals  oblong,  acute,  spreading;  petals 
hood-like,  acutish,  shorter  than  the  sepals;  fruit  becoming  glabrous,  the  wings 
diverging   nearly   180°. 

Abundant  in  alluvial  soil;  found  only  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 
Northern  limit  near  latitude  51°;  southern  limit  Mendocino  and  Trinity  Coun- 
ties, California.  The  leaves  become  purple-colored  after  midsummer  and 
gorgeously  crimson  in  the  fall. 


236  RHAMNACEAE. 

Family  60.  BALSAMINACEAE.  Balsam  Family. 
Usually  glaucous  succulent  herbs  with  watery  juice;  leaves 
alternate,  simple,  without  stipules;  flowers  irregular  with  a 
petal-like  imbricated  usually  spurred  calyx;  petals  4,  united  in 
two  pairs;  stamens  5,  with  short  filaments  and  more  or  less 
united  anthers;  ovary  5-celled;  seeds  without  endosperm. 

313.  IMPATIENS.     Jewel  weep. 

Delicate  herbs  with  translucent  stems;  leaves  coarsely  toothed, 
petioled;  flowers  axillary  or  panicled,  often  of  two  kinds,  large 
sterile  ones  and  smaller  cleistogamous  ones  which  ripen  good  seed ; 
sepals  apparently  four,  the  posterior  ones  usually  spurred ;  petals 
4,  united  in  two  pairs;  filaments  5,  each  with  a  scale-like  append- 
age; appendages  united  and  covering  the  stigma;  pod  with 
evanescent  partitions,  opening  suddenly  when  touched  and 
projecting   the   seeds. 

Imoatiens  nolitangere  L.  (I.  occidentalis  Rydb.)  Touch-me-not.  Annual, 
glabrous,  60-90  cm.  high,  pale  green,  slightly  glaucous;  leaves  oval  to  elliptical, 
coarsely  crenate-serrate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  paler  beneath,  5-10 
cm.  long,  on  shorter  petioles;  flowers  pale  yellow;  saccate  sepal  much  longer 
than  broad,  gradually  tapering  into  a  long  recurved  spur. 

In  moist  woods,  Whatcom  County,  Washington,  and  northward. 

Family  61.    RHAMNACEAE.     Buckthorn  Family. 

Erect  shrubs  or  small  trees;  leaves  simple;  stipules  small  and 
early  deciduous  or  -none;  flowers  small  and  regular,  sometimes 
polygamo-dioecious ;  disk  fleshy;  calyx  4-  or  5-toothed;  petals 
4  or  5,  on  the  disk,  or  sometimes  none;  stamens  4  or  5,  perigynous, 
alternate  with  the  sepals  and  opposite  the  petals;  ovary  sessile; 
fruit  a  drupe  or  pod,  with  1  seed  in  each  cell ;  endosperm  sparingly 
fleshy. 

Fruit  a  drupe;  flowers  solitary  or  in  umbels.  314.  Rhamnus,  236. 

Fruit  a  dry  capsule;  flowers  in  panicles.  315.  Ceanothus,  237. 

314.  RHAMNUS.     Buckthorn. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees;  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  pinnately- 
veined,  with  small  deciduous  stipules;  flowers  greenish,  polygam- 
ous or  dioecious,  in  axillary  clusters;  calyx  4-  or  5-cleft;  calyx- 
tube  bell-shaped,  lined  with  the  disk,  both  free  from  the  ovary; 
petals  5,  small,  oblong,  sessile,  acute  or  none;  stamens  4  or  5; 
ovary  2-4-celled ;  fruit  a  berry-like  drupe,  with  2-4  separate  seed- 
like nutlets. 


RHAMNACEAE.  237 

Rhamnus  purshiana   DC.     Bearberry.     Small  tree,  3-12  m.   high,  with  | 

nearly  smooth  dark-gray  bark;  young  twigs  pubescent;  leaves  elliptic,  obtuse  .1 

or  acuminate,  rounded  at   base,  somewhat  undulate,  denticulate,  pubescent  s 

especially  beneath,  5-15  cm.  long;  petioles  1-2  cm.  long,  downy;  umbels  stout-  { 

peduncled,  8-15-flowered;  flowers  3-5  mm.  long;  sepals  5;  petals  minute,  i 

hood-shaped;  fruit  black,  obovoid,  as  large  as  a  pea,  3-seeded,  insipid.  i 

Common  in  moist  or  wet  places.  Bark  used  medicinally  under  the  name  - 
Cascara  sagrada. 

315.   CEANOTHUS. 

Shrubs,     sometimes    evergreen;    leaves    alternate,    petioled;  ; 

flowers    perfect,    in    small    umbel-like    clusters,    forming   dense  ; 

terminal  panicles  often  on  naked  branches ;  calyx  5-lobed ;  calyx  j 

and   disk   adherent    to    the   ovary;    petals   hooded,    spreading;  .] 

stamens   5;   ovary   3-lobed;   fruit   3-lobed,   dry  and   very  oily,  1 

the  three  carpels  splitting  apart  when  ripe.  ; 

Leaves  opposite,  tridentate  at  apex.                                    C.  cuneatus.  \ 

Leaves  alternate.  \ 

Plant  gummy;  leaves  thick,  evergreen.  i 

Leaves  pubescent  beneath.                                        C.  velutinus.  1 

Leaves  glabrous  beneath.                                           C.  velutinus  laevigatus.  j 

Plant  not  gummy;  leaves  thin,  deciduous. 

Leaves  mostly  entire ;  flowers  blue  or  white.          C.  peduncularis.  ; 

Leaves  serrate  or  dentate.  < 

Flowers  white;  twigs  terete;  leaves  large.         C.  sanguineus.  '< 
Flowers  blue;  twigs  angled;  leaves  small.         C.  thyrsifiorus. 

^  i*^   Ceanothus  cuneatus  (Hook.)  Nutt.     Stems  erect,  rigid,  much  branched,  ^«/^?  /^A 

w</>-    1-4  m.  high;  twigs  gray,  tomentulose  when  young;  leaves  opposite,  cuneate- 

/9/£  ob^'^^t^  °^  spatulate,  obtuse  or  retuse  at  apex,  denticulate  to  entire,  5-10  mm.  ; 

'        long,  short-petioled,   minutely  tomentose  beneath;  flowers  white  or  rarely  i 

bluish,  in  axillary  umbels;  capsules  oblong,  each  carpel  with  a  horn-like  crest  ] 

near  the  top.  ] 

In  dry  or  rocky  ground,  from  the  Columbia  River  southwards.  l 

Ceanothus  velutinus  Dougl.     Sticky  Laurel.     Stout  shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  j 

much  branched;  branchlets  puberulent;  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  subcordate  at  ] 

base,  prominently  3-nerved,  finely  denticulate,  thick  and  firm,  glabrous  and  ; 
gummy  above,  puberulent  beneath,  5-8  cm.  long;  petioles  stout;  flowers  white, 

in  terminal  panicles  5-10  cm.   long;  peduncles  stout,  puberulent;  pedicels  J 

slender;  carpels  subglobose,  3-lobed  above,  nearly  smooth.  ' 

In  open  woods,  rather  common.     The  plant  has  a  pleasant  aromatic  odor.  \ 

Ceanothus   velutinus   laevigatus    (Dougl.)    T.    &   G.       Leaves   glabrous  \ 

beneath.  1 

Known  from  Vancouver  Island,  Menzies,  Macoun,  Harstine  Island,  Mason  i 

County,  Washington,  southwestern  Oregon  and  northern  California.  j 

Ceanothus  peduncularis  Greene.     Stems  1-2  m.  high,  loosely  branched;  ^ 

leaves  oval-oblong,  rounded  at  base,  acute  and  mucronate  at  apex,  3-nerved,  ', 

pubescent  on  both  faces,  3-6  cm.  long;  panicle  5-8  cm.  long;  peduncle  elongated,  1 

pubescent,  its  bracts  oblong,  acute,  pubescent;  bractlets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  3 

acuminate,   villous.  ^ 

Washington  to  California.  .j 

rt^ST    Ceanothus  sanguineus   Pursh.     Buckbrush.     Shrub,    1-3    m.   high,   with  ■ 

/    yS'slender  smootli  usually  reddish  branchlets;  leaves  thin,  elliptical  or  ovate,  \ 


238  MALVACEAE. 

obtuse,  rounded  at  base,  finely  serrate,  glabrate  above,  paler  and  puberulent 
beneath,  5-8  cm.  long;  petioles  slender;  panicles  lateral,  6-10  cm.  long,  their 
peduncles  villous;  flowers  white;  capsules  smooth,  3-lobed. 
In  open  woods,  not  common  in  our  limits. 

Ceanothus  thjrrsiflonis  Esch.  California  Lilac.  Loosely  branched 
shrub,  1-5  m.  high;  twigs  angled,  brownish,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves 
elliptic,  acute  at  base,  obtuse  at  apex,  finely  dentate,  3-nerved,  glabrous 
except  on  the  veins  beneath,  2-5  cm.  long,  on  short  hairy  petioles;  flowers 
usually  blue,  in  dense  compound  terminal  panicles;  capsule  globose,  smooth. 

Western  Oregon  and  California,  on  rocky  slopes.  Very  showy  when 
in  bloom. 

Family  62.    MALVACEAE.    Mallow  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs;    leaves  alternate,   pal  ma  tely- veined,   with 

stipules;    flowers   regular,    showy;    peduncles   axillary,    jointed; 

calyx  valvate;  sepals  5,  united  at  base,  often  subtended  by  an 

involucre  of  numerous  bractlets;  corolla  convolute;  petals  5, 

their  bases  united  with  each  other  and  with  the  stamen-column; 

stamens  numerous,  monadelphous,  in  a  column;  pistils  several, 

the  ovaries  united  in  a  ring  or  forming  a  several-celled  pod; 

endosperm  scanty. 

Bractlets  none;  stamens  in  two  series.  316.  Sidalcea,  238. 

Bractlets  3;  stamens  monadelphous.  317.  Malva,  239. 

316.   SIDALCEA. 

Herbs  (ours  all  perennials) ;  leaves  rounded,  mostly  lobed  or 
parted;  flowers  pink  or  red,  in  a  narrow  terminal  raceme  or  spike; 
involucre  none;  stamen-column  double,  the  filaments  of  the  outer 
series  united  usually  into  5  sets  opposite  the  petals;  styles  filiform, 
stigmatic  on  the  inner  surface;  carpels  5-9,  1-ovuled,  separating 
at  maturity  from  the  short  axis,  indehiscent. 

Flowers  red;  mature  carpels  smooth.  S.  hendersonii. 
Flowers  pink;  mature  carpels  rugose. 

Stems  hirsute.  S.  campestris. 

Stems  stellate-pubescent.  S.  virgata. 

Sidalcea  hendersonii  Wats.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  and  bright 
green;  stems  erect,  60-90  cm.  high,  nearly  simple;  leaves  orbicular,  deeply 
5-7 -cleft,  the  segments  merely  lobed  or  toothed;  flowers  deep  rose-colored,  in 
terminal  racemes;  bracts  linear,  exceeding  the  pedicels;  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
acuminate,  12-15  mm.  long;  petals  2.5  cm.  long;  carpels  glabrous,  not  rugose. 

In  marshes  near  the  sea  shore,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  to 
Oregon.     Abundant  near  Everett,  Washington. 

Sidalcea  campestris  Greene.  Perennial,  pale  green,  pubescent  with  both 
simple  and  stellate  hairs;  stems  30-90  cm.  high,  often  branched  above,  bristly- 
hirsute;  leaves  orbicular,  the  leaves  5-9-lobed  or  cleft,  the  upper  deeply  5-9- 
parted,  the  segments  divided  into  narrow  lobes;  petioles  longer  than  the  blades; 
racemes  erect,  rather  dense;  calyx  usually  canescent,  8-10  mm.  long;  petals 


MALVACEAE.  239 

pink,   emarginate   or  erose   at  apex,   about   2  cm.  long;  carpels  rugose  and 
pubescent. 

In  moist  meadows,  Willamette  Valley,  Oregon.  S.  asplenifolia  Greene 
found  at  Seattle  in  hay  meadows  is  apparently  the  same  and  perhaps  was 
introduced  with  grass  seed. 

Sidalcea  virgata  Howell.  Perennial,  green,  thinly  stellate  puberulent 
throughout,  not  at  all  pilose;  stems  erect,  slender,  30-90  cm.  high;  basal 
leaves  long-petioled,  orbicular,  with  5-7  oblong  obtuse  toothed  lobes,  5-15 
cm.  broad,  puberulent  beneath  with  stellate  hairs,  above  mostly  with  simple 
appressed  hairs;  cauline  similar,  more  deeply  lobed  or  even  parted  into  narrow 
subentire  segments;  racemes  erect,  loosely  flowered;  calyx  densely  puberulent, 
the  lobes  ovate,  acuminate,  6-8  mm.  long;  petals  1.5-2  cm.  long,  somewhat 
erose,  purple;  carpels  pale,  puberulent. 

In  open  places,  Willamette  Valley,  Oregon,  and  southward. 

317.  MALVA.     Mallow. 

Pubescent  or  glabrous  herbs;  leaves  dentate,  lobed  or  dis- 
sected; flowers  perfect,  axillary  or  terminal,  solitary  or  clustered; 
involucre  3-leaved;  calyx  5-cleft;  petals  5,  obcordate;  styles  nu- 
merous, stigmatic  down  the  inner  side;  fruit  depressed,  separating 
at  maturity  into  as  many  1 -seeded  indehiscent  carpels  as  there 
are  styles. 

Flowers  large,  only  in  the  upper  axils;  cauline  leaves  dis- 
sected; carpels  very  hairy.  M.  moschata. 
Flowers  small,  fascicled  in  the  axils;  leaves  5-9-lobed. 

Carpels  puberulent,  not  reticulated.  M.  rotundifolia. 

Carpels  glabrous,  reticulated.  M.  parviflora. 

Malva  moschata  L.  Musk  Mallow.  Perennial,  somewhat  musk-scented, 
pubescent  with  simple  hairs;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves 
orbicular,  the  basal  ones  incisely  cleft,  the  cauline  5-parted,  the  divisions 
cleft  or  parted  into  narrow  segments;  flowers  only  from  the  upper  axils,  the 
peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves;  petals  rose-colored  or  white,  much  longer  than 
the  sepals;  carpels  very  hairy. 

Introduced  and  locally  abundant. 

Malva  rotundifolia  L.  Mallow.  Cheeses.  Annual  or  biennial,  pubescent 
or  glabrous;  stems  prostrate,  branched  near  the  base,  20-60  cm.  long;  leaves 
round-reniform,  5-7-lobed,  crenate-dentate,  2-5  cm.  broad;  petioles  long  and 
slender;  flowers  whitish,  about  1  cm.  broad,  clustered  in  the  axils;  pedicels 
slender,  1-2  cm.  long;  carpels  12-15,  puberulent,  not  reticulated. 

A  native  of  Europe,  introduced  in  waste  places. 

Malva  parviflora  L.  Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  ascending  to 
erect,  15-60  cm.  high;  leaves  orbicular,  cordate,  crenate,  somewhat  angularly 
lobed;  flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  clustered;  pedicels  short;  flowers  small; 
carpels  glabrous,  rough  and   netted  on  the   back,  somewhat  wing-margined. 

A  weed  in  waste  land. 

Family  63.    HYPERICACEAE.    St.  Johnswort  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs;  leaves  opposite,  entire,  mostly  sessile,  with 
translucent  or  dark-colored   glandular  dots;   stipules  wanting; 


240  HYPERICACEAE. 

flowers  perfect,  regular;  sepals  4  or  5;  petals  4  or  5,  hypogynous; 
stamens  commonly  in  three  or  more  clusters;  styles  2-5,  usually 
distinct  or  nearly  so;  capsule  1 -celled,  with  2-5  parietal  "placentae, 
or  3-5-celled;  endosperm  none. 

318.   HYPERICUM.     St.  Johnswort. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  sessile,  entire,  punctate;  flowers  yellow, 
in  cymes;  sepals  5;  petals  5;  stamens  numerous;  ovary  1-celled, 
with  3-5  parietal  placentae,  rarely  3-5-celled. 

Plants  low,  forming  dense  mats. 

Alpine;  leaves  crowded;  flowers  mostly  solitary.  H.  bryophytum. 

Not  alpine;  leaves  not  crowded;  flowers  often  several.        H.  anagalloides. 
Plants  erect,  simple  or  nearly  so. 

Stamens  5-10;  stems  about  30  cm.  high.  H.  majus. 

Stamens  numerous;  stems  tall. 

Sepals  acuminate;  capsule  not  lobed.  H.  perforatum. 

Sepals  obtuse;  capsule  3-lobed.  H.  scouleri. 

Hypericum  bryophytum  Elmer.  Annual,  glabrous,  often  forming  dense 
pure  growths;  stems  very  leafy,  2-5  cm.  high,  weak,  procumbent,  branched  at 
base;  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  sessile,  3-5  mm.  long,  longer 
than  the  internodes,  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous;  flowers  solitary,  rarely 
few  in  a  cyme,  very  short  peduncled,  often  4-merous;  sepals  3  mm.  long; 
petals  equalling  the  sepals,  ciliate;  seeds  brown,  longitudinally  striate. 

In  the  mountains  at  about  2000  m.  altitude. 

Hypericum  anagalloides  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Stems  weak,  procumbent, 
much  branched,  2-5  cm.  high;  leaves  pale,  ovate,  obtuse,  somewhat  clasping, 
1  cm.  or  less  long;  cymes  peduncled,  loose,  the  branches  elongated;  flowers 
small,  not  dotted,  6-8  mm.  broad,  dark  yellow;  sepals  unequal,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  in  fruit  much  longer  than  the  capsule;  stamens  15-20. 

Forming  loose  mats  in  springy  places,  common. 

H3T)ericum  majus  (Gray)  Britt.  Annual  or  perennial;  stems  erect,  10-60 
cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  subcordate,  sessile  or  half-clasping,  5-7-nerved, 
2-4  cm.  long;  cymes  naked,  rather  dense;  sepals  lanceolate,  long-acuminate, 
longer  than  the  pale  yellow  petals  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  capsule. 

Green  Lake,  Seattle,  Washington,  Piper,  evidently  native. 

Hypericum  perforatum  L.  Tipton-weed.  Perennial,  stoloniferous;  stems 
30-90  cm.  high,  erect,  rnuch  branched;  leaves  elliptic  to  linear-oblong,  obtuse, 
narrowed  at  base,  conspicuously  punctate  with  pellucid  dots;  flowers  numerous, 
in  leafy  cymes;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate;  petals  deep  yellow,  specked  with 
black,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  capsule  ovate-conical,  reddish. 

Introduced  from  Europe.  Very  troublesome  as  a  weed,  and  poisonous 
to  horses. 

Hypericum  scouleri  Hook.  Stems  erect,  simple  or  branched  above,  15-60 
cm.  high;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  half-clasping  at  base,  2-3  cm.  long, 
black-dotted  on  the  margin;  inflorescence  a  corymb,  loose  or  rather  dense; 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute;  petals  bright  yellow,  black  dotted 
on  the  margin,  1  cm.  or  less  long;  stamens  numerous,  in  three  fascicles. 

In  wet  places,  common. 


ELATINACEAE.  24I 

Family  64.  ELATINACEAE.  Waterwort  Family. 
Low  annual  marsh  herbs;  leaves  opposite,  not  punctate,  with 
membranous  stipules;  flowers  minute,  axillary,  regular,  sym- 
metrical; sepals  2-5,  free;  petals  2-5,  hypogynous;  stamens  as 
many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals;  ovary  2-5-celled,  with  a 
many-ovuled  axile  placenta;  fruit  a  capsule. 

Plants  glabrous;  flower  parts  2-4.  319.  Elatine,  241. 

Plants  pubescent;  flower  parts  5.  320.  Bergia,  241. 

319.   ELATINE. 

Dwarf  glabrous  plants  growing  in  or  near  the  water,  often 
rooting  at  the  nodes;  sepals  2-4,  obtuse;  petals  2-4,  hypogynous; 
stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals;  styles  or  sessile 
stigmas  2-4;  pod  membranaceous,  2-4-celled,  several-many- 
seeded. 

Elatine  americana  (Pursh)  Arn.  Mostly  branched  from  the  base,  spreading 
to  erect,  2-4  cm.  high;  leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  2-5  mm.  long;  flowers  sessile, 
the  parts  mostly  in  twos,  rarely  in  threes;  capsule  globose;  seeds  subcylindric, 
slightly  curved,  marked  with  9  or  10  longitudinal  lines  and  20-30  cross  lines. 

Moist  banks  of  the  Columbia  River,  according  to  Howell. 

320.   BERGIA. 

Diffuse  or  ascending  herbs,  branching,  often  pubescent;  leaves 
entire  or  serrate;  flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  clustered;  parts  of 
the  flowers  in  fives;  sepals  acute,  each  with  a  prominent  midrib; 
capsule  crustaceous,  ovoid,  5-valved;  seeds  numerous. 

Bergia  texana  (Hook.)  Seubert.  Annual,  branched  from  the  base,  4-20 
cm.  high;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  glandular-pubescent;  leaves  lanceolate, 
obovate  or  spatulate,  serrate,  1-2  cm.  long,  petioled;  flowers  in  small  axillary 
fascicles;  sepals  acuminate,  3  mm.  long,  equalling  the  white  or  pinkish  petals; 
stamens  5  or  10. 

Banks  of  the  Columbia  River,  perhaps  reaching  our  limits. 

Family  65.  VIOLACEAE.^  Violet  Family. 
Herbs  with  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  with  stipules;  flowers 
perfect,  axillary,  nodding;  sepals  5,  hypogynous;  corolla  some- 
what irregular,  1 -spurred,  of  5  petals;  stamens  5,  hypogynous; 
anthers  adnate,  united  over  the  pistil;  ovary  1-celled,  with  3 
parietal  several-ovuled  placentae;  capsule  3-valved;  endosperm 
copious. 

321.   VIOLA.     Violet. 

Mostly    perennial    herbs;    leaves    alternate,    with    foliaceous 
stipules;  peduncles  1 -flowered,  axillary;  flowers  usually  of  two 
17 


242  VIOLACEAE. 

kinds,  the  earlier  ones  perfect  and  conspicuous,  but  often  sterile, 
the  later  (near  the  ground  in  stemless  species)  with  small  and 
rudimentary  petals,  cleistogamous  and  producing  numerous 
seeds;  sepals  unequal,  more  or  less  auricled;  petals  unequal,  the 
lower  spurred;  the  two  lower  stamens  spurred. 

Acaulescent. 

Flowers  small,  white.  V.  macloskeyi. 

Flowers  larger,  violet. 

Rootstocks  long  and  slender;  petals  pale  violet.  V.  palustris. 

Rootstocks  thick;  petals  dark  violet. 

Plants  not  stoloniferous;  stipules  small.  V.  nephrophylla. 

Plants  stoloniferous;  stipules  large.  V.  langsdorfii. 

Caulescent. 

Flowers  yellow,  or  violet  and  yellow. 

Stems  prostrate,  stolon-like;  leaves  evergreen.  V.  sempervirens. 

Stems  erect,  not  stoloniferous;  leaves  not  evergreen. 
Leaves  dissected  into  linear  lobes;  flowers  violet 

and  yellow.  V.  hallii. 

Leaves  not  dissected;  flowers  yellow. 

Herbage    pubescent;     leaves    lanceolate    to 

ovate.  V.  nuttallii. 

Herbage   glabrous;    leaves   cordate    to    reni- 

form.  V.  glabella. 

Flowers  blue  or  violet. 

Stipules  scarious,  entire.  V.  flettii. 

Stipules  herbaceous,  at  least  some  of  them  serrate  or 
incised. 
Leaves  dotless;  cauline  stipules  entire.  V.  howellii. 

Leaves  usually  brown-dotted,   at  least  beneath; 
stipules  all  serrate  or  laciniate. 
Herbage  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  V.  adunca. 

Herbage  pubescent,  the  pubescence  retrorse.      V.  montanensis. 

Viola  macloskeyi  Lloyd.  Glabrous;  rootstocks  slender,  creeping;  leaves 
few,  reniform,  obscurely  crenate;  petioles  slender;  stipules  ovate,  acute; 
peduncles  3-7  cm.  high,  2-bracted;  petals  white,  the  lateral  ones  bearded,  the 
spur  very  short  and  saccate. 

In  sphagnum   bogs. 

Viola  palustris  L.  Glabrous;  rootstocks  slender,  at  length  producing 
runners;  leaves  cordate-orbicular,  crenulate,  2-4  cm.  broad;  stipules  ovate, 
acuminate;  flowers  pale-violet,  the  lateral  petals  bearded;  spur  short,  saccate; 
sepals  obtuse. 

In  swamps,  common,  flowering  in  early  spring. 

Viola  nephrophylla  Greene.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  thickish,  reni- 
form to  cordate,  faintly  crenate,  obtuse,  2-6  cm.  long,  rather  pale;  flowers 
violet,  on  peduncles  10-20  cm.  long,  exceeding  the  leaves;  lateral  petals  bearded, 
the  spurred  one  villous;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse;  capsules  oblong, 
glabrous. 

In  springy  places,  rare  in  our  limits.     Admiralty  Head,  Oscar  A.  Piper. 

Viola  langsdorfii  Fisch.  Glabrous;  rootstocks  stout,  scaly,  creeping; 
stems  decumbent  or  ascending,  5-30  cm.  long;  leaves  cordate-orbicular, 
crenulate,  long-jxitioled;  stipules  large,  lanceolate,  the  lowest  often  incised; 
corolla  pale  violet;  lateral  petals  bearded;  spur  short. 

In  swamps  near  the  ocean  coast,  from  northern  California  to  Alaska. 


VIOLACEAE.  243 

Viola  sempervirens  Greene.  (F.  sarmentosa  Dougl.)  Nearly  glabrous; 
rootstocks  scaly  with  the  old  stipules;  stems  creeping  or  ascending,  slender; 
leaves  cordate-orbicular,  crenate,  punctate  with  brownish  dots,  2-3  cm.  broad; 
stipules  ovate,  scarious;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  petals  yellow, 
brown  veined,  the  lateral  ones  bearded;  spur  short  and  blunt. 

In  open  woods,  common,  blooming  in  early  spring.  The  leaves  remain 
green  over  winter. 

Viola  hallii  Gray.  Glabrous;  stems  from  a  deep-seated  caudex,  10-15  cm. 
high;  leaves  deeply  3-parted,  the  divisions  mostly  3-5-cleft  or  parted,  the 
ultimate  segments  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear,  obtuse,  callus-tipped;  petiole 
slender;  upper  stipules  foliaceous,  laciniate  or  entire;  upper  petals  dark  violet, 
the  lower  three  lemon  yellow,  the  lateral  ones  bearded  at  base,  10-15  mm. 
long;  spur  short;  capsule  acute. 

Prairies,  Willamette  Valley,  Oregon,  to  northern  California. 

Viola  nuttallii  praemorsa  (Dougl.)  Wats.  Stems  very  short  from  a  thick 
caudex  with  fleshy  roots;  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate,  crenate  or  suben- 
tire,  pubescent  with  white  hairs,  2-4  cm.  long;  petioles  hairy,  longer  than  the 
blades;  stipules  narrow,  entire,  acuminate;  flowers  yellow,  the  peduncles 
usually  longer  than  the  leaves;  petals  obovate,  about  10  mm.  long. 

Open  prairies  from  near  Tacoma  southward. 

Viola  glabella  Nutt.  Whole  plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  rootstock  rather 
stout,  creeping;  stem  leafy  above,  10-20  cm.  tall;  radical  leaves  reniform, 
acuminate,  crenate-serrate,  1-5  cm.  broad,  long-petioled ;  cauline  similar, 
short-petioled;  stipules  thin,  membranous,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  entire;  pe- 
duncles 2-6  cm.  long;  petals  yellow,  purple-veined,  10-12  mm.  long;  spur  short 
and  broad. 

In  moist  woods  in  the  mountains. 

Viola  fiettii  Piper.  Glabrous;  rootstocks  stout,  horizontal;  stems  10-15 
cm.  high,  bearing  2-4  leaves  near  the  summit;  leaves  broadly  reniform,  serrate, 
obtuse,  firm,  3-4  cm.  wide;  petioles  slender;  stipules  scarious,  lanceolate, 
entire;  peduncle  axillary,  exceeding  the  subtending  leaf;  sepals  lanceolate, 
obtuse,  minutely  puberulent;  petals  violet,  yellow  at  base,  12-14  mm.  long, 
the  lateral  ones  bearded. 

In  rock  crevices  in  the  Olympic  Mountains  at  about  1500  m.  altitude. 

Viola  howellii  Gray.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  short,  10-20  cm.  long; 
leaves  reniform-cordate,  crenate-serrate,  ciliate,  3-5  cm.  broad,  the  slender 
petioles  10-20  cm.  long;  stipules  laciniate  or  the  upper  ones  entire;  peduncles 
about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  flowers  violet;  lateral  petals  bearded;  spur  short 
and  blunt. 

Prairies  and  open  woods,  Vancouver  Island  to  Oregon. 

Viola  adunca  Smith.  Stems  leafy,  short  or  at  length  elongated,  from 
creeping  rootstocks,  nearly  glabrous  throughout;  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  slightly 
cordate  at  base,  crenate,  usually  brown  dotted,  1-3  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles 
5-8  cm.  long;  stipules  foliaceous,  lanceolate,  fringe-toothed;  flowers  violet- 
purple,  rarely  white;  petals  6-12  mm.  long,  the  lateral  ones  bearded;  spurs 
nearly  straight,  as  long  as  the  petals. 

In  open  places,  common  and  variable.  Typical  Viola  adunca  has  puberu- 
lent leaves.  The  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  form  is  Viola  adunca  glabra 
Brainerd. 

Viola  montanensis  Rydb.  (  V.  retroscabra  Greene.)  Caudex  short, 
branched;  stems  10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate-cordate,  unevenly  crenate, 
2-5  cm.  long,  puberulent;  petioles  slender,  5-8  cm.  long,  retrorsely  pubescent; 
stipules  narrow,  fimbriate;  peduncles  pubescent;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute; 
petals  pale  violet,  with  a  short  blunt  spur. 

In  mountain  meadows. 


244  ELAEAGNACEAE. 

Family  66.  CACTACEAE.  Cactus  Family. 
Fleshy  and  thickened  plants;  stems -flattened,  terete,  ridged 
or  tubercled,  continuous  or  jointed,  leafless  or  with  small  leaves, 
generally  spiny;  spines  from  cushions  of  minute  bristles;  flowers 
solitary,  sessile,  perfect,  regular,  showy;  sepals  and  petals 
numerous,  in  several  rows,  the  bases  adherent  to  the  ovary; 
stamens  numerous,  on  the  calyx-tube;  style  1;  ovary  1-celled, 
with  several  parietal  placentae;  ovules  numerous;  fruit  a  1-celled 
berry ;  endosperm  scanty  or  copious. 

322.   OPUNTIA.     Prickly  Pear. 

Jointed,  much-branched  plants;  leaves  small,  terete,  subulate, 
early  deciduous  from  the  young  branches;  flowers  usually  lateral, 
large;  calyx- tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  sepals  numer- 
ous, spreading;  petals  numerous,  slightly  united ;  stamens  very 
numerous,  in  several  rows;  fruit  a  berry,  often  prickly. 

Opuntia  polyacantha  borealis  Coult.  Prostrate,  frequently  in  large  tufts; 
joints  of  the  stem  flattened,  orbicular  or  oblong,  5-12  cm.  long,  pale-green; 
leaves  minute,  3-4  mm.  long;  cushions  pale,  bristly;  spines  4-8,  whitish,  usually 
red-tipped,  5-20  mm.  long,  mostly  deflexed;  flowers  yellow,  4-5  cm.  broad; 
fruit  ovoid,  dry,  2.5  cm.  long,  with  a  shallow  saucer-like  apex;  seeds  4  mm. 
long,  acutely  margined. 

In  rocky  places  on  the  islands  in  the  northern  part  of  Puget  Sound,  known 
definitely  from  Whidby  and  Sucia  Islands.  This  is  the  only  cactus  known  from 
west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  While  Coulter  has  referred  it  to  the  above 
subspecies,  it  is  probably  distinct. 

Family  67.    ELAEAGNACEAE.    Oleaster  Family. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  silvery-scaly  leaves;  flowers  perfect 
or  dioecious,  clustered  in  the  leaf-axils  or  at  the  nodes  of  the 
one  year  old  twigs ;  calyx  of  staminate  flowers  4-parted  (in  ours) ; 
calyx  of  pistillate  or  perfect  flowers  4-lobed  or  4-cleft  (in  ours) ; 
corolla  none;  stamens  4  or  8,  in  perfect  flowers  on  the  throat  of 
the  perianth;  ovary  1-celled,  sessile;  ovule  1;  fruit  drupe-like, 
formed  from  the  pulpy  calyx,  inclosing  the  akene. 

323.  LEPARGYREA. 

Silvery  shrubs;  leaves  opposite,  entire,  deciduous;  flowers 
small,  nearly  sessile  in  the  leaf  axils,  clustered  or  the  fertile 
solitary,  dioecious;  the  staminate  with  a  4-parted  calyx  and 
8  stamens,  alternating  with  8  processes  of  the  thick  disk;  the 
pistillate  with  an  urn-shaped  4-cleft  calyx  inclosing  the  ovary 
and  becoming  berry-like  in  fruit. 


LYTHRACEAE.  245 

Lepargyrea  canadensis  (L.)  Greene.  Shrub  1-2  m.  high;  young  branches 
and  leaves  scurfy  with  rusty  brown  stellate  scales;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  entire, 
obtuse,  2-4  cm.  long,  petioled,  nearly  glabrous  above,  scurfy  beneath;  flowers 
small,  clustered  in  the  axils;  fruit  ovoid,  orange-red;  nutlet  smooth. 

Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia;  common  in  Whatcom  and  Island 
Counties,    Washington. 

Family  68.  LYTHRACEAE.  Loosestrife  Family. 
Herbs;  leaves  mostly  opposite  and  entire,  with  no  stipules; 
flowers  axillary  or  whorled,  perfect;  calyx  enclosing  but  free  from 
the  ovary;  petals  4-7,  as  many  as  the  calyx-teeth,  perigynous,  or 
none;  stamens  4-14,  on  the  calyx;  style  1;  ovary  2-4-celled; 
ovules  numerous,  rarely  few;  fruit  a  membranous  capsule;  endo- 
sperm none. 

Calyx  tubular,  cylindrical;  petals  usually  6.  324.  Lythrum,  245. 

Calyx  short,  campanulate  or  globular;  petals  usually  4 
or  none. 
Flowers  mostly  more  than  one  in  the  axils;  capsule 

bursting  irregularly.  325.  Ammannia,  245. 

Flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils;  capsule  septi- 

cidally  dehiscent.  326.  Rotala,  246. 

324.   LYTHRUM. 

Slender  herbs  with  4-angled  stems;  calyx  cylindrical,  8-12- 
ribbed,  5-7-toothed,  with  as  many  secondary  teeth  in  their 
sinuses;  petals  5-7;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the 
petals,  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  calyx;  capsule  subcylindric, 
2-celled. 

Lythrum  hyssopifolia  L.  Annual,  stems  procumbent  or  ascending,  10-20 
cm.  long;  leaves  numerous,  oblong,  obtuse,  pale  green,  glabrous;  flowers 
solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  nearly  sessile;  calyx-lobes  subulate,  the  intermediate 
processes  broader;  petals  pale  pink. 

In  dried-up  ponds;  common  and  apparently  native. 

325.    AMMANNIA. 

Low  and  inconspicuous  smooth  herbs;  leaves  opposite,  narrow; 
flowers  small,  1-several  in  the  axils;  calyx  bell-shaped,  usually 
4-angled,  4- toothed  and  with  4  intermediate  short  tooth-like 
appendages  in  the  sinuses;  petals  4,  small,  early  deciduous, 
or  wanting;  stamens  4-8;  capsule  globular,  enclosed  in  the  calyx, 
mostly  4-celled,  bursting  irregularly. 

Ammannia  coccinea  Rottb.  Erect  or  ascending,  glabrous,  5-30  cm.  high, 
branched  below;  leaves  oblong-linear,  acute  or  obtuse,  auriculate-clasping  at 
the  sessile  base,  entire,  2-4  cm.  long;  flowers  1-5  in  the  axils,  sessile  or 
nearly  so;  petals  broadly  spatulate,  truncate;  style  slender,  about  one-half  as 
long  as  the  capsule. 

Moist  river  banks;  not  certainly  known  from  within  our  limits  but  to  be 
expected  on  the  lower  Columbia  as  it  occurs  near  the  mouth  of  Heed  River, 
Oregon. 


246  LYTHRACEAE. 

326.   ROTALA. 

Low  annual  mostly  glabrous  herbs;  stems  4-angled;  leaves 
opposite,  sessile  or  sometimes  petioled;  flowers  small,  axillary, 
mostly  solitary;  calyx  4-lobed;  petals  4;  stamens  4,  short;  ovary 
free  from  the  calyx,  globose,  4-celled;  capsule  globose,  enclosed 
by  the  membranous  calyx,  4-celled,  septicidally  dehiscent. 

Rotala  ramosior  (L.)  Koehne.  Annual,  glabrous,  simple  or  branched 
below,  5-15  cm.  high,  erect  or  ascending;  leaves  entire,  oblong  or  spatulate, 
obtuse  or  acute,  1-2  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole  at  base,  not 
auricled ;  flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils;  calyx  2-3  mm.  long;  petals  minute; 
style  very  short. 

Moist  places,  especially  lake  shores  and  stream  banks,  rare. 

Family  69.  ONAGRACEAE.  Evening  Primrose  Family. 
Herbs  with  simple  alternate  or  opposite  leaves;  stipules  none; 
flowers  perfect,  symmetrical,  the  parts  in  twos  or  fours;  calyx- 
tube  adherent  to  the  ovary;  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx  or 
rarely  wanting;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the 
petals  or  calyx-lobes,  on  the  calyx-tube;  style  single,  slender; 
stigma-lobes  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary;  fruit  a  capsule 
or  small  nut;  endosperm  none. 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  twos.  327.  Circaea,  246. 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  fours. 

Calyx-limb     persistent;     petals     minute     or 

wanting.  328.  Isnardia,  247. 

Calyx-limb  deciduous;  petals  conspicuous. 
Seeds  silky-hairy;  lower  leaves  mostly  op- 
posite. 329.  Epilobium,  247. 
Seeds  not  hairy;  leaves  all  alternate. 

Anthers  attached  at  or  near  the  base, 
erect. 
Calyx-lobes  reflexed;  petals  entire.      330.  Godetia,  250. 
Calyx-lobes  erect;  petals  2-lobed.      331.  Boisduvalia,  252. 
Anthers    attached    near    the    middle, 
versatile. 
Stamens  unequal,   the   outer  ones 

longer.  332.  Gayophytum,  252. 

Stamens  equal. 

Stigmas  deeply  4-cleft,  the  lobes 

linear.  333.  Oenothera,  253. 

Stigmas  entire  or  nearly  so.  334.  Sphaerostigma,  253. 

327.   CIRCAEA.     Enchanter's  Nightshade. 

Delicate  perennial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  on  slender 
petioles;  flowers  white,  in  terminal  or  axillary  racemes;  parts  of 
the  flower  in  twos;  calyx-tube  prolonged,  deciduous;  lobes  re- 
flexed;  fruit  indehiscent,  small,  bur-like,  1-2-celled,  with  hooked 
hairs;  cells  1 -seeded. 


ONAGRACEAE.  247 

Leaves  denticulate;  racemes  bractless.  C.  pacifica. 

Leaves  dentate;  racemes  with  minute  bracts.  C.  alpina. 

Circaea  pacifica  Asch.  &  Magn.  Nearly  glabrous  but  pilose  with  white 
hairs  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  12-50  cm.  high;  stem  usually  simple, 
from  a  small  tuber;  leaves  ovate-orbicular,  nearly  entire  or  slightly  denticulate, 
3.5-6  cm.  long,  truncate  or  rarely  cordate  at  base,  acute  or  sometimes  obtuse  at 
apex;  petioles  one  third  as  long  to  as  long  as  the  blade;  bracts  of  the  in- 
florescence foliaceous  or  setaceous  or  none;  flowers  2.5-3  mm.  long,  rarely 
pinkish  in  the  buds;  fruit  mostly  white-hairy. 

In  moist  shady  woods,  common. 

Circaea   alpina  L.     Much  like    C.  pacifica  but  more  delicate,  the  leaves 
prominently  toothed;  racemes  bractless;  flowers  pinkish. 
In  springy  places  in  the  mountains. 

328.    ISNARDIA. 

Annual  or  perennial  succulent  herbs  with  prostrate  creeping  or 
floating  stems;  leaves  opposite,  fleshy,  narrowed  into  petioles 
shorter  than  the  blades;  flowers  perfect,  axillary,  sessile;  calyx 
turbinate,  with  4  segments,  persistent;  petals  4  and  small,  or 
none;  stamens  4;  filaments  short;  stigma  4-lobed,  often  nearly 
sessile;  ovary  4-celled,  very  short;  ovules  numerous;  capsule  4- 
angled,  septicidal;  seeds  numerous. 

Isnardia  palustris  L.  Glabrous;  stems  creeping  or  sometimes  floating, 
15-30  cm.  long;  leaves  all  opposite,  ovate  or  oval,  1-2  cm.  long,  acute,  petioled; 
flowers  sessile,  axillary;  petals  very  small  and  reddish,  or  none;  capsules  short- 
oblong,  4-sided,  sessile,  not  attenuate  at  base. 

Borders  of  lakes  and  ponds,  not  rare. 

329.   EPILOBIUM.     Willow  Herb. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs;  leaves  nearly  sessile,  denticulate  or 
entire,  alternate  or  opposite;  flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  solitary 
or  clustered;  calyx-tube  scarcely  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary, 
4-cleft;  petals  4,  spreading  or  somewhat  erect;  stamens  8,  the 
alternate  ones  shorter;  fruit  a  dehiscent  capsule;  seeds  numerous, 
each  with  a  tuft  of  silky  hairs  at  the  end. 

Calyx-tube   not   prolonged   beyond   the   ovary;    flowers 
large. 
Stems  1-2  m.  tall;  bracts  small;  style  pubescent  at 

base.  E.  angustifolium. 

Stems  15-50  cm.  high;  bracts  leaf-like;  style  glabrous.     E.  latifolium. 
Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  flowers  mostly 
small. 
Flowers  pale  yellow;  stigmas  4-cleft,  E.  luteum. 

Flowers  white  or  pink;  stigmas  4-cleft  or  subentire. 
Annuals;  leaves  narrow;  stigmas  mostly  4-cleft. 
Stems  simple  or  but  little  branched,  8-20  cm. 
.    high;  herbage  crisp-puberulent.  E.  minutum. 

Stems    usually    much    branched,    30-90    cm. 

high;  herbage  glabrous  or  glandular.  E.  paniculatum. 

Perennials;  stigmas  subentire. 


248  ONAGRACEAE. 

Stems  tall,  30-90  cm.  high. 

Petals  6-10  mm.  long;  herbage  canescent- 

puberulent.  E.  franciscanum. 

Petals  3-5  mm.  long;  herbage  not  canes- 
cent-puberulent. 
Capsule  sessile;  leaves  ovate  or  elliptic, 

sessile.  ^  E.  brevistylum. 

Capsule     pedicelled;     leaves  ovate-  or 
oblong-lanceolate. 
Pedicels  shorter  than  the  capsules; 

leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  petiolate.    E.  adenocaulon. 
Pedicels     equalling     the     capsules; 

leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile.       E.  halleanum. 
Stems  low;  species  mostly  alpine  or  subalpine. 
Seeds  smooth;  plants  creeping  or  stoloni- 
ferous. 
Leaves  or  some  of  them  toothed,  thin.      E.  alpinum. 
Leaves  entire. 

Stems  ascending,  usually  curved ; 
leaves  spreading,  oval  or  oblong, 
thick.  E.  anagallidifolium. 

Stems  erect;  leaves  ascending,  lin- 
ear or  oblong-lanceolate.  E.  oregonense. 
Seeds  papillate. 

Foliage  glaucous  and  glabrous.  E.  fastigiatum. 

Foliage  not  glaucous. 

Plants  producing  stolons. 

Matted;  leaves  firm,  pale,  green, 

sessile.  E.  clavatum. 

Not  matted;  leaves  thin,  bright 

green,  petiolate.  E.  alpinum. 

Plants  not  producing  stolons. 

Stems  simple.  E.  delicatum. 

Stems  branched. 

Seeds  2  mm.  long;  stems 
pubescent  but  not  in  lines; 
pedicels  much  shorter  than 
the  capsules.  E.  mirahile. 

Seeds  1  mm.  long;  stems 
pubescent  in  lines;  pedicels 
about  as  long  as  the  cap- 

E.  leptocarpum. 


F.pi]phiiiTn  flngrnc^tifplium  L.     Fireweed. 
glabrousor  puberulent ;  leaves  numerous,  1 


^ Perennial,  erect,  about  1  m.  high, 

0 *"  glabrous  or  puberulent;  leaves  numerous,  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  or  denticu- 

^^  late,  nearly  sessile,  8-16  cm.  long;  lateral  veins  confluent  at  the  margin; 

ftlfTt/j/1^  raceme  erect,  many-flowered,  20-40  cm.  long;  flowers  rose-colored,  2-3  cm. 
Ifjic     broad;  pedicels  slender,  exceeding  the  narrow  bracts;  petals  obovate,  entire, 
*^i    J       clawed;  stigma  4-lobed;  capsules  spreading,  linear,  canescent,  5-10  cm.  long. 
^  laM^^        In  open  woods,  abundant,  especially  in  "  burns." 

^^'^'^p^  Epilobiiim  latifolium  L.  Stems  10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  alternate,  ovate- 
'  tV^  V  '  lanceolate,  usually  entire,  thick;  flowers  large,  purple,  in  a  short  raceme. 
^//vr^  In  the  mountains  in  wet  places,  at  about  2000  m.  altitude. 

Epilobium  luteum  Pursh.  Nearly  glabrous;  stems  20-40  cm.  high;  leaves 
opposite,  elliptic  or  ovate,  dentate,  mostly  sessile;  flowers  rather  large,  pale 
yellow. 

Common  along  mountain  streams. 


ONAGRACEAE.  249  j 

Epilobium   minutum    Lindl.     Annual,    simple    or    branched,    puberulent,  j 
10-30  cm.   high;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,   undulate  or  denticulate,   mostly 

alternate,    1-2   cm.   long,   narrowed  at  base;  calyx-tube  funnelform;   petals  i 

pinkish,  obcordate,   3-4  mm.   long;  stigma  deeply  4-lobed;  capsules  short-  ; 

stalked,  curved,  ascending  or  erect,  2-2.5  cm.  long.  ' 

In  open  woods,  not  plentiful.  I 

UJuyfL  Epilobium  paniculatum  Nutt.     Annual,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent,  ^/i  <>  >^ ' 
-^      mucn-branchecl  above,  30-60  Fm.  high;  bark  becoming  loose  and  papery  at  A, /;_^  ,<yvwi 
base;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  often  curved  and  folded,  acute,  dentic-  ^^^-^^ 
ulate,  2-5  cm.  long,  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole;  flowers  pink  or  whitish, 
variable  in  size,  usually  4-10  mm.  broad,  in  loose  racemes  terminating  the  \ 

almost  naked  branches;  petals  notched;  capsules  lanceolate-linear,  1-1.5  cm.  1 

long,  on  pedicels  about  as  long.  \ 

In  open  woods,  abundant. 

Epilobium  franciscanum  Barbey.     Very  similar  to   E.  adenocaulon,  but  .5 

canescent-puberulent  throughout  -or  somewhat  pilose  above;  leaves  mostly  i 

sessile.  ; 

Vancouver  Island  and  British  Columbia  to  California;  rare  northward.  ^ 

Epilobium  brevistylum  Barbey.     Puberulent;  stems  about  30  cm.  high,  at  ] 

their  bases  usually  bearing  bulb-like  rosettes;  leaves  mostly  opposite,  ovate  or  0 
broadly  lanceolate,   minutely  toothed,   sessile;   flowers  small,   purple;  seeds 

roughened.  \ 

In  moist  alpine  meadows  at  moderate  elevations.  ■ 

Elipobium  adenocaulon  Haussk.     Perennial  by  short  stolons  which  produce  , 

fleshy  rosettes  in  the  fall;  stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  usually  simple,  leafy,  * 
glabrous  or  puberulent,  sometimes  glandular  above;  leaves  mostly  opposite, 

lanceolate,  acutish,  closely  denticulate,  glabrous  or  puberulent,  5-7  cm.  long,  \ 

mostly  short  petioled;  inflorescence  terminal,  becoming  loose;  petals  notched,  ■! 
about  4  mm.  long,  pink;  capsules  linear,  nearly  sessile,  6-8  cm.  long,  usually 

puberulent;  seeds  minutely  papillate.                                                                          '  i 

Very  common  in  open  places.     Very  variable.  ] 

Epilobium    halleanum    Haussk.     Glandular-pubescent;    stems    tall    and  " 

slender,  60-90  cm.  high;  leaves  opposite,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  serrulate,  .; 

sessile  or  partly  clasping  at  base;  flowers  purple,  10-12  mm.  broad;  seeds  rather  .| 

smooth,  pale  beaked.  i 

In  low  meadows,  rare. 

Epilobiimi  alpinimi   L.      (E.    hornemanni   Reichenb.)      Perennial,   QitQn^^bo  Mt 
tufted,  10-30  cm.  high,  erect,  usually  puberulent  or  glandular  in  the  inflores-  '  ~^ ^fr, 

cence;  leaves  ovate,  entire  or  denticulate,  2-4  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  base  to  a*  \ 

short  petiole;  petals  pink  or  purple,  5-8  mm.  long;  capsule  pedicellate;  seeds  -i 

smooth  or  minutely  roughened.  ^ 

Common  in  wet  places  in  the  mountains.     A  form  with  smaller  white  or 

pale  pink  flowers  is  E.  lactiflorum  Haussk,  but  it  intergrades  completely  with  ; 
E.  alpinum  L. 

Epilobium  anagallidifolium  Lam.     Stems  low,  simple,  commonly  densely  \ 

clustered,  usually  sharply  curved  and  strongly  nodding  at  apex;  leaves  mostly  ; 

obtuse;  flowers  few;  petals  purple,  5  mm.  long;  hairs  on  the  seeds  dingy.  ^ 

Along   alpine   rivulets,   common. 

Epilobium  oregonense  Haussk.     Glabrous,  except  the  glandular  inflores-  ■ 

cence;  stems  slender,  15-20  cm.  high;  petals  deep  purple,  7-8  mm.  long.  '^ 

In  alpine  bogs,  rare.  . 

Epilobium  fastigiatum  (Nutt.)  Piper.     Perennial,  glabrous  and  glaucous, 
usually  tufted,  the  stems  mostly  simple,  10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  sessile,  all  j 


250  ONAGRACEAE. 

opposite,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  serrulate,  or  nearly  entire,  1-2  cm.  long; 
petals  usually  pink,  4-8  mm.  long;  stigma  clavate;  capsules  6-7  cm.  long; 
seeds  minutely  roughened. 

In  the  mountains  at  low  elevations,  not  common. 

Epilobium  clavatum  Trelease.  Tufted,  somewhat  glandular  throughout; 
stems  simple,  ascending,  10-15  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate,  obtuse;  petals  purple, 
about  5  mm.  long;  seeds  large,  1.5-2  mm.  long,  the  tuft  of  hairs  dingy. 

Moist  rocky  slopes  in  the  mountains. 

Epilobium  dellcatum  tenue  Trelease.     Nearly  glabrous,  erect,  10-20  cm. 
high;  leaves  ascending,  lanceolate,  thin  and  pale;  petals  pink,  5-8  mm.  long. 
Along  rivulets  in  the  mountains,  rare. 

Epilobium  mirabile  Trelease.  Erect,  20-30  cm.  high;  stems  and  leaves 
crisp-pubescent;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  ascending;  petals  pale,  about 
5  mm.  long;  capsule  short-stalked. 

Olympic  Mountains  near  Mount  Steele,. Piper. 

Epilobium  leptocarpum  Haussk.  Much  branched,  glabrous  except  the 
puberulent  stems;  leaves  lanceolate,  obtusish;  flowers  rather  numerous,  white 
or  pinkish;  seeds  less  than  1  mm.  long,  the  tuft  of  hairs  pale  brown. 

Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon. 

Epilobiimi  leptocarpum  macounii  Trelease.  Whole  plant,  even  to  the 
flowers  and  capsules  pubescent;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate. 

Olympic  Mountains,  Piper;  Mount  Adams,  Suksdorf;  and  north  to  Alaska. 
Probably  a  distinct  species. 

330.    GODETIA. 

Annuals,  mostly  erect;  leaves  alternate,  sessile  or  nearly  so; 
flowers  showy,  mostly  red,  in  racemes  or  spikes  or  on  starved 
plants  solitary;  calyx  tube  obconic,  the  limb  splitting  only  on 
one  side  or  into  4  lobes;  petals  broad,  obovate,  entire  or  notched; 
stamens  8,  in  two  series,  the  ones  opposite  the  petals  shorter; 
stigma  capitate  or  4-lobed;  capsule  linear  or  narrowly-oblong, 
terete  or  4-angled,  4-valved;  seeds  in  1  or  2  rows. 

Stigmas  linear;  capsules  pedicelled;  calyx  splitting  on  one 
side  only. 
Anthers  hairy,  the  empty  tips  becoming  hooked.  G.  amoena. 

Anthers  glabrous,  the  tips  not  empty.  G.  caurina. 

Stigmas  short  and  broad ;  capsules  sessile;  calyx-lobes  becom- 
ing free  (except  G.  gracilis). 
Ovary  and  capsule  villous.  G.  quadrivulnera. 

Ovary  and  capsule  puberulent  or  glabrous. 
Capsule  not  prominently  ribbed. 

Style  and  stigmas  very  short,  only  half  as  long  as 

the  stamens.  G.  romanzovii. 

Style  and  stigmas  nearly  as  long  as  the  stamens.     G.  gracilis. 
Capsule  prominently  ribbed. 

Petals   large,    2-3   cm.   long,   each   with   a   dark 

blotch;  capsules  1.5-3.5  cm.  long.  G.  viminea. 

Petals  1-1.5  cm.  long;  capsules  1-1.5  cm.  long.  G.  arnottii. 

Godetia  amoena  (Lehm.)  Lilja.  Puberulent;  stems  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves 
linear  to  lanceolate,  short  petioled,  1-5  cm.  long;  buds  erect  or  but  little  nod- 
ding; calyx  tube  5-10  mm.  long;  calyx  tips  united,  splitting  on  one  side  in 


X)NAGRACEAE.  25I 

flowering;  petals  pink  or  rose-purple,  15-30  mm.  long;  anthers  purple,  yellow 
and  curved  at  the  tip;  stigmas  yellow;  capsule  terete,  broadest  in  the  middle, 
puberulent,  short-pedicelled,  3.5-4.5  cm.  long. 
On  dry  plains,  infrequent. 

Godetia  amoena  lindleyi  (Dougl.)  Jepson.  Petals  pink,  each  with  a  dark 
purple  central  blotch. 

Prairies;  first  collected  by  Douglas  at  Fort  Vancouver,  Washington. 

Godetia  caurina  Abrams.  Puberulent;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire; 
flower  buds  mostly  erect,  obtuse  or  acute;  calyx  tube  2  mm.  long;  petals  obovate, 
each  purple  with  a  darker  central  blotch,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  anthers  3  mm.  long, 
glabrous;  stigmas  linear;  capsule  stoutly  beaked,  terete,  puberulent,  2.5  cm. 
long,  on  a  pedicel  half  as  long. 

Vancouver  Island  and  adjacent  Washington. 

Godetia  quadrivulnera  (Dougl.)  Spach.  Puberulent;  stems  slender,  30-60 
cm.  high,  simple  or  with  few  branches;  lower  leaves  oblong  to  narrowly  obovate, 
the  upper  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  entire  or  nearly  so,  2-3  cm.  long; 
calyx  lobes  mostly  separate  and  reflexed;  calyx-tube  2-3  mm.  long;  petals 
deep  purple,  each  with  a  darker  spot  near  the  apex,  6-12  mm.  long;  stigmas 
purple,  oblong,  short;  capsule  sessile,  4-sided,  villous,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long. 

Dry  prairies,  quite  common;  first  collected  at  Fort  Vancouver,  Washington, 
"by  Douglas. 

Godetia  romanzovii  (Ledeb.)  Spach.  Densely  white  puberulent  through- 
out; stems  slender,  often  branched  from  the  base,  20-30  cm.  high;  leaves 
linear,  sessile,  1-3  cm.  long;  buds  ovoid,  acuminate,  erect;  sepals  at  length 
separate  and  reflexed;  petals  about  1  cm.  long,  purple;  stigma  ovate,  purple, 
as  long  as  the  style,  both  together  3  mm.  long,  half  as  long  as  the  stamens; 
ovary  densely  white  puberulent,  8-ribbed;  capsules  sessile,  somewhat  4-sided, 
abruptly  beaked,  10-14  mm.  long. 

Port  Angeles,  Elmer,  No.  2567.  G.  romanzovii  was  found  by  Chamisso 
on  the  "  Northwest  Coast "  and  is  known  only  from  garden  specimens.  Elmer's 
plant  described  above  agrees  in  the  very  short  style  and  stigmas  but  differs  in 
other  respects  and  may  represent  a  distinct  species. 

Godetia  gracilis  Piper  n.  sp.  Stems  slender,  erect,  mostly  simple,  30-60 
cm.  high;  herbage  appressed-puberulent;  leaves  few,  sessile,  linear,  2-5  cm. 
long;  buds  lance-ovoid,  acute,  somewhat  nodding;  calyx-tube  turbinate, 
4-5  mm.  long;  calyx  splitting  on  one  side  in  anthesis,  the  tips  remaining  united; 
corolla  rose-colored,  the  obovate  petals  1-2  cm.  long;  filaments  subulate, 
glabrous;  anthers  sparsely  hairy,  becoming  curved,  filled  with  pollen  to  the 
tip;  stigmas  yellow,  short  and  broad;  pods  sessile,  puberulent,  terete,  2-3  cm. 
long;  seeds  brown,  the  ends  oblique,  minutely  crested  on  the  margin  of  the  top. 

Dry  prairies  from  Vancouver  Island  southward,  the  type  collected  at 
Silverton,  Oregon,  Elihu  Hall,  No.  192,  in  1871.  The  &p>ecies  has  been  much 
confused  with  G.  tenella  Cav.  and  G.  quadrivulnera  Dougl.  It  is  very  closely 
allied  to  G.  dudleyana  Abrams,  but  differs  in  its  bud  being  acute  and  not 
acuminate;  pods  terete,  not  2-ribbed  on  each  face,  abruptly  tipped  not  dis- 
tinctly beaked,  and  much  more  puberulent;  it  also  closely  resembles  small 
flowered  specimens  of  G.  amoena  but  is  at  once  separated  by  the  short  stigmas. 

Godetia  viminea  (Dougl.)  Spach.  Glabrous  to  finely  puberulent,  rather 
stout,  erect,  30-80  cm.  high;  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  entire,  1-5  cm.  long; 
calyx-tube  narrowly  campanulate,  membranous,  6-10  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes 
free  at  tip  in  the  bud,  at  length  separate  and  reflexed;  petals  purplish,  usually 
paler  at  base  and  with  a  dark  blotch  in  the  center;  stigmas  oblong,  purple; 
capsule  sessile,  puberulent,  straight,  4-sided,  with  a  stout  rib  on  each  face, 
short,  1.5-3.5  cm.  long. 


252  ONAGRACEAE, 

Fields  and  prairies,  western  Oregon  to  California;  first  found  in  the  Ump- 
qua  Valley,  Oregon,  by  Douglas. 

Godetia  amottii  (T.  &  G.)  Walp.  Glabrous,  leafy  especially  near  the 
top;  stems  20-40  cm.  high;  leaves  thickish,  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
entire,  2-4  cm.  long;  flowers  crowded;  petals  purple;  capsules  glabrous,  8- 
ribbed,  1-1.5  cm.  long. 

Open  places,  Willamette  Valley,  Oregon,  and  southward. 

331.   BOISDUVALIA. 

Erect  leafy  annual  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  sessile,  simple; 
flowers  small,  in  leafy  simple  or  compound  spikes;  calyx-tube 
funnelform  above  the  ovary,  4-lobed;  petals  4,  2-lobed,  purple  or 
white;  stamens  8,  those  opposite  the  petals  shorter;  anthers 
attached  near  their  bases,  erect;  ovary  4-celled,  several-ovuled ; 
capsule  membranaceous,  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  nearly  terete, 
acute,  sessile,  dehiscent  to  the  base;  seeds  3-8,  in  one  row  in 
each  cell. 

Leaves  of  the  inflorescence  broad;  capsule  septifragal.  B.  densiflora. 

Leaves  of  the  inflorescence  narrow;  capsule  loculicidal.  B.  stricta. 

Boisduvalia  densiflora  (Lindl.)  Wats.  Erect,  simple  or  with  a  few  branches 
below,  hoary-puberulent  throughout  or  nearly  glabrous,  30-90  cm.  high; 
lower  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  denticulate,  2-6  cm.  long;  upper  leaves 
gradually  shorter  and  sometimes  broader,  ovate,  acuminate,  nearly  entire, 
crowded;  spikes  dense;  corolla  6-8  mm.  broad,  purplish;  capsules  oblong,  5-8 
mm.  long,  the  partitions  not  adherent  to  the  valves  in  dehiscence;  seeds  3-6 
in  each  cell. 

In  low  meadows. 

Boisduvalia  stricta  (Gray)  Greene.  Erect,  simple  or  rarely  branched 
below,  villous  throughout,  30-40  cm.  high;  leaves  all  alike,  lanceolate,  acute, 
entire  or  denticulate,  2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves 
and  occasionally  of  the  lower  also;  corolla  2-3  mm.  long,  purplish;  capsules 
slender,  acuminate,  8-10  mm.  long;  partitions  adherent  to  the  valves;  seeds 
6-8  in  each  cell. 

In  dried-up  ponds  and  swales,  rare. 

332.    GAYOPHYTUM. 

Very  slender  caulescent  branching  annuals;  leaves  alternate, 
linear,  entire;  flowers  axillary;  calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond 
the  ovary,  4-parted;  petals  4,  white  or  rose-colored,  very  small, 
obovate  or  oval,  with  a  very  short  claw;  stamens  8;  anthers 
broad  or  rounded,  attached  by  the  middle,  those  opposite  the 
petals  on  shorter  filaments  and  usually  sterile;  ovary  2-celled; 
fruit  a  dehiscent  capsule;  seeds  few-many,  naked,  in  one  row. 

Gayophytum  ramosissimum  T.  &  G.  Erect,  with  usually  many  slender 
branches,  glabrous  below,  puberulent  above,  15-40  cm.  high;  leaves  linear 
or  linear-lanceolate,  1-4  cm.  long,  acute,  attenuate  at  the  sessile  base;  flowers 
pink,  small,  2-4  mm.  broad,  pedicelled;  capsules  oblong  or  somewhat  club- 
shaped,  often  torulose,  6-12  mm.  long,  spreading,  on  slender  pedicels,  some- 
times deflcxed;  seeds  not  hairy. 

Dry  soil,  especially  in  open  woods. 


ONAGRACEAE.  253 

333.   OENOTHERA.     Evening  Ppimrose. 

Annual,  biennial  or  perennial  herbs  with  prostrate  or  erect 
stems;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  toothed  or  pinnatifid;  buds  erect 
or  drooping;  flowers  white,  pink  or  yellow,  blooming  by  night  or 
by  day;  flowers  axillary  or  in  terminal  spikes;  calyx- tube  elong- 
ated, terete,  filiform  or  enlarged  upward;  segments  narrow,  tips 
free  or  united  in  bud,  finally  reflexed;  stamens  8,  equal,  with 
filiform  filaments  and  linear  anthers;  ovary  4-celled,  the  united 
styles  filiform;  stigma  4-cleft;  ovules  numerous  in  one,  two  or 
more  rows,  horizontal  or  ascending;  capsule  4-celled,  4-angled, 
loculicidal;  seeds  numerous,  angled  or  terete,  with  or  without  a 
tubercle. 

Oenothera  biennis  L.  Biennial,  stout,  erect,  simple  or  little  branched 
above,  30-100  cm.  high,  sparsely  hirsute  throughout;  leaves  green,  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  repandly  denticulate,  5-15  cm. 
long,  all  but  the  basal  ones  sessile;  bracts  lanceolate;  calyx-tube  2.5-3,5  cm. 
long;  petals  obovate,  bright  yellow,  about  2  cm.  long;  capsule  broadest  at 
or  near  the  base. 

Infrequent  in  open  places,  especially  near  the  seashore.  0.  biennis  L. 
consists  of  numerous  forms  or  very  closely  related  species  at  present  the  sub- 
ject of  much  investigation  by  students  of  heredity.  Our  form  was  called 
0.  muricata  L.  in  the  Flora  of  Washington,  but  is  not  that  plant. 

334.   SPHAEROSTIGMA. 

Annual  or  biennial  caulescent  herbs;  flowers  axillary  or  in 
spikes;  calyx-tube  obconical  or  shortly  funnelform;  stamens  8, 
equal  in  length;  anthers  attached  near  the  middle,  versatile; 
stigma  entire;  capsule  4-celled,  terete  or  angled;  seeds  in  one  row 
in  each  cell. 

Sphaerostigma  contortum  (Dougl.)  Walp.  Slender  annual,  usually  branched 
from  the  base,  10-15  cm.  high,  sparsely  puberulent  or  glabrous;  leaves  nar- 
rowly linear,  entire  or  denticulate,  2-3  cm.  long,  sessile;  flowers  sessile  in  the 
axils,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  leaves;  petals  reddish-yellow,  2  mm.  long, 
as  long  as  the  reflexed  calyx-lobes;  capsules  sessile,  linear,  somewhat  4-sided, 
usually  twisted  or  bent  at  the  base,  2-3  cm.  long. 

Victoria,  British  Columbia,  Macoun;  common  east  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains. 

Family  70.     HALORAGIDACEAE    Water  Milfoil  Family. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  or  alpine  perennial  herbs  with  inconspicuous 
symmetrical  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  bracts;  calyx- 
tube  adherent  to  the  ovary;  calyx-limb  very  short  or  none;  petals 
small  or  none;  stamens  1-8;  pistil  of  1-4  carpels,  if  more  than 
one,  more  or  less  united;  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  distinct;  fruit 
indehiscent,  1-4-celled  with  one  seed  in  each  cell. 

Stamen  1;  ovary  1-celled.  335.  Hippuris,  254. 

Stamens  2-8;  ovary  2-4-celled.  336.  Myriophyllum,  254. 


254  HALORAGIDACEAE. 

335.   HIPPURIS. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  simple  erect  stems  and  whorled  simple 
entire  leaves;  flowers  small,  perfect  or  polygamous;  calyx  entire; 
style  thread-shaped  with  the  stigma  on  one  side  lying  in  a  groove 
between  the  lobes  of  the  single  large  anther;  fruit  nut-like,  1- 
celled,  1 -seeded. 

Leaves  8-12  in  each  whorl;  tall  aquatic  plant.  H.  vulgaris. 

Leaves  5-6  in  each  whorl;  minute  alpine  plant.  H.  montana. 

Hippuris  vulgaris  L.  Mare's  Tail,  Aquatic;  stems  simple,  30-90  cm. 
high;  leaves  usually  2-4  cm.  long,  linear,  acute,  in  whorls  of  6-12,  rather  rigid 
or  the  submersed  ones  flaccid. 

Borders  of  lakes  and  ponds,  not  common.  

Hippuris  montana  Ledeb.  Terrestrial;  stems  2-8  cm.  high;  leaves  in  whorls 
of  5  or  6,  8-12  mm.  long. 

In  wet  places  in  alpine  meadows,  often  forming  extensive  colonies. 

336.  MYRIOPHYLLUM.    Water  Milfoil. 

Perennial  aquatics;  leaves  crowded,  often  whorled;  submersed 
ones  pinnately  parted  into  capillary  lobes;  flowers  monoecious  or 
polygamous,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  usually  above 
water;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flowers  4-parted,  of  the  fertile 
4-toothed;  petals  4  or  none;  stamens  4  or  8;  fruit  nut-like,  4-celled, 
deeply  4-lobed. 

Stamens  4;  petals  persistent;  floral  leaves  linear,  sparingly 

denticulate.  M.  hippuroides. 

Stamens  8;  petals  deciduous. 

Floral  leaves  ovate,  entire  or  toothed,  shorter  than  the 

flowers.  M.  spicatum. 

Floral  leaves  pinnatifid,  much  longer  than  the  flowers.      M.  verticillatum. 

Myriophyllum  hippuroides  Nutt.  Lower  leaves  pinnate,  the  divisions 
filiform;  upper  linear,  acute,  remotely  dentate  or  nearly  entire;  petals  white, 
obovate;  fruit  2  mm.  long. 

In  ponds,  rare. 

Mjrriophyllum  spicatum  L.  Leaves  2-3  cm.  long,  rather  rigid,  pinnately 
parted  into  filiform  segments,  the  rachis  equally  narrow;  bracts  ovate,  entire 
or  dentate,  about  equalling  the  flowers;  petals  greenish. 

In  lakes  and  ponds,  not  rare. 

Myriophyllum  verticillatum  pectinatum  Wallr.  Leaves  flaccid,  all  dissected 
into  filiform  segments;  rachis  flattened  and  broader  than  the  segments;  bracts 
pinnatifid,  shorter  than  or  barely  exceeding  the  flowers. 

In  quiet  lakes,  infrequent.  In  typical  M.  verticillatum  L.,  not  known 
from  our  limits,  the  bracts  are  much  longer  than  the  flowers. 

Family  71.     ARALIACEAE.     Ginseng  Family. 

Perennial  herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees;  leaves  simple  or  compound, 
with  dilated  petioles;  flowers  umbellate,  paniculate  or  racemose; 


,  ARALIACEAE.  255 

calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  entire  or  toothed;  petals  5, 
epigynous;  stamens  5,  epigynous,  alternate  with  the  petals; 
styles  2  or  more;  ovary  2  or  more  celled,  crowned  with  a  disk; 
fruit  a  few-celled  drupe. 

337.   ECHINOPANAX. 

Stout  shrubs,  ours  very  prickly;  leaves  simple,  long-petioled, 
suborbicular,  palmately-lobed ;  flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  in 
numerous  umbels  which  are  in  racemes  or  panicles;  calyx-margin 
narrow  or  obsolete,  obscurely  crenate-lobed ;  carpels  (in  ours)  2. 

^  ^^  Echinopanax  horridum  (Smith)  Dene.  &  Planch.     Devil's   Club.     Shrub; 

Y  stems  1-4  m.  long,  mostly  decumbent  below,  armed  with  pale  prickles;  leaves 
all  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  10-30  cm.  broad,  palmately  5-13-lobed;  lobes 
acute  and  serrate;  petioles  and  principal  veins  prickly  beneath;  flowers 
greenish-yellow;  fruit  scarlet. 

Abundant  in  wet  places.  The  prickles  make  painful  wounds  and  are  there- 
fore but  erroneously  supposed  to  be  poisonous.  The  whole  plant  has  a  rank 
odor. 

Family  72.     UMBELLIFERAE.     Parsley  Family. 

Herbs;  stems  usually  hollow;  leaves  compound  or  simple; 
petioles  often  dilated  at  the  base;  flowers  small,  in  umbels  or 
rarely  heads,  the  umbels  often  subtended  by  primary  bracts  (the 
involucre);  in  compound  umbels,  the  secondary  rays  often  sub- 
tended by  secondary  bracts  (the  involucels);  calyx  entirely  ad- 
herent to  the  ovary;  petals  and  stamens  on  the  calyx- tube;  base 
of  the  style  {stylo podium) ,  often  expanded;  ovary  2-celled,  2- 
ovuled;  fruit  of  2  seed-like  dry  carpels  with  contiguous  inner 
surfaces  (the  commissure)  ^  each  carpel  marked  lengthwise  with 
5  primary  ribs  and  often  with  4  intermediate  secondary  ones,  in 
the  intervals  between  which  oil- tubes  are  commonly  found; 
carpels  often  separating  from  each  other,  supported  on  the  sum- 
mit of  a  slender  axis  (the  carpophore) . 

Mature  fruits  are  absolutely  necessary  for  accurate  determina- 
tions in  this  family. 

Flowers  in  dense  heads;  fruit  scaly  or  tubercu- 

late.  338.  Eryngium,  257. 

Flowers  in  umbels. 

Fruit  more  or  less  bristly. 

Bristles  hooked,  covering  the  whole  fruit 

surface.  "  339.  Sanicula,  257. 

Bristles  only  on  the  ribs  of  the  fruit. 

Stylopodium  obsolete;  bristles  barbed 

at  tip.  340.  Daucus,  258. 


256 


UMBELLIFERAE. 


Stylopodium     conical;      bristles     not 
barbed. 
Carpels  oblong  or  ovate.  341. 

Carpels  linear.  *         342. 

Fruit  glabrous,  not  at  all  bristly. 

Carpels  strongly  flattened  dorsally. 

Stylopodium  conical ;  petals  obcordate.    343. 
Stylopodium  flat  or  obsolete. 

Plants  acaulescent.  344. 

Plants  caulescent. 

Flowers   white;    dorsal    ribs   of 
fruit  prominent. 
Ultimate  segments  of  leaves 

large.  345. 

Ultimate  segments  of  leaves 
small.  346. 

Flowers  yellow  or  purple;  dor- 
sal ribs  of  fruit  filiform. 
Flowers  yellow.  347. 

Flowers  brownish-purple.         348. 
Carpels  not  dorsally  flattened. 

Oil-tubes  obsolete  or  very  obscure. 

Leaves  ternately  decompound.  342. 

Leaves  simple,  peltate.  349. 

Oil-tubes  present;  leaves  not  peltate. 
Fruit  with  a  single  oil-tube  in  each 
interval. 
Stylopodium  conical. 

Leaflets  lanceolate  to  ovate. 
Leaflets  linear. 

Involucre  wanting.  35 L 

Involucre  present.  352. 

Stylopodium  flat  or  obsolete. 
Flowers  yellow;  leaves  sim- 
ple or  trifoliolate.  353. 
Flowers  white. 

Leaves  decompound.  354. 

Leaves  reduced  to   hol- 
low petioles.  355. 
Fruit  with  more  than  one  oil-tube 
in  each  interval. 
Stylopodium  conical. 

Fruit  globose.  356. 

Fruit  oblong.  357. 

Stylopodium  flat  or  obsolete. 
Ribs  of  the  fruit  wing-like. 
Ribs  of  the  fruit  not  wing- 
like. 
Plants  acaulescent. 

Fruit  with  all  the 
ribs  filiform;  root 
not  tuberous. 
Fruit  with  the  dorsal 
ribs  filiform,  the 
lateral  ones  corky; 
root  tuberous. 
Plants    caulescent;     ribs 


Caucalis,  258. 

OSMORHIZA,  259. 


Heracleum,  260. 
cogswellia,  260. 

Angelica,  26 L 
conioselinum,  262. 


Pastinaca,  262. 
Leptotaenia,  263. 


OSMORHIZA,  259. 

Hydrocotyle,  263. 


350.  CicuTA,  263. 


coriandrum,  264. 
Carum,  264. 


ZiziA,  265. 
Oenanthe,  265. 
LiLAEOPSis,.265. 


Berula,  266. 

LiGUSTICUM,  266. 


358.  Glehnia,  267. 


359.  Hesperogenia,  267. 


360.  Orogenia,  267. 


UMBELLIFERAE.  257 

» 

of  the  fruit  all 
thick  and  corky. 

Leaflets  linear  or  nar- 
rowly lanceolate.       361.  Sium,  267. 

Leaflets  ovate.  362.  Coelopleurum,  268. 

338.   ERYNGIUM. 

Glabrous  perennials;  leaves  often  rigid,  coriaceous,  entire, 
spinosely  toothed  or  divided;  flowers  white  or  blue,  sessile,  in 
dense  bracteate  heads;  sepals  very  prominent,  rigid  and  persistent; 
stylopodium  wanting;  styles  short  or  long,  often  rigid;  fruit  ovoid, 
compressed  laterally,  covered  with  hyaline  scales  or  tubercles; 
carpel  with  ribs  obsolete;  oil-tubes  mostly  5,  3  dorsal  and  2 
commissural;  seed  face  plane. 

Eryngium  petiolatum  Hook.  Stems  erect,  30-40  cm.  high;  lower  leaves 
reduced  to  long  nodose  petioles,  sometimes  with  small  lanceolate  remotely 
spinulose  blades;  upper  leaves  opposite,  narrow,  spinulose-serrate;  heads 
globose,  about  8  mm.  wide;  bracts  and  bractlets  subulate,  ciliate-spinulose, 
twice  as  long  as  the  heads. 

In  swales,  rare,  western  Oregon.     First  collected  by  Douglas. 

339.   SANICULA.     Sanicle. 

Perennial  tall  rather  glabrous  herbs,  with  ternate  or  palmate 
leaves;  flowers  perfect  and  staminate  mixed  in  heads  in  few-rayed 
umbels,  yellow  or  green;  involucral  bracts  few;  calyx- teeth 
evident,  persistent;  fruit  globular,  the  carpels  not  separating, 
ribless,  the  whole  surface  covered  with  hooked  bristles. 

Fruit  6-7  mm.  long;  styles  much  exceeding  the  bristles.        S.  marilandica. 
Fruit  4  mm.  long  or  less;  styles  not  exceeding  the  bristles. 

Mature  fruit  stipitate;  leaves  palmately  divided.  5.  menziesii. 

Mature  fruit  sessile,  not  stipitate. 

Leaves  pinnately  parted,  the  segments  incised.  S.  hipinnatifida. 

Leaves  palmately  divided. 

Principal  leaf  divisions  confluent  at  base.  S.  howellii. 

Principal  leaf  divisions  distinct  at  base.  S.  septentrionalis. 

Sanicula  marilandica  L.  Stems  erect,  30-120  cm.  high;  leaves  5-7-parted, 
the  divisions  incisely  serrate  and  cleft;  umbels  3-7-rayed;  sterile  flowers  numer- 
ous, sometimes  in  separate  umbellets;  fruit  sessile,  6-7  mm.  long,  its  bristles 
bulbous-based. 

Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  Macoun,  and  eastward. 

Sanicula  menziesii  Hook.  &  Arn.  Stems  erect,  30-100  cm.  high,  branched 
above;  leaves  mostly  basal,  cordate-orbicular,  palmately  3-5-lobed,  5-10  cm. 
broad,  the  lobes  incisely  cleft  and  toothed,  the  teeth  bristle- tipped;  umbel 
3-  or  4-rayed;  involucral  bracts  leaf-like;  involucels  6-8,  linear,  entire;  flowers 
yellow;, fruit  sessile,  stipitate,  obovate,  2-4  mm.  long,  very  bristly. 

Common  especially  on  bluffs  along  the  seashore.     The  northern  plant  is 
feebly  distinguishable  from  the  typical  plant  of  California  by  having  the  leaf- 
lobes  obtuse  or  obtusish  instead  of  acute.     It  has  been  named  S.  tripartita 
Suksdorf. 
18 


258  UMBELLIFERAE. 

« 

Sanicula  bipinnatifida  Dougl.  Stems  20-40  cm.  high,  stout;  leaves  mostly 
basal,  pinnately  3-7-parted,  the  divisions  incisely  toothed  or  lobed,  decurrent 
on  the  rachis  forming  a  wing;  umbel  3-4-rayed;  involucral  bracts  leaf-like; 
involucels  narrow,  acute;  flowers  purple  or  yellow,  in  dense  umbellets,  the 
sterile  ones  pedicelled;  fruit  3  mm.  long. 

Prairies,  Vancouver  Island  to  California.  First  collected  by  Douglas  at 
Fort  Vancouver. 

Sanicula  howellii  Coult.  &  Rose.  Stems  stout,  20-30  cm.  high,  sometimes 
tufted;  leaves  thick,  orbicular,  palmately  3-5-lobed,  incisely  toothed  and 
cleft,  the  teeth  mucronate;  umbels  few-rayed,  the  involucral  bracts  leaf-like; 
involucels  large,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  dense  umbellets;  flowers  yellow; 
fruit  3-4  mm.  long,  bristly  all  over. 

In  drifting  sand,  often  half  buried,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia, 
to  Oregon.     First  collected  by  Howell  at  Tillamook  Bay,  Oregon. 

Sanictila  septentrionalis  Greene.  Erect,  slender,  10-35  cm.  high;  basal 
leaves  few,  small,  ternate  or  biternate,  the  obovate  segments  cleft  or  toothed; 
cauline  leaves  few,  more  sharply  toothed;  peduncles  arising  singly  along  the 
stem;  umbels  with  3-5  rays;  involucre  of  pinnatifid  leaf-like  bracts;  fruiting 
rays  1.5-3.5  cm.  long;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  4  mm.  long. 

Prairies,   Vancouver   Island,    British   Columbia,   to  northern   California. 

340.   DAUCUS.     Carrot. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs ;  leaves  pinnately  decompound ;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  foliaceous  and  cleft;  flowers  white;  calyx- teeth 
obsolete;  fruit  oblong,  flattened  dorsally;  primary  ribs  of  the  car- 
pel 5,  slender  and  bristly,  the  secondary  5-winged,  each  bearing  a 
single  row  of  barbed  prickles;  stylopodium  depressed  or  none; 
oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals. 

Annual,  10-60  cm.  high;  umbel  small.  D.  pusillus. 

Biennial,  60-90  cm.  high;  umbel  large.  D.  carota. 

Daucus  pusillus  Michx.  Annual;  herbage  bristly  pubescent;  stems  slender, 
10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  pinnately  decompound,  the  ultimate  segments  narrowly 
linear;  umbels  small,  2-5  cm.  broad;  fruit  3-5  mm.  long. 

Dry  fields  and  prairies,  common. 

Daucus  carota  L.  Wild  Carrot.  Biennial;  herbage  bristly;  stem  stout, 
60-90  cm.  high;  leaves  pinnately  decompound,  the  ultimate  segments  lanceo- 
late, cuspidate;  umbel  5-12  cm.  broad;  fruit  3-4  mm.  long. 

The  wild  form  of  the  cultivated  carrot,  very  troublesome  as  a  weed.  The 
flowers  are  usually  white,  rarely  rose-colored  or  purple. 

341.    CAUCALIS. 

Mostly  hispid  annuals;  leaves  pinnately  dissected  with  very 
small  segments;  flowers  white;  calyx- teeth  prominent;  fruit 
short,  ovate  or  oblong,  compressed  laterally;  carpel  with  5  filiform 
primary  ribs  with  spreading  bristles  and  4  prominently  winged 
secondary  ones  with  barbed  or  hooked  prickles;  stylopodium 
thick,  conical;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals. 

Caucalis  microcarpa  Hook.  &  Am.  Annual,  erect,  branched,  8-20  cm.  tall, 
more  or  less  hairy,  leaves  pinnately  much  dissected,  the  ultimate  segments 


UMBELLIFERAE.  259 

linear-oblong,  2.5  mm.  long;  umbels  unequally  3-6-rayed;  involucral  bracts 
resembling  the  leaves;  involucels  usually  entire;  fruit  oblong,  armed  with  rows 
of  hooked  prickles. 

In  fields  and  prairies,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  and  adjacent 
Washington.  Not  otherwise  known  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  but  com- 
mon in  the  interior  and  southward  into  California. 

342.   OSMORHIZA.    Sweet  Cicely. 

Glabrous  to  hirsute  perennials,  30-90  cm.  high;  roots  thick, 
aromatic;  leaves  ternately  decompound;  leaflets  broad,  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  variously  toothed;  involucre  and  involucels  few- 
leaved  or  wanting;  flowers  white  or  purple,  in  few-rayed  and 
few-fruited  umbels;  calyx-teeth  obsolete;  stylopodium  conical, 
sometimes  depressed;  styles  mostly  short;  fruit  linear  to  linear- 
oblong,  more  or  less  attenuate  at  base,  obtuse,  acute  or  beaked  at 
apex,  glabrous  or  bristly  on  the  ribs;  carpels  slightly  flattened 
dorsally  or  not  at  all,  nearly  pentagonal  in  section,  with  equal 
ribs  and  thin  pericarps,  often  tapering  into  a  long  tail-like 
attenuation  at  the  base;  oil-tubes  obsolete  in  the  mature  fruit 
(often  numerous  in  young  fruit) ;  seed  face  from  slightly  concave 
to  deeply  sulcate. 

Fruit  glabrous.  O.  amhigua. 

Fruit  with  bristly  ribs. 

Flowers  purple;  fruit  short-beaked.  O.  purpurea. 

Flowers  white. 

Foliage  strigose-pubescent ;  fruit  beaked.  -  0.  brevipes. 

Foliage  glabrous  Or  nearly  so. 

Fruit  with  a  conspicuous  sharp  beak.  0.  divaricata. 

Fruit  constricted  below  the  apex  and  with  a  truncate 

tip.  '  0.  leibergii. 

Osmorhiza  ambigua  (Gray)  Coult.  &  Rose.  Glabrous  except  the  pubes- 
cent nodes;  stems  branched,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  twice  or  thrice  ternate; 
leaflets  ovate,  acute,  incisely  toothed  and  cleft,  thin,  3-6  cm.  long;  umbel  of 
4-8  rays,  without  bracts;  rays  3-6  cm.  long,  widely  spreading;  fruit  12-18  mm. 
long,  beaked,  attenuate  at  base. 

In  the  mountains  at  about  1500  m.  altitude,  rare.     Goat  Mountains,  Allen. 

Osmorhiza  purpurea  (Coult.  &  Rose)  Suksdorf.  Nearly  glabrous;  stems 
10-60  cm.  high;  leaves  once  or  twice  ternate;  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute 
to  acuminate,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed,  2-7  cm.  long;  umbel  with  2-4  rays, 
these  5-7  cm.  long;  fruit  hispid  at  base,  10-12  mm.  long,  slightly  beaked  at 
apex. 

Mount  Hood,  Oregon,  Henderson;  Olympic  Mountains,  Washington, 
Lamb;  and  northward  to  Alaska. 

Osmorhiza  brevipes  (Coult.  &  Rose)  Suksdorf.  (Washingtonia  brevipes 
Coult.  &  Rose.)  Similar  to  0.  divaricata  but  pubescent  with  white  hairs; 
pedicels  shorter,  4-12  mm.  long,  decidedly  shorter  than  the  fruit,  which  is 
14-16  mm.  long. 

In  open  woods,  Washington  to  California. 

Osmorhiza  divaricata  Nutt.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  30-60  cm.  tall;  leaves 
biternate;  leaflets  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  thin,  coarsely 


260  UMBELLIFERAE. 

serrate  and  more  or  less  incised;  umbels  2-9-rayed;  pedicels  mostly  1-2  cm. 
long;  involucels  none;  fruit  16-20  mm.  long,  bristly-hairy  on  the  ribs,  the 
carpels  distinctly  beaked,  much  narrowed  at  the  base. 
In  woods,  common. 

Osmorhiza  leibergii  (Coult.  &  Rose)  Suksdorf.  Very  similar  to  O.  divari- 
cata;  pedicels  10-15  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  fruit;  fruit  slightly  hispid  at 
base,  otherwise  nearly  glabrous,  blunt  at  the  tip. 

In  the  Cascade  and  Olympic  Mountains. 

343.   HERACLEUM. 

Tall  stout  perennials;  leaves  large,  ternately  compound;  in- 
volucres deciduous  ;  involucels  of  numerous  bractlets;  flowers 
white,  in  large  many-rayed  umbels;  calyx- teeth  small  or  obsolete; 
petals  obcordate,  the  outer  ones  often  dilated  and  2-cleft;  stylo- 
podium  thick  conical;  fruit  broadly  ovate,  very  much  flattened 
dorsally,  somewhat  pubescent;  carpel  with  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate ribs  filiform ,  the  broad  lateral  wings  contiguous  to  those 
of  the  other  carpel,  strongly  nerved  toward  the  outer  margin; 
oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  conspicuous,  about  half  as 
long  as  the  carpel,  2-4  on  the  commissural  side;  seed  very  much 
flattened  dorsally. 

Heracleum  lanatum  Michx.  Cow  Parsnip.  Very  stout,  1-2  m.  tall, 
pubescent  throughout;  leaves  ternate  or  biternate;  petioles  much  dilated; 
leaflets  round-cordate,  10-25  cm.  broad,  irregularly  lobed  and  dentate;  rays 
5-15  cm.  long;  fruit  obcordate,  8-12  mm.  broad,  the  oil-tubes  conspicuous. 

Abundant  in  wet  places,  the  young  shoots  used  as  food  by  the  Indians. 

344.   COGSWELLIA. 

Acaulescent  or  short  caulescent  dry  gi*ound  perennials;  roots 
fusiform  or  tuberous;  leaves  ternate  to  dissected,  sometimes 
pinnate;  involucre  none;  involucels  mostly  present;  flowers  yellow, 
white  or  purple;  calyx- teeth  obsolete  or  very  rarely  evident; 
stylopodium  wanting;  fruit  strongly  flattened  dorsally,  oblong 
to  orbicular;  carpel  with  filiform  and  approximate  dorsal  and 
intermediate  ribs  and  winged  laterals  coherent  till  maturity 
with  those  of  the  other  carpel ;  pericarp  thin ;  oil-tubes  1-several 
in  the  intervals  (rarely  obsolete),  2-10  on  the  commissural  side; 
seed  dorsally  flattened,  with  plane  face  (rarely  slightly  concave). 

Peduncles  stout,  usually  swollen  at  top;  herbage  glaucous.        C.  nudicaulis. 
Peduncles  slender,  never  swollen  at  top;  herbage  green. 

Bractlets  conspicuous.  C.  utrictdata. 

Bractlets  small  or  wanting. 

Leaves  ternate.  C.  triternata. 

Leaves  pinnate. 

Oil-tubes  3  in  each  interval.  C.  hallii. 

Oil-tubes  1  in  each  interval. 

Vrmt  with  wings  as  broad  as  body.  C.  martindalei. 

Fruit  with  wings  narrower  than  body.  C.  angustata. 


UMBELLIFERAE.  261 

Cogswellia  nudicaulis  (Pursh)  Jones.  Glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous, 
root  cylindric,  thick  and  fleshy;  leaves  all  basal,  mostly  biternate  or  ternate; 
and  then  quinate;  leaflets  ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  entire  or  with  a  few 
teeth  at  the  apex,  3-5  cm.  long,  thickish;  peduncles  stout,  10-30  cm.  high; 
rays  unequal,  4-20  cm.  long;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  smooth,  oblong,  9-14  mm. 
long. 

In  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  to  Cali- 
fornia. 

Cogswellia  utriculata  (Nutt.)  Jones.  Glabrous  or  merely  puberulent; 
leaves  mostly  basal,  1  or  2  cauline,  ternately  or  pinnately  decompound,  the 
ultimate  segments  narrowly  linear,  6-12  mm.  long;  petioles  dilated  at  base; 
peduncles  or  stems  20-30  cm.  high;  rays  unequal,  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  yellow; 
fruit  elliptical,  glabrous,  2-7  mm.  long. 

Prairies,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  to  California.  Root  tuber- 
ous, said  to  have  been  used  by  the  Indians  for  food.  First  collected  by  Nuttall 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  River. 

Cogswellia  triternata  (Pursh)  Jones.  Peduncles  30-70  cm.  tall;  leaves 
bipinnate  or  tri ternate,  puberulent;  leaflets  linear-lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long; 
umbel  unequally  5-18-rayed,  the  rays  1-5  cm.  long;  fruit  oblong,  glabrous, 
6-12  mm,  long;  oil-tubes  large,  solitary  between  the  ribs;  two  on  the  inner  side. 

Prairies  from  near  the  head  of  Puget  Sound,  southward. 

Cogswellia  hallii  (Wats.)  Jones.  Glabrous;  leaves  mostly  basal,  a  few 
cauline,  pinnate,  oblong  in  outline,  the  segments  ovate,  deeply  toothed  or 
pinnatifid,  about  1  cm.  long;  umbel  3-6-rayed;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  elliptical, 
glabrous,  6  mm.  long,  with  3  oil-tubes  in  the  intervals  between  the  ribs  and  4  on 
the  inner  side. 

Mount  Hood,  Oregon,  Howell;  Mount  Saint  Helens,  Washington,  Mrs. 
Biggs,  a  doubtful  specimen;  not  otherwise  known. 

Cogswellia  martindalei  (Coult.  &  Rose)  Jones.  Glabrous,  somewhat  glau- 
cous, leaves  rather  thick,  bipinnate,  the  ultimate  segments  ovate,  toothed  or 
pinnatifid,  10-12  mm.  long;  stems  bearing  1  or  2  leaves,  15-40  cm.  high;  fruit 
glabrous,  8-16  mm.  long,  the  wings  as  broad  as  or  broader  than  the  body;  oil- 
tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  between  the  ribs,  two  on  the  inner  side. 

Bluff^s  of  the  Columbia    River   at  Bridal  Veil,  Oregon,  and    southward. 

Cogswellia  angustata  Coult.  &  Rose.  Ver>'  similar  to  C.  hallii,  but  fruit 
with  one  oil-tube  in  each  interval  and  two  on  the  inner  side. 

Common  in  rocky  places  in  the  mountains  at  about  1500-2000  m.  altitude. 
Probably  only  a  form  of  C.  hallii. 

345.   ANGELICA. 

Stout  perennial  herbs;  leaves  ternate,  then  pinnate,  rarely 
simply  pinnately  compound;  involucre  scanty  or  none;  involucels 
of  small  bractlets  or  none;  flowers  in  large  terminal  umbels; 
calyx- teeth  mostly  obsolete;  stylopodium  conical;  fruit  flattened 
dorsally,  ovate  or  oblong,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  calyx- tube 
prominent,  crenulate;  carpels  with  strong  ribs,  the  lateral  ribs 
usually  broadly  winged,  distinct  from  those  of  the  other  carpel, 
forming  a  double- winged  margin  to  the  fruit;  oil-tubes  1-several 
in  the  intervals,  or  indefinite,  2-10  on  the  commissural  side; 
seed  face  plane  or  somewhat  concave. 

Leaves  densely  tomentose  beneath.  A.  hendersoni. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 


262  UMBELLIFERAE. 

Involucels  of  numerous  bractlets.  A.  genuflexa. 

Involucels  usually  wanting. 

Fruit  4-6  mm.  long,  the  lateral  wings  not  thick  and 

corky.  A.  lyallii. 

Fruit  6-8  mm.  long,  the  lateral  wings  thick  and  corky.       A .  arguta. 

Angelica  hendersoni  Coult.  &  Rose.  Herbage  densely  tomentose;  stems 
stout,  1-2  m.  high;  leaves  quinate,  then  pinnate;  leaflets  thick,  broadly  ovate, 
obtuse,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  serrate,  7-10  cm.  long;  umbel  10-12  cm. 
broad;  fruit  oblong,  pubescent,  6-9  mm.  long,  the  lateral  wings  thick  and 
corky,  as  broad  as  the  body. 

On  the  ocean  coast,  Washington  to  California.  First  collected  at  Ilwaco 
by  Henderson. 

Angelica  genuflexa  Nutt.  Glabrous  below  the  inflorescence;  stems  stout, 
90-150  cm.  high;  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnate,  the  divisions  more  or  less  de- 
flexed;  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate  or  incised; 
umbel  many-rayed,  10-15  cm.  broad;  bractlets  of  the  umbellets  linear;  fruit 
3-4  mm.  long,  glabrous,  emarginate  at  base  and  apex,  the  lateral  wings  broader 
than  the  body. 

Very  common  in  swamps.  First  collected  by  Nuttall  on  Sauvies  Island, 
Oregon,  and  near  Fort  Vancouver,  Washington. 

[pi-zj^^^^^^^      Angelica  lyallii  Wats.     Stout,  60-150  cm.  tall,  glabrous  or  the  inflorescence 

P    ,       sometimes  puberulent;  leaves  ternate,  then  once  or  twice  pinnate;  leaflets 

'♦'^'^♦^  ^'^    ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  or  dentate,  2-10  cm.  long;  umbel  many- 

^ /^J*^  <5i.»*^ rayed;  involucre  and  involucels  wanting;  fruit  oblong,  4-6  mm.  long,  the 

lateral  wings  about  as  broad  as  the  body;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  all  the  intervals. 

Wet  places  in  the  mountains  at  moderate  elevations. 

Angelica  arguta  Nutt.  Very  similar  to  A.  lyallii  but  the  fruit  larger,  6-8 
mm.  long,  the  lateral  wings  thick  and  corky. 

Known  only  from  the  type  specimen  collected  by  Nuttall  in  1835  on  Sauvies 
Island,  Oregon,  and  near  Fort  Vancouver,  Washington.  The  rediscovery 
and  better  understanding  of  this  species  is  much  to  be  desired. 

346.   CONIOSELINUM. 

Perennial  herbs,  glabrous  below  the  inflorescence;  leaves 
ternate  then  pinnately  decompound;  flowers  white;  calyx- teeth 
obsolete;  fruit  oblong,  dorsally  flattened,  glabrous;  carpel  with 
prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs,  the  lateral  ribs  broadly 
winged  and  thickish;  stylopodium  slightly  conical;  oil-tubes 
usually  solitary  in  the  dorsal  intervals,  1-several  in  the  lateral 
intervals,   and  2-8  on  the  commissural  side. 

Conioselinum  gmelini  (Cham.  &  Schlecht.)  Coult.  &  Rose.  Glabrous 
below  the  inflorescence;  stems  erect,  1-1.5  m.  high;  leaves  large,  ternate,  then 
pinnately  decompound,  the  ultimate  segments  ovate  to  linear-oblong,  mostly 
incisely  cleft,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  umbel  10-25-raycd,  the  rays  2-3  cm.  long; 
bracts  and  bractlets  narrowly  linear;  fruit  4-5  mm.  long,  with  prominent  ribs 
and   broad   wings. 

High  sea-beaches  and  on  the  borders  of  tidal  marshes.  Foliage  handsome, 
fern-like. 

347.   PASTINACA.     Parsnip. 

Tall  stout  glabrous  biennial  with  pinnately  compound  leaves; 
flowers  yellow;  calyx-teeth  obsolete;  fruit  oval,  very  much  flat- 


UMBELLIFERAE.  263 

tened  dorsally;  stylopodium  flattened;  dorsal  ribs  filiform,  the 
lateral  extended  into  broad  wings;  oil-tubes  small,  solitary  in 
in  the  intervals,  2-4  on  the  commissural  side. 

Pastinaca  sativa  L.  Glabrous;  stems  60-90  cm.  high;  leaves  pinnately 
compound,  the  leaflets  ovate  to  oblong,  incisely  serrate;  flowers  yellow;  fruit 
oval. 

The  common  parsnip  of  the  garden  frequently  becomes  wild. 

348.  LEPTOTAENIA. 

Usually  tall  or  stout,  glabrous,  nearly  acaulescent;  roots  thick, 
fusiform,  often  very  large;  leaves  usually  large,  pinnately  de- 
compound ;  involucre  of  few  bracts  or  none ;  involucels  of  numer- 
ous small  bractlets ;  flowers  yellow  or  purple ;  calyx- teeth  obsolete 
or  sometimes  evident;  stypolodium  wanting;  fruit  flattened 
dorsally,  oblong-elliptical,  glabrous;  carpel  with  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate ribs  filiform  or  obscure;  lateral  wings  very  thick  and 
corky;  commissural  face  with  a  prominent  central  longitudinal 
ridge  left  after  separation  from  the  carpophore;  oil-tubes  3-6 
in  the  intervals,  4-6  on  the  commissural  side,  mostly  small,  some- 
times obsolete;  seeds  very  flat,  with  plane  or  slightly  concave  face. 

Leptotaenia  dissecta  Nutt.  Nearly  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous; 
stems  stout,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  basal,  large,  ternate  then  thrice 
pinnate;  ultimate  segments  ovate  to  oblong,  incisely  pinnatifid,  puberulent 
on  the  veins  beneath,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  peduncle  elongated;  umbel  8-20-rayed; 
bracts  linear;  flowers  brownish-purple;  fruits  10-18  mm.  long. 

Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia  to  California,  first  collected  by  Nuttall 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  River. 

349.  HYDROCOTYLE. 

Low  perennial  herbs  growing  in  or  near  water,  with  slender 
creeping  stems;  leaves  orbicular-peltate  or  reniform;  flowers 
small,  white,  in  simple  or  proliferous  umbels  without  an  involucre; 
calyx  teeth  minute  or  obsolete;  fruit  more  or  less  orbicular, 
strongly  compressed  laterally;  carpel  with  5  primary  ribs,  the 
dorsal  marginal,  broad  or  filiform;  intermediate  ribs  filiform, 
usually  curved;  lateral  ribs  filiform  or  broad;  oil-bearing  layer 
prominent  beneath  the  epidermis,  occasionally  with  small  tubes. 

Hydrocotyle  ranunculoides  L.f.  Floating  or  creeping  in  mud;  leaves 
round-reniform,  thick,  crenately  3-7-cleft;  peduncles  3-7  cm.  long,  shorter 
than  the  petioles,  reflexed  in  fruit;  umbel  5-10-flowered;  fruit  2-3  mm.  broad. 

Ponds  and  muddy  banks,  not  rare. 

350.   CICUTA.    Water  Hemlock. 

Smooth  poisonous  marsh  perennials;  leaves  pinnately  com- 
pound; leaflets  serrate;  involucre  of  few  bracts  or  none;  in- 
volucels of  several  slender  bractlets;  flowers  white;  calyx-teeth 
rather    prominent;    stylopodium    low,    sometimes    low-conical; 


264  UMBELLIFERAE. 

fruit  compressed  laterally,  oblong  to  orbicular,  glabrous;  carpels 
with  strong  flattish  corky  ribs,  the  lateral  largest  at  least  in 
section;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  two  on  the  commis- 
sural side;  seed  nearly  terete  or  somewhat  dorsally  flattened,  the 
commissural  face  plane  or  slightly  concave. 

Leaflets   thickish,    lanceolate   to   ovate-lanceolate,   closely   and 

sharply  serrate  or  even  cleft,  strongly  reticulate  beneath.  C.  douglasii. 

Leaflets  thinner,  linear-lanceolate,  not  so  closely  or  sharply  ser- 
rate, not  strongly  reticulate  beneath.  C.  vagans. 

Cicuta  douglasii  (DC.)  Coult.  &  Rose.  Glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous; 
stems  stout,  60-90  cm.  high,  loosely  branched;  leaves  twice  pinnate;  leaflets 
lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  closely  and  sharply  serrate  or  more  or  less 
incised,  5-10  cm.  long;  fruit  orbicular,  2  mm.  long. 

In  swamps,  common.  First  collected  by  Douglas  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia  River.     Root  very  poisonous. 

Cicuta  vagans  Greene.     Very  similar  to   C.  douglasii;  leaflets  narrower, 
linear-lanceolate,  thin  in  texture,  and  less  strongly  reticulate  beneath. 
In  swamps,  probably  only  a  form  of  C.  douglasii. 

351.   CORIANDRUM.    Coriander. 

Annual  herbs;  leaves  bipinnately  divided;  flowers  white,  in 
spreading  umbels;  calyx  5-toothed;  fruit  globose,  not  constricted, 
10-ribbed,  the  primary  ribs  inconspicuous. 

Coriandrum  sativum  L.  Glabrous;  stems  slender,  60-90  cm.  high;  lower 
leaves  pinnate,  the  leaflets  fan-shaped,  many-cleft,  the  upper  leaves  more 
dissected  with  linear  ultimate  segments;  flowers  white;  fruit  globose,  smooth. 

In  waste  places,  an  escape  from  gardens. 

352.   CARUM.     Caraway. 

Smooth  erect  slender  herbs;  roots  fascicled,  tuberous  or  fusi- 
form; leaves  pinnate,  with  few  linear  leaflets;  involucels  of  few 
to  many  bracts;  flowers  white;  calyx- teeth  prominent  for  the 
size  of  the  fruit;  stylopodium  conical;  fruit  compressed  laterally, 
orbicular  to  oblong,  glabrous;  carpels  with  filiform  or  incon- 
spicuous ribs;  oil-tubes  large  and  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2-6 
on  the  commissural  side;  seeds  dorsally  flattened,  more  or  less 
longitudinally  grooved  beneath  the  oil-tubes,  the  face  plane  or 
slightly  concave. 

Fruit  orbicular,  2  mm.  long.  C.  gairdneri. 

Fruit  oblong,  3-4  mm.  long.  C.  oreganum. 

Carum  gairdneri  (Hook.  &  Arn.)  Gray.  Roots  fusiform,  clustered;  stems 
erect,  slender,  30-100  cm.  tall,  simple  or  branched  above;  leaves  few,  mostly 
pinnate,  with  3-7  linear  leaflets,  5-15  cm.  long,  the  lowermost  rarely  bipinnate, 
the  upper  simple;  umbels  6-15-raycd,  the  rays  2-4  cm.  long;  involucels  linear, 
acuminate;  fruit  subglobose,  flattened,  1-2  mm.  long,  with  small  calyx-teeth. 

Common  in  low  meadows.     Roots  edible,  a  favorite  food  of  the  Indians. 


UMBELLIFERAE.  265 

Carum  oreganum  Wats.  Very  similar  to  C.  gairdneri  but  the  lower  leaves 
more  divided,  and  with  shorter  linear  lobes;  involucels  broader  and  more 
scarious;  fruit  oblong,  3-4  mm.  long. 

Willamette  Valley,  Oregon,  south  to  northern  California.  First  found 
by  Nuttall  on  Wappatoo  or  Sauvies  Island;  doubtfully  distinct  from  C. 
gairdneri. 

353.   ZIZIA. 

Smooth  perennials  with  simple  to  ternately  compound  leaves; 
involucre  none;  involucels  of  small  bractlets;  flowers  yellow; 
calyx- teeth  prominent;  stylopodium  wanting;  styles  long;  fruit 
compressed  laterally,  ovate  to  oblong,  glabrous;  central  fruit  of 
each  umbellet  sessile;  carpel  with  filiform  ribs;  oil-tubes  large  and 
solitary  in  the  broad  intervals,  2  on  the  commissural  side  and  a 
small  one  in  each  rib;  seed  terete,  longitudinally  grooved  beneath 
the  oil-tubes. 

Zizia  cordata  (Walt.)  Koch.  Glabrous,  30-80  cm.  tall;  lower  leaves 
simple,  cordate,  crenately  toothed,  2-8  cm.  long,  sometimes  lobed  or  even 
ternate,  mostly  long-petioled;  upper  leaves  short-petioled,  palmately  com- 
pound, of  3-5  leaflets,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  incised  and  serrate;  fruit  ovate,  3 
mm.  long. 

Said  to  occur  in  the  Willamette  Valley;  abundant  east  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains. 

354.  OENANTHE. 

Aquatic  glabrous  herbs  with  succulent  stems;  leaves  pinnate 
or  decompound;  flowers  white,  in  involucrate  umbels;  calyx- teeth 
rather  prominent;  fruit  glabrous,  globose  or  but  slightly  laterally 
compressed;  carpel  with  broad  obtuse  corky  ribs;  stylopodium 
very  short,  conical;  styles  elongated;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the 
intervals,  2  on  the  commissural  side. 

Oenanthe  sarmentosa  Presl.  Glabrous;  stems  weak,  decumbent,  somewhat 
succulent,  30-60  cm.  long;  leaves  ternate,  then  bipinnate,  the  leaflets  ovate, 
acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  sometimes  lobed  at  base,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  umbels 
3-5  cm.  broad;  involucral  bracts  few,  linear;  fruit  oblong-cylindrical,  4  mm. 
long. 

Very  common  in  wet  places;  first  found  at  Nootka  Sound  by  Haenke. 
Sometimes  called  Water  Parsley. 

355.  LILAEOPSIS. 

Small  glabrous  perennials,  creeping  and  rooting  in  the  mud; 
leaves  reduced  to  hollow  cyHndrical  or  awl-shaped  jointed  pet- 
ioles; flowers  white,  in  few-flowered  umbels  which  are  subtended 
by  minute  bracts;  calyx- teeth  small;  fruit  glabrous,  globose 
or  but  slightly  compressed  laterally;  carpel  with  filiform  dorsal 
and  intermediate  ribs,  the  lateral  ribs  thick  and  corky  next  to  the 
commissure;  stylopodium  flat;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals, 
2  on  the  commissural  side. 


266  UMBELLIFERAE. 

Lilaeopsis  occidentalis  Coult.  &  Rose.  Leaves  linear-attenuate,  3-18  cm. 
long;  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  leaves;  fruit  2  mm.  long,  the  lateral  ribs 
corky-thickened. 

Muddy  shores  of  lakes,  Alaska  to  Oregon,  often  abundant  enough  to  make  a 
dense  sward. 

356.   BERULA. 

Smooth  aquatic  perennials,  with  simply  pinnate  leaves;  in- 
volucre and  involucels  of  conspicuous  narrow  bracts;  flowers 
white;  calyx- teeth  minute;  fruit  compressed  laterally,  nearly  round, 
glabrous;  carpels  nearly  globose  with  slender  inconspicuous  ribs; 
stylopodium  conical;  oil  tubes  numerous  and  contiguous,  closely 
surrounding  the  seed  cavity. 

Berula  erecta  (Huds.)  Coville.  Stems  erect,  20-90  cm.  high;  leaflets  5-9 
pairs,  linear  to  oblong  or  ovate,  serrate  or  incised  or  somewhat  laciniately 
lobed,  2-8  cm.  long;  peduncles  2-5  cm.  long;  fruit  barely  2  mm.  long. 

In  wet  places,  very  rare  in  our  limits;  near  Tacoma,  Flett. 

357.   LIGUSTICUM.     Lovage. 

Smooth  perennials  from  large  aromatic  roots;  leaves  usually 
large,  ternately  or  ternately-pinnately  compound;  flowers  white 
or  pinkish,  in  large  many  rayed  umbels;  involucre  usually  none; 
involucels  narrow;  calyx  teeth  small  or  obsolete;  fruit  oblong  or 
ovoid,  compressed  laterally  if  at  all,  glabrous;  carpels  with  promi- 
nent and  equal  ribs;  stylopodium  conical;  oil  tubes  2-6  in  the 
intervals,  6-10  on  the  commissural  side. 

Stems  naked,  the  leaves  mostly  basal;  flowers  purplish.  L.  purpureum. 
Stems  leafy;  flowers  white. 

Leaflets  coarsely  toothed  or  lobed.  L.  apiodorum. 

Leaflets  deeply  cleft  into  linear  lobes.  L.  apiifolium. 

Ligusticum  ptirpurem  Coult.  &  Rose.  Nearly  glabrous;  stems  40-60  cm. 
high;  leaves  nearly  all  basal,  once  or  twice  ternate,  then  pinnate;  leaflets  ovate, 
obtuse,  incisely  toothed  or  lobed,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  flowers  purple-tinged;  rays 
of  the  umbel  few,  2-3  cm.  long;  fruit  4  mm.  long. 

In  alpine  meadows,  at  about  the  limit  of  trees,  in  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Ligusticum  apiodorum  (Gray)  Coult.  &  Rose.  Glabrous,  except  the 
puberulent  inflorescence  and  the  scabrous  leaf  margins;  stems  60^90  cm.  high; 
leaves  ternately  decompound;  leaflets  distinct  or  somewhat  confluent,  cuneate- 
oblong,  incised,  paler  beneath;  umbels  6-15-rayed,  the  rays  3-5  cm.  long; 
involucels  linear-setaceous;  flowers  white  or  pinkish;  fruit  3-4  mm.  long. 

Portland,   Oregon,    Henderson,  and   south  to  San  Francisco,  California. 

Ligusticum  apiifolium  (Nutt.)  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous  up  to  the  puberulent 
inflorescence;  stems  60-120  cm.  high;  leaves  twice  to  thrice  ternate,  then  pin- 
nate, ultimate  segments  ovate,  deeply  cleft  into  linear  mostly  entire  acute 
lobes;  umbel  many-rayed,  the  rays  5-10  cm,  long;  flowers  white;  fruit  4  mm. 
long. 

In  open  woods  and  prairies,  not  common.  First  collected  by  Nuttall  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  River. 


UMBELLIFERAE.  267 

358.   GLEHNIA. 

Low  villous-tomentose  herbs  growing  in  drifting  sands  along 
the  seashore;  leaves  thickish,  densely  white- tomentose  beneath, 
once  or  twice  ternate  or  ternate-pinnate,  with  ovate  or  roundish 
leaflets;  flowers  whitish;  bracts  subulate;  calyx- teeth  small; 
fruit  globose,  glabrous;  carpel  somewhat  flattened  dorsally  with 
5  equal  broad  and  corky  thickened  wings;  stylopodium  flat; 
oil-tubes  2-3  in  the  intervals,  4-6  on  the  commissural  side. 

Glehnia  littoralis  (Gray)  Schmidt.  Herbage  villous-tomentose;  stems 
very  short;  leaves  twice-ternate  and  then  pinnate,  the  leaflets  rather  fleshy, 
ovate  to  orbicular,  serrate  to  dentate,  densely  white  tomentose  beneath,  2-5 
cm.  long;  stems  shorter  than  the  leaves;  rays  of  the  umbel  10-12;  fruits  8-10 
mm.  broad,  with  wings  3  mm.  wide. 

Common  in  drifting  sand  along  the  ocean  coast,  Oregon  to  Alaska;  first 
collected  by  Cooper  at  Shoalwater  Bay  or  Willapa  Harbor. 

359.   HESPEROGENIA. 

Low  acaulescent  plants;  leaves  once  or  twice  ternate;  flowers 
yellow,  in  umbels  with  a  few  unequal  rays,  with  one  or  two 
bractlets  and  no  involucre;  calyx-teeth  obsolete;  fruit  glabrous, 
nearly  orbicular  or  short-oblong,  compressed  laterally,  rounded  at 
base  and  apex;  carpel  with  indistinct  filiform  ribs;  stylopodium 
none;  oil-tubes  2  or  3  in  the  intervals. 

Hesperogenia  stricklandi  Coult.  &  Rose.  Glabrous,  pale  green;  root 
stout;  leaves  all  basal,  ternate  or  biternate,  long-petioled,  the  segments  lanceo- 
late, acutish,  rather  thick,  8-12  mm.  long;  stems  8-10  cm.  high,  naked,  with  a 
single  reduced  leaf;  rays  3-6,  unequal;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  2  mm.  long. 

Known  only  from  Mount  Rainier,  Allen,   Flett. 

360.    OROGENIA. 

Dwarf  glabrous  acaulescent  plants  from  tuberous  or  fusiform 
roots;  leaves  ternate  with  linear  segments;  flowers  white,  in  a 
subcompound  umbel  with  a  few  linear  bractlets  and  no  involucre; 
calyx- teeth  minute;  fruit  glabrous,  oblong,  very  slightly  com- 
pressed laterally ;  carpels  with  filiform  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs 
and  excessively  thickened  lateral  ones;  stylopodium  flattened;  oil- 
tubes  very  small,  3  in  the  intervals,  2-4  on  the  commissural  side. 

Orogenia  linearifolia  Wats.  Tuber  globose;  scape  slender,  2-12  cm.  high; 
leaves  2  or  3,  ternate  or  biternate,  glabrous,  the  leaflets  linear,  obtuse,  entire, 
2-5  cm.  long;  umbels  2-10-rayed;  flowers  white,  nearly  sessile;  fruit  3-4  mm. 
long. 

Willamette  Valley,  Oregon,  to  Idaho,  Utah  and  California. 

361.    SIUM. 

Perennial,  growing  In  water  or  in  wet  places;  leaflets  serrate 
or  pinnatifid;  involucres  and  involucels  of  numerous  narrow 
bracts;  flowers  white;  calyx- teeth  minute;  stylopodium  depressed; 


268  UMBELLIFERAE. 

styles  short;  fruit  compressed  laterally,  ovate  to  oblong,  glabrous; 
carpels  with  prominent  corky  nearly  equal  ribs;  oil-tubes  1-3 
in  the  intervals,  never  solitary  in  all  the  intervals,  2-7  on  the 
commissural  side;  seed  subangular,  with  plane  commissural  face. 

Sium  suave  Walt.  (S.  cicutaefolium  Schrank.)  Stout,  60-80  cm.  tall; 
leaves  pinnate,  with  7-17  linear  or  lanceolate  serrate  acuminate  leaflets,  these 
5-12  cm.  long;  umbel  many-rayed,  the  rays  2.5^  cm.  long;  fruit  3  mm.  long, 
with  prominent  ribs. 

Margins  of  lakes  and  ponds,  common.  When  growing  in  water  the  leaflets 
are  finely  dissected. 

362.    COELOPLEURUM. 

Stout  glabrous  seacoast  perennial  herbs;  leaves  2-3-ternate  on 
very  large  inflated  petioles;  flowers  greenish-white,  in  many-rayed 
umbels  with  a  few-leaved  deciduous  involucre  and  numerous 
small  linear-lanceolate  involucels;  calyx-teeth  obsolete;  fruit 
oblong,  slightly  flattened  laternally  if  at  all,  glabrous;  carpels 
with  very  thick  and  prominent  corky  ribs  which  become  hollow, 
all  equal  or  the  lateral  ones  broadest;  oil  tubes  small,  2-4  on  the 
commissural  side  and  1  or  2  under  each  rib. 

Leaflets  acute  or  acuminate,  not  thick.  C.  longipes. 

Leaflets  obtuse,  very  thick.  '  C.  maritimum, 

Coelopleurum  longipes  Coult.  &  Rose.  Glabrous  below  the  inflorescence; 
stems  stout,  1-1.5  m.  high,  loosely  branched  above;  leaflets  ovate,  acute  to 
acuminate,  cuneate  at  base,  mostly  sharply  serrate,  3-5  cm.  long;  inflorescence 
puberulent;  umbel  large,  flat-topped,  10-15  cm.  broad;  fruit  oblong,  3  mm. 
broad,  4-6  mm.  long. 

Along  the  seacoast  of  Washington  and  British  Columbia.  Scarcely  dis- 
tinct from  the  Alaska  C.  gmelini  (DC.)  Ledeb. 

Coelopleurum  maritimum  Coult.  &  Rose.  Very  similar  to  C.  longipes; 
leaflets  broadly  ovate,  often  subcordate,  obtuse,  6-7  cm.  long;  fruit  6-7  cm. 
long. 

On  ocean  bluff's  near  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River;  Ilwaco,  Washington, 
Henderson,  Piper;  Astoria,  Oregon,  Cooper. 

Family  73.     CORNACEAE.     Dogwood  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbs;  leaves  simple,  alternate  or  op- 
posite; flowers  regular,  perfect,  polygamous  or  dioecious,  in 
cymes  or  heads;  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary;  petals  and 
stamens  4,  on  the  margin  of  an  epigynous  disk  in  the  perfect 
flowers;  style  1;  ovary  1-2-celled,  with  one  ovule  in  each  cell; 
fruit  a  1-2-seeded  drupe. 

Flowers  perfect,  in  loose  or  head-like  cymes.  363.  Cornus,  269. 

Flowers  dioecious,  in  spikes.  364.  Garrya,  269. 


CORNACEAE.  269 

363.   CORNUS.     Dogwood. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees;  leaves  opposite,  sometimes  appar- 
ently whorled,  entire;  flowers  perfect,  in  a  cymose  or  capitate 
cluster;  calyx  minutely  4-toothed;  petals  4,  oblong  or  ovate; 
stamens  4,  with  slender  filaments;  style  1 ;  drupe  ovoid  or  oblong, 
with  a  2-celled  2-seeded  stone. 

Flowers  in  loose  cymes,  not  involucrate;  fruit  white.  C.  occidentalis. 

Flowers  in  head-like  cymes,  surrounded  by  a  conspicuous  in- 
volucre; fruit  red. 

Tree,  10-20  m.  high;  bracts  4-8  cm,  long.  C.  nuttallU. 

Herb,  8-20  cm.  high;  bracts  1-2  cm.  long.  C.  canadensis. 

Comus  occidentalis  (T.  &  G.)  Coville.  Much  branched  shrub,  2-5  m. 
high,  with  red  twigs,  these  hairy  when  young;  leaves  ovate  to  oval,  acute  to 
acuminate,  mostly  cuneate  at  base,  glabrous  above,  loose  pubescent  beneath, 
4-8  cm.  long;  petiole  1-2  cm.  long;  cymes  short-peduncled,.  2-6  cm.  broad, 
pubescent;  flowers  cream-colored,  6-8  mm.  broad;  fruit  globose,  white;  stone 
oblique,  compressed,  the  edge  furrowed. 

In  wet  ground,  especially  on  stream  banks,  common. 

Comus  nuttallii  Audubon.  Tree  6-12,  rarely  20  m.  high;  bark  gray-brown, 
smooth  or  on  very  old  trunks  flaky;  young  twigs  pubescent;  wood  fine-grained, 
white;  winter  buds  sharp-pointed;  leaves  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  cuneate 
at  base,  puberulent  above,  pubescent  beneath,  8-12  cm.  long;  petioles  6-20 
mm.  long;  heads  hemispheric,  1-2  cm.  broad,  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of 
4-8,  usually  5-6,  obovate  cream-colored  or  sometimes  pink  bracts,  4-5  cm. 
long;  drupes  bright  shiny  orange-red,  25-40  in  each  cluster,  each  tipped  with 
the  persistent  calyx;  stone  nearly  as  broad  as  long. 

British  Columbia  to  California.  Under  cultivation  the  dogwood  frequently 
blooms  a  second  time  in  the  fall  and  under  such  conditions  the  involucral 
bracts  are  oftener  pink  tinged. 

^-^ff-  Comus  capa4f^nsis  T..  Perennial  herb,  10-20  cm.  high,  the  rootstocks 
woody;  stems  scaly  below,  bearing  2  or  3  pairs  of  leaves  above,  forming  a  false 
,  whorl  and  sometimes  a  pair  near  the  middle;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  or 
*~^  acuminate,  narrowed  at  base,  sessile,  entire,  sparsely  puberulent,  2-4  cm.  long; 
T*'^'  peduncle  solitary,  4-5  cm.  long;  involucral  bracts  4—6,  white,  ovate,  8-16  mm. 
y^^  long;  flowers  greenish,  small,  in  dense  heads;  fruit  bright  red,  globular,  4  mm. 
'  in  diameter. 

In  rich  woods,  especially  in  the  mountains. 

364.    GARRYA. 

Evergreen  shrubs,  with  4-angled  branchlets;  leaves  opposite, 
entire,  coriaceous,  with  short  connate  petioles;  flowers  dioecious, 
in  axillary  aments;  petals  none;  staminate  flowers  with  a  4-parted 
calyx;  stamens  4;  filaments  distinct;  disk  and  ovary  none; 
pistillate  flowers  with  a  2-lobed  or  obsolete  calyx-limb;  stamens 
and  disk  none;  styles  2,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side,  persistent; 
ovary  1-celled;  berry  blue  or  purple,  ovoid,  1-2-seeded. 

Garrya  elliptica  Dougl.  Shrub,  2-3  m.  tall;  leaves  elliptical  or  oval, 
mucronate,  undulate-margined,  dark-green  and  shiny  above,  densely  tomen- 
tose  beneath,  5-10  cm.  long;  staminate  aments  5-20  cm.  long,  the  silky  bracts 


270  PYROLACEAE. 

acute  to  truncate;  pistillate  aments  3-8  cm.  long,  the  bracts  acute   or  acu- 
minate; fruit  globose,  sessile,  densely  tomentose,  6^9  mm.  in  diameter. 

Douglas  reports  this  shrub  "  plentiful  on  the  shore,  in  rocky  situations,  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Columbia,  near  its  confluence  with  the  sea."  No  recent 
specimens  seem  to  have  been  collected  north  of  the  Rogue  River. 

Family  74.     PYROLACEAE.     Pyrola  Family. 

Perennial  green  herbs  or  chlorophyll-less  and  leafless  root- 
parasites  or  saprophytes;  flowers  solitary,  racemose  or  corym- 
bose, often  on  a  scape,  perfect,  nearly  regular;  calyx  2-6-lobed 
or  parted,  free  from  the  ovary;  corolla  gamopetalous  and  5- 
toothed  or  of  5  separate  petals;  stamens  10,  with  one-  or  tvvo- 
horned  anthers;  ovary  superior,  4-  or  5-celled;  style  short  or 
slender,  often  declined ;  capsule  globose,  4-  or  5-lobed,  loculicidally 
4-  or  5-valved. 

Ovary  1 -celled. 

Petals  united;  sepals  2  or  4,  entire.  365.  Newberrya,  270. 

Petals  distinct;  sepals  4  or  5. 

Sepals  and  petals  fimbriate;  anthers  long.      366.  Pleuricospora,  271. 
Sepals  and  petals  entire;  anthers  short.  367.  Pityopus,  271. 

Ovary  4-  or  5-celled. 

Petals  none;  flowers  in  a  spike.  368.  Allotropa,  271. 

Petals  present;  flowers  solitary  or  in  racemes  or 
corymbs. 
Petals  united  almost  to  the  tips.  369.  Pterospora,  272. 

Petals  free  almost  or  quite  to  the  base. 

White,  tawny  or  red  (sometimes  turning 
black  on  drying)  chlorophyll-less 
parasites  or  saprophytes. 
Flowers  solitary.  370.  Monotropa,  272. 

Flowers  in  a  1-sided  raceme.  371.  Hypopitys,  272. 

Green  chlorophyll-bearing  herbs. 

Flowers  solitary.  372.  Moneses,  273. 

Flowers  in  racemes  or  corymbs. 

Inflorescence    a    corymb;    style 

short.  373.  Chimaphila,  273. 

Inflorescence    a    raceme;     style 
mostly  long.  374.  Pyrola,  274. 

365.    NEWBERRYA. 

Stout  simple  stemmed  fleshy  white  herbs  without  chlorophyll 
and  with  flowers  in  a  dense  spike;  leaves  scale-like;  calyx  of  2, 
rarely  3  or  4  sepals;  corolla  tubular-urceolate,  4-5-lobed;  stamens 
normally  8  or  10,  sometimes  fewer;  filaments  pubescent  above 
the  middle  with  long  hairs;  disk  of  short  and  deflexed  glands  alter- 
nating with  the  stamens;  ovary  ovate;  style  long;  stigma  de- 
pressed-capitate; placentae  of  4-8  broad  lamellae  bearing  ovules 
on  both  surfaces. 


PYROLACEAE.  27 1 

Newberrya  congesta  (Gray)  Torr.  (Hemitomes  congeslum  Gray;  New- 
berrya  longiloba  Small.)  AA^hole  plant  white  or  brownish,  glabrous,  10-20  cm. 
high;  scale-like  leaves  imbricated,  oval  to  oblong,  obtuse,  rather  thin,  obscurely 
erose,  passing  into  the  similar  bracts;  flowers  in  a  short  crowded  raceme; 
corolla-lobes  ovate,  obtuse  to  acute,  hairy  within. 

In  deep  woods,  British  Columbia  to  Oregon,  rare. 

366.    PLEURICOSPORA. 

Stout  fleshy  white  herbs  without  chlorophyll  and  with  the 
flowers  crowded  into  a  dense  spike;  leaves  scale-like;  calyx  of 
4-5  sepals;  corolla  of  4-5  plane  petals;  stamens  8  or  10;  filaments 
glabrous;  anthers  introrse,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  from 
base  to  apex;  ovary  ovoid;  style  columnar;  stigma  depressed 
capitate  to  funnelform;  placentae  parietal,  commonly  8. 

Petals  oblong  or  oblong- lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  sepals;  lower 

scales  entire.  P.  fimbnolata. 

Petals  spatulate,  much  longer  than  the  sepals;  lower  scales 

laciniate.  P.  longipetala. 

Pleuricospora  fimbnolata  Gray.  Whole  plant  white,  fleshy,  glabrous, 
stout,  5-20  cm.  high;  scale-like  leaves  numerous,  the  lower  ovate  and  entire, 
the  upper  narrower  and  fringed;  flowers  in  a  dense  corymb;  bracts  fringed, 
as  long  as  the  corolla. 

In  deep  coniferous  woods  in  the  mountains,  rare;  British  Columbia  to 
California. 

Pleuricospora  longipetala  Howell.  Stem  slender,  10-15  cm.  high;  scale- 
like leaves  well-imbricated,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  laciniately  toothed;  flowers 
white  or  yellowish,  numerous,  in  a  dense  oblong  raceme;  sepals  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  laciniately  toothed,  about  as  long  as  the  bracts;  petals 
narrowly  spatulate,  12  mm.  long,  much  longer  than  the  sepals,  the  obtuse  apex 
fimbriate. 

In  dense  woods,  near  the  hot  springs  in  Clackamas  County,  Oregon,  Howell. 

^  367.   PITYOPUS. 

White  herb,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  scale-like;  inflores- 
cence a  dense  bracteate  spike;  sepals  4  or  5,  distinct,  persistent; 
petals  as  many,  pubescent;  stamens  8  or  10;  filaments  pubescent; 
anthers  short;  ovary  1-celled,  ovoid,  4-5-lobed,  each  lobe  2- 
ribbed;  style  stout;  stigma  truncate,  annular;  ovules  many. 

Pityopus  oregona  Small.  Whole  plant  white  and  glabrous;  stem  stout, 
about  10  cm,  high;  scales  triangular  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or 
erose,  1-2  cm.  long;  bracts  lanceolate  to  spatulate;  sepals  rhomboid-lanceolate, 
12  mm.  long;  petals  oblong,  obtuse,  pubescent  within,  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

In  dense  woods,  north  of  Mount  Hood,  Oregon,  Howell;  and  the  same  or  a 
very  similar  species  {Monotropa  californica  Eastwood)  in  Marin  County, 
California. 

368.   ALLOTROPA. 

Reddish  chlorophyll-less  herbs  with  numerous  scale-like  leaves; 
flowers  in  a  spike;  sepals  5,  roundish,  persistent;  petals  none; 
stamens   10,  glabrous;    style   at   first   short,  at   length    longer; 


272  PYROLACEAE. 

stigma  large,  capitate;  ovary  globose,  5-celled;  seeds  numerous,  on 
the  thick  axillary  placenta. 

Allotropa  virgata  T.  &  G.  Whole  plant  dark  reddish;  stem  simple, 
stout,  erect,  30-50  cm.  high,  1  cm.  or  more  in  diameter,  swollen  at  base; 
scale-like  leaves  numerous,  especially  near  the  base,  the  lower  ones  ovate,  the 
upper  lanceolate,  attenuate,  acuminate;  spike  dense;  bracts  linear;  sepals 
erosely  dentate. 

In  open  rather  dry  coniferous  woods,  British  Columbia  to  California.  A 
plant  of  remarkable  appearance. 

369.  PTEROSPORA. 

Stout  simple  purplish-brown  clammy-pubescent  root-parasitic 
herbs  without  chlorophyll;  stem  wand-like,  with  scattered  lanceo- 
late scales  toward  the  base,  in  place  of  leaves;  flowers  many, 
nodding,  white,  in  a  long  bracted  raceme;  corolla  gamopetalous, 
ovate,  urn-shaped,  5-toothed;  stamens  10;  anthers  2-celled, 
awned  on  the  back;  stigma  5-lobed;  capsule  globose,  flattened, 
5-lobed,  5-celled;  seeds  very  numerous. 

Pterospora  andromedea  Nutt.  A  reddish  purple  glandular-hairy  herb, 
with  straight  simple  flowering  stems,  30-90  cm.  high;  roots  coral-like,  much 
branched;  scale-like  leaves  brownish,  scarious,  attenuate-lanceolate,  largest 
and  most  numerous  below,  1-3  cm.  long;  raceme  elongated,  the  flowers  nodding 
on  pedicels  1-2  cm.  long;  bracts  small,  narrow;  flowers  white  or  pinkish,  4-5 
mm.  broad;  capsules  flattened,  globose,  1  cm.  wide. 

Coniferous  woods  in  the  mountains,  usually  occurring  in  colonies.  The 
plants  die  after  blooming. 

370.    MONOTROPA. 

White  chlorophyll-less  herbs  which  turn  black  on  drying;  stems 
clustered;  flowers  solitary,  nodding,  on  scapes;  sepals  2-4, 
deciduous;  petals  5  or  6  oblong,  not  saccate,  tardily  deciduous; 
stamens  10-12;  anthers  short,  peltate;  disk  10-12-toothed,  united 
to  the  base  of  the  ovary;  style  short,  thick;  stigma  funnelform, 
with  obscurely  crenate  margin;  ovary  5-celled;  seeds  minute. 

Monotropa  unifiora  L.  Whole  plant  bluish-white,  rarely  pinkish,  drying 
black,  glabrous;  stems  10-30  cm.  high,  usually  clustered;  scale-like  leaves 
scattered,  broadly  lanceolate,  entire;  flower  nodding;  fruit  erect. 

Rich  woods,  rather  common. 

371.   HYPOPITYS. 

Whitish  tawny  or  reddish  chlorophyll-less  herbs;  roots  a  dense 
mass  of  fleshy  fibers;  flowers  in  a  nodding  one-sided  raceme  on  a 
slender  scape;  sepals  and  petals  5  in  the  terminal  flower,  3-4  in 
the  lateral  ones;  petals  saccate  at  the  base;  stamens  6-10; 
filaments  subulate-filiform;  anthers  horizontal;  disk  8-10-toothed, 
united  to  the  base  of  the  ovary;  style  slender;  stigma  funnelform, 
its  margin  glandular-ciliate;  ovary  3-5-celled. 

Bracts  and  sepals  merely  ciliate.  H.  hypopitys. 

Bracts  and  sepals  fimbriate.  H.  fimbriata. 


PYROLACEAE.  273 

Hypopitys  hypopitys  (L.)  Small.  Whole  plant  reddish  or  yellowish,  some- 
what pubescent,  10-40  cm.  high;  scale-like  leaves  lance-ovate,  entire  or  slightly 
erose,  scattered  above,  densely  arranged  below;  flowers  3-20,  racemose, 
nodding  at  first,  erect  in  fruit;  terminal  flower  5-merous,  the  lateral  ones 
3-4-merous;  style  terete;  stigma  disk-like;  pod  subglobose. 

In  coniferous  woods,  especially  in  the  mountains  at  low  altitudes,  common. 
H.  brevis  Small  described  from  specimens  collected  at  Independence  Valley, 
Oregon,  by  Craig,  is  said  to  diff'er  by  having  the  style  much  dilated  upward 
and  the  stigma  funnelform. 

Hypopitys  fimbriata  (Gray)  Howell.  Very  similar  to  H.  hypopitys  but 
the  upper  scales,  the  bracts  and  the  sepals  laciniate  or  fimbriate. 

In  coniferous  woods,  rare.  Reported  from  Mount  Arrowsmith,  Vancouver 
Island,  and  Chilliwack,  British  Columbia,  Macoun;  Cascade  Mountains  of 
Oregon;  not  yet  known  to  occur  in  Washington. 

372.    MONESES. 

Low  perennial  glabrous  herbs;  flowers  solitary  on  a  slender 
scape,  drooping,  white  or  pink;  petals  5,  distinct,  widely  spread- 
ing, orbicular;  stamens  10;  filaments  not  enlarged  in  the  middle, 
naked;  anthers  conspicuously  2-horned;  style  exserted;  stigma 
large,  peltate,  with  5  short  radiating  lobes;  ovary  globose,  4-5- 
celled;  ovules  numerous;  capsule  subglobose,  4-5-celled,  4-5- 
valved;  seeds  numerous,  minute. 

Moneses  uniflora  (L.)  Gray.  Rootstock  very  slender;  stems  erect,  bearing 
2-4  pairs  or  whorls  of  leaves;  leaves  obovate  or  orbicular,  obtuse,  finely  crenate 
or  dentate,  8-20  mm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  petioles  shorter; 
scapes  5-12  cm.  high,  1-flowered,  usually  bearing  a  solitary  bract;  flowers 
white,  nodding,  12-20  mm.  broad;  capsules  erect,  6-8  mm.  broad. 

Coniferous  woods  in  the  mountains.  The  Pacific  Coast  plant  has  by  some 
botanists  been  considered  distinct  under  the  name  M.  reticulata  Nutt. 

373.   CHIMAPHILA.     Pipsissewa. 

Low  nearly  herbaceous  perennials;  leaves  irregularly  opposite, 
whorled  or  scattered,  coriaceous,  short-petioled,  serrate;  flowers 
in  corymbs  on  a  leafy  stem;  petals  5,  widely  spreading,  orbicular; 
anthers  2-horned;  stigma  large,  peltate,  with  5  narrow  and  con- 
spicuous radiating  lobes;  valves  of  the  capsule  naked. 

Flowers  many;  leaves  cuneate-oblanceolate,  numerous.  C.  umhellata. 

Flowers  few;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  few.  C.  menziesii. 

Chimaphila  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.  (C.  occidentalis  Rydb.)  Stems  15-30 
cm.  high,  erect  from  horizontal  rootstocks;  leaves  evergreen,  leathery,  cuneate- 
oblanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  2-4  cm.  long,  short-petioled,  glabrous  or  minutely 
puberulent;  flowers  4-8,  pink,  about  1  cm.  broad,  in  terminal  corymbs;  fila- 
ments bearded  on  the  margins;  capsule  6-8  mm.  broad. 

Deep  coniferous  woods,  common. 

Chimaphila  menziesii  (R.  Br.)  Spreng.  Stems  10-15  cm.  high;  leaves  few, 
ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  serrulate,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  the 
principal  veins  bordered  with  white;  peduncle  1-3-flowered;  petals  white  or 
pinkish;  bracts  ovate  or  orbicular;  filaments  expanded  and  hairy  in  the  middle. 

In  deep  coniferous  woods  especially  in  the  mountains. 

19 


274  PYROLACEAE. 

374.   PYROLA. 

Low  and  smooth  perennial  herbs;  leaves  roundish,  petioled, 
evergreen,  basal  or  nearly  so;  flowers  nodding,  in  a  simple  raceme, 
on  a  more  or  less  scaly-bracted  scape;  corolla  of  5  concave  more 
or  less  converging  petals;  stamens  10;  ovary  4-  or  5-celled;  ovules 
very  numerous;  fruit  a  flattened  globose  5-lobed  5-celled  capsule. 

Style  straight.  P.  secunda. 

Style  curved  downward. 

Green  leaves  none,  or  very  rudimentary. 

Flowers  red.  P.  aphylla. 

Flowers  white.  P.  dentata. 

Green  leaves  present. 

Calyx  lobes  obtuse,  very  short;  flowers  greenish.  P.  chlorantha. 

Calyx  lobes  acute. 

Flowers  white  or  whitish. 

Veins  of  leaves  white-bordered.  P.  picta. 

Veins  of  leaves  not  white-bordered.  P.  dentata. 

Flowers  red  or  pink. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  shiny,  acute.  P.  bracteata. 

Leaves  thin,  dull,  obtuse.  P.  data. 

ft^  /(#U/»**^      Pyrola  sectmda  L.     Rootstocks  slender,  usually  much  branched;  stems 

I       erect  or  ascending;  leaves  somewhat  clustered  at  the  base,  ovate,  obtuse  or 

'^'*"''^'*^^_»^5cute,  crenate,  1-3  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles  1  cm.  long;  scapes  10-25  cm, 

oy*^^  '^^^^Sigh,  with  few  scale-like  bracts,  which  also  occur  between  the  leaves;  raceme 

one-sided,  3-8  cm.  long;  flowers  white,  on  short  pedicels,  soon  nodding;  corolla 

regular;  petals  oblong,  4  mm.  long,  each  with  a  pair  of  tubercles  at  base; 

anthers  obtuse;  stigmas  large,  5-lobed. 

Deep  coniferous  woods,  especially  in  the  mountains. 

Pjrrola  aphylla  Smith.  Stems  20-40  cm.  high,  erect,  the  whole  plant  red 
or  very  rarely  with  one  or  two  small  green  leaves;  rootstock  stout,  scaly, 
branched;  leaves  reduced  to  lanceolate  or  subulate  bracts;  raceme  loose,  10-30- 
flowered;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute;  petals  obovate,  pink;  anthers  beaked; 
style  nearly  straight,  declined. 

In  coniferous  woods.  The  rare  form  with  small  green  leaves  has  been 
called  P.  aphylla  paucifolia  Howell. 

Pyrola  chlorantha  Sw.  Leaves  orbicular,  often  retuse,  thick,  not  shiny, 
small,  mostly  2-3  cm,  long,  shorter  than  the  petioles;  scapes  10-20  cm.  high, 
bractless  or  with  solitary  bracts;  raceme  3-10-flowered;  petals  greenish- white, 
rounded;  calyx-lobes  very  short  and  obtuse;  anthers  beaked. 

In  deep  coniferous  woods. 

Pjrrola  picta  Smith.  Rootstocks  creeping;  leaves  tufted  at  base,  oblong, 
ovate  or  orbicular,  obtuse  or  acute,  mucronate,  obscurely  denticulate  or  entire, 
green,  variegated  with  white  along  the  veins,  often  purple  beneath,  2-6  cm. 
long;  petioles  margined,  1-3  cm.  long;  scapes  erect,  15-30  cm.  high,  with  few 
bracts,  lO-20-flowered;  calyx-lobes  short,  ovate,  about  one-fourth  as  long  as 
the  petals;  corolla  irregular;  petals  white,  6-7  mm,  long;  anthers  constricted 
at  the  apex;  style  deflexed,  with  a  projecting  collar  at  the  base  of  the  stigma. 

Open  coniferous  woods,  common. 

Mf  /^X^/*^'>  Pyrola  dentata  Smith.  Loosely  tufted;  leaf  blades  mostly  oblong  to  ob- 
*  lanceolate,  remotely  dentate  to  subentire,  obtuse  or  acute,  dull  green  or  glau- 

cfv^X*.;  cous,  not  mottled,  2-6  cm,  long,  tapering  at  base  into  petioles  nearly  as  long; 
J,  JriM^f       scapes  10-25  cm,  high,  naked  or  with  1-3  scales;  raceme  5-15-flowered;  bracts 


ERICACEAE.  275 

triangular-lanceolate;  calyx-lobes  deltoid-ovate,  scarcely  longer  than  broad; 
petals  cream-colored,  obovate;  style  deflexed. 

In  dry  soil,  in  open  pine  woods.  Allied  to  P.  dentata  and  P.  picta  is  a 
group  of  puzzling  forms  which  represent  different  degrees  of  saprophytism 
rather  than  specific  distinctions.  P.  pallida  Greene  has  very  glaucous  leaves 
and  usually  grows  in  dense  shade.  P.  sparsifolia  Suksdorf  and  P.  dentata 
integra  Gray  are  apparently  the  same  as  P.  pallida  but  with  the  leaves  smaller 
in  size  and  number  or  even  reduced  to  scales. 

P.  septentrionalis  Andres  may  be  a  good  species  distinguished  by  having 
deltoid-lanceolate  calyx-lobes  longer  than  broad.  P.  hlanda  Andres  and 
P.  conardiana  Andres  are  apparently  not  different  from  P.  septentrionalis. 
There  is  need  of  much  field  study  and  more  copious  material  of  all  of  these 
forms  before  their  real  relationships  can  be  made  clear. 

Pyrola  bracteata  Hook.  Leaves  all  basal,  green,  coriaceous,  ovate,  acute, 
rounded  at  base,  crenulate,  3-6  cm.  long;  petioles  margined,  as  long  as  the 
blades;  scapes  20-40  cm.  high,  with  several  brownish  scarious  lanceolate 
bracts;  racemes  many-flowered;  calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  acute,  about 
half  as  long  as  the  petals;  corolla  irregular,  dull-red,  about  1  cm.  broad;  anthers 
slightly  constricted  at  apex;  style  declined,  with  a  collar-like  ring  at  the  base  of 
the  stigma. 

Coniferous  woods,  common. 

Pyrola  elata  Nutt.  Very  similar  to  P.  bracteata;  but  leaves  broadly  ob- 
ovate or  orbicular,  obtuse,  thinner,  not  shiny;  flowers  paler. 

In  wet  places  in  woods.  Probably  not  distinct  from  the  more  eastern 
P.  uliginosa  Torr.  &  Gr. 

Family  75.    ERICACEAE.     Heather  Family. 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs;  leaves  simple,  commonly  alternate, 
articulated  to  the  stem,  without  stipules;  flowers  regular,  or 
nearly  so;  corolla  generally  gamopetalous,  4-  or  5-lobed;  stamens 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes,  hypogynous ;  style 
single;  ovary  with  as  many  cells  as  the  corolla-lobes,  or  rarely 
less ;  seeds  small ;  endosperm  fleshy. 

Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary. 

Erect  shrubs;  corolla  cylindric  or  urn-shaped.  375.  Vaccinium,  276. 
Trailing  vines;  corolla  deeply  4-cleft,   the 

lobes  spreading.  376.  OxYCOCCUS,  277. 

Calyx-tube  free  from  the  ovary. 
Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe. 

Calyx  becoming  large  and  fleshy;  bark 

not  red.  377.  Gaultheria,  278. 

Calyx  small;  bark  red. 

Tree;  fruit  a  many-seeded  berry.  378.  Arbutus,  278. 

Shrub;  fruit  a  5-10-seeded  drupe.         379.  Arctostaphylos,  279. 
Fruit  a  dry  capsule. 

Anther-cells  each  tipped  with  a  recurved 
awn. 
Corolla  5-lobed;  peduncles  lateral.  380.  Cassiope,  280. 

Corolla  5-cleft;  peduncles  terminal.       381.  Harrimanella,  280. 
Anther-cells  not  appendaged. 

Petals  not  united;  bracts  deciduous. 


276 


ERICACEAE. 


Flowers  white,   umbelled;   leaves 

evergreen. 
Flowers  coppery,  solitary;  leaves 
deciduous. 
Petals  united. 

Bracts  firm,  persistent;  leaf-buds 
not  scaly. 
Leaves     heath-like;      corolla 

without  pouches. 
Leaves  lanceolate ;  corolla  with 
10    pouches  which  hold  the 
anthers. 
Bracts  thin,  deciduous;  leaf-buds 
scaly. 
Corolla  funnelform,  5-lobed. 
Corolla  globose,  4-toothed. 


382.  Ledum,  280. 

383.  Cladothamnus,  281. 


384.  Phyllodoce,  281 


385.  Kalmia,  282. 


386.  Rhododendron,  282. 

387.  Menziesia,  282. 


375.    VACCINIUM-      T^^irirT  kbfppv 

Branching  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves  sometimes  coriaceous; 
flowers  small,  solitary  or  in  racemes  or  clusters;  corolla  various  in 
shape,  epigynous,  4-  or  5-cleft;  stamens  8  or  10;  anthers  sometimes 
2-awned  on  the  back;  fruit  a  4-  or  5-celled  or  sometimes  8-10- 
celled  berry;  seeds  numerous. 

Leaves  evergreen;  filaments  hairy.  V.  ovatum. 

Leaves  deciduous;  filaments  glabrous. 

Flowers  in  clusters  of  2-4;  corolla  mostly  4-lobed; 
calyx  deeply  4-  or  5-parted. 
Leaves  thick,  prominently  veiny,  obtuse  or  retuse.     V.  uUginosum. 
Leaves  thinner,  obscurely  veiny,  obtuse  or  acute.       V.  occidentale. 
Flowers  solitary;  corollas  mostly   5-lobed;   calyx  ob- 
scurely lobed. 
Tall  shrubs,  1-3  m.  high. 

Leaves  serrate;  berries  blackish  without  bloom.    V.  macrophyllum. 
Leaves  entire. 

Berries  blue  with  a  bloom.  V.  ovalifoUum. 

Berries  red.  V.  parvifolium. 

Low  shrubs,  less  than  one-half  m.  high. 

Branches  sharply  angled;  berries  red  or  wine- 
colored.  V.  scoparium. 
Branches  terete;  berries  blue  with  a  bloom. 
Leaves  rather  thin,   bright  green  on  both 

sides;  corolla  ovate  or  oblong.  V.  caespitosum. 

Leaves  thicker,  pale  and  glaucescent;  cor- 
olla globose.  V.  deliciosum. 

Vaccinium  ovatum  Pursh.  Evergreen;  stems  much  branched,  1-1.5  m. 
high,  very  leafy;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  somewhat  revolute,  acute, 
serrate,  short-petioled,  dark  green,  shiny  above,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  flowers  in 
short  crowded  axillary  racemes;  corolla  pink,  4  mm.  long;  berries  black,  with 
or  without  a  bloom. 

Common  in  open  woods,  the  berries  much  gathered  by  the  Indians.     First 
found  by  Lewis  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River. 

Vaccinium  uliginosum  L.  Stems  15-60  cm.  high,  branched  and  spreading; 
leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  entire,  dull,  pale  and  slightly 


ERICACEAE.                                               277  ] 

I 

pubescent  beneath,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  or  in  fascicles  of  2-3,  nearly  1 

sessile;  corolla  urceolate;  berries  black  with  a  bloom,  sweet.  . 

Rare  in  our  limits;  Mount  Constitution,   Henderson;  Vancouver  Island,  1 

Macoun.  '■ 

Vaccinium  occidentale  Gray.     Stems  about  30  cm.  high;  leaves  oval  to  j 

obovate  and  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  entire,  pale,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  ; 

mostly  solitary;  corolla  oblong-ovoid,  3-4  mm.  long;  berry  black  with  a  bloom.  ' 

In  wet  places,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  Macoun,  and  through  ; 
the  Cascade  Mountains  mostly  on  the  eastern  side  southward  to  California. 

Vaccinium  macrophyllum   (Hook.)   Piper.     Huckleberry.     Shrub,   1-2   m.  j 

high,  glabrous  throughout  or  nearly  so;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  acute,  rarely  ! 

obtuse,  cuneate  at   base,  finely   serrate,  paler  beneath,  1-4  cm.  long,  short-  j 

petioled;  pedicels  slender;  calyx-limb  entire;  corolla  nearly  globose,  yellowish,  I 

4-5  mm.  long;  fruiting  pedicels  erect;  fruit  without  a  bloom,  dark  wine-colored  \ 
or  nearly  black. 

In  forests  in  the  mountains  at  1000-1200  m.  altitude.     The  excellent  fruit  5 

is  gathered  in  large  quantities.  -j 

Vaccinium  ovalifolium  Smith.     Stems  2-3  m.  high,  with  somewhat  angled 
branchlets;  leaves  oval  to  oblong,  obtuse,  minutely  serrulate  to  nearly  entire, 

thin,  glabrous,  pale  beneath,  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary,  axillary,  the  pedicels  • 

recurved;  corolla  urceolate,  pinkish;  berries  globose,  black  with  a  bloom,  1 

acidulous.  • 

Common  in  deep  woods  at  low  altitudes  in  the  mountains,  rarely  found 
at  sea-level. 

Vaccinium  parvifolium  Smith.     Stems  1-2  m.  tall,  with  green  sharp-angled  ' 

branchlets;   leaves  oblong  to  oval,  obtuse,   nearly  entire,   6-20  mm.   long;  ) 

flowers   solitary,    axillary;    pedicels   recurved;    corolla   globose,    pink-tinged,  j 

10-12  mm.  long;  berries  clear  red,  acid  and  agreeable.  ; 

In  woods,  very  common.     The  leaves  of  young  plants  are  evergreen.  ' 

Vaccinium   RfQpaqiiTn   Jpthprcr      Low  bushy  glabrous  shrub,    15-40  cm.  fiV    A^    Aj-j 
high,  with  numerous  erect  branches,  green,  all  sharply  angled;  leaves  very  ^^^  ^^ 
small,  oval  to  ovate,  serrate,  bright  green;  corolla  ovoid,  2  mm.  long;  berries  ^ <rw  ^, 

light  red,  2-4  mm.  in  diameter.  ] 

In  the  mountains  at  1500-2000  m.  altitude. 

Vaccinium   caespitosum    Michx.      Low   bushy    shrub,    10-30   cm.    high,  I 

glabrous  or  minutely  puberulent;  leaves  obovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  crenulate-  J 

serrulate,  cuneate  at  base,  very  short-petioled,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  ^ 

in  the  axils,  longer  than  the  drooping  pedicels;  calyx-lobes  very  short;  corolla  ^ 

pink,  ovoid,  5-6  mm.  long;  berry  blue,  with  a  bloom,  sweet,  3-5  mm.  in  di-  ■] 

ameter.  ■ 

In  moist  ground,  not  common  in  our  limits.  ] 

Vaccinium  dftlicinsmn  Piper.  Much  branched,  10-30  cm.  high,  the  branches  o,  ^^ , 
terete;  leaves  pale  green,  glaucescent,  glabrous,  obovate  to  elliptic,  acute,^^^  /Ht/ 
crenulate-serrulate,  cuneate  at  base,  2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,^l^j|>* 

nodding;  corollas  pinkish,  subglobose,  5  mm.  long;  berries  globose,  black  with  •"*  v        ■ 

a  bloom,  sweet.  ; 

Abundant  in  alpine  meadows  at  about  the  limit  of  trees  in  the  Cascade  and  ', 

Olympic  Mountains.  '• 


376.   OXYCOCCUS.     Cranberry. 

Trailing  woody  vines  (in  ours)  with  alternate  leaves;  flowers 
solitary  or  few,  axillary  or  terminal,  nodding  on  slender  pedicels; 


278  ERICACEAE. 

calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  4-5-clef t ;  corolla  deeply  4-clef t,  with 
spreading  lobes;  stamens  8  or  10;  filaments  separate;  anthers 
connivent;  ovary  4-celled;  fruit  an  oblong  or  globose  many-seeded 
4- celled  juicy  red  berry. 

Oxycoccus  oxycoccus  intermedius  (Gray)  Piper.  Glabrous;  stems  slender, 
creeping,  15-40  cm.  long;  leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  dark  green 
and  shiny  above,  pale  beneath,  6-15  mm.  long;  pedicels  slender,  erect,  2-10 
together,  each  bearing  a  nodding  flower;  corolla  pale  rose  color,  4-parted,  the 
segments  6-8  mm.  long;  berry  dark  red,  globose. 

Common  in  sphagnum  bogs. 

377.   GAULTHERIA. 


Shrubs  or  low  and  almost  herbaceous  plants  with  alternate 
broad  evergreen  leaves,  shining  above;  flowers  axillary,  white  or 
rose-colored,  nodding;  calyx  5-cleft;  corolla  urn-shaped  to  cam- 
panulate;  stamens  10,  on  the  base  of  the  corolla;  stigma  truncate 
or  obtuse,  entire;  ovary  5-celled,  5-lobed;  fruit  berry-like,  formed 
of  the  fleshy  calyx  enclosing  the  capsule. 

Corolla  urceolate;  filaments  hairy;  shrub  0.5-2  m.  high.  G.  shallon. 
Corolla  campanulate;  filaments  glabrous;  shrub  5-20  cm.  high. 

Leaves  ovate  or  subcordate,  2-4  cm.  long.  G.  ovatifolia. 

Leaves  oval,  about  1  cm.  long.  G.  humifusa. 

("^aiilfhprifl  shfljlnn  Pursh.  Salal.  Shrub;  stems  .5-2  m.  high,  crooked, 
often  somewhat  decumbent;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  rounded  or  subcordate  at 
base,  acuminate,  serrulate,  3-10  cm.  long;  inflorescence  glandular-pubescent; 
racemes  many-flowered,  1-sided,  axillary  and  terminal;  corolla  white,  ovoid, 
6-10  mm.  long;  fruit  black  or  dark-purple,  very  variable  in  size,  shape  and 
amount  of  glandular  pubescence. 

A  very  characteristic  shrub  of  the  Douglas  spruce  forests.  Berries  edible. 
First  collected  by  Captain  Meriwether  Lewis  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
River. 

Gaultheria  ovatifolia  Gray.  Stems  procumbent  with  erect  or  somewhat  as- 
cending branches,  10-15  cm.  high,  sparsely  pubescent;  leaves  ovate,  acute, 
serrulate,  2-4  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils;  corolla  white,  campanulate, 
5-lobed;  fruit  scarlet,  globose. 

In  open  forests  in  the  Cascade  and  Olympic  Mountains  at  about  1200  m. 
altitude.     Fruit  very  spicy  and  delicious. 

Amt  jUs/k^o^.  Gaultheria  htimifusa  (Graham)  Rydb.  Stems  spreading  on  the  ground 
/kl  ^**'***^in  tufts,  the  flowering  branches  2-10  cm.  long;  leaves  oval  to  orbicular,  serru- 
t  late,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils;  corolla  white,  campanulate, 

5-lobed;  berry  globose,  scarlet,  spicy-flavored. 

In  the  Cascade  and  Olympic  Mountains  at  about  2000  m.  altitude. 

378.   ARBUTUS., 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  evergreen  leathery  alternate  petiolate 
leaves;  flowers  small,  white  or  flesh-colored,  in  a  terminal  cluster 
of  racemes  or  panicles,  with  scaly  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx 
small,  5-parted;  corolla  globular  or  ovoid;  style  long;  stigma 
obtuse;  ovary  on  a  hypogynous  disk;  ovules  crowded  on  a  fleshy 
placenta  in  the  inner  angle  of  each  cell. 


ERICACEAE.                                            279  ; 

I 
■Arbutus  menziesii  Pursh.      Madrona.      Evergreen  tree,   10-30  m.  high, 
20-80  cm.  in  diameter;  bark  dark  red,  smooth,  exfoliating  each  year,  or  on 

the  oldest  trunks  becoming  thicker,  roughened  and  scaly;  leaves  oval,  entire  j 
or  on  young  shoots  serrulate,  obtuse,  coriaceous,  petioled,  6-12  cm.  long, 

shiny  above;  inflorescence  a  panicle,  its  branches  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  ovate;  ; 

corolla  white,  6-10  mm.  long;  berries  globose,  bright  orange-red,  maturing  ■ 

in  autumn,  scarcely  edible,  ' 

British  Columbia  to  California.     Northward  it  occurs  mainly  on  bluffs  along  ■ 

lake  or  sea  shores.  ^ 

\ 

379.   ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.     Manzanita.  I 

Low  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  coriaceous,  persistent,  entire  or  \ 

with  a  few  irregular  teeth;  flowers  small,  nodding,  pink  or  white,  ■ 

in  terminal    racemes   or    clusters;  calyx  free  from   the  ovary;  '. 

corolla  ovate  and  urn-shaped,  with  5  short  teeth;  stamens  10;  , 

anthers  with  two  reflexed  awns  on  the  back;  drupe  berry-like  ^ " 

with  5-10  seed-like  nutlets.  \ 

Erect  shrubs  1-2  m.  high.                                                              A.  columbiana.  \ 

Prostrate  creeping  shrubs.  ' 

Leaves  retuse  at  apex.  A.  uva-ursi. 

Leaves  cuspidate  at  apex.                                                          A.  nevadensis.  1 

Arctostaphylos  columbiana  Piper  n.  sp.     A  much-branched  shrub,  1-3  m. 

high,  the  young  twigs  densely  pubescent  and  setose  with  white  hairs;  leaves  ; 

pale-green,  oblong  to  oblong-ovate,  cuspidately  acute,  2-6  cm.  long,  densely  t 

tomentulose  on  both  surfaces  but  becoming  glabrous  above  in  age;  petioles  ' 
short,  tomentose  and  somewhat  setose;  bracts  lanceolate,  tomentulose,  sparsely 

setose-ciliate;  racemes  clustered;  corolla  white,  ovoid;  ovary  tomentose;  fruit  \ 

depressed-globose,  red-cheeked.  1 

This  is  the  common  northern  manzanita  that  has  usually  been  referred  to  ! 

A.  tomentosa  Lindl.  but  the  type  specimens  of  that  species  are,  according  to  \ 

Miss  Alice  Eastwood,  from  Monterey  Bay,  California,  and  are  identical  with  j 
A .  vestita  Eastwood.     A .  columbiana  is  common  in  gravelly  soil  from  Vancouver 
Island  to  Oregon  and  in  varying  forms  throughout  much  of  California.     As 

typical  of  the  species  I  would  designate  Piper  No.  898  from  near  Union  City,  ; 

Mason  County,  Washington.     It  may  be  that  one  or  more  of  Howell's  pro-  ] 
posed  species  from  southwest  Oregon  are  conspecific  with  A.  columbiana  but 
this  is  doubtful. 

Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi  (L.)  Spreng.     Kinnikinnick.     Prostrate  or  trailing  V  /l/{tA^ 

shrub  with  red  bark,  the  much  branched  stems  20-80  cm.  long,  forming  dense  ^^w^urSVv-i; 

mats,  glabrous  throughout  or  minutely  puberulent;  leaves  evergreen,  leathery,  j^.  /J^^c*^ 

spatulate-obovate,  obtuse  or  notched,  cuneate  at  base,  1-3  cm.  long,  short-  '^      -xji 

petioled;  flowers  in  short  racemes;  corolla  pink,  ovoid,  4-5  mm.  long;  fila-  '^^-^'^ 

ments  hairy;  fruit  bright  red,  glabrous,  5-8  mm.  in  diameter.  oJ^  ^  \^    -^ 

In  open  woods,  common.  A  natural  hybrid  with  the  preceding  is  ^.  "^  '•  -*^***'*^ 
media  Greene. 

Arctostaphylos  nevadensis  Gray.     Prostrate  or  decumbent  shrub,  much  ! 

branched,  the  branches  30-60  cm.  long;  leaves  bright  green,  firm  and  rigid,  : 
ovate  to  oval,  sharply  cuspidate,  short-petioled,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  few,  in 

racemes;  corolla  white,  oblong-ovoid,  6-8  mm.  long;  fruit  globose,  red.  | 

In  the  Cascade  Mountains  at  about  2500  m.  altitude. 


28o  ERICACEAE. 

380.   CASSIOPE. 

Low  tufted  evergreen  branched  heath-like  shrubs;  leaves  small, 
veinless,  imbricated,  often  opposite  orwhorled;  flowers  solitary, 
nodding  at  the  tip  of  an  erect  naked  pedicel ;  sepals  4  or  5,  ovate; 
corolla  white  or  rose-colored;  stamens  8-10,  included;  style  thick- 
ened at  the  base;  ovary  4-  or  5-celled,  many-ovuled;  capsule 
globose  or  ovoid,  4-  or  5-valved. 

Leaves  not  dorsally  furrowed.  C.  mertensiana. 

Leaves  with  a  deep  dorsal  furrow.  C.  tetragona. 

mlAd^  mS      Cassiope  mertensiana  (Bong.)  G.  Don.     Stems  much  branched,  20-40  cm. 
^g^fi^fyMAA.    high,  the  branches  erect;  leaves  oblong,  thick,  glabrous,  3-4  mm.  long,  closely 
appressed,  4-ranked,  not  furrowed  on  the  back;  pedicels  slender;  corolla  6  mm. 
long. 

Very  common  in  the  mountains  at  about  the  limit  of  trees,  often  occupying 
large  areas. 

^t/fi«/v»^      Cassiope  tetragona  (L.)   D.   Don.     Very  similar  to    C.  mertensiana  but 
^  5^w^xA^H.<^outer;  leaves  puberulent  when  young,  deeply  furrowed  on  the  back. 

//e/rvv.,>fc*^-v  Cascade  Mountains,  49th  parallel,  Lyall,  northward  to  Alaska.     Lyall's 
^ '     "     p     specimens  were  probably  from  east  of  the  Cascade  divide  as  the  plant  was 


ANELLA. 


Low  matted  shrubs;  leaves  small,  numerous,  alternate,  per- 
sistent, sessile  or  nearly  so,  linear  to  oblong;  flowers  solitary  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches;  calyx  deeply  5-lobed;  corolla  campan- 
ulate,  white  or  pink;  stamens  10,  included;  anther-sacs  awn- 
pointed;  ovary  5-celled;  fruit  a  subglobose,  5-lobed,  5-valved, 
many-seeded  capsule. 

Harrimanella  stelleriana  (Pall.)  Coville.  Stems  very  slender,  spreading 
and  matted;  leaves  linear-oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  serrulate,  2-4  mm.  long; 
pedicels  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves;  calyx-lobes  oblong-oval,  obtuse; 
corolla  white,  6-7  mm.  long;  capsules  subglobose. 

Mount  Rainier,  on  moist  slopes  at  about  the  limit  of  trees  and  northward 
to  Alaska. 

382.  LEDUM.    Labrador  Tea. 

Erect  branching  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  evergreen,  entire, 
more  or  less  resinous-dotted,  slightly  fragrant  when  bruised; 
flowers  white,  in  terminal  bracted  corymbs;  calyx  small,  5-tooth- 
ed,  persistent;  petals  5,  obovate  or  oval,  obtuse;  stamens  5  or  10, 
exserted;  style  filiform,  exserted;  stigma  5-lobed;  ovary  ovoid, 
5-celled;  capsule  oblong,  5-celled,  5-valved. 

Leaves  glaucous  beneath.  L.  columbianum. 

Leaves  rusty-tomentose  beneath.  L.  groenlandicum. 

Ledum  columbianum  Piper.  Erect  with  erect  branches,  60-90  cm.  high; 
bark  becoming  smooth  and  brown;  leaves  oblong,  reticulate,  4-6  cm.  long, 
rather  obtuse  but  apiculate,  strongly  revolute,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above, 


ERICACEAE.  281 

whitish  and  resinous-dotted  beneath,  the  midrib  and  short  petiole  minutely 
puberulent  as  well;  corymbs  terminal,  convex,  3-5  cm.  broad;  pedicels  slender, 
puberulent  and  resinous-dotted,  recurved  in  fruit,  1.5-3  cm.  long;  lobes  of  the 
calyx  very  small,  broadly  rounded;  petals  white,  oval,  5-6  mm.  long,  obtuse; 
stamens  5-7,  the  filaments  sparsely  hirsute  at  base;  ovary  minutely  canescent 
and  resinous-dotted;  capsules  oblong,  acutish. 

In  sphagnum  bogs,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River. 

Ledum  groenlandicum  Oeder.     Very  similar  to  L.  columbianum  but  less 

glandular  and  leaves  rusty-woolly  beneath.  , 

Common  in  sphagnum  bogs.  ' 

383.    CLADOTHAMNUS.  1 

Shrubs  with  erect  branching  stems;  leaves  alternate,  narrow,  j 

entire,   with   obscure   alternate   lateral   veins,   petioled;   flowers  j 

perfect,  solitary-axillary  or  in  few-flowered  corymbose  clusters;  | 

calyx  rotate,  with  5  narrow  lobes  which  are  much  longer  than  the  ; 

tube;  corolla  copper-colored;  petals  narrow;  stamens  10,  shorter  i 

than  the  petals;  filaments  subulate;  style  elongated,  enlarged  at  ^ 

the   apex;  stigma  capitate,  somewhat  lobed;  ovary  5-6-celled,  j 

lobed ;  capsule  depressed-globose. 

Cladothamnus  pyrolaeflonis  Bong.     Erect  shrub  about  2  m.  high;  leaves  ■j 

membranaceous,  obovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  usually  mucronate,  ■ 

ciliolate  when  young,  2-4  cm.  long,  paler  beneath;  flowers  short-peduncled;  ' 
calyx-lobes  oblong-linear,  more  or  less  ciliolate;  petals  coppery-red,  10-15  mm. 

long.  ; 

Saddle  Mountain,  near  Astoria,  Oregon,  Gorman;  Baldy    Peak,  Jefferson  ; 

County,  Washington,  Lamb;  Cascade  Mountains,  49th  parallel,   Lyall,  and  1 

northward  to  Alaska.  « \ 

384.   PHYLLODOCE., 

Low  alpine  heath-like  evergreen  undershrubs;  leaves  numer- 
ous, linear,  obtuse,  serrulate;  flowers  solitary  or  in  umbels  at  the  \ 
ends  of  the  branches ;  calyx  free  from  the  ovary ;  corolla  5-toothed ; 
stamens  10;  anthers  pointless,  shorter  than  the  filaments;  fruit                ^ 
a  5-celled   5-valved,  many-seeded  dry  capsule.  > 

Corolla  ovoid,  yellowish,  glandular.  -P.  glanduliflora. 

Corolla  campanulate,  red,  glabrous.  P.  empetriformis.  \ 

Phyllodoce  glanduliflora  (Hook.)  Coville.  Stems  erect,  with  erect  branches,  %/i9  MtA 
20-40  cm.  high ;  leaves  Imear-oblong,  obtuse,  thick,  serrulate,  5-10  mm.  long;  ^Ljt^Mt^'i 
inflorescence  glandular;  corolla  glandular,  pale  yellow,  ovoid,  6-8  mm.  \ong/^.7  rtr^  ^ 
the  tube  very  short.  jji^^-'r*^*'^ 

Cascade  and  Olympic  Mountains  at  about  2500  m.  altitude,  rarely  found 
growing  with  P.  empetriformis. 

Phyllodoce  emoetriformis  (Smith)  D.  Don.  Much  branched,  15-50  cm.  %/ao  MtA 
high;  liowers  in  umbels;  corolla  rose-colored,  campanulate,  4-5  mm.  long,  the  ^099^^ 
lobes  shorter  than  the  tube.  ,     /-w<^».\M^i^ 

Abundant  in  the  mountains  at  the  limit  of  trees.     Very  showy  when  in  , 

bloom  and  locally  called  "  heather."  \ 


282  ERICACEAE. 

385.  KALMIA. 

Evergreen  mostly  smooth  shrubs  with  alternate  or  opposite 
entire  coriaceous  leaves;  flowers  showy,  solitary  or  in  corymbs; 
calyx  5-parted;  corolla  5-lobed;  filaments  long  and  filiform; 
capsule  globose,  5-celled,  many-seeded. 

Kalmia  polifolia  Wang.  (K.  glauca  Ait.)  Shrub,  30-60  cm.  high,  not 
much  branched;  leaves  oblong,  the  margin  revolute,  shiny  green  above,  glau- 
cous beneath,  2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  in  simple  flat-topped  corymbs;  sepals  ovate; 
corolla  purple,  12-18  mm.  broad. 

In  sphagnum  bogs,  very  showy  when  in  bloom.  The  western  plant  is 
considered  by  Small  to  be  distinct  from  the  eastern  species,  under  the  name 
K.  occidentalis  Small. 

Kalmia  polifolia  microphylla  (Hook.)  Piper  n.  comb.  {K.  glauca  micro- 
phylla  Hook.)  Smaller;  stems  15-20  cm.  high;  leaves  1-2  cm.  long;  corolla 
8-12  mm.  broad. 

In  swamps  at  high  altitudes  in  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

386.  RHODODENDRON. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees;  leaves  mostly  alternate,  entire;  flowers 
large  and  showy,  in  umbelled  clusters  from  terminal  buds;  calyx 
small;  corolla  bell-shaped  or  funnelform,  with  5  lobes,  regular  or 
irregular;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes; 
capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded. 

Leaves  evergreen;  inflorescence  terminal;  flowers  pink.  R.  calif ornicum. 

Leaves  deciduous;  inflorescence  lateral;  flowers  white.  R.  alhiflorum. 

Rhododendron  califomicum  Hook.  Shrub  2-3  or  rarely  5-6  m.  high; 
leaves  coriaceous,  oblong,  slightly  revolute,  shiny  green  above,  pale  beneath, 
obtuse  and  mucronate,  acute  at  base,  10-15  cm.  long;  flowers  numerous; 
calyx-lobes  very  short,  obtuse;  corolla  turbinate-campanulate,  rose-colored, 
3  cm.  long,  with  broad  rounded  lobes. 

In  open  woods,  British  Columbia  to  California.  Very  local  in  distribution 
but  usually  abundant  where  found.  R.  macrophyllum  Don  is  an  older  name 
which  probably  applies  to  our  plant.  It  was  collected  by  Menzies  on  the 
"  Northwest  Coast "  and  described,  probably  erroneously,  as  having  white 
flowers. 

Rhododendron  albiflorum  Hook.  {Azaleastrum  alhiflorum  Rydb.) 
Shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  with  erect  or  clustered  branches;  herbage  strigose-pubes- 
cent  and  somewhat  glandular;  leaves  membranaceous,  oblong,  undulate,  acute, 
3-6  cm.  long;  flowers  in  small  lateral  clusters  of  1-3,  nodding;  sepals  ovate, 
glandular-ciliate;  corolla  creamy-white,  open  campanulate,  5-lobed,  2  cm.  long. 

Common  in  the  mountains  at  the  limit  of  trees. 

387.   MENZIESU. 

Shrubs  with  alternate  hairy  deciduous  leaves;  flowers  small, 
nodding,  greenish-purple,  in  terminal  corymbs  or  umbels,  de- 
veloped with  the  leaves;  calyx  small  or  minute,  flattish,  4-toothed 
or  lobed;  corolla  cylindrical  to  urn-shaped,  4-lobed;  stamens  8; 
capsule  ovoid,  woody,  4-celled,   4-valved,    many-seeded. 


PRIMULACEAE.  283 

Menziesia  ferruginea  Smith.  Erect  shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  the  branches 
inclined  to  be  falsely  whorled,  the  young  branchlets  strigose;  leaves  thin, 
oblong  or  obovate,  mostly  acute,  short-mucronate,  cuneate  at  base,  serrulate 
and  ciliate,  strigose  above,  paler  beneath,  2-5  cm.  long;  petioles  short;  pedicels 
slender,  2-4  cm.  long,  glandular-puberulent;  corolla  oblong-  or  ovoid-campan- 
ulate,  reddish-yellow,  7-9  mm.  long;  filaments  ciliate  at  base;  capsules  oblong 
or  obovoid,  glabrous;  seeds  tailed  at  each  end. 

Along  the  ocean  coast  and  in  the  Olympic  Mountains  in  the  typical  Alaska 
form.  The  form  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  differs  in  having  less  pubescent 
leaves.     M.  glabella  Gray  does  not  occur  in  our  limits. 

Family  76.    PRIMULACEAE.    Primrose  Family. 

Herbs  Jleaves  simple,  mostly  entire,  alternate,  opposite  or  in 

a  basal  cluster,  without  stipules;  flowers  regular,  perfect;  corolla 

gamopetalous,  4-8-,  usually  5-lobed  or  cleft;  stamens  as  many  as 

and  opposite  the  corolla-lobes,  epipetalous;  ovary  superior,  1- 

celled,  with  a  free  central  placenta  rising  from  the  base;  fruit  a 

capsule;  seeds  several  or  many;  endosperm  fleshy. 

Stems  short;  leaves  in  a  basal  rosette. 

Corolla-lobes  reflexed;  stamens  exserted.  388.  Dodecatheon,  283. 

Corolla-lobes  erect  or  spreading;  stamens  in- 
cluded. 
Corolla-tube    equalling    or    exceeding    the 

calyx.  389.  Douglasia,  284. 

Corolla-tube  shorter  than  the  calyx.  390.  Androsace,  284. 

Stems  elongated,  leaf-bearing. 

Leaves  mostly  clustered  near  the  summit  of 

the  stem.  391.  Trientalis,  285. 

Leaves  not  clustered  near  the  summit  of  the 
stem,  mostly  opposite  or  whorled. 
Corolla  none,  the  calyx  petal-like;  leaves 

fleshy;  flowers  sessile,  solitary-axillary.         392.  Glaux,  285. 
Corolla  present;  leaves  not  fleshy;  flowers 
in  spikes  or  racemes,  or  if  solitary- 
axillary  then  peduncled. 
Capsule  circumscissile;  flowers  reddish, 

solitary-axillary.  393.  Anagallis,  285. 

Capsule  dehiscent  by  valves  or  irregu- 
larly ;  flowers  yellow. 
Flowers  in  racemes  or  solitary;  fila- 
ments somewhat  united  at  base.     394.  Lysimachia,  286. 
Flowers  in  spikes;  filaments  distinct.  395.  Naumburgia,  286. 

388.   DODECATHEON.    Shooting  Star.    Bird  Bill. 

Perennial  smooth  or  viscid-puberulent  stemless  herbs;  leaves 
all  in  a  basal  cluster,  oblong  or  spatulate;  flowers  showy,  nodding, 
solitary  or  in  an  umbel,  on  a  scape,  with  an  involucre;  calyx 
deeply  5-cleft;  corolla  with  a  very  short  tube,  5-parted,  purple  or 
white ;  filaments  distinct  and  short  or  united  into  a  tube ;  capsule 
ovoid  or  oblong,  many-seeded. 


284                                         PRIMULACEAE.  1 

i 

Capsule  dehiscing  by  valves  from  the  apex.  ; 

Filaments  united  into  a  yellow  tube  half  as  long  as  the  an-  ■ 

thers;  flowers  purple;  leaves  entire.                                         D.  vtdgare.  i 

Filaments  free;  flowers  white;  leaves  dentate.  D.  dentatum. 

Capsule  circumscissile;  filaments  free  or  nearly  so,  black.  '■ 

Leaves  broadly  elliptic  to  obovate.                                             D.  latifolium.  i 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  crenate.  D.  jeffreyi. 

Dodecatheon  vulgare  (Hook.)  Piper.     (Z).  pauciflorum  (Durand)  Greene.) 
Glabrous  throughout,  15-45  cm.  high;  leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate,  obtuse, 

entire  or  rarely  denticulate,  5-10  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  a  winged  petiole  as  ' 

long;  umbels  5-20-flowered;  bractsof  the  involucre  triangular-lanceolate,  acute,  j 

6-20  mm.  long;  pedicels  1-6  cm.  long;  calyx-lobes  broadly  lanceolate,  acute  or  i 
acuminate,  not  much  longer  than  the  tube;  petals  purple,  1  cm.  long;  stamineal 

tube  yellow,  half  as  long  as  the  purple  anthers;  capsules  ovoid,  6-9  mm.  long,  1 

splitting  into  5  teeth  at  the  apex  when  mature.  , 

In  dry  open  ground. 

Dodecatheon  dentatum  Hook.     Glabrous;  leaves  ovate  to  oval,  thin,  irregu-  \ 

larly  dentate,  5-10  cm.  long,  the  petiole  about  as  long  a*s  the  blade;  scape  20-30  ; 

cm.  high;  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  triangular-ovate,  acuminate,  about  as  long  as  ; 
the  tube;  corolla  white  with  two  purple  spots  at  the  base  of  each  lobe;  capsule 
cylindric,  opening  at  the  tip  by  teeth. 

On   wet   banks  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  along  the  gorge  of  the 

Columbia  River.  I 

I 

Dodecatheon  latifolium  (Hook.)   Piper.     {D.  hendersoni  Gray.)     Leaves  j 

broad,  elliptic  or  obovate,  narrowed  at  base,  entire;  scape  10-30  cm.  high;  j 
corolla  dark-purple  with  yellow  center;  stamens  dark  purple,  the  tube  1-2  mm. 

long;  capsule  opening  by  a  lid,  then  splitting.  ■ 

In  open  fields  and  prairies.     First  found  at  Fort  Vancouver  by  Douglas.  ■ 

Mf-^d^ri^       Dodecatheon    jeffreyi    Van    Houtte.     {D.    viviparum    Greene.)     Leaves  j 

^^^w*^      pblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  15-25  cm.  long,  crenate  with  a  minute  1 

|4>ok.             callus  in  each  notch;  scapes  25-50  cm.  high;  flowers  deep  purple;  stamens  ' 
^0L^,;5^^istinct  to  the  base,  dark  purple;  capsule  opening  by  a  lid.                                       ^ 

389.    DOUGLASIA. 

Low  tufted  herbs,  often  somewhat  woody;  leaves  in  a  basal 

rosette;  flowers  solitary  or  in  small  umbels;  calyx  campanulate,  j 

5-lobed,  persistent;    corolla-lobes  spreading,  the  tube  equalling  ; 

or  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  throat  contracted  and  5-crested  be-  ; 

neath    the   sinuses;   stamens   distinct,    included;   style   filiform;  .; 

ovary  5-ovuled;  capsule  turbinate,  1  or  2-seeded.  \ 

Douglasia   laevigata   Gray.     Nearly   glabrous;   leaves   oblong-lanceolate, 

mostly  entire,  obtuse,  4-6  mm.  long;  flowers  blood-red,  in  small  umbels.  1 

In  the  mountains.     First  found  on  Mount  Hood,  Oregon,  by    Howell;  \ 
very  common  in   the  Olympic   Mountains;  Goat  Mountains  near  Mount 

Rainier,  Allen.  J 

390.   ANDROSACE.  \ 

Small  herbs;  leaves  in  a  basal   rosette;   flowers  very  small,  ; 
solitary  or  in  umbels;  calyx  5-cleft,  with  a  short  tube;  corolla 
salver-shaped  or  funnelform,  5-parted,  the  lobes  erect  or  spread- 
ing, the  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx;  capsule  5-valved.  ' 


PRIMULACEAE.  285 

Androsace  filiformis  Retz.  Glabrous  annual;  leaves  basal  in  a  rosette, 
ovate,  obtuse,  entire  or  denticulate;  scapes  2-10  cm.  high;  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre subulate;  pedicels  capillary,  1-2  cm.  long;  calyx  globose  in  fruit,  the 
lobes  triangular;  corolla  white,  longer  than  the  calyx;  capsule  globose. 

In  wet  places.  Forest  Grove,  Oregon,  Marsh. 

391.   TRIENTALIS.     Star-flower. 


Low  smooth  perennials,  with  simple  erect  stems;  leaves  few, 
alternate,  mostly  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  the  lower 
ones  reduced  to  scales;  peduncles  several,  slender,  each  bearing 
a  solitary  flower;  corolla  rotate,  7-parted,  rarely  5-,  6-  or  8- 
parted;  filaments  slender,  united  at  the  base;  anthers  oblong, 
recurved  after  dehiscing;  style  filiform ;  ovary  free ;  capsule  few- 
seeded. 

Leaves  acute,  clustered  at  top.  T.  latifolia. 

Leaves  obtuse,  scattered  along  the  stem.  T.  arctica. 

1  S?^  Trientalis  latifolia  Hook.     Stems  10-30  cm.  high,  from  small  rather  deep- 
seated  tubers;  leaves  4-7,  whorled  near  the  top,  lanceolate  to  oblong-oval, 

f'    acute,  3-8  cm.  long,  short-petioled;  pedicels  very  slender,  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  corolla  lobes  pink,  lanceolate,  acuminate. 
In  woods,  very  common. 

Trientalis  arctica  Fisch.     Stems  5-10  cm.  high,  with  scattered  obtuse  or 
retuse  leaves;  corolla  nearly  white. 
In  cranberry  bogs,  not  rare. 

392.   GLAUX. 

Low  leafy  fleshy  perennials;  leaves  opposite,  entire,  sessile; 
flowers  sessile,  solitary-axillary;  calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  the 
lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  petal-like;  corolla  none;  stamens  5,  on  the 
base  of  the  calyx,  alternate  with  its  lobes;  capsule  5-valved,  few- 
seeded. 

Glaux  maritima  L.  Glabrous  and  glaucous,  8-20  cm.  high,  usually  erect; 
leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  fleshy,  mostly  opposite,  4-12  mm,  long;  flowers  in  the 
axils,  pink. 

On  the  seashore,  common. 


393.   ANAGALLIS.     Pimpernel. 

Low  spreading  annual  herbs;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled, 
entire;  flowers  solitary-axillary,  peduncled;  corolla  rotate,  with  a 
very  short  tube,  the  lobes  broad;  stamens  5;  filaments  bearded; 
capsule  circumscissile,  many-seeded. 

Anagallis  arvensis  L.  Annual,  glabrous;  stems  decumbent  or  ascending, 
10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate,  sessile;  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves;  flowers 
orange-scarlet,  sometimes  white;  petals  obovate,  minutely  glandular-ciliate. 

Introduced  from  Europe  in  fields  and  waste  places. 


286  PLUMBAGINACEAE. 

394.  LYSIMACHIA.    Loosestrife. 

Leafy-stemmed  perennial  herbs;  leaves  mostly  opposite  or 
whorled,  usually  glandular-dotted;  flowers  yellow,  in  racemes  or 
solitary-axillary;  calyx  5-6-parted;  corolla  rotate,  the  lobes  en- 
tire, bearing  no  teeth  between  the  lobes;  stamens  slightly  united 
at  base,  often  unequal;  capsule  few  to  several-seeded. 

Flowers  in  a  raceme;  corolla  with  dark  dots.  L.  terrestris. 

Flowers  solitary,  axillary;  corolla  not  dotted.  L.  nummularia. 

Lysimachia  terrestris  (L.)  BSP.  Glabrous;  stems  erect,  30-80  cm.  high, 
sometimes  bulbiferous  in  the  leaf -axils;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end, 
mostly  opposite,  the  upper  reduced  to  linear  or  subulate  floral  bracts;  flowers 
racemose,  on  slender  pedicels;  corolla  yellow  with  dark  dots,  the  lobes  oblong- 
lanceolate. 

In  cranberry  bogs,  Willapa  Harbor,  Washington,  Cora  B.  Eaton.  Doubt- 
less introduced  with  cranberry  plants  from  the  eastern  states. 

Lysimachia  nummularia  L.  Moneywort.  Stems  creeping,  10-30  cm.  long; 
herbage  glabrous;  leaves  numerous,  orbicular,  short  petioled;  flowers  solitary, 
axillary;  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate;  corolla  2-3  cm.  broad,  not  dotted,  the 
lobes  ovate,  obtuse;  filaments  broadened  and  slightly  united  at  base. 

Portland,  Oregon,  Gorman.     Introduced  from  Europe. 

395.    NAUMBURGIA. 

Erect  perennial  leafy  herbs  with  slender  rootstocks;  leaves 
opposite,  sessile,  punctate;  flowers  in  axillary  spikes;  calyx  5-7- 
divided,  the  segments  linear;  corolla  deeply  5-7-parted,  the  tube 
very  short  and  the  segments  narrow,  with  or  without  a  small 
tooth  in  each  sinus;  stamens  5-7,  distinct,  equal;  capsule  5-7- 
valved,  few-seeded. 

Naumburgia  thjrrsiflora  (L.)  Duby.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  simple, 
20-60  cm.  high,  erect,  from  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile, 
3-5  cm.  long,  the  lower  ones  reduced  and  scale-like;  peduncles  axillary  from 
the  1-4  middle  pairs  of  leaves;  flowers  small,  in  a  dense  oblong  spike,  pale 
yellow;  calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  acute;  capsule  glandular-dotted. 

In  swamps,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Family  77.  PLUMBAGINACEAE.  Leadwort  Family. 
Herbs  with  regular  flowers ;  calyx  gamosepalous,  of  5  plaited 
lobes;  corolla  of  5  nearly  distinct  or  united  petals;  stamens  5, 
opposite  the  corolla-lobes,  hypogynous  or  adnate  to  their  bases; 
anthers  2-celled;  styles  5,  distinct  or  united;  ovary  superior, 
1-celled,  with  one  ovule  on  a  slender  stalk  rising  from  the  base 
of  the  cavity;  fruit  a  1-seeded  utricle. 

396.    STATICE. 

Stemless  densely  tufted  perennial  herbs;  leaves  narrow,  linear 
broad  and  petioled,  persistent;  flowers  rose-colored,  in  a  head 


OLEACEAE.  287 

on  a  naked  scape  but  subtended  by  a  reversed  sheath;  calyx 
scarious,  funnelform;  corolla  of  5  nearly  distinct  long-clawed 
petals;  stamens  5,  on  the  bases  of  the  petals;  styles  5,  filiform, 
free  or  united  only  at  the  base,  glabrous  or  delicately  plumose 
below,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side;  fruit  a  utricle. 

Statice  armeria  L.  Thrift.  Perennial,  tufted;  leaves  numerous,  narrow, 
linear,  3-6  cm.  long;  scapes  10-30  cm.  high;  bracts  scarious,  obtuse;  calyx-tube 
10-nerved,  pubescent,  the  lobes  cuspidate;  corolla  pink. 

In  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  British  Columbia  to  California. 

Family  78.     OLEACEAE.     Olive  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  opposite  pinnate  or  simple  leaves ;  flowers 
usually  in  racemes  or  panicles;  calyx  gamosepalous  and  4-cleft, 
toothed,  or  entire,  or  none;  corolla  4-merous,  gamopetalous  or 
polypetalous,  or  none;  stamens  usually  2;  ovary  2-celled,  with  2 
ovules  in  each  cell. 

397.   FRAXINUS.     Ash. 

Large  trees  with  petioled  pinnate  leaves;  flowers  in  crowded 
panicles  or  racemes  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  season , 
dioecious,  polygamous  or  monoecious;  calyx  small  and  4-cleft,  or 
entire,  or  none;  petals  none;  stamens  usually  2;  anthers  large; 
style  1;  stigma  2-cleft;  fruit  1-2-celled  flattened,  1-2 -seeded. 

Fraxinus  oregana  Nutt.  Oregon  Ash.  Tree,  20-40  m.  high;  bark  pale, 
longitudinally  ridged;  leaflets  5-7,  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate; 
entire,  5-10  cm.  long;  flowers  dioecious,  appearing  with  the  leaves;  fruit  ob- 
lanceolate,  2-3  cm.  long. 

In  low  ground,  common. 

Family  79.     GENTIANACEAE.     Gentian  Family. 

Mostly  herbs;  leaves  entire,  opposite,  sessile,  without  stipules; 
flowers  perfect,  regular,  solitary  or  clustered;  corolla  gamo- 
petalous, 4-12-parted;  stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  and 
alternate  with  them,  epipetalous;  ovary  1-celled,  with  2  parietal 
placentae;  fruit  a  capsule,  usually  2-valved;  seeds  numerous; 
endosperm  copious. 

Style  filiform,  usually  decidous;  anthers  oblong  to 

linear,  mostly  twisting  or  curving  with  age.  398.  Centaurium,  287. 

Style  stout  and  persistent  or  none;  anthers  remaining 

straight.  399.  Gentiana,  288. 

398.    CENTAURIUM. 

Low  branching  annual  herbs;  leaves  sessile  or  clasping;  flowers 
white  or  reddish;  calyx  4-  or  5-parted;  corolla  funnel  or  salver- 


288  GENTIANACEAE. 

form,  4-  or  5-parted,  the  tube  slender;  anthers  exserted,  erect, 
oblong  to  linear,  twisting  spirally  with  age;  style  filiform,  usually 
deciduous;  stigmas  capitate  or  2-lipped. 

Basal  leaves  in  a  rosette.  C.  centaurium. 

Basal  leaves  not  in  a  rosette.  C.  minimum. 

Centauriiim  centaurium  (L.)  W.  F.  Wight.  Glabrous;  stems  15-30  cm. 
high;  leaves  oblong,  acutish,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  cauline  sessile,  the  basal  petioled 
and  forming  a  rosette;  flowers  numerous,  in  a  compound  flat-topped  cyme; 
corolla  red,  10  mm.  long,  its  lobes  obtuse. 

In  waste  places,  introduced  from  Europe. 

Centaurium  minimum  (Howell)  Piper  n.  comb.  {Erythraea  minima 
Howell.)  Stems  filiform,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  1-2  inches  high; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  2-6  mm.  long;  flowers  racemosely  disposed,  all 
pedicellate;  lobes  of  the  pink  or  white  corolla  lanceolate,  acute,  4  mm.  long, 
more  than  half  as  long  as  the  tube;  anthers  oblong;  lobes  of  the  style  fan- 
shaped;  seeds  globular,  strongly  pitted. 

"In  wet  places,  throughout  western  Oregon."  From  the  description  the 
plant  is  very  closely  allied  to  C.  muhlenbergii  (Griseb.)  W.  F.  Wight. 

399.   GENTIANA.     Gentian. 

Herbs;  leaves  opposite;  flowers  solitary  or  in  cymes,  showy,  in 
late  summer  or  autumn;  calyx  4-  or  5-cleft;  corolla  funnelform  or 
bell-shaped,  4-  or  5-lobed,  regular,  without  glands,  often  with  in- 
termediate plaited  folds  which  bear  appendages  at  the  sinuses; 
anthers  remaining  straight  with  age;  style  stout,  persistent  or 
none;  stigmas  2. 

Annuals;  corollas  small,  less  than  2  cm.  long. 

Corolla  without  appendages  between  the  lobes.  G.  acuta. 

Corolla  with  bifid  appendages  between  the  lobes.  G.  douglasiana. 

Perennials;  corollas  3  cm.  or  more  long,  with  appendages  be- 
tween the  lobes. 

Stems  15-30  cm.  high,  clustered,  mostly  1-flowered.  G.  calycosa. 

Stems  taller,  mostly  solitary,  several-many-flowered.  G.  sceptrum. 

Gentiana  acuta  Michx.  Annual,  erect,  simple,  or  with  few  erect  branches, 
glabrous,  5-40  cm.  high;  leaves  rather  few,  the  basal  spatulate-oblanceolate, 
obtuse,  petioled;  cauline  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  sessile,  5-30  mm. 
long;  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  most  of  the  leaves,  1-4  cm.  long;  calyx  cleft 
below  the  middle,  the  lobes  acute,  usually  very  unequal;  corolla  5-15  mm. 
long,  without  folds  in  the  sinuses,  the  acutish  lobes  with  a  fringe  of  bristles  on 
their  bases  within. 

In  open  woods,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Gentiana  douglasiana  Bong.  Annual;  stems  slender,  cymosely  branched, 
10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate,  the  basal  ones  in  a  rosette,  the  cauline  several 
pairs,  4-8  mm.  long;  flowers  white,  in  a  loose  cyme;  calyx  5-cleft;  corolla  8  mm. 
long,  funnelform,  with  oblong  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube,  the  accessory  lobes 
2-cleft;  capsule  stalked. 

In  bogs,  Alaska  to  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia;  Port  Renfrew, 
British  Columbia,  Rosendahl  &  Brand.  Said  to  have  been  collected  near 
Snohomish,  Washington,  and  reported  by  Hooker  from  Fort  Vancouver, 
Washington. 


MENYANTHACEAE.  289  ] 

Gentiana  calycosa  Griseb.  Stems  tufted,  simple,  10-20  cm.  high;  leaves 2y4d  M'^J^ 
several  pairs,  ovate,  the  uppermost  involucrate  about  the  usually  solitary  A^eo^^*  "* 
flower;  corolla  deep  blue,  bell-shaped,  3-4  cm.  long.  --     •^*   -* 


Common  along  rills  in  the  mountains  at  about  2000  m.  elevation.  ^gt^mtUJb-x 

Gentiana  sceptnim  Griseb.     Perennial,  erect,  60-90  cm.  high,  pale  green,  <^'t^j^ 

simple  or  branched  above;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate,  mostly  acute,  ^'V*^^' 

4-8  cm.  long;  flowers  clustered,  sometimes  dense;  calyx-lobes  unequal,  lanceo-  1 

late  or  narrowly  oblong,  sometimes  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  bell-shaped,  i 

blue,  usually  dark  spotted  within,  3-5  cm.  long.  I 

In  bogs.     Very  variable  as  to  calyx-lobes;  forms  with  narrow  lance-linear  i 

leaves  have  been  referred  to  G.  menziesii  Griseb.  3 

Family  80.     MENYANTHACEAE.     Buckbean  Family.  j 

Perennial  aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  basal  or  alternate  entire  S 

crenate  or  trifoliolate  leaves;  flowers  clustered,  regular,  perfect;  \ 

calyx  deeply  5-parted,  persistent;  corolla  funnelform  to  rotate,  I 

5-lobed  or  5-cleft;  stamens  5,  epipetalous,  alternate  with  the  ' 

corolla-lobes;  style  long,  short,  or  none;  ovary  1-celled  with  two  1 

parietal  placentae;  fruit  dehiscent  or  indehiscent. 

Leaves  trifoliolate;  corolla  lobes  fimbriate.  400.  Menyanthes,  289.  ; 

Leaves  simple,  reniform;  corolla  lobes  entire.     401.  Nephrophyllidium,  289.  • 

400.   MENYANTHES.     Buckbean. 

Perennial  herbs   with  thick  creeping  rootstocks  sheathed  by  ! 

the  membranous  bases  of  the  petioles;  leaves  trifoliolate;  calyx  j 

5-parted;  corolla  funnelform,  5-cleft;  style  slender,  persistent;  i 

stigma  2-lobed;  capsule  bursting  irregularly,  many-seeded.  \ 

Menyanthes  trifoliata  L.     Buckbean.     Perennial  from  scaly  rootstocks;  \ 

leaves  trifoliolate,  the  petioles  sheathing  at  base;  leaflets  oblong  to  obovate,  1 
entire,   obtuse;   peduncles  stout;  racemes   10-20-flowered;  corolla  white  or 

rose-tinged,  its  lobes  bearded  above;  capsule  ovoid.  ' 

In  sphagnum  bogs  and  shallow  lakes.  ' 

1 

401.    NEPHROPHYLLIDIUM. 

Perennial  marsh  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks;  basal  leaves  ! 

reniform,  deeply  and  coarsely  crenate,  7-nerved  at  the  base,  long  j 

petioled;  flowers  white,  in  short  panicled  cymes  on  scapes;  calyx  < 

deeply  parted  into  5  elongated  lanceolate  lobes;  corolla  short  I 

funnelform,  divided  above  the  middle  into  5  ovate  obtuse  lobes,  ; 

not  bearded  but  with  a  median  crest;  stamens  5,  on  the  corolla,  ! 

alternate  with  the  lobes;    style    short    or    none;   stigma  large,  ^ 

shield-shaped ;  ovary  1-celled  with  2  parietal  placentae,  surrounded  \ 

at   the  base  by  5  glands;  capsule  more  or  less  spherical,  open-  | 

ing  irregularly  at  the  tip.  | 

Nephrophyllidium  crista-galli  (Menzies)  Gilg.     Leaves  reniform,  crenate, 

20  ') 


290  APOCYNACEAE.  . 

5-12  cm.  broad,  sometimes  notched  at  the  apex;  scapes  30-60  cm.  high; 
flowers  white,  in  a  cyme;  corolla  lobes  not  bearded  but  with  a  median  crest. 
In  bogs,  Alaska  to  British  Columbia  and  Granville,  Washington,  where  it 
was  collected  by  Conard. 

Family  81.  APOCYNACEAE.  Dogbane  Family. 
Herbs  (in  ours)  with  acrid  milky  juice;  leaves  entire,  opposite, 
without  stipules;  flowers  regular;  calyx  free  from  the  ovaries; 
corolla  gamopetalous,  5-lobed;  stamens  5,  alternate  with  the 
corolla-lobes,  epipetalous;  pistils  of  two  carpels,  the  ovaries 
separate  (in  ours),  the  styles  or  stigmas  united;  fruit  a  pair  of 
follicles ;  seeds  many,  often  downy-tufted  at  the  apex ;  endosperm 
not  copious. 

402.  APOCYNUM.       Dogbane. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  opposite,  mucronate-pointed ;  flowers 
small,  in  cymes,  on  short  pedicels;  calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  acute; 
corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  bearing  5  triangular  appendages 
below  the  throat,  opposite  the  lobes;  stamens  5,  on  the  very  base 
of  the  corolla;  fruit  of  two  long  and  slender  follicles;  seed  with  a 
tuft  of  long  silky  down  at  the  apex. 

Corolla  lobes  erect ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong.  A .  cannahinum. 

Corolla  lobes  spreading  or  recurved;  leaves  ovate.  A.  androsaemifolium. 

Apocynum  cannabinum  L.  Glabrous  throughout  or  sometimes  puberulent, 
pale  green;  stems  erect,  branched  above,  60-100  cm,  high;  leaves  oblong- 
elliptic  or  somewhat  lanceolate,  cuspidate-acuminate,  rounded  or  cuneate  at 
base,  the  margin  slightly  revolute,  2-6  cm.  long;  petioles  5-8  mm.  long;  calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate-acuminate,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  white,  3-5 
mm.  long,  the  lobes  erect;  pods  reflexed,  linear,  tapering  at  each  end,  6-8  cm. 
long. 

The  common  form  in  our  region  with  corolla  3  mm.  long  and  flowers  in  a 
small  terminal  cyme  surrounded  by  leafy  branches  has  been  considered  a 
distinct  species,  A.  suksdorfii  Greene. 

Apocynum  androsaemifolium  L.  Stems  30-90  cm.  high;  branches  erect 
or  ascending,  glabrous  throughout  or  rarely  puberulent,  usually  very  flori- 
ferous;  leaves  ovate,  cuspidate,  1-4  cm.  long,  dark-green  above,  pale  beneath, 
short-petioled ;  flowers  rose-colored;  calyx-lobes  about  equalling  the  tube; 
corolla  5-6  mm.  long,  the  lobes  recurved;  pod  6-8  cm.  long,  spreading  or 
reflexed. 

In  dry  open  woods. 

Family  82.  CONVOLVULACEAE.  Morning  Glory  Family. 
Mostly  twining  or  trailing  herbs,  often  with  milky  juice; 
leaves  alternate;  flowers  regular,  perfect,  mostly  showy;  calyx 
5-lobed;  corolla  gamopetalous,  5-plaited  or  lobed,  convolute  or 
twisted  in  the  bud;  ovary  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  the  cells 


CON VOLVUL ACEAE.  29 1 

sometimes  becoming  4  in  the  fruit  by  false  partitions;  fruit  a 
globular,  2-6-seeded  capsule;  endosperm  mucilaginous. 

403.   CONVOLVULUS.     Morning  Glory. 


Herbs  or  somewhat  woody  plants,  twining,  erect  or  prostrate; 
flowers  1  or  2  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  corolla  funnelform  to 
campanulate;  stamens  included;  style  undivided,  or  2-cleft  only 
at  the  apex;  capsules  globose,  2-celled  or  imperfectly  4-celled 
by  false  partitions  between  the  2  seeds  or  by  abortion  1 -celled. 

Calyx  without  bracts;  stigma  filiform.  C.  arvensis. 
Calyx  enclosed  by  two  bracts;  stigmas  oblong  to  ovate. 

Stigmas  ovate ;  leaves  fleshy.  C.  soldanella. 
Stigmas  oblong;  leaves  thin. 

Bracts  ovate,  acute.  C.  sepium. 

Bracts  oval,  obtuse.  C.  nyctagineus. 

Convolvulus  arvensis  L.  Whole  plant  pubescent;  stems  prostrate,  trailing, 
30-120  cm.  long;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  1-4  cm.  long, 
sagittate  or  hastate  or  auricled  at  base;  petioles  1-2  cm.  long;  peduncles  longer 
than  the  leaves,  mostly  1- or  2-flowered;  pedicels  each  with  two  small  bracts; 
corolla  pinkish,  1-2  cm,  long;  stigmas  thread-like. 

A  troublesome  weed,  native  of  Europe. 

Convolvulus  soldanella  L.  Stems  trailing,  15-30  cm.  long;  leaves  thick, 
reniform,  usually  entire,  glabrous,  2^5  cm.  broad;  bracts  ovate,  cordate,  about 
as  long  as  the  sepals;  corolla  purplish,  2-5  cm.  long. 

On  the  sandy  seashore. 

Convolvulus  sepium  L.  Usually  glabrous,  climbing  over  shrubs  to  a  height 
of  2-3  m.;  leaves  sagittate  or  somewhat  hastate,  acuminate,  2-5  cm.  long; 
basal  lobes  entire  or  angularly  2-lobed;  peduncles  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves; 
calyx  enclosed  by  two  large  ovate  bracts;  corolla  white,  sometimes  pink,  4-6 
cm.  long;  stigmas  capitate,  oval  or  oblong. 

Banks  of  streams,  reported  from  the  Willamette  Valley. 

Convolvulus  nyctagineus  Greene.  Pubescent;  stems  slender,  5-30  cm. 
long;  leaves  ovate  or  deltoid  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  sometimes  angularly  lobed 
at  base,  truncate  or  cuneate  at  base,  2-5  cm.  long,  on  longer  petioles;  flowers 
axillary,  peduncled;  bracts  oval,  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx;  sepals 
obtuse,  mucronate;  corolla  white,  about  3  cm.  broad. 

Willamette  Valley,  Oregon,  and  southward. 

Family  83.     CUSCUT ACEAE.     Dodder  Family. 

Whitish  or  yellowish  parasitic  twining  vines  with  leaves 
reduced  to  minute  alternate  scales;  sepals  5,  separate  or  united 
into  a  5-lobed  or  parted  calyx;  corolla  gamopetalous,  urn-shaped 
or  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  usually  with  fimbriate  or  crenulate  scales 
on  the  tube  alternating  with  the  lobes;  stamens  5,  alternate  with 
the  corolla-lobes;  ovary  globose  to  oblong,  2-celled;  ovules  2  in 
each  cell;  capsule  circumscissile  or  indehiscent,  1-4-seeded. 


292  CUSCUTACEAE. 

404.   CUSCUTA.     Dodder. 

Leafless  annual  herbs  with  yellow  or  reddish  stems  twining 
and  parasitic  on  the  plants  to  which  they  cling;  flowers  small,  clus- 
tered; calyx  4-  or  5-cleft  or  of  5  sepals;'  corolla  urn-  or  bell-shaped, 
4-  or  5-cleft;  stamens  with  a  scale-like  appendage  at  the  base; 
ovary  2-celled,  4-ovuled;  capsule  usually  4-seeded. 

Stigmas  filiform;  corolla  scales  crenulate.  C.  epithymum. 
Stigmas  capitate;  corolla  scales  fringed. 

Capsule  pointed;  flowers  subsessile.  C.  sguamigera. 
Capsule  globose. 

Flowers  sessile;  style  shorter  than  the  ovary.  C.  arvensis. 

Flowers  pedicelled;  style  as  long  as  the  ovary.  C.  cephalanthi. 

Cuscuta  epithj^mum  Murr.  Stems  very  slender,  reddish;  flowers  in  dense 
clusters;  calyx  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  acute;  corolla  white  or  pinkish,  4-5-lobed, 
the  lobes  erect,  acute,  persisting  on  the  capsule;  scales  crenulate,  margined. 

Parasitic  on  clover,  thyme  and  other  plants.     Introduced  from  Europe. 

Cuscuta  squamigera  (Engelm.)  Piper.  Stems  slender,  short;  flowers 
3-5  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  acute;  corolla-lobes  acute,  denticulate,  as  long  as  the 
tube;  style  not  longer  than  the  ovary;  capsule  pointed. 

On  herbaceous  plants,  in  salt  marshes. 

Cuscuta  arvensis  Beyrich.  Stems  fine,  pale  yellow;  flowers  1.5-2  mm.  long, 
in  dense  clusters;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  broad;  corolla-lobes  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  slightly  longer  than  the  tube;. scales  large,  oval,  fringed;  seeds  4. 

Parasitic  on  clover  and  other  low  plants;  introduced  from  the  eastern  states. 

Cuscuta  cephalanthi  Engelm.  Stems  coarse,  dark  yellow;  flowers  2  mm. 
long,  on  thick  pedicels,  in  loose  clusters;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  about  as 
long  as  the  tube;  corolla-lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  tube;  scales 
fringed. 

Parasitic  on  shrubs  or  tall  herbs;  rare  in  our  limits. 

Family  84.  POLEMO  NIACEAE.  Phlox  Family. 
Herbs;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  simple  or  divided,  without 
stipules;  flowers  regular,  perfect,  5-merous,  except  the  pistils; 
corolla  gamopetalous,  convolute  in  the  bud;  lobes  not  plaited; 
stamens  epipetalous,  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes,  distinct; 
style  3-lobed;  ovary  3-celled;  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  the 
valves  usually  breaking  away  from  the  triangular  central  column ; 
seeds  few-many;  seed-coats  when  wetted  commonly  becoming 
mucilaginous  and  developing  spiricles. 

Calyx  distended  and  at  length  burst  by  the  capsule. 

Corolla  large,  salverform;  leaves  all  opposite,  en- 
tire; seeds  not  becoming  mucilaginous  when 
wetted ;  ours  all  suffruticose  perennials.  405.  Phlox,  293. 

Corolla  tubular,  funnelform  or  salverform,  usu- 
ally small;  leaves  mostly  alternate,  usually 
not  entire.  406.  Gilia,  293. 


POLEMONIACEAE.  293 

Calyx  not  distended  nor  burst  by  the  capsule. 

Corolla  rotate  (in  ours) ;  leaves  pinnate,  the  leaf-  j 

lets  entire.                                                               407.  Polemonium,  294.  ] 

Corolla  not  rotate.  : 

Calyx-lobes  spine-tipped;  leaves  pinnatifid.       408.  Navarretia,  294.  ; 

Calyx-lobes  not  spine-tipped;  leaves  entire  or                                                 '  , 

pinnatifid.                                                          409.  Collomia,  296.  \ 

405.  PHLOX. 

Perennial  herbs  or  half  shrubby  plants ;  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  | 

entire;  flowers  in  cymes,  terminal  or  in  the  upper  axils,  mostly  ■ 
bracted ;  calyx  jiarrow,  5-clef t,  at  length  distended  and  burst  by 
the  capsule ;  corolla  salverform  with  a  long  tube,  a  narrow  opening 

and  broad  or  rounded  lobes;  stamens  included,  very  unequally  , 

inserted  on  the  upper  part  of  the  corolla- tube;  ovules  1  or  some-  1 

times  2;  capsules  ovoid,  with  but  one  seed  in  each  cell.  ! 

Loosely  tufted,  the  leaves  not  crowded;  flowers  in  cymes.          P.  adsurgens.  ! 

Densely  tufted  with  crowded  leaves;  flowers  solitary.  1 

Calyx  woolly;  leaves  not  ciliate.                                                 P.  diffusa.  \ 

Calyx  glabrous;  leaves  hispid-ciliate.                                       P.  condensata.  i 

Phlox  adsurgens  Torr.     Glabrous  except  the  inflorescence ;  stems  spreading  , 
or  ascending,  15-40  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute,  1-2  cm. 
long;    calyx   scarious   between   the   angles,   glandular-pubescent,   the   teeth 
shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  pink,  its  tube  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  its  lobes 
ovate,  sometimes  retuse. 

In  open  woods,  western  Oregon,  perhaps  not  in  our  limits. 

Phlox  diffusa^  Hook.  Stems  prostrate;  leaves  clustered,  linear,  shaup- ^Ao^t/h 
pointed,  glabrous,  6-12  mm.  long;  calyx- teeth  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  pale  /grttl^ii-Jm 
violet  or  nearly  white,  the  obovate  lobes  6-9  mm.  long.  -f^JjJJMt^ 

In  the  mountains,  above  timber  line,  often  forming  large  mats.  , 

Phlox  condensata  (Gray)  E.  Nelson.     Minutely  glandular,  densely  tufted;  , 

leaves  much  crowded,  oblong-linear,   rigid,   longitudinally  grooved,  ciliate-  ,  ■■ 

margined,  5-6  mm.  long;  calyx  5  mm  long,  its  teeth  linear,  apiculate;  corolla  | 

white,  the   tube  nearly  twice  the  calyx,  the  rounded  lobes  4-5  mm.  long;  j 

style  short.                                                                                   ^  1 

Olympic  and  Cascade  Mountains  at  high  altitudes,  growing  on  rocks.  1 

406.   GILIA.  \ 

Herbs  or  half-shrubby  plants;  leaves    alternate  or  opposite;  s 

calyx  narrow,  the  lobes  acute,  the  tube  scarious  below  the  sinuses,  1 

becoming  distended  and  finally  burst  by  the  capsule;  corolla  ; 

tubular-funnelform,  the  limb  little  spreading  (in  ours) ;  stamens  j 

equally  or  unequally  inserted;  capsules  with  1-many  seeds.  ^ 

-j 

Perennials.                                                                                          G.  nuttallii.  i 

Annuals.  \ 

Leaves  or  some  of  them  opposite.  -^ 

Leaves  all  opposite,  dissected  into  filiform  segments.     G.  hicolor.  -j 

Lower  leaves  opposite,  the  upper  alternate,  all  entire.      G.  gracilis.  y 

Leaves  all  alternate.  | 

Calyx  glabrous;  corolla  8-10  mm.  long.                             G.  capitata.  ^ 

Calyx  woolly;  corolla  10-12  mm.  long.                             G.  achilleaefolia.  I 


294  POLEMONIACEAE. 

Gilia  nuttallii  Gray.  Perennial,  tufted  from  a  woody  base,  somewhat 
puberulent;  stems  erect,  10-30  cm.  high,  mostly  simple;  leaves  sessile,  opposite, 
palmately  parted  into  3-7  segments,  these  linear,  somewhat  rigid,  mucronate, 
scabrous,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  in  a  terminal  dense  cluster;  calyx-lobes  subulate- 
lanceolate,  rigid;  corolla  white,  with  yellow  throat,  the  tube  puberulent  on  the 
outside,  not  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  lobes  obovate,  6-7  mm.  long;  ovules  2 
in  each  cell. 

Mount  Rainier,  at  2000  m.  elevation,  E.  C.  Smith;  Goat  Mountains,  Allen. 

Gilia  bicolor  (Nutt.)  Piper.  Annual,  pubescent;  stems  slender,  5-10  cm. 
high,  mostly  simple;  leaves  palmately  parted  into  thread-like  sharp-pointed 
divisions,  4-10  mm.  long;  corolla  with  a  very  slender  yellow  tube,  12-20  mm. 
long,  the  small  pink  limb  6  mm.  broad. 

In  dry  soil,  common. 

Gilia  gracilis  (Dougl.)  Hook.  Annual;  erect,  usually  simple,  10-30  cm. 
high,  branched  above,  glabrous  below,  pubescent  and  glandular  above;  leaves 
sessile,  entire,  the  lower  opposite,  oblong  or  obovate,  1-2  cm.  long,  the  upper 
alternate,  lanceolate,  acute,  2-4  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  in  the  forks  or  axils, 
short-pedicelled,  somewhat  cymose  through  the  reduction  of  the  leaves;  calyx- 
lobes  subulate,  mucronate,  twice  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube,  this  at 
length  splitting  to  the  base;  corolla  tubular-salverform,  8-10  mm.  long,  the 
tube  yellow,  not  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  the  limb  purple-pink;  stamens 
unequally  inserted;  ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  each  cell;  seed-coats  without 
spiricles. 

Common  in  open  ground. 

Gilia  capitata  Hook.  Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  slender,  erect, 
loosely  branched,  20-60  cm.  high;  leaves  alternate,  once  or  twice  pinnately 
divided  into  very  narrow  segments;  flowers  pale  blue,  in  dense  globose  clusters 
terminating  long  naked  peduncles;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-acuminate,  about  as 
long  as  the  tube;  corolla  8-10  mm.  long,  the  oblong  or  linear  lobes  as  long  as 
the  tube,  which  is  but  little  dilated  in  the  throat;  seeds  developing  mucilage 
and  spiricles  when  wetted. 

In  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  in  open  places. 

Gilia  achilleaefolia  Benth.  Very  similar  to  G.  capitata;  herbage  slightly 
pubescent;  heads  only  moderately  compact;  calyx  somewhat  tomentose, 
pubescent,  its  lobes  ovate,  spine-tipped,  longer  than  the  tube;  corolla  pale 
blue,  dilated  in  the  throat,  the  lobes  obovate  or  broadly  oblong. 

Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  to  California,  in  sandy  soil,  not 
common. 

407.  POLEMONIUM.    Jacob's  Ladder. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  pinnate,  with 
entire  leaflets;  flowers  in  corymbs,  nearly  bractless;  calyx  rotate 
or  campanulate,  the  tube  very  short;  stamens  equally  inserted 
at  the  summit  of  the  corolla-tube;  capsule  few-several-seeded. 

Annual;  corolla  white,  nearly  rotate.  P.  micranthum. 

Perennial;  corolla  campanulate. 

Densely  cespitose,  5-10  cm.  high;  herbage  glandular. 
Viscid-glandular  throughout;  flowers  violet  with  yel- 
low eye.  P.  elegans. 
Less  viscid,  sparsely  pilose  throughout;  flowers  white 

or  pale  blue.  P.  viscosum. 

Loosely  cespitose,  15-30  cm.  high,  scarcely  glandular. 

Lobes  of  the  calyx  as  long  as  the  tube.  P.  humile. 

Lobes  of  the  calyx  twice  as  long  as  the  tube.  P.  carneum. 


POLEMONIACEAE.  295 

Polemonium  micranthum  Benth.  Annual,  branched  from  the  base, 
spreading,  6-20  cm.  high,  somewhat  viscidly  pubescent  throughout;  leaves 
mostly  petioled,  1-4  cm.  long;  leaflets  5-13,  obovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or 
obtuse,  3-8  mm.  long;  peduncles  solitary,  opposite  the  leaves;  calyx-lobes 
triangular,  as  long  as  the  broadly  campanulate  tube;  corolla  white,  rotate, 
not  equalling  the  calyx;  ovules  2  or  3  in  each  cell. 

In  dry  open  places,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Polemonium  elegans  Greene.  Perennial,  viscid-pubescent;  stem  5-12  cm. 
high;  leaflets  numerous,  crowded,  obovate  or  elliptical,  2-4  mm.  long;  flowers 
in  a  dense  cyme;  corolla  violet,  with  a  broad  yellow  throat. 

Cascade  Mountains  at  2000-3000  m.  elevation. 


Polemonium  viscosimi  pilosum  Greenman.     Perennial,  pilose-pubescent  ^ 

and   somewhat  viscid-glandular;   stems  6-10  cm.   high;   leaflets  numerous,  : 

moderately  crowded,  thickish,  ovate,  2-3  mm.  long;  calyx  campanulate,  the  I 

lobes  oblong-ovate  to  oblong,  obtuse;  corolla  white  or  pale  blue  with  a  yellow  ; 

center,  8-10  mm.  long;  filaments  naked  at  base.  \ 

Goat  Mountains,  Washington,  Allen. 

Polemonium  humile  R.  &  S.  Perennial,  loosely  tufted,  viscid-puberulent ;  /?/!•  ^'• 
stems  15-30   cm.  high,  bearing  1-3  leaves;   leaflets  15-21,  oblong-lanceolate  fc^^''^*   ^ 

to  oval,  10-15  mm.  long;  flowers  blue,  in  open  cymes;  calyx-lobes  triangular,  ^^»»»«*  «*^^ 
about  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  campanulate-funnelform,  the  broad  rounded  JtJC" >****^ 
lobes  longer  than  the  tube;  filaments  hairy  at  base;  capsule  2-4-seeded.                /ww*^-^-^*^ 

The  plant  has  an  unpleasant  odor.  At  about  the  limit  of  trees  in  the  moun-  Jtaj^Mlm^^ 
tains,    common.  gijStnM*'^ '^'Y*^ 

Polemonium  cameum  Gray.     Perennial,  nearly  glabrous;  stems  ascending  I 

or  erect,  15-60  cm.  high,  leafy;  leaflets  11-21,  lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate,  ,i 

acute,  1-5  cm.  long ;  cymes  few-flowered ;  calyx  campanulate,  1-2  cm.  long,  more  '< 

or  less  pubescent,  the  narrow  acute  lobes  about  twice  as  long  as  the  tube;  < 

corolla  salmon-colored  or  blue,  the  rounded  lobes  longer  than  the  tube;  fila-  : 

ments  dilated  and  pilose  at  base;  seeds  2-4  in  each  cell.  j 

Chehalis  County,  Washington,  to  middle  California.     As  here  delimited  the  j 

species  is  quite  variable  in  regard  to  the  number  and  size  of  the  leaflets,  the  ' 

amount  of  pubescence  on  the  calyx,  and  especially  the  color  of  the  corolla  i 

which  in  the  original  specimen  is  flesh-colored.     P.  amoenum  Piper  seems  only  j 

a  blue-flowered  form,  and  P.  luteum  Howell  is  probably  only  a  yellow-flowered  ■ 

variety.  ! 

408.    NAVARRETIA. 

Glabrous  or  viscid-pubescent  annual  herbs;  leaves  all  alternate, 
pinnatifid,    setaceous   or   spiny;   flowers   crowded   in   bracteate 

clusters  on  the  ends  of  the  branches;  calyx- tube  scarious,  not  ■ 

becoming  distended   and   not   burst  by   the   capsule,    the   ribs  ;: 

prolonged   into   unequal   bristle- tipped   lobes;   corolla   tubular;  : 

capsule  1-3-celled,  1 -many-seeded.  i 

Herbage  glandular-viscid  with  a  bad  odor.                                      N.  sguarrosa.  j 

Herbage  neither  glandular  nor  with  a  bad  odor.                             N.  intertexta.  < 

Navarretia  squarrosa  (Esch.)  Hook.  &  Arn.     Skunk  Weed.    Annual,  gland- 
ular, erect  or  spreading,  simple  or  much  branched,  10-30  cm.  high,  very  leafy;  ; 
leaves  mostly  alternate,  pinnately  parted  and  the  segments  cleft  or  parted,  j 
the  lobes  sharp  pointed,  the  upper  ones  and  the  bracts  becoming  spine-like;  ' 
calyx-lobes  subulate,  spiny-tipped,  usually  entire,  longer  than  the  tube;  corolla  i 


296  POLEMONIACEAE. 

pale  blue,  8-10  mm.  long,  the  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx,  the  limb  small; 
stamens  included;  ovules  8-12  in  each  cell. 
Common  in  open  places,  very  ill-smelling. 

Navarretia  intertexta  (Benth.)  Hook.  Annual;  stems  erect  and  simple 
below  or  more  commonly  much  branched  and  spreading,  5-15  cm.  high, 
pubescent;  leaves  all  alternate,  once  or  twice  pinnately  cleft  into  linear  spines- 
cent  lobes,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  flowers  crowded  in  head-like  clusters,  the 
bracts  and  calyx-tube  villous  with  white  hairs;  calyx-lobes  more  or  less  cleft 
into  spinose  divisions;  corolla  tubular,  funnelform,  pale  blue,  equalling  the 
calyx-lobes,  5-6  mm.  long;  stamens  exserted;  ovules  and  seeds  3  or  4  in  each  cell; 
seed-coats  developing  spiricles. 

Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  to  California,  in  dry  open  places. 

409.   COLLOMIA. 

Herbs  with  alternate  entire  leaves;  calyx  not  distended  by  the 
capsule,  obconical,  the  lobes  not  spine- tipped ;  corolla  tubular 
funnelform,  with  open  throat  and  a  spreading  limb  of  short  obtuse 
lobes;  stamens  unequally  inserted  on  the  corolla  tube;  capsule 
narrowed  at  the  base;  seeds  usually  1  in  each  cell,  mucilaginous 
and  forming  spiricles  when  wetted. 

Leaves  entire. 

Corolla  salmon-colored,  2-3  cm.  long.  C.  grandifiora. 

Corolla  pink,  1  cm.  long.  C.  linearis. 
Leaves  more  or  less  dissected. 

Annual;  leaves  pinnate.  C.  heterophylla. 

Perennial;  leaves  palmate.  C.  debilis. 

Collomia  grandifiora  Dougl.  Annual,  erect,  usually  simple,  30^0  cm. 
high,  viscid-glandular  below;  leaves  sessile,  all  alternate,  lanceolate  or  linear, 
the  upper  broader,  all  entire,  2-6  cm.  long;  flowers  crowded  in  a  terminal  head- 
like cluster;  calyx  obconical,  the  lobes  broad,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  tube; 
corolla  salmon-color,  narrowly  funnelform,  15-25  mm.  long;  stamens  unequally 
inserted;  ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  the  cells,  the  seed-coats  developing 
spiricles  when  wetted. 

In  dry  open  woods. 

Collomia  linearis  Nutt.  Annual,  erect,  simple  or  branched  above,  10-30 
cm.  high,  pubescent  throughout  or  glabrous  below,  glandular  above;  leaves 
sessile,  alternate,  linear  or  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  2-6  cm.  long;  flowers 
crowded  in  head-like  clusters;  calyx-lobes  triangular,  acute,  as  long  as  the 
obconic  tube;  corolla  pink,  8-10  mm.  long,  slender-tubular,  the  lobes  small; 
stamens  unequally  inserted;  ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  each  cell;  seed-coats 
with  spiricles. 

In  low  ground,  not  rare. 

Collomia  heterophylla  Hook.  Annual,  the  stems  usually  decumbent, 
10-20  cm.  long;  leaves  all  alternate,  pinnatifid  with  the  lobes  entire  or  again 
cleft,  or  the  upper  ones  less  lobed  or  even  entire;  flowers  in  a  dense  leafy- 
bracted  cyme;  corolla  purplish,  10-12  mm.  long. 

In  moist  open  woods,  common.      First  found  at  Fort  Vancouver  by  Douglas. 

Collomia  debilis  (Wats.)  Greene.  Perennial;  stems  loosely  tufted;  leaves 
oblong,  3-7-cleft  or  some  entire;  flowers  crowded  in  a  leafy  head;  corolla  pur- 
plish, 12-16  mm.  long. 

Growing  in  loose  rock  at  high  altitudes  in  the  Cascade  Mountains. 


HYDROPHYLLACEAE.  297 

Family  85.  HYDROPHYLLACEAE.  Waterleaf  Family. 
Herbs,  commonly  hairy;  leaves  mostly  alternate;  flowers  per- 
fect, regular,  on  naked  1 -flowered  scapes  or  in  dense  one-sided 
cymes  or  false  racemes;  calyx  5-parted  or  of  5  sepals;  corolla 
gamopetalous,  deeply  5-lobed;  stamens  on  the  corol'a-tube,  alter- 
nate with  its  lobes;  style  2-cleft,  or  styles  2  and  separate;  ovary 
entire,  1 -celled,  with  2  parietal  placetae  or  2-celled  by  the 
union  of  the  placentae;  fruit  a  2-valved  4-many-seeded  capsule; 
endosperm  copious. 

Styles  entire.  410.  Romanzoffia,  297. 
Styles  2-cleft. 

Corolla  imbricated  in  bud;  placentae  narrow.  411.  Phacelia,  297. 
Corolla  convolute  in  bud;  placentae  broad. 

Perennials;  stamens  exserted.  412.  Hydrophyllum,  298. 

Annuals;  stamens  included.  413.  Nemophila,  299. 

410.   ROMANZOFFIA. 

Low  and  delicate  perennial  herbs;  leaves  mainly  radical, 
cordate  or  reniform,  crenately  7-11-lobed,  long-petioled ;  flowers 
on  a  scape,  in  a  loose  raceme  or  panicle;  calyx  deeply  5-parted; 
corolla  white  or  pinkish,  more  or  less  funnelform,  not  ap- 
pendaged  within;  stamens  unequal,  on  the  base  of  the  corolla; 
style  filiform;  stigma  small,  entire;  ovary  and  capsule  2-celled 
or  nearly  so;  ovules  and  seeds  numerous. 

Herbage  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  pedicels  longer  than  the  flow- 
ers in  anthesis.  R.  sitchensis. 

Herbage  pubescent;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers  in 

anthesis.  R.  unalaschensis. 

Romanzoffia  sitchensis  Bong.  Nearly  glabrous;  leaves  thin,  reniform, 
crenately  7-11-lobed,  1-2  cm.  broad,  long-petioled;  scapes  6-15  cm.  high, 
branched,  loosely  flowered;  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  corolla;  corolla  white, 
the  lobes  orbicular;  style  filiform:  capsule  retuse. 

On  moist  cliff's  in  the  mountains;  rootstocks  bearing  small  tubers. 

Romanzoffia  unalaschensis  Cham.  Pubescent  especially  the  inflores- 
cence, somewhat  bulbous  at  base;  leaves  thick,  reniform  to  orbicular,  usually 
with  9  short  lobes;  scapes  erect,  rarely  with  a  single  leaf,  8-12  cm.  high; 
racemes  short;  pedicels  erect;  calyx-lobes  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla;  corolla 
white,  somewhat  funnelform;  style  short;  capsule  obtuse. 

Cape  Elizabeth,  Washington,  Foster,  and  north  to  Alaska. 

411.   PHACELIA. 

Perennial  or  mostly  annual  herbs;  leaves  simple,  lobed  or 
divided,  alternate,  or  the  lowest  opposite;  flowers  in  one-sided 
raceme-like  cymes;  calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  lobes  usually 
narrow  and  similar;  corolla  from  almost  rotate  to  narrow-funnel- 


298  HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 

form,  commonly  with  appendages  inside  of  the  tube,  consisting 
of  10  vertical  plaits  in  pairs  between  the  bases  of  the  filaments; 
stamens  equally  inserted  at  or  near  the  base  of  the  corolla; 
ovary  with  narrow  parietal  placentae;  ovules  and  seeds  4- 
numerous. 

Leaves  with  many  lobes.  P.  sericea. 
Leaves  entire  or  with  few  lobes  or  divisions. 

Flowers  bright  blue,  rather  large.  P.  linearis. 

Flowers  whitish,  rather  small.  P.  nemoralis. 

Phacelia  sericea  (Graham)  Gray.  Perennial;  stems  15-20  cm.  high,  leafy; 
leaves  silky-pubescent,  pinnate,  with  numerous  narrow  lobes;  flowers  in  a 
dense  spike-like  cyme;  corolla  violet. 

In  the  Cascade  and  Olympic  Mountains,  at  high  elevations.  A  very 
handsome  species. 

Phacelia  linearis  (Pursh)  Holzinger.  Annual,  10-50  cm.  high,  simple 
below  the  inflorescence;  whole  plant  rough-hairy,  usually  with  some  shorter 
white  pubescence;  leaves  sessile,  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  cleft  into  2-5 
narrow  lobes;  inflorescence  usually  branched,  consisting  of  spike-like  racemes; 
pedicels  short;  calyx-lobes  linear,  hispid-ciliate;  corolla  violet-blue,  nearly 
rotate,  12-15  mm.  broad;  appendages  10,  narrow,  free  from  the  filaments; 
stamens  equalling  the  corolla;  filaments  sparsely  hairy;  style  2-cleft;  capsule 
shorter  than  the  calyx;  ovules  12-16;  seeds  pitted-reticulate. 

Dry  prairies,  rare  in  our  limits;  Whidby  Island,  Gardner. 

Phacelia  nemoralis  Greene.  Hirsute-pubescent  throughout  but  green, 
not  hoary;  leaves  long-petioled,  ovate-oblong,  entire,  simple  or  the  lower  ones 
with  one  or  two  pairs  of  small  leaflets;  flowers  in  dense  spike-like  cymes; 
corolla  greenish-yellow. 

Dry  prairies,  not  common.  Very  closely  related  to  P.  heterophylla  Pursh 
which  differs  mainly  in  the  herbage  being  canescent. 

412.   HYDROPHYLLUM.     Waterleaf. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  long-petioled,  mostly  pinnately-parted ; 
flowers  white  or  violet,  in  cymose  dense  clusters;  calyx  5-parted 
into  narrow  divisions;  corolla  bell-shaped,  a  nectariferous  grooved 
appendage  opposite  each  lobe ;  stamens  and  style  exserted  beyond 
the  corolla-lobes;  ovary  lined  with  dilated  and  fleshy  placentae; 
ovules  4;  capsule  2-valved,  1-4-seeded. 

Calyx-lobes  smooth  on  the  back;  flowers  pale  violet ;  basal  leaves 

with  5  approximate  segments.    .  H.  tenuipes. 

Calyx-lobes  pubescent  on  the  back;  flowers  white;  leaves  with 

5-9  scattered  segments,  paler  beneath.  H.  albifrons. 

Hydrophyllum  tenuipes  Heller.  Stems  about  30  cm.  high;  leaves  long- 
petioled,  nearly  all  5-parted  or  divided;  segments  close  together,  acuminate, 
coarsely  toothed  or  incised,  somewhat  paler  beneath;  calyx-lobes  bristly- 
margined,  otherwise  smooth;  corolla  pale  violet. 

In  moist  woods,  common.  A  form  which  occurs  near  Ilwaco  has  darker 
flowers  and  thicker  doubly  dentate  leaves.     It  may  be  distinct. 

Hydrophyllum  albifrons  Heller.  Roots  densely  fascicled;  stems  30-40  cm. 
high,  exceeded  by  the  leaves,  sparingly  hairy;  leaves  10-20  cm.  long,  pinnately 


HYDROPHYLLACEAE.  299 

5-7-divided;  divisions  ovate,  incisely  and  coarsely  cleft  and  toothed,  3-6  cm. 
long;  lower  petioles  elongated;  inflorescence  a  rather  dense  cyme,  exceeding  the 
leaves;  calyx  soft-hispid,  deeply  5-parted  into  lanceolate  divisions,  without 
appendages  in  the  sinuses;  corolla  whitish. 
In  mountain  meadows. 

413.    NEMOPHILA. 

Diffuse  and  tender  annual  herbs;  leaves  opposite  or  partly- 
alternate,  pinnatifid  or  lobed;  peduncles  terminal  or  lateral, 
1-flowered,  slender;  calyx  enlarging  more  or  less  in  fruit,  5-parted, 
with  a  reflexed  appendage  at  each  sinus;  corolla  rotate  or  nearly 
campanulate,  deeply  5-lobed,  the  throat  appendaged  more  or 
less  with  10  internal  scales  or  plaits;  stamens  and  style  shorter 
than  the  corolla;  ovules  4  or  many;  capsule  2-valved,  ripening 
1-16  seeds. 

Flowers  large,  10-20  mm.  broad;  peduncles  mostly  twice  as 

long  as  the  leaves.  N.  atomaria. 

Flowers  small,  2-7  mm.  broad;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the 
leaves. 
Corolla  tubular;  leaves  ovate  in  outline,  acutely  5-lobed.       N.  parviflora. 
Corolla  campanulate;  leaves  oblong  in  outline,  obtusely  5- 

7-lobed.  N.  sepulta. 

Nemophila  atomaria  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Nearly  glabrous;  leaves  ovate  or 
suborbicular,  pinnately  5-9-lobed;  peduncles  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves; 
calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate;  corolla  white  or  pale  blue,  dotted  or  veined  with 
black,  hairy  at  the  center. 

Douglas  County,  Oregon,  and  southward. 

Nemophila  parviflora  Dougl.  Stems  prostrate  or  procumbent,  5-15  cm.  long; 
leaves  mostly  opposite,  ovate  in  outline,  pinnately  5-lobed,  the  lobes  acute; 
peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves,  not  deflexed  in  age;  corolla  short 
tubular,  white,  2-5  mm.  broad. 

Common  in  moist  open  places. 

Nemophila  sepulta  Parish.  ( N.  densa  Howell.)  Prostrate  or  decumbent, 
the  branches  usually  short,  2-5  cm.  long;  leaves  opposite,  oblong,  pinnately 
5-7-lobed,  the  lobes  mostly  obtuse;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  at 
length  deflexed;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  2-5  mm.  long;  corolla  open-campanu- 
late,  white,  often  dotted  with  blue  specks  in  the  center,  3-7  mm.  broad. 

Rare,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  to  California. 

Family  86.  BORAGINACEAE.  Borage  Family. 
Mostly  rough-hairy  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  without 
stipules;  flowers  regular,  perfect;  calyx  5-parted;  corolla  5-lobed, 
sometimes  with  projecting  appendages  or  swellings  (fornices)  in 
the  throat;  stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla- tube ;  style  1 ;  ovary 
usually  deeply  4-lobed,  forming  in  fruit  4  seed-like  nutlets,  or 
separating  into  two  2-seeded  nutlets;  nutlets  attached  by  the 
base  or  inner  angle  or  face  to  the  receptacle,  which  is  sometimes 
elongated  (the  gynohase) ;  endosperm  none. 


300  BORAGINACEAE. 

Mature  fruits  are  necessary  for  accurate  determinations  in  this 
family. 

Nutlets  armed  with  barbed  prickles. 

Nutlets  erect,  prickly  on  the  margins  and 

sometimes  on  the  back.  414.  Lappula,  300. 

Nutlets  spreading,  prickly  all  over.  415.  Cynoglossum,  301. 

Nutlets  not  armed  with  barbed  prickles. 

Corolla  tubular  or  tubular-funnelform,  blue.       416.  Mertensia,  301. 
Corolla  funnelform  or  rotate. 

Nutlets  erect,  attached  by  the  very  base. 
Racemes     bractless;     corolla     rotate; 

roots  slender.  417.  Myosotis,  302. 

Racemes    bracteate;    corolla    funnel- 
form;  roots  thick.  418.  LiTHOSPERMUM,  303. 
Nutlets  erect  or  oblique,  attached  above 
the  base,  with  a  more  or  less  promi- 
nent fruiting  receptacle  (gynobase). 
Corolla  yellow  or  orange,  with  a  naked 

open  throat.  419.  Amsinckia,  303. 

Corolla  white  or  blue  with  more  or  less 
prominent      swellings      in      the 
throat. 
Gynobase  elongate,  the  nutlets  at- 
tached by  one-third  their  length 

or  more.  420.  Cryptantha,  303. 

Gynobase  low. 

Nutlets  oblique  or  incurved, 
attached  about  the  middle  by 
a  caruncle-like  process;  leaves 

all  alternate.  421.  Plagiobothrys,  304. 

Nutlets  attached  just  inside  the 
base;  lower  leaves  opposite.      422.  Allocarya,  304. 

414.   LAPPULA. 

Annual,  biennial  or  perennial  rough-hairy  herbs;  flowers  small, 
in  racemes  or  spikes;  calyx  5-parted,  reflexed  or  open  in  fruit; 
corolla  short-salverform  or  somewhat  funnelform,  white  or  blue, 
the  throat  closed  with  prominent  appendages  (fornices) ;,  nutlets 
attached  by  some  part  of  the  inner  angle  or  face  to  the  gynobase, 
armed  either  along  a  distinct  margin  or  more  or  less  over  the 
whole  back  with  backwardly-barbed  prickles. 

Lateral  prickles  of  the  fruit  united.  L.  cupulata. 

Lateral  prickles  of  the  fruit  free.  L.  occidentalis, 

Lappula  cupulata  (Gray)  Rydb.  Annual,  erect,  loosely  branched,  15-50 
cm.  high,  hispid-pubescent  throughout;  leaves  all  sessile,  linear,  obtuse,  1-3 
cm.  long;  racemes  becoming  very  loose  and  elongated,  leafy-bracteate;  pedicels 
stout,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  corolla  very  small,  white  or  blue,  its  tube  barely 
as  long  as  the  calyx;  nutlets  convex  on  the  back,  granular-roughened,  the 
margins  with  a  border  of  united  prickles,  thus  forming  a  shallow  cup;  ventral 
face  convex,  covered  with  whitish  tubercles;  scar  long  and  narrow,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  nutlet. 

Victoria,  British  Columbia,  Macoun. 


BORAGINACEAE.  30I 

Lappula  occidentalis  (Wats.)  Rydb.  Very  similar  to  L.  cupulata;  the 
flowers  white  or  pale  blue ;  marginal  prickles  of  the  nutlets  separate  or  barely 
united  at  base. 

Victoria,  Macoun;  common  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

415.   CYNOGLOSSUM.     Hound's  Tongue. 

Coarse  herbs  with  broad  leaves,  the  lower  ones  large  and  long- 
petioled;  flowers  in  bractless  panicled  racemes;  calyx  5-parted, 
persistent,  open  in  fruit;  corolla  short-salverform  with  conspic- 
uous arching  crests  at  the  throat;  stamens  and  styles  included; 
nutlets  4,  armed  all  over  the  back  with  short  stout  glochidiate 
prickles,  affixed  by  their  inner  angle  to  the  pyramidal  gynobase. 

Cynoglossumi  grande  Dougl.  Pubescence  villous;  stems  stout,  40-60  cm. 
high;  lower  leaves  ovate-oblong,  often  subcordate,  acute,  10-20  cm.  long, 
long-petioled ;  upper  leaves  smaller,  tapering  at  base,  the  short  petiole  winged; 
racemes  panicled;  calyx-lobes  ovate;  corolla  blue;  nutlets  ovoid,  rough  with 
glochidiate-tipped  prickles. 

In  open  woods,  Fort  Vancouver,  Clarke  County,  Washington,  and  south- 
ward. 

416.   MERTENSIA.     Bluebell. 

Glabrous  or  pubescent  perennial  herbs;  flowers  blue  or  rarely 
white,  mostly  bractless,  in  panicled  racemes  or  in  corymbs;  calyx 
deeply  5-cleft  or  parted;  corolla  tubular-funnelform  or  trumpet- 
shaped  to  almost  campanulate,  the  open  throat  bearing  obvious 
or  obsolete  transverse  folds  or  crests;  filaments  flattened  or  nearly 
filiform;  style  filiform;  stigma  entire;  nutlets  from  somewhat 
fleshy  to  membranaceous,  not  armed  with  barbed  prickles. 

Leaves  glabrous  on  both  sides  or  merely  papillose  above; 

calyx  smooth  on  the  back,  the  lobes  elongate,  acute.  M.  laevigata. 

Leaves  pilose  beneath. 

Upper  leaf  surface  strigose;  calyx-lobes  pubescent  on  the 

back.  M.  denticulata. 

Upper  leaf  surface  smooth  or  merely  papillose. 

Calyx-lobes  pubescent  on  the  back.  M.  subcordata. 

Calyx-lobes  glabrous  on  the  back.  M.  leptophylla. 

Mertensia  laevigata  Piper.  Stems  stout,  erect,  more  or  less  glaucous, 
40-90  cm.  high;  leaves  pale  or  glaucescent,  numerous,  the  cauline  ovate, 
acuminate,  glabrous  or  somewhat  papillate  above,  glabrous  beneath,  ciliate 
on  the  margin,  5-7  cm.  long,  short-petioled ;  inflorescence  loose,  the  pedicels 
appressed-pubescent  or  muriculate;  calyx  divided  nearly  to  the  base,  its  lobes 
lance-oblong,  acute,  ciliate,  smooth  on  the  back,  over  half  as  long  as  the  corolla 
tube;  corolla  blue,  14  mm.  long,  the  somewhat  ampliate  limb  as  long  as  the 
tube;  filaments  dilated,  shorter  than  the  anthers;  nutlets  finely  muriculate, 
pale,  the  scar  of  attachment  central. 

Cascade  and  Olympic  Mountains  at  moderate  elevations. 

Mertensia  denticulata  (Lehm.)  Piper  n.  comb.  {Lithospermum  denticu- 
latum  Lehm. ;  Mertensia  platyphylla  Heller.)  Nearly  glabrous;  stems  erect,  40- 
70  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  narrowed  at  base, 
6-10  cm.  long,  the  lower  ones   long-petioled,  all    strigosely  pubescent    and 


302  BORAGINACEAE. 

somewhat  papillate  above;  pedicels  appressed-pubescent ;  calyx-lobes  linear- 
lanceolate,  pubescent  on  the  back,  ciliate;  corblla  blue,  10-12  mm.  long,  much 
enlarged  in  the  throat. 

In  woods  near  the  ocean  coast  in  Washington. 

Mertensia  subcordata  Greene.  Stems  erect,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  pilose  beneath,  smooth 
or  papillose  above,  petioled,  5-8  cm.  long;  petioles  hairy;  pedicels  pubescent; 
calyx-lobes  oblong-lanceolate,  pubescent  on  the  back;  corolla  blue,  10  mm. 
long. 

In  open  woods  in  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Mertensia  leptophylla  Piper.  Stems  glabrous,  stout,  erect,  a  meter  or 
more  high;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  pilose  beneath,  glabrous  above,  ciliate,  very 
thin,  the  blades  6-10  cm.  long,  all  on  margined  petioles  1-3  cm.  long;  inflores- 
cence loose;  pedicels  with  spreading  pubescence;  calyx  parted  nearly  to  the 
base,  the  lobes  narrowly  triangular-lanceolate,  acute,  ciliate,  smooth  on  the 
back;  corolla  blue,  about  12  mm.  long,  the  slightly  enlarged  throat  as  long  as 
the  tube;  filaments  dilated,  shorter  than  the  anthers. 

Known  only  from  the  Olympic  Mountains  of  Clallam  County,  Washington, 
Elmer ,  Lawrence.     Perhaps  not  distinct  from  M.  subcordata  Greene. 

417.   MYOSOTIS.    Forget-me-not. 

Low  spreading  herbs,  usually  soft-hairy;  cauline  leaves  sessile; 
flowers  blue  or  white,  in  at  length  elongated  racemes,  without 
bracts;  corolla  short-salverform  or  almost  rotate,  its  throat  con- 
tracted by  transverse  crests,  the  rounded  lobes  convolute  in  the 
bud;  anthers  ovate  or  oblong;  nutlets  small,  ovoid,  smooth  and 
shining,  thin-crustaceous ;  scar  small. 

Annual;  calyx  hairs  hooked;  corolla  white.  M.  macrosperma. 

Perennial;  calyx  hairs  straight;  corolla  blue. 

Calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  tube.  M.  scorpioides. 

Calyx-lobes  longer  than  the  tube.  •  M.  laxa. 

Myosotis  macrosperma  Engelm.  Annual,  erect,  rough-hairy  throughout, 
10-40  cm.  tall,  branched  above  or  simple;  leaves  oblong-linear  or  oblanceolate, 
obtuse,  sessile,  1-2  cm.  long;  racemes  elongated  and  loose  in  fruit,  leafy  at 
the  base;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx;  fruiting  calyx  4-5  mm.  long,  deeply 
5-cleft,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  unequal,  hispid  with  hooked  hairs;  corolla  small, 
white;  nutlets  oval,  biconvex  with  a  narrow  margin,  very  smooth  and  shiny, 
silvery-gray,  1-1.5  mm.  long;  scars  minute. 

In  open  ground,  not  common. 

Myosotis  scorpioides  L.  Forget-me-not.  Perennial,  rough-pubescent; 
stems  decumbent  and  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  10-60  cm.  long;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  to  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  base,  2-6  cm.  long, 
the  lower  ones  petioled ;  calyx-lobes  triangular,  shorter  than  the  tube,  appressed 
pubescent;  corolla  5-8  mm.  broad,  blue  with  a  yellow  center;  nutlets  keeled  on 
the  ventral  side. 

In  wet  places,  often  abundant.  The  true  Forget-me-not,  a  native  of 
Europe. 

Myosotis  laxa  Lehm.  Perennial  from  slender  rootstocks,  appressed- 
pubescent  throughout;  stems  weak  and  slender,  10-30  cm.  long;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  spatulate,  2-3  cm.  long;  racemes  very  loose;  pedicels  much  longer 
than  the  calyx;  calyx-lobes  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  tube;  corolla  pale  blue; 


BORAGINACEAE.  303 

nutlets  oval,  biconvex,  with  a  narrow  margin,  very  smooth  and  shiny,  black, 
1-1.5  mm.  long;  scar  minute. 
In  wet  ground,  rare. 

418.  LITHOSPERMUM.     Gromwell. 

Mostly  herbs  with  reddish  roots;  leaves  sessile;  flowers  leafy- 
bracted,  axillary  or  subaxillary;  calyx  5-parted;  corolla  salver- 
form,  funnelform  or  sometimes  approaching  campanulate;  fila- 
ments mostly  very  short;  anthers  short,  included;  style  slender; 
stigma  mostly  truncate,  capitate  or  2-lobed;  nutlets  ovoid,  bony, 
either  polished  and  white  or  dull  and  rough, 

Lithospennum  ruderale  Dougl.  Perennial,  tufted,  the  stems  simple, 
15-30  cm.  high,  pubescent  with  long  and  short  hairs;  leaves  numerous,  lanceo- 
late, rarely  linear,  attenuate-acute,  sessile,  5-10  cm.  long,  minutely  soft-hispid; 
flowers  in  a  dense  leafy  cluster;  corolla  greenish-yellow,  campanulate-funnel- 
form,  pubescent  inside,  nearly  naked  in  the  throat,  10-12  mm.  long;  style 
slender;  nutlets  light-colored,  ovoid,  acute,  hard  and  smooth,  3-4  mm.  long. 

Dry  prairies;  rare  in  our  limits  but  common  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

419.  AMSINCKIA. 

Rough-hispid  annuals;  leaves  oblong  or  linear;  corolla  salver- 
form  or  tubular-funnelform  with  a  slender  tube  and  open  throat, 
the  limb  sometimes  plaited  at  the  sinuses,  yellow;  style  filiform; 
stigma  capitate  or  2-parted;  nutlets  crustaceous  or  coriaceous, 
unappendaged,  ovate- triangular,  attached  below  the  middle  to 
an  oblong-pyramidal  gynobase. 

Stems  decumbent;  calyx  sparsely  bristly,  the  lobes  ovate.         A.  tycopsoides. 
Stems  erect;  calyx  densely  bristly,  the  lobes  linear.  A.  intermedia. 

Amsinckia  lycopsoides  Lehm.  Stems  decumbent,  30-60  cm.  long;  leaves 
green,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  somewhat  toothed,  the  sparse  bristles  with  swollen 
bases;  spike  long  and  sparse,  leaf y-bracted ;  calyx-lobes  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse, 
two  or  three  of  them  often  united;  nutlets  dark-colored,  rough. 

Common  along  the  seashore,  but  also  behaving  as  a  weed  in  cultivated  land. 

Amsinckia  intermedia  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Tar  Weed.  Erect,  usually  simple, 
30-60  cm.  high,  the  bristly  hairs  mostly  white;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear, 
5-12  cm.  long,  the  upper  somewhat  broader  at  base;  raceme  becoming  much 
elongated  in  fruit;  calyx-lobes  linear,  acute,  very  bristly  in  fruit,  6-8  mm.  long; 
corolla  yellow,  5-6  mm.  long;  nutlets  dark-colored,  the  back  convex  and  some- 
what keeled,  obliquely  ridged  and  roughened  with  tubercles. 

Common  in  dry  ground. 

420.    CRYPTANTHA. 

Small  annuals  or  perennials,  mostly  canescent  and  hispid; 
leaves  narrow;  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes;  calyx  erect 
or  closed  about  the  fruit  and  falling  with  it;  corolla  white,  small, 
salverform;  nutlets  4,  or  less  by  abortion,  smooth  or  roughened, 
each  attached  by  one-third  or  more  or  its  length  by  the  central 
face  or  angle  to  a  slender  usually  subulate  gynobase. 


304  BORAGINACEAE. 

Calyx  twice  as  long  as  the  acuminate  nutlets.  C.  ambigiia. 

Calyx  little  longer  than  the  acute  nutlets.  C.  muriculata. 

Cryptantha  ambigua  (Gray)  Greene.  Slender,  15-30  cm.  high,  short- 
hispid;  leaves  oblong-linear,  1-2  cm.  long;  spike  nearly  bractless,  rather  few- 
flowered;  fruiting  calyx  6-8  mm.  long,  with  rather  small  bristles,  the  lobes 
linear,  twice  as  long  as  the  fruit;  nutlets  all  four  maturing,  ovoid,  acute,  rough, 
with  papillae  of  two  sizes;  ventral  groove  forked  at  the  very  base. 

Prairies,  rare;  first  collected  by  the  Wilkes  Expedition  at  Fort  Nisqually, 
Washington. 

Cryptantha  muriculata  (A.DC.)  Greene.  Erect,  branched  from  the  base, 
10-20  cm.  high,  hispid  throughout;  leaves  oblong  or  linear,  1-3  cm.  long; 
spikes  often  in  pairs  or  3-5  in  a  cluster,  bractless;  fruiting  calyx  5  mm.  long, 
short-bristly,  with  linear  lobes  which  are  a  little  longer  than  the  fruit;  corolla 
5-6  mm.  broad,  with  prominent  appendages  in  the  throat;  nutlets  2  mm.  long, 
usually  all  four  present,  ovoid-triangular,  obtuse,  roughened  with  minute 
papillae  and  some  larger  ones  on  the  back  and  usually  on  the  ventral  face; 
ventral  groove  extending  from  the  apex  to  near  the  base  where  it  widens  out 
into  a  triangular  depression. 

In  dry  prairies. 

421.   PLAGIOBOTHRYS. 

Hispid  annuals,  the  juice  staining  purple;  basal  leaves  in  a 
rosette;  flowers  small,  in  spikes  or  racemes;  calyx  campanulate; 
corolla  small,  white,  short-funnelform;  nutlets  rough,  rarely 
smooth,  each  attached  by  the  middle  of  the  somewhat  concave 
inner  face  to  a  hemispherical  or  globular  gynobase. 

Nutlets  somewhat  cruciform,  muriculate.  P.  tenellus. 

Nutlets  ovoid,  carinate,  dull,  roughened.  P.  nothofulvus. 

Plagiobothrys  tenellus  (Nutt.)  Gray.  Stems  usually  several,  slender, 
5-20  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  in  a  basal  rosette,  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate, 
5-20  mm.  long;  nutlets  pale  green,  shining,  keeled  and  papillate. 

In  dry  ground,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  to  California. 

Plagiobothrys  nothofulvus  Gray.  Stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  branched; 
basal  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long,  mostly  in  a  rosette;  calyx  with 
long  hairs,  reddish  when  young,  but  becoming  paler;  nutlets  ovoid,  not  shining, 
keeled  on  the  back  and  roughened. 

In  dry  fields  and  prairies,  Willamette  Valley,  Oregon,  and  southward. 

422.   ALLOCARYA. 

Small  annuals  or  perennials,  branched  from  the  base;  lower 
leaves  mostly  opposite,  narrow;  flowers  small,  white;  calyx  5- 
parted,  erect  or  little  spreading  in  fruit;  corolla  white,  salverform, 
usually  with  appendages  at  the  throat;  nutlets  not  armed  with 
barbed  prickles,  attached  only  at  the  inside  of  the  base  to  a 
slightly  elevated  gynobase. 

Corolla  small,  2-3  mm.  broad;  branches  prostrate.  A.  hispidula. 

Corolla  large,  6-8  mm.  broad;  stems  erect  or  ascending. 

Racemes  leaf y-bracted ;  pedicels  6  mm.  long;  scar  of  the 
nutlets  linear.  A.  chorisiana. 


VERBENACEAE.  305 

Racemes  bractless  or  nearly  so;  pedicels  1-2  mm.  long;  scar 
of  the  nutlets  oblong. 
Nutlets  not  stipitate.  A.  scouleri. 

Nutlets  stipitate,  A.  stipitata. 

Allocarya  hispidula  Greene.  Annual,  much  branched  from  the  base, 
spreading  or  ascending,  10-30  cm.  high,  sparingly  hairy;  leaves  few,  linear, 
obtuse,  1-3  cm.  long;  spikes  slender,  elongate,  leafy-bracteate  near  the  base; 
corolla  white,  small;  fruiting  calyx  2  mm.  long,  hispid;  nutlets  ovate-oblong, 
with  obliquely  rough  ridges  on  the  three  faces,  keeled  the  whole  length  on  the 
ventral  face;  scar  nearly  basal. 

In  moist  places,  not  common  in  our  limits. 

Allocarya  chorisiana  (Cham.  &  Schlecht.)  Greene.  Pubescence  thin,  ap- 
pressed;  stems  branched,  spreading  or  ascending,  30-60  cm.  long;  leaves  linear, 
5-10  cm.  long;  racemes  loose,  leafy-bracted  below;  pedicels  slender,  6-8  mm. 
long;  corolla  6-8  mm.  broad,  the  yellow  appendages  in  the  throat  conspicuous; 
nutlets  ovoid,  keeled  on  the  ventral  side,  tuberculate  and  granulate  on  the 
back,  dark  colored. 

Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  Macoun;  and  along  the  coast  of 
California.     Not  known  from  any  intermediate  locality. 

Allocarya  scouleri  (Hook.  &  Arn.)  Greene.  Appressed  pubescent;  stems 
slender,  loosely  branched,  erect  or  nearly  so,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  linear, 
sessile,  the  lower  ones  opposite;  flowers  in  slender  mostly  bractless  racemes; 
pedicels  2  mm.  long;  calyx  erect  in  fruit,  its  pubescence  rusty  when  young; 
corolla  6-8  mm.  broad,  the  appendages  in  the  throat  yellow  and  puberulent; 
nutlets  ovoid,  rugulose,  granulate,  dark  colored. 

In  wet  meadows,  common. 

Allocarya  stipitata  Greene.  Very  similar  to  A.  scouleri;  nutlets  ovoid- 
lanceolate,  keeled  on  the  ventral  face,  granulate  and  indistinctly  rugulose 
on  the  back,  the  scar  distinctly  stipitate. 

In  moist  places,  Washington  to  California. 

Family  87.    VERBENACEAE.    Verbena  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  not  aromatic;  leaves  opposite;  flowers  per- 
fect; corolla  either  2-lipped  or  irregular;  stamens  4,  didynamous; 
style  single,  terminal;  stigma  entire  or  2-lobed;  ovary  not  lobed; 
fruit  2-4-celled,  dry  or  drupaceous,  usually  splitting  when  ripe 
into  as  many  1 -seeded  indehiscent  nutlets;  endosperm  scant  or 
none. 

423.  VERBENA.     Vervain. 

Herbs;  flowers  sessile,  in  single  or  panicled  bracteolate  spikes; 
calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  one  tooth  often  shorter;  corolla  salver- 
form,  more  or  less  unequally  5-cleft;  stamens  included,  the  upper 
pair  occasionally  without  anthers;  style  slender;  stigma  mostly 
2-lobed;  fruit  splitting  into  4-seed-like  nutlets. 

Spikes  narrow,  dense;  bracts  short.  F.  hastata. 

Spikes  loose;  bracts  exceeding  the  flowers.  V.  bracteosa. 

21 


306  LABIATAE. 

Verbena  hastata  L.  Perennial,  erect,  30-90  cm.  high,  simple  below  the 
inflorescence,  rough-puberulent  throughout;  stems  4-sided;  leaves  oblong  or 
broadly  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  6-12  cm.  long,  short- 
petioled;  spikes  numerous,  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  slender,  5-15 
cm.  long;  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx;  corolla  blue,  3  mm.  broad. 

In  moist  open  places;  Victoria,  Macoun;  common  in  the  Willamette  Valley, 
Oregon. 

Verbena  bracteosa  Michx.  Branches  prostrate  or  spreading,  15-30  cm. 
long,  rough-hairy  throughout,  the  root  often  becoming  woody;  leaves  oblong 
or  obovate,  cuneate  at  base,  pinnately  3-cleft,  coarsely  dentate,  1-3  cm.  long; 
petiole  short,  margined;  spikes  terminal,  1-10  cm.  long;  upper  bracts  entire, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  becoming  rigid;  the  lower  somewhat  cleft,  all  exceeding 
the  flowers;  corolla  blue,  4  mm.  long;  anthers  without  appendages. 

Banks  of  the  Columbia  River  (Menzies  Island,  Douglas);  rare  in  our  limits, 
common  in  the  interior. 

Family  88.    LABIATAE.     Mint  Family. 

Mostly  aromatic   herbs  with   4-sided   stems;   leaves   simple, 

opposite;  corolla  more  or  less  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  2-lobed  or 

sometimes  entire,  the  lower  3-lobed;  stamens  on  the  corolla- tube, 

didynamous  or  diandrous;  style  usually  2-lobed  at  the  apex; 

ovary  deeply  4-lobed  or  parted;  fruit  of  4  seed-like  nutlets  or 

akenes,  each  with  one  erect  seed;  endosperm  mostly  none. 

Ovary  4-lobed;  corolla  nearly  regular,  5-cleft.         424.  Trichostema,  307. 
Ovary  4-parted;  corolla  nearly  regular,  4-cleft, 
or  distinctly  bilabiate. 
Corolla  nearly  regular,  or  when  bilabiate, 
the  upper  lip  plane. 
Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so. 

Antheriferous  stamens  2.  425.  Lycopus,  307. 

Antheriferous  stamens  4.  426.  Mentha,  308. 

Corolla  bilabiate. 

Plant  creeping;  flowers  axillary.  427.  Micromeria,  309. 

Plant    erect;    flowers    capitate-verti- 
cillate.  428.  Madronella,  309. 

Corolla  distinctly  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip 
concave. 
Calyx  with  a  protuberance  on  the  upper 

side.  429.  Scutellaria,  309. 

Calyx  without  a  protuberance. 

Upper  pair  of  stamens  longer  than 
the  lower. 
Calyx  teeth  unequal,  the  upper 

very  large.  430.  Dracocephalum,  310. 

Calyx  teeth  subequal. 

Flowers  in  rather  dense  and 
many-flowered  cymose  clus- 
ters forming  interrupted 
spikes  or  racemes;  upper 
floral  leaves  small  and  bract- 
like. 431.  Nepeta,  310. 
Flowers  in  loose  few-flowered 


LABIATAE.  307 

axillary  clusters;   leaves  all 

alike.  432.  Glechoma,  311. 

Upper  pair  of  stamens  shorter  than 
the  lower. 
Calyx  bilabiate.  433.  Prunella,  311. 

Calyx  not  bilabiate. 

Teeth  of  the  calyx  10.  434.  Marrubium,  311. 

Teeth  of  the  calyx  5. 

Calyx  teeth  spiny.  435.  Leonurus,  312. 

Calyx  teeth  not  spiny. 
Flowers  opposite;  calyx 

becoming  inflated."        436.  Physostegia,  312. 
Flowers  whorled;  calyx 
not  becoming  in- 
flated. 
Throat   of  the  cor- 
olla dilated.  437.  Lamium,  312. 
Throat  of  the  cor- 
olla not  dilated.      438.  Stachys,  313. 

424.   TRICHOSTEMA. 

Low  annual  branched  herbs  or  somewhat  woody  plants; 
leaves  entire;  calyx  bell-shaped,  oblique,  deeply  5-cleft,  the  3 
upper  teeth  elongated  and  partly  united,  the  2  lower  very  short; 
corolla  small,  almost  equally  5-parted,  the  3  lower  lobes  more  or 
less  united;  stamens  4,  much  exserted;  anther-cells  divergent 
and  at  length  confluent. 

Corolla  tube  not  exceeding  the  calyx;  leaves  membranaceous, 

costate-veined.  T.  oUongum. 

Corolla  tube  slender,  exserted;  leaves  crowded,  strongly  3- 

5-nervose.  T,  lanceolatum. 

Trichostema  oblongum  Benth.  Annual,  erect,  branched,  10-30  cm.  high, 
the  stem  soft-hairy;  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  acute,  entire,  1-3  cm.  long,  canes- 
cently  pubescent,  narrowed  at  base,  short  petioled;  flowers  in  nearly  sessile 
axillary  dense  cymes;  pedicels  short;  calyx  campanulate,  hairy,  equally 
5-cleft,  the  narrow  lobes  much  longer  than  the  teeth,  equalling  the  corolla- 
tube;  corolla  violet. 

In  moist  open  places,  first  collected  at  Fort  Vancouver,  Washington,  by 
Douglas.     Odor  strong  but  not  unpleasant. 

Trichostema  lanceolatum  Benth.  Bluecurls.  Densely  ashy-pubescent; 
stems  simple  or  more  often  branched  from  the  base,  erect,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves 
numerous,  lanceolate,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  attenuate  to  an  acute  apex;  flowers 
in  dense  axillary  nearly  sessile  clusters;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute,  longer  than 
the  tube;  corolla  blue,  very  slender,  12  mm.  long. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  California  in  dry  ground.  The  original 
specimens  of  Douglas  are  said  to  have  been  collected  at  Fort  Vancouver, 
Washington. 

425.   LYCOPUS. 

Low  perennial  herbs,  glabrous  or  puberulent,  not  aromatic; 
leaves  sharply-toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  flowers  small,  mostly  white, 
in  dense  axillary  whorls;  calyx  bell-shaped,  nearly  equally  4-  or  5- 


308  LABIATAE 

lobed;  anther-bearing  stamens  2,  distant;  the  upper  pair  either 
sterile  or  wanting. 

Plants   not  stoloniferous;   calyx- teeth   triangular-cuspidate, 

longer  than  the  nutlet.  L.  americanus. 

Plants  stoloniferous  at  base;  calyx-teeth  acute,  shorter  than 

the  nutlet.  L.  uniflorus. 

Lycopus  americanus  Muhl.  Glabrous  or  puberulent;  stems  erect,  simple 
or  little  branched,  30-60  cm.  high,  from  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute,  cuneate  at  base,  coarsely  serrate  or 
sinuately  incised,  2-5  cm.  long;  petioles  short;  flowers  sessile,  in  dense  axillary 
whorl-liice  clusters;  bracts  subulate;  calyx- teeth  triangular-cuspidate,  stiff, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  small  white  corolla,  exceeding  the  nutlets;  sterile  stamens 
slender,  with  thickened  tips. 

In  low  moist  ground,  common. 

Lycopus  uniflorus  Michx.  Nearly  glabrous;  stems  erect,  20-60  cm.  high, 
tuberous-thickened  at  base;  stolons  more  or  less  tuberous;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  serrate,  attenuate  at  base,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  6-15  cm.  long;  flower  clusters  dense;  calyx  teeth  triangular; 
corolla  tubular,  3  mm.  long. 

In  moist  ground,  not  rare. 

426.  MENTHA.     Mint. 


Aromatic  fragrant  perennial  herbs;  flowers  very  small,  in 
dense  clusters  forming  false  whorls  in  the  axils  or  in  terminal 
spikes;  calyx  bell-shaped  or  tubular,  5-toothed,  equal  or  nearly 
so;  corolla  with  a  short  included  tube,  almost  equally  4-cleft,  the 
upper  lobe  broadest,  entire  or  notched;  anther-bearing  stamens 
4,  equal,  erect,  distant. 

Whorls  of  flowers  all  axillary.  M.  canadensis. 
Whorls  of  flowers  in  terminal  spikes,  or  some  in  the  upper  axils. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  spikes  slender.  M.  spicata. 

Leaves  ovate,  petioled;  spikes  thick.  M.  citrata. 

Mentha  canadensis  borealis  (Michx.)  Piper.  Wild  Mint.  Erect,  simple 
or  branched,  20-40  cm.  high ;  stems  usually  simple,  glabrous  except  in  the  angles; 
leaves  ovate  or  broadly  lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  the 
base,  sharply  serrate,  short-petioled,  glabrous;  flowers  in  dense  sessile  axillary 
clusters;  calyx  2-3  mm.  long,  the  triangular  acute  teeth  short;  corolla  pale- 
violet,  rarely  white,  5  mm.  long,  its  lobes  rounded,  its  tube  exceeding  the 
calyx. 

In  low  grounds,  common. 

Mentha  spicata  L.  Spearmint.  Green  and  glabrous  throughout,  the  stems 
30-60  cm.  high,  simple  below  the  inflorescence;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  serrate,  narrowed  to  a  sessile  or  short-petioled  base,  2-5  cm.  long; 
spikes  terminal,  narrow,  the  flowers  in  interrupted  whorls;  bracts  lanceolate, 
usually  ciliate;  calyx  hairy,  the  tube  campanulate,  little  longer  than  the  sub- 
ulate teeth;  corolla  purple,  its  tube  exceeding  the  calyx. 

Common,  introduced  from  Europe. 

Mentha  citrata  Ehrh.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  ascending  or  erect, 
30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate,  the  lower  ones  obtuse,  serrate,  petioled,  about 


LABIATAE.  309 

2  cm.  long;  heads  of  flowers  roundish,  peduncled,  terminal  and  from  the  upper 
axils;  calyx  glabrous,  its  teeth  triangular-subulate. 
In  wet  places,  introduced  from  Europe. 

427.   MICROMERIA. 

Low  sweet-odorous  plants;  flowers  small,  In  the  axils  of  the 
leaves;  calyx  oblong  or  tubular,  about  10-nerved,  terete  not 
gibbous,  about  equally  5-toothed;  corolla  short,  distinctly  2- 
lipped;  upper  lip  flattish,  entire  or  notched,  neither  concave  nor 
hooded,  the  lower  spreading,  3-parted;  stamens  4,  the  lower 
pair  longer. 

Micromeria  chamissonis  (Benth.)  Greene.  Verba  Buena.  Perennial, 
somewhat  pubescent,  with  slender  trailing  stems,  30-60  cm.  long;  leaves 
orbicular  or  ovate,  obtuse,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  coarsely  dentate  or 
subentire,  6-25  mm.  long;  petioles  short;  flowers  solitary,  axillary;  pedicels 
slender,  2-bracted  near  the  base;  calyx  3-4  mm.  long,  the  teeth  triangular; 
corolla  white  or  purplish,  8  mm.  long,  its  tube  exceeding  the  calyx. 

Common  in  open  woods;  the  balsamic  odor  pleasant. 

428.   MADRONELLA. 

Erect  woody  perennials,  with  entire  leaves  and  small  purple 
or  white  flowers  in  terminal  heads  which  are  subtended  by  broad 
thin  bracts;  calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  not  2-lipped;  corolla  2- 
lipped,  the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  the  lower  3-cleft;  stamens  4,  the 
lower  pair  the  longer;  anther-cells  at  length  divergent. 

Madronella  discolor  Greene.  Puberulent;  stems  woody,  tufted,  20-40  cm. 
high;  leaves  ovate,  firm,  green  above,  pale  beneath,  entire,  2-3  cm.  long,  short- 
petioled;  inflorescence  a  dense  head;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  thin,  more  or  less 
purple  tinged;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  hairy;  corolla  pale  violet,  6-8  mm.  long. 

On  warm  slopes  at  the  base  of  Mount  Rainier. 

429.   SCUTELLARIA.     Skullcap. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  sometimes  woody  not  aromatic; 
flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes  or  solitary  in  the  axils  of 
leaves  or  bracts;  calyx  bell-shaped  in  flower,  2-lipped,  with  a 
gibbous  protuberance  on  the  upper  side,  splitting  to  the  base  at 
maturity,  the  upper  lip  at  length  usually  falling  away;  corolla 
with  an  elongated  curved  ascending  tube,  dilated  at  the  throat, 
2-lipped,  the  upper  erect,  arched  or  galeate;  stamens  4,  ascending 
under  the  upper  corolla-lip,  the  lower  pair  longer. 

Flowers  small,  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes.  S.  lateriflora. 

Flowers  larger,  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils. 

Lower  lip  of  corolla  not  villous.  S.  galericulata. 

Lower  lip  of  corolla  villous  within. 

Corolla  14-20  mm.  long;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse  at 

each  end.  S.  antirrhinoides. 

Corolla  16-25  mm.  long;  upper  leaves  linear  or  nar- 
row, acute  at  base.  S.  angustifolia. 


3IO  LABIATAE. 

Scutellaria  lateriflora  L.  Perennial,  glabrous;  stems  erect,  branched, 
20-60  cm.  high;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate-ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  acuminate, 
coarsely  serrate,  rounded  at  base,  3-8  cm.  long,  petioled;  flowers  blue,  in 
axillary  or  sometimes  terminal,  one-sided  racemes;  corolla  5-8  mm.  long,  the 
lips  short,  subequal;  nutlets  smooth. 

In  moist  places,  common. 

Scutellaria  galericulata  L.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent; 
stems  erect,  20-80  cm.  high,  simple  or  loosely  branched;  leaves  oblong  to 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  subcordate  at  base,  2-6  cm.  long,  short- 
petioled;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx;  corolla 
blue,  puberulent,  the  lower  lip  longer  than  the  upper;  nutlets  muriculate. 

Rare  in  our  limits;  Mount  Constitution,  Henderson. 

Scutellaria  antirrhinoides  Benth.  Minutely  puberulent;  stems  mostly 
branched,  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  short- 
petioled,  entire,  10-20  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  in  each  axil;  calyx.puberulent; 
corolla  dark  blue,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  puberulent. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  California.  The  original  specimens  were 
collected  at  Fort  Vancouver  by  Scouler  but  the  plant  has  not  since  been  found 
north  of  the  Columbia  River. 

Scutellaria  angustifolia  Pursh.  Perennial,  with  rather  stout  somewhat 
moniliform  rootstocks,  15-20  cm.  high,  puberulent  or  glabrous;  stems  simple 
or  little  branched;  cauline  leaves  broadly  linear  or  oblong,  obtuse,  entire, 
narrowed  at  base,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  1-2  cm.  long;  radical  ovate,  on  longer 
petioles,  sometimes  toothed;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils;  pedicels  as  long  as  the 
calyx;  corolla  violet-blue,  25  mm.  long,  puberulent  outside;  lower  lip  villous 
within;  nutlets  minutely  granulate. 

Rare  in  our  limits;  Victoria,  MacoMW. 

430.   DRACOCEPHALUM.     Dragon  Head. 

Coarse  herbs  with  blue  flowers  in  dense  bracteate  terminal 
clusters;  calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  5-toothed;  corolla  2-lipped, 
the  upper  lip  erect,  emarginate,  the  lower  3-lobed;  stamens  4; 
anther-cells  divergent;  nutlets  ovoid,  smooth. 

Dracocephalum  parviflorum  Nutt.  Stems  stout,  erect,  20-60  cm.  high; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  incisely  dentate,  3-8  crn.  long,  slender- petioled; 
inflorescence  spike-like,  the  flowers  densely  crowded  in  whorls  in  the  upper 
axils;  bracts  oblong  to  ovate,  cut- toothed,  the  teeth  bristle-tipped;  calyx 
cylindric,  puberulent,  the  upper  tooth  broadest,  all  acuminate;  corolla  pale 
blue,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx. 

Not  definitely  known  from  our  limits  but  reported  to  occur  in  the  Willa- 
mette Valley,  Oregon. 

431.    NEPETA. 

Perennial  herbs;  calyx  tubular,  often  incurved,  obliquely  5- 
toothed;  corolla  2-lipped,  dilated  in  the  throat;  upper  lip 
erect,  rather  concave,  notched  or  2-cleft;  lower  lip  spreading, 
3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  largest,  notched  or  entire;  stamens  4, 
ascending  under  the  upper  corolla-lip,  the  upper  pair  longer; 
anther-cells  divergent. 

Nepeta  cataria  L.  Catnip.  Perennial,  erect,  30-90  cm.  high,  finely 
canesccnt   throughout;   leaves  ovate  or  oblong,   acute,   dentate,   somewhat 


LABIATAE.  31 1 

cordate  at  base,  2-6  cm.  long,  petioled,  densely  canescent;  spike  stout,  dense, 
2-10  cm.  long;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  the  longest  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube; 
corolla  white  or  purplish,  with  dark  dots,  10-12  mm.  long,  its  tube  exceeding 
the  calyx. 

Introduced  in  waste  places;  native  of  Europe. 

432.    GLECHOMA. 

Low  diffuse  perennial  herbs;  leaves  all  alike,  nearly  orbicular 
or  reniform,  crenate,  long-petioled ;  flowers  rather  large,  blue  or 
violet,  solitary  or  in  few-flowered  axillary  clusters;  calyx  oblong- 
tubular,  15-nerved,  oblique  at  the  throat,  unequally  5-toothed, 
but  not  2-lipped;  corolla-tube  exserted,  enlarged  in  the  throat, 
2-lipped;  upper  lip  erect  2-lobed  or  emarginate;  lower  lip  spread 
ing,  3-lobed;  stamens  4,  didynamous,  all  anther-bearing,  ascend- 
ing under  the  upper  corolla-lip;  ovary  deeply  4-parted;  nutlets 
ovoid,  smooth. 

Glechoma  hederacea  L.  Ground  Ivy.  Pubescent;  stems  creeping,  15-40 
cm.  long,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending;  leaves  numerous,  cordate-orbicular, 
coarsely  crenate,  1-4  cm.  broad,  the  petiole  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  blades; 
flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  in  few-flowered  clusters;  calyx  puberulent,  the 
lobes  acute,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  violet,  three  times  as 
long  as  the  calyx. 

Introduced  from  Europe. 

433.   PRUNELLA.     Heal  All. 

Low  perennials;  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  heads  or  spikes; 
calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  about  10-nerved,  2-lipped,  not  gibbous 
on  the  upper  side,  closed  in  fruit;  upper  lip  broad  and  flat, 
truncate,  with  3  short  teeth,  the  lower  2-cleft;  corolla  2-lipped, 
slightly  contracted  at  the  throat  and  dilated  at  the  lower  side 
just  beneath  it;  upper  lip  arched,  erect,  entire,  the  lower  reflexed- 
spreading,  3-cleft;  stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  the 
lower  pair  longer. 

Prunella  vulgaris  lanceolata  (Barton)  Fernald.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so, 
erect  or  ascending,  15-4U  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  or  obtuse,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  entire  or  crenate,  2-6  cm.  long; 
petioles  slender,  about  half  as  long  as  the  blades;  spikes  terminal,  very  dense, 
2-5  cm.  long;  bracts  very  broad,  ovate  or  orbicular,  cuspidate-acuminate, 
ciliate;  calyx-teeth  somewhat  ciliate;  corolla  violet,  8-12  mm.  long,  hardly 
twice  as  long  as  the  purplish  calyx. 

Moist  ground,  common;  ascends  in  the  Olympic  Mountains  to  about 
5000  m.  altitude. 

434.    MARRUBIUM. 

Bitter-aromatic,  whitish-woolly  perennials,  branched  at  the 
base;  leaves  wrinkled;  flowers  small,  much  crowded  in  axillary 
whorls,  calyx  tubular,  5-10-nerved,  nearly  equally  10-toothed, 
the  teeth  spiny-pointed;  corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect, 
notched,  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  broadest; 


312  LABIATAE. 

stamens  4,  short,  included  in  the  corolla-tube,  the  upper  pair 
longer. 

Mamibitiin  vulgare  L.  Horehound.  Stems  tufted,  erect,  simple,  about 
30  cm.  high,  densely  white  woolly,  especially  below;  leaves  broadly  ovate, 
obtuse,  coarsely  crenate,  thickish,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  rough,  woolly 
beneath,  1-3  cm.  long,  on  petioles  nearly  as  long;  flower  clusters  dense,  axillary; 
calyx-teeth  10,  subulate,  hooked  at  the  apex,  hardened  in  fruit;  corolla  white. 

Introduced  in  waste  places;  native  of  Europe. 

435.   LEONURUS.     Motherwort. 

Erect  herbs  with  cut-lobed  leaves;  flowers  in  axillary  whorls; 
calyx  5-nerved,  with  3  nearly  equal  teeth;  corolla  bilabiate,  the 
upper  lip  oblong,  entire,  somewhat  arched,  the  lower  spreading, 
3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  larger,  narrowly  oblong-obovate,  entire, 
the  lateral  ones  oblong. 

Leonurus  cardiaca  L.  Perennial;  somewhat  puberulent;  stems  stout, 
erect,  1-1.5  m.  high;  leaves  long-petioled,  orbicular  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
palmately  3-5-cleft,  the  lobes  acute;  flower  clusters  dense;  calyx-teeth 
subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  purplish  or  white,  6-10  mm.  long,  the 
upper  lip  bearded. 

In  waste  places,  introduced  from  Europe. 

436.   PHYSOSTEGIA. 

Smooth  erect  perennial  herbs;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or 
oblong,  mostly  serrate;  flowers  large  and  showy,  opposite,  crowd- 
ed in  simple  or  panicled  terminal  leafless  spikes;  calyx  obscurely 
10-nerved,  short- tubular  or  bell-shaped,  more  or  less  enlarged  and 
slightly  inflated  in  fruit;  corolla  funnelform,  with  a  much  inflated 
throat,  bilabiate;  upper  lip  erect, nearly  entire; lower  lip  3-parted, 
spreading,  small,  the  middle  lobe  larger,  broad  and  rounded, 
notched. 

Physostegia  parviflora  Nutt.  Glabrous;  stems  erect,  30-90  cm.  high, 
mostly  simple;  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  the  lower  ones 
obtuse,  sharply  serrate,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  6-10  cm.  long;  spikes  many- 
flowered;  bracts  ovate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  calyx-teeth  short;  corolla 
purple,  12  mm.  long. 

In  moist  places,  especially  river-banks  and  lake  shores,  rare  in  our  limits. 

437.  LAMIUM.     Dead  Nettle. 

Decumbent  herbs;  calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  about  5-nerved, 
with  5  nearly  equal  awl-pointed  teeth;  corolla  2-lipped,  dilated 
at  the  throat,  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx;  upper  lip 
arched,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  middle  lobe  of  the  spreading 
lower  lip  broad,  notched  at  the  apex,  contracted  at  the  base; 
lateral  lobes  small,  at  the  margin  of  the  throat;  stamens  4, 
ascending  under  the  upper  lip;  the  lower  pair  longer. 

Upper  leaves  clasping.  L.  amplexicaule. 

Leaves  ovate,  petioled,  L.  maculatum. 


LABIATAE.  313 

Lamium  amplexicaule  L.  Biennial,  branched  from  the  base,  sparingly 
pubescent;  vStems  simple,  erect,  15-20  cm.  high;  lower  leaves  orbicular,  coarsely 
crenate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  1-2  cm.  long,  on  petioles  as  long  or  longer; 
upper  sessile,  half-clasping,  rather  distant;  flowers  sessile,  in  axillary  and  ter- 
minal clusters;  calyx  pubescent,  the  sharp  teeth  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube; 
corolla  purple,  the  lower  lip  spotted,  12-15  mm.  long. 

A  weed  in  cultivated  ground;  introduced  from  Europe. 

Lamium  maculatum  L.  Perennial,  sparsely  pubescent ;  stems  ascending, 
10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  coarsely  crenate,  petioled,  green  with 
broad  white  splotches  along  the  midrib;  calyx  pubescent,  its  lobes  subulate,  as 
long  as  the  tube;  corolla  1  cm.  long,  purple-red,  with  a  transverse  ring  of  hairs 
within. 

In  waste  ground;  a  weed  introduced  from  Europe. 

438.   STACHYS.     Hedge  Nettle. 

Herbs,  rarely  woody,  not  aromatic;  calyx  tubular-bell-shaped, 
5-10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed  or  the  upper  teeth  united  to  form 
an  upper  lip;  corolla  not  dilated  at  the  throat,  2-lipped,  the  tube 
about  equalling  the  calyx;  upper  lip  concave,  often  arched, 
erect  or  rather  spreading,  entire  or  nearly  so;  lower  lip  usually 
longer  and  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  largest  and  nearly 
entire;  stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  the  lower  pair 
longer. 

Upper  leaves  sessile,  the  lower  short-petioled.  S.  palustris. 

Upper  leaves  not  sessile,  the  lower  long-petioled. 

Corolla-tube  little  longer  than  the  calyx;  calyx-lobes  subulate- 

aristulate.  5.  hullata. 

Corolla-tube  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Corolla  20  mm.  long;  calyx  glabrous  or  sparsely  hirsute; 

leaves  subcordate.  5.  ciliata. 

Corolla  12  mm.  long;  calyx  soft-villous;  leaves  mostly  cor- 
date. S.  pubens. 

Stachys  palustris  L.  Perennial,  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  soft-pubescent 
throughout  or  the  stem  short-hairy;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly 
obtuse,  crenate-serrate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  nearly  sessile  base,  5-10 
cm.  long;  spikes  short-peduncled,  the  clusters  rather  close  together,  the  lower 
with  leafy  bracts;  upper  bracts  lanceolate;  calyx  hairy,  the  tube  campanulate, 
little  longer  than  the  subulate  teeth;  corolla  pink-purple,  1  cm.  long;  the  upper 
lip  pubescent,  the  tube  equalling  the  calyx. 

In  wet  places,  rare  in  our  limits;  Vancouver,  Washington,  Suksdorf. 

Stachys  bullata  Benth.  Pubescence  hirsute  or  villous;  stems  erect,  30-70 
cm.  high;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  subcordate  or  rounded  at 
base,  crenate,  more  or  less  rugose,  2-5  cm.  long;  calyx  campanulate,  the  subu- 
late cuspidate  teeth  half  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  red,  12-14  mm.  long. 

In  moist  places,  Clarke  County,  Washington,  and  southward. 

Stachys  ciliata  Dougl.  Softly  pilose  to  nearly  glabrous;  stems  stout,  1-2 
m.  high,  mostly  simple,  harshly  hispid  on  the  angles;  leaves  all  petioled,  thin, 
ovate  to  oblong,  acute,  subcordate,  coarsely  crenate-dentate,  5-15  cm.  long; 
bracts  leaf-like,  reduced;  calyx  tubular,  8  mm.  long,  the  short  teeth  triangular, 
cuspidate;  corolla  red,  white-spotted  on  the  lower  lip. 

Common  in  swamps;  odor  disagreeable. 


314  SOLANACEAE. 

Stachys  pubens  (Gray)  Heller.  (5,  emersoni  Piper.)  Sparsely  pubescent; 
stems  erect,  about  1  m.  high,  retrosely  hispid  on  the  angles;  leaves  thin,  ovate, 
obtuse,  cordate  or  subcordate  at  base,  coarsely  crenate,  sparsely-pilose  on  both 
sides,  6-7  cm.  long;  petioles  hirsute;  flowers  in  a  leafy-bracted  spike,  or  the 
lower  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves;  calyx  campanulate,  the  deltoid  cuspidate 
teeth  ciliate;  corolla  red,  bearded  in  the  throat,  the  lower  lobes  white-spotted. 

In  swampy  places  near  the  ocean  coast. 

Family  89.  SOLANACEAE.  Nightshade  Family. 
Herbs  or  shrubs,  commonly  rank-scented,  with  colorless  juice; 
leaves  alternate,  without  stipules;  flowers  regular,  5-merous, 
solitary  or  in  cymes,  on  bractless  pedicels;  calyx  mostly  5-lobed; 
corolla  gamopetalous,  mostly  5-lobed,  usually  plaited  in  the  bud ; 
stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  and  alternate  with  them; 
style  1;  ovary  entire,  superior,  2-celled,  becoming  a  many-seeded 
capsule  or  berry;  endosperm  fleshy. 

Corolla  rotate;  fruit  a  berry.  439,  Solanum,  314. 
Corolla  funnelform  to  salverform;  fruit  a  capsule. 

Flowers  solitary.  440.  Datura,  314. 

Flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles.  441.  Nicotiana,  315. 

439.   SOLANUM.    Nightshade. 

Herbs  or  shrubs;  calyx  and  rotate  corolla  5-parted  or  cleft,  the 
latter  plaited  in  the  bud;  stamens  epipetalous,  exserted;  filaments 
very  short;  anthers  converging;  styles  elongated;  ovary  2-celled, 
rarely  more;  fruit  a  berry. 

Solanum  nigrum  L.  Nightshade.  Annual,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubes- 
cent, usually  branched,  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate  or  triangular,  acute  or 
obtuse,  cuneate  at  base,  sinuately  toothed  or  rarely  entire,  1-4  cm.  long; 
petioles  shorter  than  the  blades;  flowers  in  lateral  peduncled  small  cymes; 
calyx-lobes  obtuse;  corolla  white,  deeply  5-cleft,  the  lobes  spreading;  berries 
globose,  black. 

In  waste  places,  introduced;  but  perhaps  also  native  on  lake  and  river  banks. 

440.    DATURA. 

Rank  narcotic-poisonous  annual  or  perennial  weeds,  erect, 
tall,  branching;  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  ovate;  flowers  large, 
showy,  solitary  on  short  peduncles  in  the  forks  of  the  stems; 
calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed,  deciduous;  corolla  funnelform,  with 
a  5-10- toothed  plaited  border;  fruit  a  globular  prickly  4-valved 
2-celled  capsule;  seeds  rather  large,  flat. 

Datura  stramonium  L.  Jamestown  or  Jimson  Weed.  Annual,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  green,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate  or  acute,  coarsely 
toothed  or  lobcd,  usually  narrowed  at  base,  petioled,  6-20  cm.  long;  calyx-tube 
5-anglcd,  not  half  as  long  as  the  white  corolla,  this  6-10  cm.  long;  capsule 
ovoid,  densely  prickly,  the  lower  prickles  usually  shorter. 

Sparingly   introduced. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.  3 1 5 

441.    NICOTIANA.     Tobacco. 

Rank  acrid-narcotic  herbs;  leaves  mostly  entire;  flowers  in 
racemes  or  panicles,  sometimes  showy;  calyx  bell-shaped  or 
oblong,  5-toothed  or  lobed,  persistent;  corolla  commonly  funnel- 
form  or  salverform,  the  plaited  border  5-lobed;  stigma  capitate, 
somewhat  2-lobed;  fruit  a  smooth,  2-4-valved,  2-celled  capsule; 
seeds  numerous,  small. 

Nicotiana  quadrivalvis  Pursh.  Viscid-pubescent;  stems  stout,  branched 
from  near  the  base,  30-60  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  the  cauline 
oblong  to  lanceolate,  acute,  narrowed  at  base,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  10-15  cm. 
long;  flowers  few;  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  white,  3-4  cm. 
broad,  its  lobes  rounded;  capsule  globose. 

Willamette  Valley,  Oregon,  formerly  cultivated  by  the  Indians. 

Family  90.     SCROPHULARIACEAE.     Figwort  Family. 

Herbs  or  some  shrubby;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  without 
stipules;  flowers  perfect,  mostly  complete  and  irregular;  corolla 
irregular,  more  or  less  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  2-lobed,  the  lower 
3-lobed;  stamens  on  the  corolla-tube,  the  fertile  4  and  didyna- 
mous  or  only  2,  rarely  5  present  and  all  fertile;  style  single;  stigma 
entire  or  2-lobed;  fruit  a  2-celled  usually  many-seeded  capsule, 
with  axile  placenta;  seeds  mostly  small;  endosperm  copious. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  5;  leaves  alternate.  442.  Verbascum,  316. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2  or  4;  leaves  alternate, 
opposite  or  whorled. 
Fifth  sterile  stamen  present. 

Corolla  spurred  at  base.  443.  Linaria,  316. 

Corolla  not  spurred. 

Sterile  stamen  elongated,  filament-like. 
Seeds   wingless;   anthers   woolly   or 

glabrous.  444.  Pentstemon,  317. 

Seeds  winged;  anthers  woolly.  445.  Chelone,  319. 

Sterile  stamen  represented  by  a  gland  or 
scale  on  the  upper  side  of  the  cor- 
olla-tube. 
Peduncles  several-flowered.  446.  Scrophularia,  319. 

Peduncles  1-flowered. 

Corolla  conspicuously  2-lipped.       447.  Collinsia,  319. 
Corolla  nearly  rotate.  448.  Tonella,  320. 

Fifth  sterile  stamen  wanting. 

Stamens  4,  2  anther-bearing,  2  sterile. 

Sterile  filaments  2-forked,  exserted.  449.  Ilysanthes,  320. 

Sterile  filaments  simple,  included.  450.  Gratiola,  320. 

Stamens  all  anther- bearing. 
Stamens  2. 

Calyx  5-parted.  450.  Gratiola,  320. 

Calyx  4-parted. 

Leaves  alternate,  mostly  basal.        451.  Synthyris,  321. 
Leaves    opposite,    at    least    the 

lower.  452.  Veronica,  322. 


3l6  SCROPHULARIACEAE. 

Stamens  4. 

Corolla  nearly  regular;  leaves  entire.    453.  Limosella,  323. 
•  Corolla  2-lipped;  leaves  usually  not 
entire. 
Stamens  not  enclosed  in  the  up- 
per lip. 
Leaves  opposite;  calyx  pris- 
matic. 454.  MiMULUS,  323. 
Leaves  alternate;  calyx  cam- 

panulate.  455.  Digitalis,  325. 

Stamens  enclosed  in  the  upper 
lip. 
Anther  cells  equal,  parallel. 
Calyx    inflated    in    fruit; 

leaves  opposite.  456.  Rhinanthus,  326. 

Calyx  not  inflated;  leaves 
alternate  or  whorled.        457.  Pedicularis,  326. 
Anther  cells  unequal. 

Lips    of   corolla    unequal, 

the  upper  larger.  458.  Castilleja,  327. 

Lips  of  corolla  subequal.      459.  Orthocarpus,  329. 

442.   VERBASCUM.     Mullein. 

Tall  and  usually  woolly  biennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  the 
cauline  sessile  or  decurrent;  flowers  in  large  terminal  spikes  or 
racemes;  calyx  5-parted;  corolla  5-lobed,  rotate,  the  lobes  slightly 
unequal;  stamens  5,  all  anther-bearing;  style  flattened  at  the 
apex;  capsule  globular,  many-seeded. 

Flowers  in  a  spike;  leaves  densely  woolly.  V.  thapsus. 

Flowers  in  a  raceme;  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  go.  V.  hlattaria, 

^-.     4-t^'jf  Verbascixm  thaosus  L.     Common  Mullein.     Densely  woolly  throughout, 

.^A*.  the  stout  erect  stems  1-2  m.  high,  somewhat  wing-angled  by  the  decurrent 

V*-  bases  of  the  leaves;  leaves  thick,  oblong,  acute,  entire  or  obscurely  dentate, 

narrowed  toward  the  base,  10-30  cm.  long,  gradually  reduced  upwards;  flowers 

yellow,  16-20  mm.  broad,  in  a  dense  long  spike;  stamens  unequal,  the  two 

lower  and  longer  glabrous,  the  others  with  hairy  filaments. 

Introduced  from  Europe. 

Verbascum  blattaria  L.  Moth  Mullein.  Stems  slender,  erect,  30-60 
cm.  high,  not  angled,  glabrous  below,  glandular-pubescent  above;  leaves 
oblong,  obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  crenate-dentate  or  cut-lobed,  all  but  the 
lower  sessile  and  partly  clasping,  6-8  cm.  long;  raceme  loose;  pedicels  spreading; 
calyx  glandular;  corolla  yellow  or  white,  2-2.5  cm.  broad;  stamens  all  with 
hairy  filaments;  capsules  subglobose,  6-7  mm.  long. 

Introduced  from  Europe. 

443.   LINARIA. 

Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  or  the  lower  opposite;  flowers  in 
terminal  spikes  or  racemes;  calyx  5-parted;  corolla  bilabiate, 
spurred  on  the  lower  side,  the  throat  nearly  closed;  stamens 
didynamous;  capsule  thin,  opening  by  pores  beneath  the  summit. 

Flowers  yellow,  25-30  mm.  long.  L.  linaria. 

Flowers  blue,  6-8  mm.  long.  L.  canadensis. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.  31?  | 

Linaria  linaria   (L.)    Karst,     Butter  and  Eggs.     Glabrous;    stems    erect,  ^ 

30-100  cm.  high;  leaves  linear,  sessile,  pale  or  glaucous,  very  numerous,  1-3  ! 

cm.  long;  inflorescence  a  dense  raceme;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  acute;  corolla  2-3  j 
cm.  long,  yellow  with  an  orange  throat;  seeds  rough,  winged. 

Introduced  along  roadsides  and  in  fields.  j 

Linaria  canadensis  (L.)  Dumort.     Glabrous;  flowering  stems  slender,  30-60  ^ 

cm.  high,  the  sterile  basal  branches  spreading;  leaves  oblong-linear,  entire,  ; 

flat,  2-4  mm.  wide;  racemes  slender;  flowers  blue;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate;  i 

corolla  about  10  mm.  long,  on  pedicels  of  about  the  same  length;  spur  slender,  j 
curved;  seeds  wingless. 

In  sandy  soil,  not  common.  j 

444.   PENTSTEMON.     Beard-tongue.  \ 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  opposite,  the  upper  sessile  or  partly  -, 

clasping,  the  floral  reduced  to  bracts;  flowers  showy,  in  a  race-  ] 
mose   panicle;   calyx   5-parted;   corolla   tubular,    more   or   less 
inflated  or  bell-shaped,  either  decidedly  or  slightly  2-lipped,  the 

upper  lip  2-lobed,  the  lower  3-cleft;  anther-bearing  stamens  4;  ; 

sterile  fifth  filament  about  equalling  the  others;  style  long;  stigma  j 

entire;  capsule  many-seeded.  .  ■ 

Low  half-shrubby  plants,  with  leathery  leaves;  anthers  woolly.  , 

Leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous.  P.  fruticosus.                              \ 

Leaves  ovate  or  orbicular.  j 

Flowers  purple;  leaves  green,  glabrous.  P.  menziesii. 

Flowers  crimson;  leaves  glaucous,  puberulent.  P.  rupicola. 

Taller  herbaceous  plants,  with  membranous  leaves;  anthers  J 

not  woolly.  ^ 

Anthers  opening  only  at  the  apex.  ' 

Corolla  blue  or  bluish,  15-20  mm.  long.  P.  diffusus.                                J 

Corolla  crimson,  20-25  mm.  long.  P.  richardsoni.                          '■ 
Anthers  splitting  open  for  nearly  their  whole  length. 

Leaves  ovate,  serrate;  flowers  purplish.  P.  ovatus.                                    i 

Leaves  oblong,  entire;  flowers  not  purplish.  '\ 

Flowers  yellowish.  P.  confertus.                               ' 

Flowers  blue.  P.  procerus. 

Pentstemon  fruticosus  (Pursh)  Greene.  Stems  simple,  ascending  from  ^  2/  /  Jm-L^ 
branched  woody  base,  15-40  cm.  high;  leaves  coriaceous,  glabrous,  lanceolate,  ^y/20 p/^k^ 
oblanceolate  or  ovate,  mostly  acute,  entire  or  with  a  few  teeth,  narrow  at  base,  JU^^  ^LML^ 
the  lower  short- petioled,  1-4  cm.  long;  inflorescence  a  raceme,  rarely  a  panicle,  fW^  ^^\^ 
2-11-flowered,  viscid-pubescent;  bracts  much  reduced;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  C^^"*^  d^T-**^ 
attenuate-acuminate,  8-12  mm.  long;  corolla  tubular-funnelform,  dull-  ^^Um,  a<«o>i,  JLrv^ 
purple,  somewhat  2-lipped,  3-4  cm.  long;  anthers  very  woolly,  dehiscing  their  /*ji  ,^1  ^^ 
whole  length,  sterile  filament  bearded.  aI!^  \1jl^ 

Mount  St.  Helens  and  southward.  A  variable  species  first  found  by  Lewis  "^^^'  ^^jfA^ 
in  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains.  P.  crassifoUus  Lindl.  is  a  form  with  entire  •vJ'T^^IaTT 
leaves,  a  valueless  character  as  both  entire  and  serrate  leaves  often  occur  on  ^^'^^^j'Til^ 
the  same  plant;  P.  douglasii  Hook,  is  a  dwarfed  high  altitude  form  with  ^^^  S^/*"^**! 
relatively  broad  and  short  leaves;  P.  adamsianus  Howell  is  a  form  from  Mount  7 ^^~^  tP*«  1 
Adams  with  larger  and  thinner  leaves.  \ 

Pentstemon  fruticosus  cardwellii  (Howell)  Piper.     Leaves  thick,  serrulate,  j 

mostly  obtuse,  otherwise  as  in  P.  fruticosus.  % 

Mount  Hood,  Howell;  Mount  St.  Helens,  Goodwin.  \ 


3l8  SCROPHULARIACEAE. 

Pentstemon  menziesii  Hook.  Stems  shrubby,  much  branched,  5-15  cm. 
high;  leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  serrulate,  0.5-2  cm.  long;  inflorescence  a  raceme 
or  narrow  panicle,  glandular;  corolla  dull  purple-violet,  2-3  cm.  long. 

On  rocks  in  the  mountains,  above  timber  line,  Vancouver  Island,  British 
Columbia,  and  Washington.     First  collected  at  Nootka  Sound  by  Menzies. 

Pentstemon  menziesii  davidsonii  (Greene)  Piper.  Very  similar  to  P. 
menziesii^  but  the  leaves  smaller  and  mostly  entire. 

Rocky  places  at  about  2000  m.  altitude,  Washington  to  California. 

Pentstemon  rupicola  (Piper)  Howell.  Herbage  very  glaucous  and  some- 
what puberulent  but  the  inflorescence  glandular;  stems  woody,  much  branched, 
making  dense  mats,  8-10  cm.  high;  leaves  firm,  ovate  to  orbicular,  dentate, 
6-10  mm.  long;  sepals  ovate,  acute;  corolla  deep  rose-colored,  3-4  cm.  long, 
broadened  in  the  throat,  the  lobes  obtuse. 

Rock  cliff's  in  the  mountains,  first  described  from  Mount  Rainier. 

Pentstemon  diffusus  Dougl.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  herbaceous, 
erect,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  serrate,  3-10  cm.  long;  panicle 
leafy;  corolla  blue  or  violet,  2  cm.  long,  glabrous  within;  sterile  filament  hairy 
above. 

On  the  banks  of  mountain  streams,  common.  First  found  by  Douglas 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River. 

Peptstemon  richardsonii  Dougl.  Glabrous;  stems  from  a  branched  woody 
base,  erect  or  ascending,  60-90  cm.  high,  often  branched;  leaves  lanceolate 
to  ovate,  mostly  deeply  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  3-8  cm.  long,  those  on  the 
branches  alternate;  panicle  loose,  somewhat  glandular;  sepals  ovate,  acute; 
corolla  red,  somewhat  funnelform,  20-25  mm.  long;  sterile  filament  with  a 
few  hairs  near  the  tip. 

On  dry  rocky  cliffs  along  the  Columbia  River. 

Pentstemon  ovatus  Dougl.  Stems  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate,  serrate, 
the  upper  ones  sessile;  corolla  purplish-blue,  2-lipped,  bearded  in  the  throat, 
16-20  mm.  long;  sterile  filament  bearded  at  the  apex. 

On  rocky  banks  and  cliffs,  first  collected  by  Douglas  at  the  Cascades  of 
the  Columbia  River.  This  species  very  closely  resembles  P.  diffusus  but  is 
easily  distinguished  by  the  anthers. 

Pentstemon  confertus  Dougl.  Glabrous  throughout  but  not  glaucous; 
stems  erect,  commonly  30-40  cm.  high;  leaves  all  entire,  the  radical  oblong, 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  3-6  cm.  long,  attenuate  at  the 
base  into  a  petiole,  the  cauline  similar,  sessile,  the  upper  often  ovate,  acuminate; 
panicle  strict,  narrow,  leafy  below,  14-40  cm.  long,  of  2-8  whorl-like  clusters; 
flowers  6-10  mm.  long;  sepals  glabrous,  the  scarious  margin  irregularly  dentate 
or  erose,  about  as  long  as  the  capsule;  corolla  yellow  or  nearly  white,  2-lipped; 
lower  lip  bearded ;  anthers  dehiscing  their  whole  length;  sterile  filament  bearded. 

In  mountain  meadows,  common.  Except  for  the  color  of  the  flowers,  this 
is  indistinguishable  from  P.  procerus  Dougl. 

AtAA&tnS  Pentstemon  procftnig  Dougl.  Stems  20-60  cm.  or  in  alpine  forms  only 
'^  .flrw*^^  5-10  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse; 
q^t/^  cauline  often  ovate  and  acuminate;  flowers  blue,  in  dense  whorl-like  clusters; 
^         corolla  8-12  mm.  long. 

In  mountain  meadows.  First  collected  by  Douglas  near  Fort  Vancouver, 
Washington;  the  high  alpine  dwarfed  form  common  on  Mount  Rainier  was 
named  P.  tolmiei  by  Hooker,  but  all  possible  intergrades  occur. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.                                     319  1 

445.    CHELONE. 

Smooth  perennial  herbs  with  erect  branching  stems;  leaves  \ 

serrate;  flowers  large,  white  or  purple,  nearly  sessile,  in  spikes  or  i 

clusters,  closely  imbricated  with  round-ovate  concave  bracts  and  ;^ 

bractlets;    calyx  of  5  distinct  imbricated  sepals;    upper  lip  of  ] 

corrolla  broad  and  arched,  keeled  in  the  middle,  notched  at  the  i 

apex;  lower  lip  woolly-bearded  in  the  throat,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  ; 

the  middle  lobe  smallest;  seeds  many.  i 

Chelone  nemorosa  Dougl.  Stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate- ^/i^  /nt ^t^ 
lanceolate,  acute,  dentate,  5-8  cm.  long,  short-petioled;  flowers  purple,  in  aiQj.r\^  ^-cfiA^ 
narrow  panicle;  corolla  2.5-3  cm.  long,    c/**.*.^,.*-*—  yv*,*^ /v^-Jk    y  rv /c^XOt  M-^  A  (Z^/>^  ^ 

Common  along  mountain  streams.       Jjl,-^^-^  (Oy^ —  -"^***r4  w^«^*v-^  v-«-«-~.  iv*-^ 

446.   SCROPHULARIA.     Figwort.  \ 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  opposite;  flowers  small,  in  loose  cymes 

in  a  narrow  terminal  panicle;  calyx  deeply  5-cleft;  corolla  5-lobed,  1 

the  4  upper  lobes  erect,  the  lower  spreading;  stamens  4;  the  fifth  J 

sterile  one  a  scale-like  rudiment  at  the  summit  of  the  corolla-tube;  • 

capsule  many-seeded.  ; 

Scrophularia  califomica  Cham.     Puberulent;  stems  stout,  simple,  about  ', 

1  m.  high,  somewhat  4-sided;  leaves  triangular-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  and  ' 

unevenly  toothed  or  cleft,  5-12  cm.  long,  on  petioles  about  half  as  long;  ^ 
panicle  narrow,  20-40  cm.  long,  somewhat  glandular;  bracts  lanceolate-at- 
tenuate; flowers  dull-purple  or  green;  calyx-lobes  rounded,  as  long  as  the  tube; 

corolla  6-8  mm.  long;  rudimentary  stamen  broad,  spatulate;  capsules  conical,  j 

glandular.  \ 

In   moist   meadows.     A   variable    species.     Specimens    from    the   ocean  I 

coast  near  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River  are  somewhat  fleshy.  1 

447.   COLLINSIA. 

Annuals  or  biennials;  leaves  simple,  opposite,  sessile  or  the  | 

lowest    petioled    and    the    upper   whorled;    flowers    solitary   or  ■ 

clustered  in  the  upper  axils;  calyx  deeply  5-cleft;  corolla  with  J 

the  tube  saccate  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side,  deeply  2-lipped,  ; 

the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  the  lower  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  keeled  and  ; 
sac-like;  anther-bearing  stamens  4;  sterile  stamen  a  gland-like 

structure;  capsule  4-many-seeded.  j 

Tube  of  corolla  longer  than  the  limb;  corolla  5-7  mm.  i 

long.                                                                                        C  tenella.  '< 
Tube  of  corolla  shorter  than  the  limb;  corolla  8-16  mm. 
long. 
Corolla  12-16  mm.  long;  pedicels  deflexed  in  fruit.     C.  grandiflora. 

Corolla  8-10  mm.  long;  pedicels  erect  in  fruit.             C.  grandiflora  pusilla.  \ 

Collinsia   tenella    (Pursh)    Piper.     {C.   parviflora    Dougl.)     Glabrous   or  i 

minutely  puberulent,  branched  from  the  base,  erect  or  spreading,  10-20  cm.  ] 

high;  lower  leaves  oblong  or  orbicular,  petioled,  often  toothed;  the  upper  . 

nearly  sessile,  oblong  or  linear,  acutish,  1-2  cm.  long,  often  in  whorls  of  3-5;  ^ 

flowers  slender-pedicelled,  solitary  or  nearly  so  in  the  axils,  even  of  the  lower  "j 


320  SCROPHULARIACEAE. 

leaves;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  longer  than  the  tube,  not  equalling  the 
corolla;  corolla  violet  or  blue,  6-7  mm.  long,  2-lipped  for  half  its  length. 
Common  on  banks  and  in  open  prairies. 

Collinsia  grandiflora  Dougl.  Very  similar  to  C.  tenella  but  larger,  15-30 
cm.  high;  leaves  larger,  the  cauline  in  whorls  of  3-7;  calyx-lobes  triangular- 
subulate,  very  acute,  longer  than  the  tube;  corolla  blue- violet,  8-16  mm.  long. 

In  open  prairies,  especially  southward. 

Collinsia  grandiflora  pusilla  Gray.  Plants  5-15  cm.  high;  pedicels  erect 
in  fruit;  corolla  8-10  mm.  long. 

Perhaps  only  a  starved  form  of  C.  grandiflora.     Washington  to  California. 

448.   TONELLA. 

Very  similar  to  Collinsia  but  the  cauline  leaves  mainly  ter- 
nately  divided  or  3-parted;  corolla  obscurely  2-lipped,  the  5  more 
or  less  unequal  lobes  somewhat  rotately  spreading,  the  tube  some- 
what gibbous  above;  ovules  and  seeds  1-4  in  each  cell. 

Tonella  collinsioides  Nutt.  Stems  weak  and  slender,  branched  from  the 
base;  lower  leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  entire  or  3-lobed  or  sometimes  parted, 
slender-petioled ;  upper  sessile,  mostly  3-parted,  the  lobes  or  divisions  oblong 
or  lanceolate;  corolla  blue. 

Southern  Washington  to  California.  First  collected  by  Nuttall  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Willamette  River. 

449.  ILYSANTHES.     False  Pimpernel. 

Small  and  smooth  annual  herbs;  leaves  opposite,  sessile; 
peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered,  the  upper  becoming  racemose; 
calyx  becoming  5-parted,  the  divisions  becoming  narrow  and 
nearly  equal;  upper  lip  of  corolla  short,  erect,  2-lobed,  the  lower 
larger,  spreading,  3-cleft;  anther-bearing  stamens  2;  sterile  filam- 
ents unequally  2-forked,  exserted;  stigma  2-lobed;  capsule  many- 
seeded. 

Ilysanthes  dubia  (L.)  Barnhart.  Glabrous,  simple  or  branched  from  the 
base,  5-12  cm.  high;  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  acute  or  with  a  few  teeth,  1-2  cm. 
long,  the  upper  ones  reduced;  pedicels  slender,  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
spreading  in  fruit;  flowers  6-8  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  linear,  as  long  as  the 
purple  corolla;  capsule  ovoid-oblong,  4-6  mm.  long. 

Banks  of  streams  and  ponds,  rare. 

450.   GRATIOLA.     Hedge  Hyssop. 

Low  mostly  perennial  branching  herbs;  leaves  opposite,  sessile; 
peduncles  axillary,  1-fiowered;  calyx  5-parted,  the  narrow  divi- 
sions usually  equal ;  upper  lip  of  corolla  entire  or  2-cleft,  the  lower 
3-cleft;  anther-bearing  stamens  2;  sterile  filaments  2,  simple  and 
included,  or  none;  style  dilated  or  2-lipped  at  the  apex;  capsule 
4-valved,  many-seeded. 

Herbage   viscid-puberulent;   calyx   subtended    by   a    pair   of 

jjractlets  at  the  base.  C.  virginiana. 

Herbage  glabrous;  calyx  without  bractlets.  C.  ehracteata. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.  32 1 

Gratiola  virginiana  L.  Annual;  stems  erect,  branched  below,  viscid- 
puberulent  or  pubescent  above,  nearly  glabrous  at  base,  10-30  cm.  high; 
leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  toothed,  usually  narrowed  at 
base,  1-2  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  pedicels  slender,  equalling  the  leaves; 
calyx  enclosed  at  base  by  2  foliaceous  bracts  which  equal  the  lobes;  corolla 
8-10  mm.  long,  its  yellow  tube  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  lobes  whitish, 
the  two  upper  notched;  capsule  ovoid. 

In  muddy  places,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Gratiola  ebracteata  Benth.  Very  similar  to  G.  virginiana  but  glabrous  and 
the  calyx  bracts  wanting;  stems  usually  simple;  leaves  somewhat  longer, 
lanceolate,  mostly  entire,  tapering  from  near  the  base  into  a  long  slender  apex; 
capsule  subglobose,  obscurely  4-angled. 

Muddy  banks  of  ponds  and  streams. 

451.    SYNTHYRIS. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  crenate  or  laciniately  cleft, 
the  radical  roundish  or  cordate;  flowers  small,  blue,  purplish  or 
green,  in  a  spike  or  raceme;  calyx  4-parted;  corolla  campanulate, 
with  4  more  or  less  unequal  lobes,  or  none;  stamens  2,  from  just 
below  the  upper  sinuses,  or  in  one  apetalous  species  on  the 
hypogynous  disk,  exserted;  stigmas  simple;  capsule  many-seeded. 

Flowers  in  spikes;  leaves  cleft  into  narrow  segments.  S.  pinnatifida. 
Flowers  in  racemes;  leaves  reniform-orbicular. 

Petals  and  sepals  laciniately  incised.  5.  schizantha. 
Petals  and  sepals  entire. 

Scapes  weak,  usually  shorter  than  the  thin  leaves.  S.  rotundifolia. 

Scapes  stout,  exceeding  the  thick  leaves.  S.  reniformis. 

Synthyris  pinnatifida  lanuginosa  Piper.  Leaves  white  tomentose,  pal- 
mately  3-7-parted  or  divided,  the  segments  again  cleft;  spikes  dense, 
bracteate;  corolla  whitish,  cylindraceous,  4-cleft. 

Olympic  Mountains,  Flett,  not  otherwise  known.  5.  pinnatifida  Wats, 
occurs  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Synthjrris  schizantha  Piper.  Stems  20-30  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  reniform- 
orbicular,  somewhat  cut-toothed,  glabrous  above,  long-petioled;  cauline  leaves 
2,  ovate,  sessile;  raceme  viscidly-pubescent;  bracts  and  calyx-lobes  as  well  as 
the  blue  petals  cleft  into  narrow  lobes. 

Mount  Baldy,  Olympic  Mountains,  Conard,  Lamb;  near  Elbe,  Cascade 
Mountains,   Flett.     Not  otherwise  known. 

Synthyris  rotundifolia  Gray.  Leaves  orbicular-reniform,  crenate,  somewhat 
pubescent;  flowering  stems  leafless,  8-12  cm.  high,  barely  exceeding  the  leaves; 
sepals  spatulate,  entire;  corolla  blue,  the  petals  entire. 

In  open  dry  woods,  Chehalis  County,  Washington,  and  southward  nearly 
to  California. 

Synthyris  reniformis  Benth.  Leaves  thickish,  glabrous,  orbicular-reni- 
form, crenately  many-lobed,  the  lobes  coarsely  crenate;  petioles  longer  than 
the  blades;  stems  stout,  exceeding  the  leaves;  flowers  blue,  on  very  short  pedi- 
cels. 

In  the  Columbia  River  gorge  on  the  Oregon  side,  where  it  was  first  found 
by  Douglas. 

22 


322  SCROPHULARIACEAE. 

452.   VERONICA.     Speedwell. 

Chiefly  herbs;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  or  the  upper  alter- 
nate; flowers  small,  in  racemes  or  spikes  or  sometimes  solitary 
in  the  axils;  calyx  4-parted;  corolla  rotate,  4-parted,  the  lower 
lobes  and  sometimes  the  lateral  ones  narrower;  stamens  2, 
exserted;  style  entire;  stigma  single;  capsule  flattened,  few- 
many-seeded. 

Annuals;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils. 

Pubescent ;  petals  blue ;  leaves  crenate.  V.  arvensis. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  petals  white;  leaves  mostly  entire.     V.  peregrina. 
Perennials;  flowers  in  racemes. 
Peduncles  axillary. 

Leaves    linear    or    linear-lanceolate;    capsule    deeply 

notched.  «  V.  scutellata. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate;  capsule  with  a  shal- 
low notch.  V.  americana. 
Peduncles  terminal. 

Capsules  orbicular,  obcordate;  lower  leaves  petioled.        V.  humifusa. 
Capsules  elliptic,  emarginate;  leaves  all  sessile. 

Leaves  shorter  than  the  internodes;  corolla  5-6  mm. 

broad.  V.  alpina. 

Leaves  longer  than  the  internodes;  corolla  6-10  mm. 
broad. 
Corolla  8-10  mm.  broad,  blue.  V.  cusickii. 

Corolla  6-7  mm.  broad,  white.  V.  allenii. 

Veronica  arvensis  L.  Annual,  pubescent;  stems  simple  or  branched  at 
base,  5-20  cm.  high,  erect  or  nearly  so;  leaves  ovate,  crenate,  the  lower  short- 
petioled,  the  upper  sessile;  bracts  lanceolate,  entire;  flowers  small,  short- 
pedicelled;  corolla  pale  blue,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  capsule  obcordate. 

A  weed,  introduced  from  Europe. 

Veronica  peregrina  L.  Annual,  erect,  branched  from  the  base,  glabrous 
or  puberulent  and  glandular,  8-40  cm.  high;  lower  leaves  opposite,  petioled, 
oblong,  obtuse,  dentate;  upper  alternate,  linear,  obtuse  or  acute,  entire  or 
nearly  so,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  white,  solitary  in  the  axils;  pedicels  very  short, 
not  as  long  as  the  flowers;  corolla  1-2  mm.  broad;  capsules  orbicular,  notched, 
about  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Common  in  moist  open  places. 

Veronica  scutellata  L.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  rooting  at  the 
lower  joints;  stems  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  all  sessile,  lanceolate  or  nearly 
linear,  mostly  denticulate  or  entire,  attenuate-acute,  3-5  cm.  long;  racemes 
axillary  from  alternate  axils,  slender,  few-flowered,  as  long  as  or  exceeding  the 
leaves;  pedicels  slender,  spreading;  corolla  blue,  4-5  mm.  broad;  capsule 
notched  both  at  apex  and  base. 

In  swamps,  not  rare. 

Veronica  amprif^flna  Schwcin.  Perennial,  glabrous  throughout,  rooting  at 
the  lower  nodes;  stems  decumbent,  usually  branched,  30-60  cm.  long;  leaves 
all  opposite,  oblong,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base, 
short-petiolcd;  racemes  opposite,  in  the  upper  axils,  exceeding  the  leaves; 
pedicels  spreading,  longer  than  the  bracts  and  flowers;  flowers  blue  with  darker 
stripes,  4  mm.  broad;  capsule  with  a  shallow  notch  at  the  apex,  4-5  mm.  broad. 

Common  in  wet  places.  Forms  of  this  species  are  sometimes  mistaken 
for   V.  anagallis-aquatica  L.  which  probably  does  not  occur  in  our  limits. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.                                    323  ; 

Veronica  humifusa  Dickson.     Perennial,  glabrous  or  puberulent;  stems  ' 

erect  or  decumbent,  10-15  cm.  high;  leaves  opposite,  oval,  ovate  or  orbicular,  ' 

crenate-dentate  or  subentire,  short-petioled,  about  1  cm.  long;  racemes  ter-  ; 

minal;  bracts  oblong,  alternate;  pedicels   erect,  equalling  or   exceeding  the  : 

calyx;  corolla  blue,  dark-striped,  4  mm.  broad;  capsule  orbicular,  notched  at  ) 
apex,  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Common  in  moist  fields  and  copses. 

Veronica  alpina  L.     Perennial,  pubescent;  stems  simple,  erect,  6-20  cm./w/i^ ^'^ 
high;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  entire  or  crenate;  corolla  blue,  4-6  mm.  broad.  Cav^  ^^- 

Common  in  alpine  meadows.  I 

Veronica   cusickii   Gray.     Perennial,   glabrous  except  the   glandular   in- 
florescence; leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  entire,  thickish;  corolla  blue,  8-10  mm.  , 
broad.  ] 

In  the  Cascade  Mountains,  at  high  elevations.     First  found  by   Cusick,  '■ 

in  the  Blue  Mountains,  in  eastern  Oregon.  ' 

Veronica  allenii  Greenman.     Much  like  V.  cusickii,  but  the  white  corolla 

smaller,  6-7  mm.  broad.  [ 
Mount  Rainier,  Allen;  not  otherwise  known. 

453.   LIMOSELLA.     Mudwort. 

Very  small  glabrous  annual  herbs,  stoloniferous,  rooting  and  j 

creeping  in  the  mud;  leaves  narrow,  entire,  fleshy,  in  dense  i 
clusters  around  the  simple  1 -flowered  naked  peduncles;  flowers 

small;  calyx  campanulate,   5-toothed;  corolla  rotate-campanu-  \ 

late,  5-cleft,  nearly  regular;  stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing;  style  i 

short;  stigma  thickish;  capsule  many-seeded.  ■ 

Limosella  tenuifolia  Wolf.     Tufted;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  not  expanded 

at  the  tip,  2-5  cm.  long;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  corolla  white  or  \ 

pinkish,  2  mm.  broad,  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx;  capsules  globose,  obtuse,  ^ 

2-2.5  mm.  long.  •■ 

Muddy  banks  of  streams,  rare.  ; 

i 

454.  MIMULUS.     Monkey  Flower.  I 

Herbs  with  mostly  simple  opposite  leaves;  flowers  axillary,  on  \ 

simple    peduncles  or    by    the  redcution   of    the    upper    leaves  ] 

racemose;     calyx    prismatic,     or    rarely    campanulate,    usually  i 

5-angled,    5-toothed,     the    upper    tooth    usually    the    largest;  \ 

corolla  irregular,  2-lipped;  upper  lip  erect  or  reflexed,  2-lobed,  the  ] 

lower  spreading,  3-lobed;  stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing;  stigma  \ 

2-lobed;  seeds  numerous.  i 

Corolla  reddish  or  purple.  \ 

Flowers  very  small,  about  5  mm.  long,  pale  purple.               M.  hreweri.  -] 

Flowers  large,  over  2  cm.  long.  < 

Corolla  scarlet;  stamens  exserted.  M.  cardinalis. 

Corolla  rose-purple;  stamens  included.                                M.  lewisii.  ' 

Corolla  yellow;  stigmas  2-lipped. 

Calyx  not  angled,  deeply  5-cleft.                                                M.  pilosus.  ' 

Calyx  5-angled,  5-toothed.  \ 
Annuals. 

Corolla  rather  large.  M.  nasutus. 

Corolla  small.                                                                     M.  alsinoides.  -t 


324  SCROPHULARIACEAE. 

Perennials. 

Leaves  pinnately  veined. 

Herbage  glabrous.  M.  dentatns. 

Herbage  slimy-viscid,  musk-scented.  M.  moschatus. 

Leaves  palmately  veined. 
Rootstocks  wanting. 

Leaves  ovate  to  orbicular.  M.  langsdorfii. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate.  M.  scouleri. 

Rootstocks  present. 

Stems  2-4  cm.  high,  mostly  1-flowered; 
plants  stoloniferous,  densely  matted,  al- 
pine. M.  alpinus. 
Stems  10-20  cm.  high,  mostly  several-flow- 
ered, arising  from  slender  matted  root- 
stocks;  herbage  slimy- viscid.  M.  implexus. 

Mimulus  breweri  (Greene)  Rydb.  Annual,  viscid-pubescent,  3-12  cm. 
high,  simple  or  branched;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  entire, 
1-2  cm.  long;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  calyx;  calyx  cylindric,  the  short  teeth 
triangular-obtuse;  corolla  pale  rose-colored,  5-10  mm.  long. 

On  dry  cliffs  in  the  mountains. 

Mimulus  cardinalls  Dougl.  Perennial,  somewhat  villous,  the  inflores- 
cence viscid;  stems  erect,  60-90  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  ovate,  the  upper  pairs 
connate,  erosely  dentate,  several-nerved,  5-10  cm.  long;  calyx  prismatic,  its 
short  teeth  subequal;  corolla  scarlet,  3-5  cm.  long,  the  tube  longer  than  the 
lips;  stamens  exserted;  seeds  wrinkled  lengthwise. 

In  moist  places,  western  Oregon,  in  the  Umpqua  Valley;  perhaps  not  in 
our  limits. 

Mimulus  lewisii  Pursh.  Perennial,  viscid-pubescent;  stems  simple,  erect, 
30-^)0  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  denticulate,  acute,  3-4  cm.  long,  the 
nerves  conspicuous;  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves;  calyx  angular-campanu- 
late,  the  teeth  triangular,  sharp- pointed;  corolla  rose-red,  4  cm.  long,  2-lipped, 
the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  rounded  and  spreading. 

Common  along  alpine  streams. 

Mimulus  pilosus  (Benth.)  Wats.  Annual,  erect,  usually  much  branched, 
villous  throughout  with  soft  somewhat  viscid  hairs,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  sessile,  1-3  cm.  long;  pedicels  about  equalling 
the  leaves;  calyx  campanulate,  not  at  all  angled,  deeply  5-cleft,  oblique  at  the 
orifice;  corolla  yellow,  shortly  2-lipped,  6-8  mm.  long,  the  lobes  nearly  equal. 

Reported  from  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun.  Common  east  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains. 

Mimulus  nasutus  Greene.  Much  like  M.  langsdorfii  but  strictly  annual, 
the  leaves  usually  orbicular;  corolla  1-1.5  cm.  long,  pale-yellow,  the  tube 
barely  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  lower  lip  usually  with  a  large  purple  blotch. 

Vancouver  Island,   British  Columbia,  to  California,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Mimulus  alsinoides  Dougl.  Annual,  glabrous;  stems  slender,  8-20  cm. 
high;  leaves  ovate  to  orbicular,  denticulate,  petioled,  6-20  mm.  long;  pedicels 
slender,  spreading;  calyx  tubular,  the  teeth  small,  subequal;  corolla  2-lipped, 
10-12  mm.  long,  yellow  with  a  purple  spot  in  the  middle  of  the  lower  lip. 

On  wet  rocks,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  to  Oregon.  The  plant 
is  slightly  musk-scented. 

Mimulus  dentatus  Nutt.  Perennial  with  slender  rootstocks,  glabrous; 
stems  erect,  20-40  cm.  high,  simple;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  acute,  evenly  and 
strongly  serrate,  4-8  cm.  long;  calyx-teeth  acute,  subequal,  half  as  long  as  the 
tube;  corolla  3  cm.  long,  deep  yellow  with  purple  dots  in  the  open  throat. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.                                    325  : 

In  moist  places  in  woods,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River  to  Cali- 
fornia. 

Mimulus  moschatus  Dougl.  Musk  Plant.  Perennial,  villous  and  shiny  ^/l^  M^  A 
viscid,  musk-scented;  stems  weak,  spreading,  ascending  or  erect,  10-40  cm.  high;  (i^^l,.^  ^^^^tr^ 
leaves  oblong-ovate,  denticulate,  2-5  cm.  long,  all  petioled;  peduncles  shorter 

than  the  leaves;  calyx  tubular-prismatic,  8-12  mm.  long,  the  unequal  teeth  ; 

acute;  corolla  pale  yellow,  spotted  in  the  throat,  about  2  cm.  long.  '• 

Common  in  moist  places.  ; 

-"-A    Mimiiliis  langsdorfii  Donn.     Perennial  by  short  stolons,  erect  or  decum-  \ 

bent,  glabrous  or    puberulent,  15-60  cm.  high,  or  depauperate  plants  much  ; 

^    smaller  and  dying  after  blooming;  leaves  several-nerved  from  the  base,  ovate,  \ 

obtuse  or  acute,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  the  lower  long-petioled  and  • 

often  with  ragged  lobes  at  base,  the  upper  short-petioled  or  sessile;  floral  ; 

leaves  often  cuneate;  flowers  in  a  raceme,  the  pedicels  as  long  as  or  shorter  than  ^ 

the  flowers;  calyx  in  fruit  5-angled  and  inflated,  the  upper  lobe  longest,  the  .' 

others  turned  toward  it,  all  much  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  yellow,  hairy  i 

and  often  spotted  in  the  throat,  usually  2-3  cm.  long,  the  tube  exceeding  ' 

the  calyx.                           ^  I 

Very  common  in  moist  places  and  exceedingly  variable.     M.   hirsutus 

Howell  and  M.  grandifioru's  Howell  seem  to  lack  any  satisfactory  differential  \ 

characters.  \ 

Mimulus  scouleri  Hook.     Perennial,  stoloniferous,  glabrous;  stems  erect,  • 

30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  denticulate,  shining,  2-5  j 

cm.  long,  the  lower  ones  petioled,  the  upper  broader,  ovate,  sessile;  calyx  cam-  \ 
panulate,  the  teeth  triangular,  obtuse;  corolla  yellow,  about  3  cm.  long. 

Muddy  banks  of  the  Columbia  River  near  its  mouth.  ' 

ne^  Mimulus  alpinus  (Gray)  Piper.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  weak  and  /^A,0  MXl 
often  densely  matted,  leafy  to  the  top,  5-10  cm.  high,  mostly  1-flowered;  #*.  ^^ 

'  leaves  ovate,  nearly  sessile,  entire  or  slightly  denticulate;  corolla  2-3  cm.  long.  i/OOf^-  i 
Abundant  on  wet  cliflfs  and  along  rivulets  at  high  altitudes  in  the  moun-  /caj^AI''-*'**' 
tains.  ,<>**^--^^» 

Mimulus  implexus  Greene.     Tufted  perennial  with  slender  fleshy  root-  ' 

stocks,  glabrous  up  to  the  inflorescence;  stems  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  all  f 

cauline,  3-5  pairs,  ovate,  sessile,  sparsely  dentate,  3-nerved,  2-4  cm.  long;  5 

inflorescence  puberulent  and  viscid;  calyx  campanulate,  angled,  purple-dotted,  I 

the  teeth  triangular,  the  upper  one  largest;  corolla  pale  yellow,  bearded  and  i 
purple-dotted  in  the  throat. 

Along  alpine  rivulets  at  about  the  limit  of  trees,  rare  in  our  limits.  ^' 

455.    DIGITALIS.  \ 

Tall  herbs  with  alternate  or  scattered  entire  or  toothed  leaves;  ; 

flowers  showy,  in  racemes;  calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  often  folia-  i 

ceous ;  corolla  with  a  somewhat  inflated  tube  and  a  short  scarcely  ] 

spreading  limb,  declined;  stamens  4,  didynamous,  included  in  j 

the   corolla.  1 

_Digitalis  purpurea  L.     Foxglove.     Pubescent;  stems  stout,  60-120  cm.  high;  \ 

leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  dentate;  flowers  in  a  long  raceme,  '\ 
drooping;  corolla  purple  or  white,  3-5  cm.  long,  spotted  within. 

Introduced  from  Europe.  i 


326  SCROPHULARIACEAE. 

456.   RHINANTHUS. 

Annual  erect  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves;  flowers  yellowish,  in 
a  one-sided  spike;  calyx  membranaceous,  4-toothed,  inflated  in 
fruit;  corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  arched,  ovate,  obtuse,  with 
two  lateral  teeth,  the  lower  lip  3-lobed;  stamens  4,  all  anther- 
bearing,  enclosed  in  the  upper  lip;  anther-cells  equal;  capsule 
orbicular,  compressed. 

Rhinanthus  k3rrollae  Chabert.  Stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  simple  or 
more  commonly  with  ascending  branches;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  2-5  cm. 
long,  serrate,  minutely  scabrous;  bracts  pale  green,  ovate-lanceolate,  with 
slender  acuminate  teeth;  calyx  1.5  cm.  long;  corolla  pale  yellow. 

In  open  fields  and  prairies;  rare  in  our  limits. 

457.  PEDICULARIS.    Lousewort. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  the  floral  bract- 
like; flowers  rather  large  in  a  spike;  calyx  2-5-toothed,  irregular; 
corolla  strongly  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  (galea)  arched,  laterally 
compressed,  sometimes  beaked,  the  lower  3-lobed;  stamens  4, 
enclosed  by  the  upper  lip;  anthers  equally  2-celled;  capsule 
several  seeded. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  doubly-crenulate.  P.  racemosa. 

Leaves  pinnately  parted. 

Flowers  yellowish  or  whitish. 

Corolla  yellow,  with  a  slender  inrolled  beak.  P.  contorta. 

Corolla  whitish,  with  a  broad  hood-like  beak.  P.  bracteosa. 

Flowers  purple. 

Corolla  beakless;  seashore  plant.  P.  parviflora. 

Corolla  beaked;  alpine  plant. 

Beak  long  and  filiform,  curved.  P.  surrecta. 

Beak  short  and  conical.  P.  ornithorhyncha, 

\J^fyf^  Pediciilaris  racemosa  Dougl.     Ascending  or  spreading,  glabrous  throughout 

^^^  or  puberulcnt  above,  the  stems  simple  or  somewhat  branched,  30-40  cm. 

long;  leaves   alternate,  lanceolate,  acute   or  obtuse,   doubly  crenulate,  5-10 
cm.  long;  petioles  short;  flowers  short-pedicelled,  in  racemes,  with  gradually 
^  reduced  leaves  or  bracts;  calyx  2-cleft  in  front,  2-toothed  behind;  corolla  white 

A'*J*i\r^  or  reddish,  the  galea  much  incurved,  nearly  reaching  the  apex  of  the  broad 

Common  in  alpine  woods. 

Pedicularis  contorta  Benth.  Glabrous;  stems  simple,  erect,  20-30  cm. 
high;  basal  leaves  petioled,  5-8  cm.  long,  pinnately  parted  into  linear  toothed 
segments;  cauline  leaves  similar,  sessile;  spikes  densely  many-flowered,  5-10 
cm.  long;  calyx  cleft  before  and  behind,  the  lobes  2-toothed;  corolla  pale 
yellow,  the  galea  slender,  elongate  and  somewhat  circinate,  about  as  long  as 
the  lower  lip. 

In  the  mountains  at  high  elevations.     First  collected  by  Tolmie  on  Mount 

'*''"'"■;    .  ^-><<«-^ 

Pedicularis  bracteosa  Benth.  Glabrous  below,  sparsely  pubescent  above; 
stem  stout,  erect,  30-100  cm.  high,  with  tuber-like  roots;  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong  in  outline,  5-12  cm.  long,  the  basal  petioled,  the  cauline  nearly  sessile, 
pinnately  parted  or  divided  into  narrow  lanceolate  or  linear,  serrate  or  incised 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.                                     327  1 

divisions,  1-5  cm.  long;  inflorescence  an  erect  dense  spike,  10-50  cm.  long;  ' 

bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  exceeded  by  the  flowers;  calyx  I 

5-cleft,  with  narrow  triangular  lobes ;  corolla  whitish,  2  cm.  long,  the  galea  longer  ; 

than  the  lip,  curved,  hooded  at  the  apex,  the  orifice  entire.  ■ 

In  wet  alpine  meadows.  ^ 

Pedicularis  parviflora  Smith.     Stems  branched  from  the  base,  decumbent;  .  i 

leaves  pinnately  parted  into  narrow  oblong  incised  segments;  spike  leafy,  i 
short;  calyx-lobes  crested;  corolla  purple,  the  galea  nearly  straight  and  bearing 
one  or  sometimes  two  pairs  of  small  teeth. 

Along  the  seashore,  infrequent,  Alaska  to  Washington.  0/ 

Pedicixlaris  surrecta  Benth.     Stem  erect,  strict,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  ^  Xt^: 

pinnately  parted  into  narrow  toothed  or  lobed  segments;  spike  dense,  naked ;^'*^^**'"       ^^ 

corolla  red-purple,  the  long  galea  upwardly  curved.  ; 

Common  in  alpine  swamps.  ■ 

Pedicularis  omithorhjrncha  Benth.     Stems  erect,  10-15  cm.  high;  leaves 

pinnately  parted,  the  narrow  segments  rather  scattered  and  dentately  lobed;  ^ 

stem  naked  or  bearing  1  or  2  reduced  leaves;  spike  short,  1-3  cm.  long;  corolla  ! 

purple,  the  galea  conical,  turned  downward.  • 

In  alpine  meadows,  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  at  about  2000  m.  altitude. 

First  collected  on  Mount  Rainier  by  Tolmie.  \ 

458.   CASTILLEJA.    Painted  Cup,  Indian  Pink,  or  Indian  Paint  Brush.  ■ 

Perennial  herbs,  sometimes  woody  at  the  base;  leaves  alter- 
nate, entire  or  cleft  into  linear  lobes,  the  floral  ones  usually  j 
dilated,  colored  and  more  showy  than  the  yellow,  red  or  whitish  ^ 
spiked  flowers;  calyx  tubular,  flattened,  2-4-lobed;  corolla-  1 
tube  included;  upper  lip  {galea)  much  longer  than  the  lower,  ^ 
narrow,  arched  and  keeled,  enclosing  the  4  unequal  stamens;  I 
lower  lip  short,  3-lobed;  anthers  unequally  2-celled;  capsule  \ 
many-seeded. 

Bracts  whitish  or  yellowish ;  galea  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  ' 

corolla.                                                                                          C.  levisecta.  . 

Bracts  scarlet  or  crimson   (occasionally  yellow  or  white);  I 

galea  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  corolla  tube.  \ 

Leaves  and  bracts  cleft  into  linear  lobes.  ■ 

Stems  glabrous  below;  bracts  crimson  or  white.              C.  oreopola.  'i 

Stems  pilose  to  the  base;  bracts  scarlet.  \ 

Galea  much  longer  than  the  corolla  tube.                   C.  rupicola.  ] 

Galea  about  equalling  the  corolla  tube.  C.  angustifolia. 

•Leaves  and  bracts  entire,  very  rarely  cleft.  ^ 

Stems  from   slender  rootstocks;   bracts  green,   with  '.] 

scarlet  tips.                                                                         C.  suksdorfii.  "J 

Stems  from  a  stout  caudex;  bracts  scarlet.  ■] 

Leaves  puberulent,  but  not  viscid;  bracts  or  some 

of  them  lobed  or  toothed.                                            C.crispula.  , 
Leaves  glabrous;  bracts  entire.                                                                                       '      ] 

Plants  erect;  leaves  rather  thin.                              C.  miniata.  • 
Plants  decumbent;  leaves  thick.                             C.  dixonii. 

Castilleja  levisecta  Greenman.     Erect,  strict,  soft-pubescent  throughout;  ., 

stem  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  with  1-3  pairs  of  narrow  j 

lobes;  bracts  broad,  yellow,  lobed  at  the  apex;  galea  shorter  than  the  corolla-  1 

tube.  J 


^.^LIjL  >*     ^^^  ^^  ^^^  corolla-tube. 
'^^**V  /^**J*^ Abundant  in  alpine  n 


328  SCROPHULARIACEAE. 

In  open  meadows  near  the  seacoast,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia, 
and  Washmgton^^^^^^^^jl:^!:^^^^ 

0  Ait  yW*'**^^  Castilleja  oreopola  Greenman.  Stems  tufted,  glabrous  below,  pubescent  (iU 
above,  15-!5U  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  cleft  about  half-way  <«|^ 
into  3-5  narrow  lobes;  bracts  rose-purple,  rarely  white,  3-cleft;  galea  about  asJJ^ 
Iwig  as  the  corolla-tube.  ^^-Wi''-***/*^*-^*^  /TJim 

_      "^Abundant  in  alpine  meadows,  at  1500-2000  m.  altitude. 

^.                        Castilleja  rupicola  Piper.     Stems  tufted,  sparsely  pubescent,   10-20  cm.  ] 

high;  leaves  usually  purplish,  deeply  cleft  into  3-7  linear  spreading  lobes;  ; 

bracts  similar,   scarlet-tinged;   galea   much   longer  than   the   corolla-tube.  \ 

On  cliffs.  Mount  Rainier,  Washington,  to  British  Columbia.  i 

Mt  AJj^/v*j^      Castilleja  angustifolia  (Nutt.)  G.  Don.     Stems  usually  clt^ter^dfrajji^ 
fr  A  '_1^    ''^QQ^y  base,  erect,  20-50  cm.  high,  more  or  less  pubescent  thrai]^flm»u?7some^^^ 
T^  9t*,w»4^j     what  pilose;  leaves  pubescent,  the  lower  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  Irtio^Iy^JS^ 
..,  S***-~»^,    entire,  the  upper  broader,  cleft  to  about  the  middle  into  3-5  narrow  lobes; 

inflorescence  sho^r^nd  dense,  becoming  elongate  in  fruit;  bracts  like  the  leaves  , 

but  broaderi^nd^more  deeply  cleft)  pilose  below,  the  tipssc^^let,  rarely  yellow;  I 
calyx  2-3  cm.  long,  with  lanceolate  lobes;  corolla'zwft.  iSlfig.'TOlrupper  lip 

hardly  as  long  as  the  tube,  much  longer  than  the  short  3-lobed  lower  lip.  j 

In  dry  or  rocky  ground.     Very  variable;  three  subspecies  occur  in  our  , 

limits.  i 

Castilleja  angustifolia  abbreviata  Fernald.     Stems  sparingly  pilose;  leaves  I 

oblong-ovate  to  obovate,  short,  1-2.5  cm.  long.  I 
Common  ift  the  Olympic  Mountains  and  apparently  of  restricted  range. 

Castilleja  angustifolia  bradburii  (Nutt.)  Fernald.     Stems  sparingly  pilose;  1 

leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long.  \ 
The  commonest  subspecies  in  our  limits. 

Castilleja  angustifolia  hispida  (Benth.)  Fernald.     Stems  densely  pilose, 

40-50  cm.  high;  leaves  harshly  pubescent,  short,  ascending.  ' 

In  prairies;  first  found  at  Fort  Vancouver,  Washington,  by  Douglas.  '■ 

/\fA'JbKt^^      Castilleja   suksdorfii   Gray.     Sparsely  villous;    stems  30-60    cm.    high,  * 

^^                     arising  from  slender  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  lanceolate,  3-6  cm.  long,  entire  '< 
/jyifL  ^i0m0J^or  the  upper  with  a  pair  of  narrow  lobes;  bracts  broader,  more  or  less  scarlet- 

s,rf    'V^A/to  tipped^jjflthed ;  corolla  3  cm.  long,  the  galea  longer  than  the  tube;  lip  3-lobe(i.  1 

^^^^•^^luu    WftlTtlpine  meadows  in  the  Cascade  Mountains,  rare.  I 

Castilleja  crispula  Piper.  Perennial  from  a  stout  woody  crown;  whole  ■ 
herbage  sparsely  crisp-puberulent;  stems  erect  or  nearly  so,  20-30  cm.  high; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  broadest  near  the  sessile  base,  3-nerved,  2-4  cm.  long,  | 
all  entire  or  the  uppermost  with  a  few  teeth;  spike  short  and  dense;  bracts  ! 
broader  than  the  leaves,  scarlet-tipped,  all  or  at  least  the  upper  ones  few- 
toothed  near  the  apex;  calyx  villous,  about  equally  cleft  before  and  behind,  ! 
each  lateral  segment  cleft  about  midway  into  2  attenuate-lanceolate  acute  1 
lobes;  corolla  about  3  cm.  long,  the  glandular  puberulcnt  galea  green  except  a  , 
thin  scarlet  margin,  nearly  straight,  as  long  as  the  sparsely  pilose  tube;  lip  i 
small,    the    three   teeth    saccate-involute,    acute;     ovary   elliptic-acuminate.  j 

Mount    St.    Helens,    Washington,    Coville,    Goodwin;    Chilliwack   Valley,  1 

British  Columbia,  Macoun.     Very  close  to  C.  miniata  Dougl.  but  differing  in  j 

its  puberulent  herbage  and  the  dentate  bracts.  ^ 

Castilleja  miniata  Dougl.     Glabrous  below  the  inflorescence;  stems  erect,  j 

simple  or  nearly  so,  30-100  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  \ 
acute  or  acuminate,  entire,  sessile,  3-5  cm.  long;  spikes  dense,  pubescent: 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.  329 

bracts  broad,  mostly  3-5-toothed  or  cleft,  scarlet-tipped,  shorter  than  the 
flowers;  calyx  about  equally  cleft  before  and  behind,  the  divisions  2-cleft; 
corolla  yellowish,  3  cm.  long,  the  upper  lip  straight  and  slender,  longer  than 
the  tube;  lower  lip  very  short;  pod  ovoid,  10-12  mm.  long,  enclosed  in  the 
calyx. 

From  the  sea  level  up  to  an  altitude  of  1600  m. 

Castilleja  dixoni  Fernald.  Very  similar  to  C.  miniata  but  prostrate  or 
decumbent;  leaves  thickish,  turning  black  in  drying. 

Along  the  ocean  seashore;  perhaps  only  a  form  of  C.  miniata. 

459.    ORTHOCARPUS. 

Low  annuals,  very  similar  to  Castilleja;  calyx  4-cleft;  corolla 
tubular;  the  upper  lip  {galea)  scarcely  longer  and  usually  much 
narrower  than  the  inflated  1-3-saccate  lower  ones;  anthers  un- 
equally 2-celled,  or  the  smaller  anther-cell  rarely  wanting. 

Lobes  of  lower  lip  of  corolla  well  developed. 

Galea  bearded  on  the  back;  filaments  pubescent.  0.  purpurascens. 

Galea  naked;  filaments  smooth. 

Spike  short  and  dense;  bracts  with  broad  obtuse 

white  lobes.  0.  castilleoides. 

Spike  slender;  bracts  with  slender  lobes.  0.  attenuatus. 

Lobes  of  lower  lip  of  corolla  very  small. 

Lip  simply  saccate,  scarcely  larger  than  the  galea. 
Bracts  very  different  from  the  leaves,  the  upper 

ones  entire.  0.  imbricatus. 

Bracts  less  different  from  the  leaves,  all  3-5-lobed.         0.  bracteosus. 
Lip  with  3  conspicuous  swellings,  much  larger  than  the 
galea. 
Flowers  very   small,   4-6   mm.    long,    dull   purple; 
leaves  pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifid  into  filiform  seg- 
ments. 0.  pusillus. 
Flowers  larger,  12-20  mm.  long;  leaves  simply  pin- 
nate with  slender  lobes  or  entire. 
Corolla  sulphur-yellow,  2-2.5  cm.  long;  anthers 

1-celled.  0.  erianthus. 

Corolla   white,   about    1   cm.   long;   anthers    2- 

celled.  0.  hispidus. 

Orthocarpus  purpurascens  Benth.  Hirsute-pubescent;  stems  erect,  simple 
or  branched  from  the  base,  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  all  3-5-lobed  or  cleft,  the 
lobes  very  narrow;  flowers  in  a  dense  spike;  bracts  purplish  or  reddish,  broader 
than  the  leaves,  3-5-lobed,  as  long  as  the  flowers;  calyx-lobes  linear,  as  long  as 
the  tube;  galea  longer  than  the  3-saccate  lip,  curved  at  tip. 

Seattle,  probably  introduced.  Piper.  Common  in  prairies,  Oregon,  to 
California. 

Orthocarpus  castilleoides  Benth.  Puberulent;  stems  usually  branched 
from  the  base  and  decumbent;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  cut  into  narrow 
lobes;  flowers  in  a  dense  short  thick  spike;  bracts  broader  than  the  leaves, 
white-tipped;  corolla  whitish. 

In  brackish  marshes,  along  the  seashore. 

Orthocarpus  attenuatus  Gray.  Minutely  pubescent;  stems  erect,  10-20 
cm.  high,  pubescent  above;  leaves  linear,  long-attenuate,  sometimes  with 
narrow  lobes;  flowers  scattered,  in  a  narrow  spike;  bracts  with  attenuate  lobes, 
sometimes  white-tipped;  corolla  white;  galea  narrowly  conical,  straight. 

In  dry  open  places,  British  Columbia  to  California. 


330  SCROPHULARIACEAE. 

Orthocarpus  imbricatus  Benth.  Puberulent;  stems  slender,  erect,  10-30 
cm.  high;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate,  puberulent;  bracts  somewhat 
papery,  oval,  net-veined,  purplish  at  tip;  spike  dense;  corolla  purple;  galea 
triangular,  straight,  as  long  as  the  lip. 

Olympic  Mountains,  Elmer,  and  south  to  the  mountains  of  northern  Cali- 
fornia, rare. 

Orthocarpus  bracteosus  Benth.  Hirsute  pubescent;  stems  erect,  10-30 
cm.  high;  leaves  all  deeply  cleft  into  3  acute  lanceolate  lobes,  the  lateral  ones 
spreading;  inflorescence  a  dense  spike;  bracts  broader  than  the  leaves,  3-5- 
lobed,  greenish;  calyx-lobes  subulate;  corolla  purple,  12-14  mm.  long,  the 
galea  short  and  inflexed. 

Open  prairies,  Vancouver  Island  to  California.  0.  strictus  Benth.  is  prob- 
ably identical  and  if  so  has  priority. 

Orthocarpus  pusillus  Benth.  Pubescent;  plants  low,  usually  purplish, 
5-10  cm.  high;  leaves  pinnately  dissected  into  thread-like  divisions;  bracts 
similar;  flowers  scattered,  shorter  than  the  bracts;  corolla  purplish,  4-5  mm. 
long. 

Common  in  dry  gravelly  soil. 

Orthocarpus  erianthus  Benth.  Minutely  pubescent;  stems  slender, 
strictly  erect,  10-20  cm.  high,  simple  or  branched;  leaves  pinnately  parted 
above  the  broader  entire  base  into  narrow  segments;  spike  narrow;  bracts 
similar  to  the  leaves  but  small,  the  upper  ones  not  longer  than  the  calyx; 
corolla  2-2.5  cm.  long,  yellow,  the  narrow  falcate  galea  purple-tipped. 

Washington,  where  perhaps  introduced,  to  Oregon  and  California. 

Orthocarpus  hispidus  Benth.  Annual,  slender,  erect,  simple  or  with  few 
erect  branches,  rough-hairy  throughout,  10-40  cm.  high;  leaves  linear  or 
lanceolate,  attenuate,  entire  or  pinnately  cleft  into  3-5  linear  lobes,  2-6  cm. 
long;  spikes  dense,  narrow;  bracts  like  the  leaves,  but  shorter  and  broader; 
calyx-teeth  subulate,  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube;  corolla  white,  slender, 
12-14  mm.  long;  lip  with  3  sac-like  swellings;  galea  straight,  pointed. 

Moist  places  in  open  ground,  Willamette  Valley. 

Family  91.     OROBANCHACEAE.     Broomrape  Family. 

Root-parasitic   herbs,    destitute   of   foliage   and   green   color, 

yellowish  or  brownish  throughout;  leaves  reduced  to  alternate 

scales;  flowers  solitary,  loosely  clustered  or  spicate;  calyx  4-  or  5- 

toothed  or  parted;  corolla  gamopetalous,  tubular,  more  or  less 

2-lipped,  hypogynous;  stamens  4,  didynamous,  epipetalous;  style 

long;  stigma  large;  ovary  1-celled,  with  2  or  4  parietal  placentae; 

capsule  1-celled,  2-valved;  seeds  very  numerous,  minute. 

Anther  cells  not  separated,  their  bases  rounded.         460.  Boschniakia,  330. 
Anther  cells  separated  below,  their  bases  mucronate. 
•  Bracts   on   the   calyx   or   elongated    peduncles 

none.  461.  Thalesia,  331. 

Bracts  on  the  calyx  or  short  pedicel  one  or  two.       462.  Orobanche,  331. 

460.   BOSCHNIAKIA. 

Stout  fleshy  reddish  simple-stemmed  parasitic  herbs;  flowers 
sessile  or  subsessile  in  a  dense  scaly-bracted  spike;  bractlets 


OROBANCHACEAE.  331 

linear,  usually  wanting;  calyx  short,  cup-shaped,  the  teeth  very 
variable;  corolla  swollen  toward  the  base;  upper  lip  entire  or 
notched;  lower  lip  3-parted;  stamens  slightly  exserted;  anther- 
cells  parallel,  blunt  at  base;  stigmas  2-lobed  or  4-lobed;  cap- 
sules globose,  4-valved;  seeds  with  a  thin  reticulated  coat. 

Boschniakia  hookeri  Walp.  {B.  strohilacea  Gray.)  Tuber-like  under- 
ground stem  globose,  reticulated;  stems  stout,  10-30  cm.  high,  reddish, 
flowering  from  near  the  ground;  scale-like  leaves  rhomboidal,  usually  densely 
imbricated,  more  or  less  erose;  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so;  calyx  very  variable, 
the  teeth  varying  from  subulate  to  broadly  triangular,  sometimes  obsolete 
or  nearly  so;  corolla  ciliate;  filaments  bearded  at  base;  capsule  globose;  seeds 
favose. 

From  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  to  California;  first  found  by 
Menzies  at  Nootka  Sound.  Northward  the  plant  is  parasitic  on  Gaultheria 
shallon  or  rarely  on  Arctostaphylos;  southward  the  common  host  is  Arctos- 
taphylos  but  sometimes  Arbutus  menziesii.  It  seems  impossible  to  maintain 
B.  hookeri,  the  northern  plant,  and  the  usually  stouter  southern  form,  B. 
strohilacea,  as  distinct  species. 

461.   THALESIA. 

Yellowish,  violet  or  nearly  white  herbs,  parasitic  on  the  roots  of 
various  plants;  scale-leaves  scattered;  flowers  solitary  or  in 
loose  clusters;  calyx  4-  or  5-cleft;  corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip 
erect,  mostly  2-lobed  or  emarginate,  the  lower  spreading;  stamens 
included. 

Calyx-lobes  subulate,  longer  than  the  tube.  T.  uniflora. 

Calyx-lobes  triangular,  shorter  than  the  tube.  T.  fasciculata. 

Thalesia  uniflora  (L.)  Britt.  Stem  stout,  1-4  cm.  long,  mostly  sub- 
terranean, with  a  few  ovate  obtuse  scales  and  bearing  1-5  or  more  1-flowered 
glandular-puberulent  peduncles  5-12  cm.  high;  calyx  glandular,  the  obconic 
or  campanulate  tube  exceeded  by  the  narrow  subulate  lobes;  corolla  violet  or 
yellowish,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  glandular-puberulent  without. 

Rare  in  our  limits. 

Thalesia  fasciculata  (Nutt.)  Britt.  Stems  elongated,  2-12  cm.  long, 
bearing  a  cluster  of  2-30  very  glandular  1-flowered  peduncles,  5-10  cm.  high; 
calyx-tube  campanulate,  about  as  long  as  the  broad  triangular  lobes;  corolla 
yellowish,  1-2  cm.  long. 

Parasitic  on  various  plants;  not  common. 

462.   OROBANCHE. 

Parasitic  herbs  on  the  roots  of  various  plants,  usually  yellow- 
ish or  reddish;  flowers  in  spikes,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  with  bracts; 
calyx  deeply  2-lobed,  the  lobes  often  2-cleft;  corolla  irregular,  the 
tube  slightly  curved,  the  upper  lip  erect  or  incurved,  the  lower 
spreading;  capsule  2-valved. 

Flowers  pedicellate;  anthers  woolly.  O.  grayana. 

Flowers  subsessile;  anthers  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  0.  ludoviciana. 


332  LENTIBULARIACEAE. 

Orobanche  grayana  Beck.  (0.  comosa  Hook.)  Stems  stout,  very  short; 
flowers  in  a  dense  simple  or  branched  corymb,  all  pedicelled;  calyx-lobes 
narrow;  corolla  purplish;  anthers  woolly. 

Parasitic  on  Grindelia;  rare,  in  our  limits  known  from  Vancouver  Island, 
British  Columbia,  and  Whidby  Island,  Sucia  Island,  and  Flattop  Island, 
Washington.il 

XOrobanche  ludoviciana  Nutt.  Whole  plant  reddish-yellow,^ viscid-pu- 
bescent; stem  stout,  erect,  simple  or  with  erect  branches,  scaly,  15-25  cm.  long; 
flowers  2-bracted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx,  in  dense  spikes,  looser  below;  calyx 
unequally  5-cleft,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate;  corolla  yellowish,  12-15  mm. 
long,  the  lobes  acute,  hardly  spreading. 

Parasitic  on  Composite  plants;  known  in  our  limits  from  Victoria,  British 
Columbia,  Macoun;  Fort  Vancouver,  Washington,  Douglas. 

Family  92.    LENTIBULARIACEAE.    Bladderwort   Family. 

Small  aquatic  herbs  with  1-few-flowered  scapes;  calyx  2- 
lipped;  corolla  deeply  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  larger,  3-lobed  and 
with  a  prominent  usually  bearded  palate,  spurred  at  the  base  in 
front;  stamens  2,  with  confluently  1-celled  anthers;  style  very 
short  or  none;  stigma  1-2-lipped;  ovary  free,  1-celled,  with  a 
free  central  placenta;  capsule  often  bursting  irregularly. 

Leaves  entire;  plant  terrestrial.  463.  Pinguicula,  332. 

Leaves  dissected;  plant  aquatic.  464.  Utricularia,  332. 

463.  PINGUICULA.     Butterwort. 

Small  stemless  perennial  herbs  growing  on  damp  rocks;  leaves 
broad,  entire,  soft-fleshy,  mostly  greasy  to  the  touch;  flower 
solitary  on  a  scape;  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  3-cleft,  the  lower 
2-cleft;  corolla  with  an  open  hairy  or  spotted  palate,  the  lobes 
spreading. 

Pinguicula  vulgaris  L.     Leaves   elliptic   or    ovate,  obtuse,  2-5  cm.  long, 
short-petioled;  scape  5-12  cm.  high;  corolla  violet,  the  tube  conical  with  a 
straight  spur,  the  lower  lip  much  longer  than  the  upper. 
Moist  banks  and  rocks  in  the  mountains. 

464.  UTRICULARIA.    Bladderwort. 

Aquatic  submersed  plants;  leaves  dissected  into  capillary 
segments  and  bearing  little  air-bladders  which  act  as  floats,  or 
sometimes  rooting  in  the  mud  and  with  few  or  no  leaves  or 
bladders;  flowers  on  1-few-flowered  scapes;  corolla  bilabiate, 
with  the  throat  closed  by  a  prominent  palate;  anthers  convergent. 

Leaves  2-3  times  pinnately  parted,  crowded;  flowers  large.  U.  vulgaris. 

Leaves  2-4  times  forked,  scattered;  flowers  small.  U.  minor. 

Utricularia  vulgaris  L.  Stems  rather  stout,  immersed,  thickly  crowded 
with  the  finely  parted  pinnate  leaves;  corolla  yellow,  12-16  mm.  broad,  with 
reflexed  sides;  spur  conical,  shorter  than  the  lower  lip. 

In  still  ponds,  not  common. 


PLANTAGINACEAE.  333 

Utricularia  minor  L.  Stems  floating;  leaves  forked  2-4  times,  the  thread- 
like divisions  few;  corolla  yellow,  4-6  mm.  broad,  the  lips  wide  open;  spur  very 
short. 

In  ponds,  scarce. 

Family  93.     PLANTAGINACEAE.     Plantain  Family. 

Mostly  stemless  herbs;  flowers  regular,  4-merous,  in  spikes; 
corolla  gamopetalous,  dry  and  membranaceous,  veinless;  stamens 
4,  or  rarely  2,  on  the  corolla- tube,  alternate  with  its  lobes;  ovary 
2-,  or  falsely  3-4-celled;  ovules  1-several  in  each  cavity. 

465.  PLANTAGO.     Plantain. 

Leaves  nerved  or  ribbed,  radical;  flowers  small,  in  bracted 
spikes,  on  naked  scapes;  calyx  of  4  persistent  sepals;  corolla 
salverform  or  rotate,  4-parted;  stamens  4,  or  rarely  2,  in  all  or 
some  flowers  with  long  exserted  filaments;  ovary  2-celled;  ovules 
1-several  in  each  cell;  capsule  2-celled,  2-several-seeded. 

Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate. 

Seeds  numerous;  leaves  ovate.  P.  major. 

Seeds  only  2-4 ;  leaves  lanceolate.  P.  lanceolata. 

Leaves  linear. 

Corolla-lobes  closed  over  the  fruit.  P.  higelovii. 

Corolla-lobes  spreading  in  fruit. 
Leaves  fleshy;  seaside  plants. 

Leaves  obtuse;  capsule  4  mm.  long.  P.  maritima. . 

Leaves  acute;  capsule  6-8  mm.  long.  P.  macrocarpa. 

Leaves  not  fleshy;  inland  plants. 

Spikes  woolly;  bracts  short.  P.  pur  shit. 

Spikes  not  woolly;  bracts  long.  P.  aristata. 

Plantago  major  L.  Common  Plantain.  Perennial,  pubescent  or  glabrous, 
the  erect  scapes  mostly  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  3-5-ribbed, 
obtuse  or  acute,  rounded  at  base,  entire  or  coarsely  dentate,  3-20  cm.  long, 
on  stout  channeled  petioles;  spikes  5-20  cm.  long;  flowers  all  alike,  perfect; 
sepals  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  acutish  capsule;  seeds  6-15. 

Introduced  in  waste  places;  also  native,  especially  on  lake  and  sea  beaches. 

Plantago  lanceolata  L.  Buckhorn.  Perennial,  with  a  stout  tap-root, 
erect,  30-45  cm.  high,  more  or  less  pubescent;  leaves  5-20  cm.  long,  sparsely 
pubescent,  woolly  at  the  base  of  the  broad  petiole;  spikes  dense,  1-3  cm.  long, 
a  little  thicker  at  the  base;  bracts  and  sepals  scarious;  flowers  all  alike,  perfect; 
capsule  oblong,  obtuse,  2-seeded;  seeds  concave  on  the  inner  face. 

Introduced;  common  in  lawns  and  meadows. 

Plantago  bigelovii  Gray.  Annual,  green  and  glabrous;  leaves  linear,  obtuse, 
entire,  4-10  cm.  long;  spikes  dense,  few-flowered,  2-3  cm.  long,  exceeding  the 
leaves;  stamens  2;  capsule  ovoid-oblong,  4  mm.  long,  4-seeded. 

In  salt  marshes,  rare. 

Plantago  maritima  L.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  somewhat  fleshy;  leaves 
linear,  obtuse,  more  or  less  woolly  at  base,  5-25  cm.  long;  spikes  dense,  2-10 
cm.  long;  bracts  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  sepals  oval,  keeled  on  the 
back;  corolla-lobes  acutish;  stamens  4;  seeds  few,  not  concave  on  the  face. 

On  the  seashore,  common. 


334  RUBIACEAE. 

Plantago  macrocarpa  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Perennial,  fleshy;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  10-30  cm.  long,  tapering  into  a  long  margined  petiole;  scapes  as 
long  as  or  longer  than  the  leaves;  spike  dense,  cylindric,  in  fruit  4-5  cm.  long, 
its  axis  pubescent;  bracts  and  sepals  rather  fleshy,  scarious-margined ;  capsule 
ovoid-oblong,  4-seeded,  6-8  mm.  long. 

Common  on  the  seacoast,  Alaska  to  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia, 
and  perhaps  to  Washington. 

Plantago  purshii  R.  &  S.  Annual,  5-30  cm.  high,  white-hairy  or  woolly 
throughout;  leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  1-3-nerved,  linear  or  lanceolate,  acute, 
narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  petiole;  spikes  dense,  1-10  cm.  long;  bracts  subu- 
late, exceeding  the  flowers,  becoming  rigid;  flowers  perfect  but  of  two  kinds  on 
separate  plants,  in  one  the  four  stamens  being  long  and  exserted,  in  the  other 
short  and  included;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  with  broad  scarious  margins; 
corolla  white,  the  spreading  lobes  ovate. 

Common  in  dry  ground. 

Plantago  aristata  Michx.     Much  like  P.  purshii  but  greener  and  less  hairy; 
bracts  of  the  spikes  much  longer  than  the  flowers. 
Sparingly  introduced  from  the  central  states. 

Family    94.     RUBIACEAE.     Madder  Family. 

Herbs    (in   ours);   leaves   opposite,   entire    with   intervening 

stipules  or  whorled  without  stipules;  flowers  generally  perfect; 

calyx  4-  or  5-lobed  or  toothed,  coherent  with  the  ovary;  corolla 

gamopetalous,  regular,  4-  or  5-lobed  or  toothed;  stamens  on  the 

corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes;  ovary  inferior,  2-5-celled; 

endosperm  hard,  copious. 

Corolla  funnelform,  4-  or  5-lobed;  calyx-lobes  present.    466.  Sherardia,  334. 
Corolla  wheel-shaped,  3-  or  4- parted;  calyx-teeth  none.  467.  Galium,  334. 

466.    SHERARDIA. 

Slender  procumbent  herbs  with  4-sided  stems;  leaves  lanceolate, 
pointed,  in  whorls  of  4-6;  flowers  small,  blue  or  pinkish,  sur- 
rounded by  a  gamophyllous  involucre;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate, 
persistent;  corolla  funnelform,  the  limb  4-5-lobed;  style  filiform, 
2-cleft;  stigmas  capitate;  fruit  dry,  twin,  of  2  indehiscent  1- 
seeded  carpels. 

Sherardia  arvensis  L.  Scabrous;  stems  tufted,  loosely  branched,  10-20 
cm.  high;  leaves  in  whorls  of  4,  5,  or  6,  lanceolate  or  lance-linear,  acute,  6-15 
mm.  long;  flowers  capitate;  involucre  6-8-lobed,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acute; 
corolla  pink,  with  spreading  lobes;  calyx- teeth  persistent  on  the  fruit. 

Introduced  from  Europe. 

467.   GALIUM.     Bedstraw.     Cleavers. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  4-angled  stems;  leaves  whorled, 
without  apparent  stipules;  flowers  small,  usually  cymose;  calyx- 
teeth  obsolete;  corolla  rotate,  4-parted,  rarely  3-parted;  stamens 
as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  short;  styles  2,  short;  stigmas  capi- 


RUBIACEAE.  335 

tate;  ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled;  ovules  solitary;  fruit  dry  or  fleshy, 
globular,  separating  when  ripe  into  2  closed   1 -seeded  carpels. 

Annuals;  fruit  hispid  or  hirsute. 

Leaves  mostly  in  fours;  stems  erect,  smooth.       G.  bifolium. 
Leaves  6-8  in  each  whorl;  stems  rough  on  the 

angles.  G.  aparine. 

Perennials;  fruit  smooth,  hispid  or  canescent. 
Leaves  3-nerved,  in  whorls  of  four. 

Fruit   canescent,   becoming   smooth; 

leaves  linear.  G.  boreale. 

Fruit  hispid ;  leaves  wider  than  linear. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acutish.  G.  kamtschaticum. 

Leaves  obovate  or  orbicular,  obtuse.         G.  kamtschaticum  oreganum. 
Leaves  1-nerved. 

Whorls  containing  6  leaves;  fruit  hispid 

with  hooked  hairs.  G.  triflorum. 

Whorls  containing  4,  5,  or  6  leaves;  fruit 
smooth. 
Flowers    cymose,    the    peduncles    ir- 
regularly branching.  G.  cymosum. 
Flowers  not  cymose. 

Flowers  solitary.  G.  trifidum. 

Flowers  or  many  of  them  in  twos.     G.  claytoni. 

Galium  bifolium  Wats.  Glabrous;  stems  erect,  10-20  cm.  high,  simple  or 
but  little  branched;  leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  8-15  mm.  long,  the  upper 
often  in  twos;  peduncles  1-flowered,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  flowers  white. 

In  moist  places  in  the  mountains  at  about  1500  m.  altitude.  Known  from 
Mount  Adams  and  Mount  Stuart  and  to  be  expected  in  our  limits. 

Galium  aparine  L.  Stems  weak  and  reclining,  retrosely  prickly  on  the 
angles,  30-120  cm.  long;  leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  mostly  cuspidate, 
more  or  less  retrorsely-hispid,  especially  on  the  margins  and  midribs,  5-8  cm. 
long;  pedicels  from  the  upper  axils  or  terminal,  bearing  solitary  flowers;  fruit 
on  erect  pedicels,  densely  hispid  with  somewhat  hooked  bristles,  3-4  mm. 
broad. 

Very   abundant   in   open  woods. 

Galium  boreale  L.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  rather  slender,  but  erect, 
30-60  cm.  high,  leafy;  leaves  3-nerved,  oblong-linear,  lanceolate  or  linear, 
obtuse  to  acuminate,  mostly  1-3  cm.  long;  flowers  white,  in  small  cymes  which 
form  a  large  terminal  panicle;  bract-like  leaves  much  reduced  and  in  pairs; 
fruit  globose,  small,  hispid,  but  becoming  glabrous. 

In  moist  meadows,  not  common. 

Galium  kamtschaticimi  Steller.  Stems  erect,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  in 
fours,  obovate  to  orbicular,  3-nerved,  obtuse,  slightly  pilose  on  the  nerves  and 
margins;  flowers  cream-colored,  in  small  cymes;  pedicels  spreading;  corolla- 
lobes  acute;  fruit  hispid. 

Stevens  Pass,  Washington,  Sandherg  &  Leiberg,  north  to  Alaska  and 
Kamtschatka. 

Galium  kamtschaticum  oreganum  (Britt.)  Piper.  Leaves  oblong-ovate, 
acutish;  otherwise  like  G.  kamtschaticum. 

Common  in  woods  in  the  mountains  at  low  altitudes,  Vancouver  Island, 
British  Columbia,  to  Oregon. 

Galium  triflorum  Michx.  Stems  weak,  prostrate  to  ascending,  30-100  cm 
long,  retrorsely  hispid  on  the  angles;  leaves  lanceolate,  bristle- tipped,  2-8  cm. 


336  CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 

long;    peduncles   3-flowered,    rarely    6-flowered;    flowers   greenish-white,    all 
pedicelled;  fruits  covered  with  hooked  bristles. 
In  moist  woods,  very  common. 

Galium  cjrmosum  Wiegand.  Stems  ascending,  30-80  cm.  high,  4-angled, 
rough  on  the  angles,  loosely  branched ;  leaves  in  fives  and  sixes,  linear,  obtuse, 
scabrous  on  the  margins,  10-17  mm.  long;  flowers  numerous,  in  terminal  and 
lateral  cymes;  pedicels  short,  divaricate;  corolla  2  mm.  broad,  3-parted;  fruit 
glabrous. 

Washington  and  Oregon,  near  the  coast;  not  common. 

Galium  trifidvun  pacifictmi  Wiegand.  Stems  slender,  30-50  cm.  high; 
leaves  mostly  in  fours,  unequal,  oblong-spatulate,  obtuse,  cuneate  at  base, 
thin  in  texture,  15-25  mm.  long;  peduncles  lateral,  capillary,  scabrous  or 
smooth,  1-flowered,  not  longer  than  the  leaves;  corolla  3-lobed;  fruit  smooth. 

In  wet  places,  common. 

Galium  clajrtoni  subbiflorum  Wiegand.  Stems  ascending,  weak  and 
slender.  15-20  cm.  high,  retrorsely  scabrous  on  the  angles;  leaves  linear,  scab- 
rous on  the  margins  and  midribs;  peduncles  axillary  or  terminal,  recurved, 
often  scabrous,  some  of  them  l-flowered,  others  2-  or  even  3-flowered;  flowers 
very  small,  white,  the  parts  often  in  threes;  fruit  glabrous. 

In  wet  places,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Family  95.     CAPRIFOLIACEAE.     Honeysuckle  Family. 

Shrubs  or  rarely  herbs;  leaves  opposite,  without  genuine 
stipules;  flowers  perfect,  generally  in  cymes;  calyx- tube  adherent 
to  the  ovary;  corolla  gamopetalous,  tubular  or  rotate,  4-  or  5- 
cleft,  sometimes  irregular;  stamens  distinct,  as  many  as  the  corolla- 
lobes,  rarely  fewer;  ovary  2-5-celled,  or  not  rarely  1-celled; 
ovules  solitary  or  several;  endosperm  fleshy. 

Corolla  rotate  or  urn-shaped ;  flowers  in  compound 
cymes. 
Leaves  pinnate.  468.  Sambucus,  336. 

Leaves  simple.  469.  Viburnum,  337. 

Corolla  tubular  or  bell-shaped;  flowers  not  in 
compound  cymes. 
Creeping  herbaceous  vines;  fruit  dry.  470.  Linnaea,  338. 

Shrubs,  erect  or  climbing;  fruit  a  berry. 

Corolla  regular,  bell-shaped.  471.  Symphoricarpos,  338. 

Corolla  more  or  less  irregular,  tubular, 
commonly  2-lipped.  472.  Lonicera,  338. 

468.  SAMBUCUS.     Elder. 

Shrubs  or  trees;  leaves  opposite,  pinnate;  leaflets  serrate  or 
laciniate;  flowers  small,  white,  numerous,  in  compound  cymes; 
calyx-lobes  minute  or  obsolete;  corolla  gamopetalous,  open  urn- 
shaped,  5-cleft;  lobes  broadly  spreading;  stamens  5,  distinct; 
stigmas  3 ;  fruits  of  berry-like  drupes  with  3-5  nutlets,  each  with 
one  seed. 

Inflorescence  flat-topped;  berries  black,  with  a  bloom.  S.  glauca. 

Inflorescence  pyramidal;  berries  red,  rarely  yellow  or  brownish.     5.  callicarpa. 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE.  337  j 

Sambucus  glauca  Nntt.  Shrub  2-5  m.  high,  or  sometimes  a  tree  8-10  m. 
high,   glabrous  throughout,   somewhat  glaucous;  young  pith  white;  leaves  i 

pinnate;  leaflets  5-9,  thickish,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  | 

serrate,  short-stalked,  paler  beneath,  8-12  cm.  long;  lower  leaflets  sometimes  i 

more  or  less  divided;  subulate  stipels  occasionally  present;  cymes  usually  j 

5-rayed,  large,  flat-topped;  flowers  white,  4-5  mm.  broad;  fruit  black,  very 
glaucous;   nutlets  rugose. 

In  dry  ground,   Vancouver  Island,   British   Columbia,  to  California  and  : 

Idaho. 

^/ff^ambucus  callicarpa .Greene.     Shrub  2-5  m.  high;  bark  smooth,  brown;  ^lA^  /Wt"/ 
/**^^oung  pith  brownish-yellow;  leaflets  5-7,  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  acute  or  A^^tv-^ 

f^    acuminate,  5-12  cm.  long,  sparingly  pubescent  beneath;  panicle  pyramidal;  ^^^^  jZr,  g^ 

flowers  cream-colored;  berries    bright    scarlet,    sometimes   chestnut-colored,  o'^^iT'  3  ^ 

rarely  yellow. 

In  wet  ground,  very  common.     The  form  with  chestnut-colored  fruit  is 

very  abundant  on  the  blufi^s  of  Puget  Sound  between  Seattle  and  Everett, 

Washington. 

469.   VIBURNUM. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees;  leaves  simple,  commonly  toothed, 
sometimes  deeply  lobed;  flowers  white,  in  flat  compound  cymes; 
calyx  5-toothed;  corolla  spreading,  deeply  5-lobed;  stamens  5,  ex- 
serted;  stigmas  1-3;  fruit  a  1-celled  1-seeded  drupe  with  soft  pulp 
and  a  thin  crustaceous  stone. 

Cyme  radiate,  that  is  the  outer  flowers  neutral  and  enlarged.  V.  opulus. 
Cyme  not  radiate. 

Leaves  roundish,  mostly  3-lobed.  V.  pauciflorum. 

Leaves  oval  to  elliptic,  dentate.  V.  ellipticum. 

Viburnum  opulus  americanum  (Mill.)  Ait.  Erect  shrub,  1-4  m.  high, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  orbicular  in  outline,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base, 
3-5-ribbed,  strongly  3-lobed,  the  triangular  lobes  acuminate,  usually  dentate; 
petioles  bearing  2  or  more  round  usually  reddish  excrescences  at  summit; 
stipules  very  slender;  cymes  flat,  the  outer  flowers  neutral  and  much  enlarged; 
fruit  red,  acid. 

Rare  in  our  limits,  Sumas  Prairie,  Lyall;  Cape  Horn,  Piper.  The  culti- 
vated snowball  is  a  form  of  the  true    V.  opulus  L.  of  Europe. 

Viburnum  pauciflorum  Pylaie.  High-hush  Cranberry.  Shrub,  1-2  m. 
high,  the  branchlets  glabrous;  leaves  orbicular  or  ovate,  mostly  3-lobed,  trun- 
cate or  subcordate  at  base,  pubescent  beneath;  cymes  peduncled,  on  short 
2-leaved  branches,  small,  1-2  cm.  broad;  flowers  white,  all  perfect;  drupes 
globose,  red. 

Along  streams  in  the  mountains,  infrequent. 

Viburnum  elliptictmi  Hook.  Shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  erect;  leaves  broadly 
oval  or  oblong,  coarsely  dentate  above  the  middle,  obtuse,  firm  in  texture, 
somewhat  pubescent,  especially  beneath,  3-5-nerved  from  the  base;  petioles 
slender;  stipules  subulate;  cymes  rather  dense;  flowers  cream-colored;  corolla 
8  mm.  broad;  fruit  black. 

Along  both  sides  of  the  lower  Columbia  River,  where  first  found  by  Douglas, 
and  southward  to  California. 


23 


338  CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 

470.  LINNAEA.    Twin-flowed^. 

Creeping  and  trailing  small  evergreen  herbs;  leaves  ovate  or 
orbicular,  opposite,  petioled;  flowers  in  pairs,  on  the  summit  of 
elongated  terminal  peduncles;  calyx- teeth  5,  awl-shaped,  decidu- 
ous; corolla  funnelform,  almost  equally  5-lobed,  purple  and  whit- 
ish, hairy  inside;  stamens  4,  two  shorter,  all  included  and  inserted 
near  the  base  of  the  corolla;  ovary  and  the  small  dry  pod  3-celled, 
but  one  seed  ripening,  the  other  ovules  abortive. 

Linnaea  borealis  longiflora  Torr.  Twin-jiower.  Stem  perennial,  trailing, 
slender,  pubescent,  30-100  cm.  long;  leaves  obovate  or  orbicular,  obtuse, 
crenate  above  the  middle,  mostly  cuneate  at  base,  sparingly  pubescent,  10-25 
mm.  long,  short-petioled ;  flowering  branches  erect,  8-10  cm.  high,  leafy  below, 
forked  above  into  two,  very  rarely  more,  glandular  pedicels,  each  bearing  a 
single  nodding  flower;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  very 
glandular  tube;  corolla  pink,  hairy  inside,  1-1.5  cm.  long. 

In  woods,  very  common. 

471.   SYMPHORICARPOS.     Snowberry. 

Low  and  branching  shrubs;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  short- 
petioled,  entire  or  wavy-margined;  flowers  2-bracteolate,  in  axil- 
lary and  terminal  spikes  or  clusters,  rarely  solitary;  calyx- teeth 
5  or  4,  short,  persistent;  corolla  regular  or  nearly  so,  bell-shaped 
to  salverform,  white  or  pink,  5-  or  4-lobed;  stamens  as  many  as 
the  corolla-lobes,  epipetalous;  ovary  4-celled,  two  of  these  being 
1-ovuled  and  fertile,  the  two  alternate  several-ovuled  and  sterile; 
fruit  globular  and  berry-like,  containing  2  bony  seed-like  nutlets. 

Erect  shrub;  leaves  glabrous.  S.  albus. 

Trailing  shrub;  leaves  pubescent.  S.  mollis. 

Symphoricarpos  albus  (L.)  Blake.  (5.  racemosus  Michx.)  Erect  much 
branched  shrub,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  acute  or  obtuse,  rounded 
or  cuneate  at  base,  entire  or  on  vigorous  shoots  sinuately-toothed  or  lobed, 
pubescent  beneath,  short-petioled,  1-4  cm.  long;  flowers  in  terminal  and  axil- 
lary racemes;  corolla  pink,  campanulate,  4-5  mm.  long,  villous  on  the  lobes 
within,  these  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  tube;  stamens  and  style  included; 
berries  white. 

Common  in  open  woods. 

Symphoricarpos  mollis  Nutt.  Whole  plant  covered  with  a  short  dense 
pubescence;  stems  weak,  reclining,  30-120  cm.  long;  leaves  oblong  to  oval, 
1-2  cm.  long,  entire  or  on  vigorous  shoots  deeply  and  sinuately  lobed,  acute 
or  obtuse;  flowers  in  clusters  of  1-6;  corolla  pink,  campanulate,  4  mm.  long, 
slightly  villous  within,  the  lobes  obtuse,  as  long  as  the  tube;  stamens  and 
style  included;  berries  white. 

In  dry  open  woods. 

472.  LONICERA.     Honeysuckle. 


Erect  or  climbing  shrubs;  leaves  opposite,  mostly  entire; 
flowers  in  spikes  or  pairs;  calyx  minutely  5-toothed;  corolla 
tubular  or  funnelform,  often  gibbous  at  the  base,  more  or  less 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE.  339 

irregularly  5-lobed,  commonly  2-lipped;  stamens  5,  epipetalous; 
ovary  2-  or  3-celled,  with  numerous  ovules  in  each  cell;  berry 
several-seeded. 

Climbing  shrubs;  flowers  in  terminal  clusters;  upper  leaves 
connate-perfoliate. 
Flowers  orange;  stamens  and  style  little  exserted.  L.  ciliosa. 

Flowers  pink;  stamens  and  style  long-exserted.  L.  hispidula. 

Erect  shrubs;  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles  in  pairs;  upper 
leaves  not  connate. 
Bracts  large,  foliaceous;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  black.  L.  involucrata. 

Bracts  small  and  narrow;  flowers  whitish;  fruit  red.  L.  utahensis. 

Lonicera  ciliosa  (Pursh)  Poir.  Stems  slender,  twining  to  a  height  of 
3-7  m.;  young  parts  glaucous;  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  glaucous  beneath,  ciliate, 
2-6  cm.  long,  short- petioled;  uppermost  pairs  on  the  flowering  branches  con- 
nate into  oval  or  orbicular  disks;  peduncles  terminal,  rarely  in  the  axils  of  the 
penultimate  pair  of  leaves;  flowers  sessile,  in  whorls;  corolla  yellow  or  orange, 
sparsely  hairy;  tube  narrow,  gibbous  near  the  base,  2-2.5  cm.  long;  limb 
spreading,  slightly  2-lipped;  berries  orange-red. 

In  open  woods,  common. 

Lonicera  hispidula  Dougl.  Stems  slender,  twining,  2-4  m.  high,  the  young 
shoots  hispid;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  often  subcordate,  glabrous  and  green  above, 
pale  and  pubescent  beneath,  1-3  cm.  long,  the  uppermost  usually  connate; 
flower  clusters  often  panicled;  corolla  reddish  without,  yellowish  within,  15-20 
mm.  long,  2-lipped,  the  strongly  gibbous  tube  not  longer  than  the  lips;  fila- 
ments exserted,  hairy  at  base;  berries  red. 

On  banks  and  cliffs.     Common  on  the  bluffs  along  Puget  Sound. 

Lonicera  involucrata  Banks.  (L.ledebouri  Esch.)  Shrub,  1-3  m.  tall,  not 
twining;  leaves  oblong,  ovate  or  obovate,  mostly  acuminate,  rounded  or 
cuneate  at  base,  sparsely  pubescent  beneath  or  glabrate,  5-15  cm.  long,  short- 
petioled;  peduncles  axillary,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  flowers  yellow,  a  single  pair 
surrounded  at  base  by  an  involucre  of  4-6  bracts,  the  inner  ones  of  which  are 
united  at  base  and  become  purple  in  fruit;  corolla  tubular,  with  short  lobes, 
glandular-puberulent,  10-15  mm.  long;  berries  black,  not  united. 

Along  streams  and  in  tidal  marshes,  common. 

Lonicera  utahensis  Wats.  Much  branched  shrubs,  1-2  m.  high,  not 
twining;  leaves  oblong,  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse,  pubescent  beneath,  and  some- 
what ciliate,  1-5  cm.  long,  short-petioled;  flowers  white  or  nearly  so,  in  a  pair 
at  the  apex  of  the  peduncles,  1-2  cm.  long,  with  2  small  bracts  at  the  base  of 
ovary;  corolla  oblong-funnelform,  2  cm.  long,  the  5  lobes  nearly  equal,  the 
tube  with  a  sac-like  projection  at  base;  berries  red,  not  united. 

Olympic  Mountains,  at  about  the  limit  of  trees,  Elmer,  Flett.  Common 
in  the  mountains  of  the  interior. 

Family  96.  VALERIANACEAE.  Valerian  Family. 
Herbs;  leaves  opposite,  without  stipules;  flowers  perfect  or 
dioecious,  in  panicled  or  clustered  cymes;  calyx- tube  coherent 
with  the  ovary;  corolla  gamopetalous,  tubular  or  funnelform, 
often  irregular,  3-5-cleft;  stamens  distinct,  1-3,  fewer  than  the 
corolla-lobes,  epipetalous;  ovary  inferior,  with  one  fertile  1-ovuled 


340  VALERIANACEAE. 

cell  and  two  abortive  or  empty  ones;   fruit  indehiscent ;  endo- 
sperm  none. 

Tall  perennial  herbs;  calyx-limb  of  5-15  plumose 

slender  lobes,  inroUed  until  fruiting.  473.  Valeriana,  340. 

Low  annual  herbs;  calyx-limb  obsolete  or  nearly  so.  474.  Valerianella,  340. 

473.   VALERIANA.     Valerian. 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  strong-scented  thickened  roots; 
leaves  simple  or  pinnate;  calyx-lobes  of  several  plumose  bristles 
(pappus)  which  are  rolled  inward  in  flower  but  which  unroll  as  the 
fruit  matures;  corolla  commonly  gibbous  near  the  base,  5-lobed, 
nearly  regular;  stamens  3;  abortive  cell  of  the  ovary  small  or 
obscure,  obliterated  in  the  akene-like  fruit  which  is  therefore 
1 -celled. 

^i Ad^yy^i  Valeriana  sitchensis  Bong.  Perennial  from  stout  rootstocks,  glabrous 
^  /^v-^e/^  or  nearly  so;  stems  erect,  60-90  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  simple  or  trifoliolate, 
frjerCn*^'    t^^  blades  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular;  cauline  3-5-foliolate,  the  leaflets  sessile, 

ovate  to  oblong,  coarsely  sinuate  to  sinuate-dentate;  flowers  whitish  or  pinkish, 

in  dense  umbels;  calyx  sparsely  pilose;  corolla  funnelform,  6-7  mm.  long; 

stigma  entire;  fruit  glabrous. 

Abundant  in  the  mountains  at  the  limit  of  trees.     Odor  strong  and  rather 

unpleasant,  especially  when  dry.     First  collected  near  Sitka  by   Mertens. 

Valeriana  sitchensis  scouleri  (Rydb.)   Piper.     Leaflets  entire  or  merely 
undulate;  otherwise  like    V.  sitchensis. 
Rocky  stream  banks  at  low  altitudes. 

474.   VALERL/^NELLA. 

Low  annual  dichotomously  branched  herbs;  leaves  tender, 
rather  succulent;  flowers  small,  bracted,  whitish  or  pink,  cymosely 
clustered ;  calyx  merely  toothed  or  teeth  obsolete ;  corolla  funnel- 
form,  manifestly  or  obscurely  2-lipped;  stamens  3,  rarely  2; 
fruit  1-celled,  1-seeded. 

Flowers  rose-colored;  fruit  usually  broadly  winged.  V.  congesta. 
Flowers  pale  or  white. 

Corolla  spurless;  fruit  winged.  V.  anomala. 

Corolla  spurred;  fruit  wingless.  V.  samolifolia. 

Valerianella  congesta  Lindl.  Stems  10-40  cm.  high,  erect,  simple  or  with 
a  few  branches;  leaves  oblong,  entire,  obtuse,  the  cauline  sessile;  flowers  rose- 
colored,  in  dense  cymes;  corolla  2-lippcd,  6-8  mm.  long,  spurred;  fruit  glabrous 
or  puberulent,  strongly  keeled  on  the  back. 

In  open  ground,  British  Columbia  to  California.  The  fruit  is  usually 
broadly  winged  but  in  some  forms  the  wings  are  narrow  or  even  wanting. 

Valerianella  anomala  Gray.  Stems  erect,  20-50  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong, 
acutish,  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  white,  in  small  terminal  and  axillary  cymes; 
corolla  white,  funnelform,  obscurely  2-lipped,  three  lobes  larger  than  the  other 
two;  spur  wanting;  fruit  strongly  keeled,  3  mm.  long,  the  wings  usually  broad. 

In  moist  open  places,  rare. 


DIPSACACEAE.  341 

Valerianella  samolifolia  (DC.)  Gray.  Stems  erect,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves 
oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  in  small  cymes; 
bracts  entire  and  subulate,  or  the  upper  ones  palmately  3-parted;  corolla 
white,  obscurely  2-lipped;  spur  short;  fruit  wingless,  3-angled,  2  mm.  long, 
glabrous  or  pubescent. 

In  moist  ground,  rare,  Vancouver  Island  to  California;  also  in  Chile. 

Family  97.  DIPSACACEAE.  Teasel  Family. 
Herbs;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  without  stipules;  flowers 
in  dense  heads,  surrounded  by  an  involucre  as  in  the  Compositae; 
calyx- tube  adherent  to  the  ovary;  corolla  epigynous,  2-5-lobed; 
stamens  2-4,  distinct  on  the  corolla-tube  and  alternate  with  its 
lobes;  ovary  inferior,  1-celled;  ovule  1;  fruit  an  akene  with 
persistent  calyx-lobes;  endosperm  fleshy. 

475.   DIPSACUS.     Teasel. 


Rough-hairy  or  prickly  tall  biennial  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves 
large,  opposite,  the  bases  sometimes  united  into  a  cup;  flowers 
in  dense  terminal  peduncled  oblong  heads;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
and  scales  of  the  receptacle  rigid  or  spiny-pointed;  calyx  4- 
toothed  or  lobed;  corolla  oblique,  2-lipped,  3-lobed;  stamens  4; 
stigma  oblique  or  lateral;  akene  free  from  or  adherent  to  the 
involucel. 

Dipsacus  sylvestris  Huds.  Biennial,  1-2  m.  high,  the  stems  and  midribs 
armed  with  stout  prickles;  lower  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse,  crenate,  rarely 
cleft  at  base,  15-30  cm.  long;  upper  leaves  sessile,  often  cuneate,  acuminate, 
entire;  heads  ovoid,  becoming  cylindric,  5-10  cm.  long;  involucre  of  linear 
cuspidate  prickly  bracts,  some  of  which  are  longer  than  the  head;  bracts  of 
the  receptacle  ovate,  armed  with  long  straight  awns;  flowers  lilac. 

Sparingly  introduced. 

Family  98.     CUCURBIT  ACE  AE.     Gourd  Family. 

Mostly  succulent  herbs  with  tendrils;  leaves  alternate,  pal- 
mately lobed  or  veined;  flowers  dioecious  or  monoecious;  calyx- 
tube  adhering  to  the  ovary;  stamens  5  or  usually  3,  then  2  with 
a  2-celled  and  1  with  a  1-celled  anther,  usually  united  by  their 
anthers,  sometimes  also  by  their  filaments;  stigmas  2  or  3;  ovary 
1-3-celled;  fruit  a  pepo,  fleshy  or  sometimes  membranaceous. 

476.    MICRAMPELIS. 

Tall  climbing  annual  vines  nearly  smooth,  with  forked  tendrils; 
leaves  thin;  flowers  very  numerous,  small,  greenish-white, 
monoecious,  the  staminate  in  compound  racemes,  the  pistillate  in 
small  clusters  or  solitary    from  the  same  axils;  petals  6,  Ian- 


342  CUCURBITACEAE. 

ceolate,  united  at  the  base  and  spreading;  anthers  more  or  less 
united;  stigma  broad;  ovary  2-celled  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell; 
fruit  fleshy,  at  length  dry,  with  weak  prickles,  fibrous-netted 
within,  2-celled,  4-seeded. 

Micrampelis  oregana  (T.  &  G.)  Greene.  Glabrous  or  somewhat  scab- 
rous; stems  climbing,  3-12  m.  long;  leaves  reniform-cordate,  8-15  cm.  broad, 
deeply  5-7-lobed,  the  lobes  triangular,  acute  and  mucronate;  staminate  flowers 
in  slender  racemes;  fruit  subglobose,  a  little  longer  than  thick,  armed  with 
soft  green  prickles,  2-4-celled;  seeds  orbicular,  twice  as  broad  as  thick. 

In  rich  soils,  Washington  to  California.  Root  very  large  and  fleshy, 
whence  known  as  "  Old  Man  Root." 

Family  99.    CAMPANULACEAE.     Bellflower  Family. 

Herbs  with  milky  juice;  leaves  alternate,  without  stipules; 
flowers  regular,  generally  blue,  showy,  scattered;  calyx  adherent 
to  the  ovary;  corolla  5-lobed,  bell-shaped;  stamens  5,  usually 
free  from  the  corolla;  anthers  distinct  or  united;  style  1,  the 
upper  portion  provided  with  pollen-collecting  hairs;  stigmas  2  or 
more;  ovary  2-5-celled,  with  axile  placenta;  capsule  2-several- 
celled,  many-seeded;  endosperm  fleshy. 

Corolla  irregular;  anthers  united. 

Flowers  axillary;  submersed  aquatic  with  linear 

elongate  leaves.  477.  Howellia,  342. 

Flowers  not  axillary;  terrestrial  or  subaquatic 
plants. 
Tube  of  corolla  cleft  to  the  base  on  one  side.     478.  Rapuntium,  343. 
Tube  of  the  corolla  very  long,  not  cleft.  479.  Bolelia,  343. 

Corolla  regular;  anthers  separate. 

Ovary  and  capsule  long  and  narrow. 

Capsule  opening  at  the  top  by  a  hole  left  by 
the  falling  away  of  the  base  of  the  style; 

flowers  all  alike.  ^         480.  Githopsis,  343. 

Capsule  opening  on  the  sides  by  2  or  3  little 
valves  which  leave  small  round  perforations; 

flowers  of  two  kinds.  481.  Specularia,  344. 

Ovary  and  capsule  short  and  broad  or  globular. 

Calyx-lobes  broad;  flowers  of  two  kinds.  482.  Heterocodon 344. 

Calyx-lobes  narrow;  flowers  all  alike.  483.  Campanula,  344. 

477.  HOWELLIA. 

Aquatic  herbs;  flowers  of  2  forms,  the  emersed  with  a  corolla, 
the  submersed  with  an  undeveloped  corolla;  calyx- tube  linear- 
clavate,  adnate  for  its  whole  length  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  of  5 
nearly  equal  slender-subulate  or  filiform  segments;  corolla  even 
in  emersed  flowers  not  exceeding  the  calyx,  its  short  tube  divided 
nearly  to  the  base  on  one  side;  stamen-tube  nearly  free;  anthers 
oval,  the  2  smaller  each  with  3  hairs,  the  3  larger  naked;  ovary 


CAMPANULACEAE.  343 

Strictly  1 -celled,  with  2  filiform  parietal  placentae  each  bearing 
3-5  ovules;  capsule  clavate-oblong  or  fusiform,  membranaceous. 

Howellia  aquatilis  Gray.  Annual,  eubmersed  or  only  the  tips  of  the  stems 
emersed;  stems  branched,  15-45  cm.  long;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire, 
5-15  cm.  long;  emersed  leaves  broader,  sparingly  toothed;  flowers  axillary, 
short-peduncled;  capsule  linear-clavate. 

In  still  ponds,  Sauvies  Island,  near  Portland,  Oregon,  and  in  north  Idaho. 
Named  after  Mr.  Thomas  Howell  and  his  brother  by  whom  it  was  discovered. 

478.   RAPUNTIUM. 

Herbs,  rarely  woody;  flowers  axillary  or  usually  in  bracted 
racemes;  calyx  with  a  short  5-cleft  tube;  corolla  with  a  straight 
tube  split  down  on  one  side,  somewhat  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip 
of  2  rather  erect  lobes,  the  lower  lip  spreading  and  3-cleft;  two 
of  the  anthers  bearded  (in  ours);  pod  2-celled,  many-seeded, 
opening  at  the  top. 

Rapuntium  dortmanna  (L.)  Presl.  Glabrous;  leaves  in  a  basal  rosette, 
linear,  obtuse,  terete,  2-5  cm.  long,  hollow  and  with  a  longitudinal  partition; 
scapes  slender,  erect,  10-50  cm.  high,  simple;  flowers  in  a  raceme;  calyx-lobes 
subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  pale  blue,  the  lower  lip  slightly  hairy. 

Borders  of  lakes,  often  submersed,  rare.  Lake  Crescent,  Washington, 
Lawrence;  Whatcom  Lake,  Washington,  Suksdorf;  Shawnigan  Lake,  Van- 
couver Island,  British  Columbia,  Macoun. 

479.  BOLELIA. 

Low  and  spreading  glabrous  annuals,  rather  succulent  and 
tender;  leaves  sessile,  narrow,  entire,  the  upper  reduced  to  bracts; 
flowers  axillary,  sessile;  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  very 
long  and  slender,  3-sided,  usually  twisted;  corolla  2-lipped,  with 
a  very  short  tube ;  filaments  and  anthers  both  united  into  a  tube ; 
capsule  long  and  slender,  early  becoming  1 -celled. 

Bolelia  elegans  (Dougl.)  Greene.  Stems  erect,  simple  or  branched  near 
the  base,  10-30  cm.  high,  glabrous  throughout  or  very  minutely  puberulent; 
leaves  sessile,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute,  8-20  mm.  long;  flowers  blue,  in  a 
rather  loose  spike;  bracts  like  the  leaves  but  broader;  calyx-tube  very  narrow, 
becoming  3-4  cm.  long  and  appearing  like  a  pedicel;  calyx-lobes  narrow, 
unequal;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  sharply  3-lobed,  8-10  mm.  long  and  broad, 
blue  with  a  large  white  and  yellow  center;  divisions  of  the  upper  lip  lanceolate. 

Common  on  the  margins  of  ponds,  Chehalis  County,  Washington,  and 
southward. 

480.    GITHOPSIS. 

Low  annual  herbs;  flowers  all  alike;  calyx  with  a  10-ribbed 
tube  and  5  long  and  narrow  foliaceous  lobes;  corolla  tubular- 
campanulate,  5-lobed;  filaments  short,  dilated  at  the  base; 
stigmas  3;  ovary  3-celled;  capsule  strongly  ribbed,  crowned  with 
the  rigid  calyx-lobes  about  as  long  or  longer,  opening  by  a  round 
orifice  left  by  the  falling  away  of  the  base  of  the  style ;  seeds  very 
numerous. 


344  CAMPANULACEAE. 

Githopsis  specularioides  Nutt.  Annual,  erect,  simple  or  branched  from 
the  base,  hirsute-pubescent  throughout,  5-20  cm.  high;  leaves  sessile,  linear 
or  oblong,  coarsely  dentate,  3-12  mm.  long;  flowers  terminal  on  the  stem  or  on 
axillary  stout  p>eduncles,  erect;  calyx-lobes  linear,  acuminate,  glabrous  above, 
1-nerved,  rigid,  erect,  as  long  as  the  narrowly-obconic  tube;  corolla  blue,  barely 
exceeding  the  calyx-lobes. 

Prairies,  Chehalis  County,  Washington,  and  southward.  First  collected  by 
Nuttall  near  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  River. 

481.  SPECULARIA. 
Annuals;  cauline  leaves  sessile  or  clasping;  flowers  blue  or 
purple,  terminal  or  axillary,  of  two  kinds,  the  earlier  smaller, 
close-fertilized,  with  a  rudimentary  corolla  which  never  opens, 
with  mostly  3  or  4  calyx-lobes,  the  later  with  5  calyx-lobes ;  corolla 
rotate,  5-lobed;  ovary  3  or  sometimes  2-celled;  capsule  more  or 
less  elongated,  opening  by  2  or  3  small  lateral  valves  which  leave 
round  or  oval  perforations,  usually  over  partitions. 

Specularia  perfoliata  (L.)  A,  DC.  Venus' s  Looking  Glass.  Stems  slender, 
erect,  leafy,  20-40  cm.  high,  rough-hairy  on  the  angles;  leaves  orbicular,  cordate, 
crenate,  clasping  at  base,  1-2  cm.  long,  scabrous  on  the  margins  and  veins; 
flowers  of  2  sorts,  the  earlier  close-fertilized  and  with  only  rudimentary  corollas, 
the  later  with  showy  violet  corollas  4-10  mm.  broad,  solitary  or  2  or  3  in  the 
axils;  calyx  of  the  close-fertilized  flowers  with  3  or  4  short  lobes  of  the  corolla- 
bearing  flowers  with  subulate  lobes  slightly  longer  than  the  tube ;  capsule  top- 
shaped,  opening  near  the  middle. 

In  open  places,  not  rare. 

482.    HETEROCODON. 

A  very  delicate  little  annual ;  flowers  of  two  sorts,  the  lower 
and  earlier  ones  with  merely  rudimentary  corollas  and  self-fer- 
tilized in  the  bud;  calyx  with  an  ovoid  or  inversely  pyramidal 
tube  much  shorter  than  the  foliaceous  lobes,  these  broadly  ob- 
ovate,  sharply  toothed,  veiny,  3  or  4  in  the  earlier,  5  in  the  later 
flowers;  corolla  short-campanulate,  5-lobed;  stamens  and  style  as 
in  Campanula;  capsule  3-celled,  3-angled,  bursting  on  the  side; 
seeds  numerous. 

Heterocodon  rariflorum  Nutt.  Annual,  the  slender  stems  simple  or 
branched  below,  8-20  cm.  high,  sparsely  hairy;  leaves  ovate  or  orbicular, 
sessile  and  partly  clasping,  coarsely  dentate,  somewhat  scabrous-ciliate,  3-10 
mm.  long;  earlier  flowers  without  a  corolla,  the  later  ones  with  blue  corollas, 
barely  exceeding  the  calyx;  calyx  5-8  mm.  long,  more  or  less  hispid,  the  ovate 
acuminate  usually  toothed  lobes  a  little  longer  than  the  tube. 

Said  to  occur  in  the  Willamete  Valley;  frequent  in  the  interior. 

483.   CAMPANULA.     Bellflower. 

Chiefly  perennial  herbs;  flowers  all  alike,  showy;  calyx-lobes 
narrow;  corolla  campanulate  or  nearly  so,  5-lobed  or  cleft; 
stamens  5;  filaments  dilated  at  base;  capsule  short,  3-5-celled, 
opening  on  the  side  or  near  the  base  by  3-5  small  uplifted  valves 
leaving  round  perforations,   many-seeded. 

Ours  all  perennials. 


CAMPANULACEAE.  345 

Style  longer  than  the  corolla ;  corolla-lobes  spreading. 

Corolla  deep  blue,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes.  C.  prenanthoides. 

Corolla  pale  bluish,  little  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes.  C.  scouleri. 

Style  included;  corolla  lobes  erect. 

Herbage  puberulent;  leaves  all  entire.  C.  scahrella. 

Herbage  glabrous;  at  least  the  basal  leaves  not  entire. 
Cauline  leaves  linear,  entire;  basal  orbicular  or  cor- 
date. C.  rotundifolia. 
Cauline  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate,  dentate;  basal 

similar.  C.  piperi. 

Campanula  prenanthoides  Durand.  Pubescent  or  glabrous;  stems  usually 
several,  erect,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  sharply  and 
coarsely  serrate,  acute,  1-2  cm.  long,  the  cauline  sessile,  the  lower  ones  short- 
petioled;  flowers  in  a  raceme,  short-pedicelled;  calyx-lobes  subulate;  corolla 
blue,  narrowly  campanulate,  its  lanceolate  lobes  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the 
tube. 

In  open  places,  southern  Oregon,  perhaps  not  reaching  our  limits. 

Campanula  scouleri  Hook.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  slender,  20-30 
cm.  high,  often  with  a  few  branches;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  the 
upper  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  tapering  at  base,  the  petiole  margined; 
flowers  in  a  raceme  or  a  few-branched  panicle;  calyx-lobes  subulate;  corolla 
12-15  mm.  long,  pale  bluish,  somewhat  funnelshaped,  the  lance-ovate  oblong 
lobes  spreading,  longer  than  the  tube. 

In  open  woods,  common.  First  collected  by  Scouler  at  Fort  Vancouver, 
Washington. 

Campanula  scabrella  Engelm.  Ashy  puberulent,  tufted,  the  numerous 
stems  arising  from  a  much  branched  base,  5-10  cm.  high;  leaves  entire,  firm, 
spatulate  to  linear;  corolla  blue,  campanulate,  with  lance-ovate  lobes  as  long 
as  the  tube. 

High  alpine  meadows,  Mount  Adams,  and  the  mountains  of  northern  Cali- 
fornia, probably  occurring  in  our  limits. 

Campanula  rotundifolia  L.  Glabrous,  erect,  branched  at  the  very  base, 
10-40  cm.  high;  basal  and  lower  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  cordate, 
dentate  or  entire,  petioled;  cauline  linear,  the  lower  somewhat  spatulate, 
acute,  sessile,  2-7  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  or  racemose,  erect;  pedicels 
slender,  nodding  in  the  fruit;  calyx-lobes  subulate,  longer  than  the  tube,  one- 
half  or  one-third  as  long  as  the  corolla;  corolla  campanulate,  blue,  12-20  mm. 
long;  capsule  openings  near  the  base. 

Prairies  and  rock  cliff's  from  sea  level  to  2000  m.  altitude. 

Campanula  piperi  Howell.  Glabrous;  stems  densely  tufted  from  a  much 
branched  somewhat  woody  base,  4-10  cm.  high,  leafy;  leaves  thin,  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  spatulate,  saliently  dentate,  acute,  1-3  cm.  long,  narrowed  at 
base  into  margined  petioles;  calyx-lobes  subulate;  corolla  campanulate, 
bright  blue,  1.5  cm.  long. 

Abundant  in  rock  crevices  in  the  Olympic  Mountains  at  about  2000  m. 
altitude. 

Family  100.     COMPOSITAE.     Composite  Family. 

Annual  biennial  or  perennial  herbs  or  undershrubs  (in  ours) ; 
leaves  without  stipules;  flowers  in  a  close  head  on  a  common 
receptacle,  surrounded  by  one  or  more  rows  of  bracts  {tegules) 


346 


COMPOSITAE. 


forming  the  involucre;  heads  1-many,  discoid  when  all  the  flowers 
bear  tubular  corollas,  ligulate  when  the  corollas  are  all  strap- 
shaped,  radiate  when  the  outer  corollas  are  strap-shaped  and 
the  inner  tubular,  in  which  case  the  outer  are  ray-flowers  and 
the  inner  disk-flowers;  receptacle  often  covered  with  bracts  or 
scales  {chaff),  each  subtending  a  flower;  calyx  gamosepalous,  its 
tube  wholly  adherent  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  {pappus)  none  or 
cup-shaped  or  developed  into  teeth,  scales,  awns  or  capillary 
bristles;  corollas  alike  in  all  the  flowers  of  the  head  or  dissimilar, 
either  tubular  or  strap-shaped  {ligulate),  gamopetalous,  epigy- 
nous;  stamens  5,  epipetalous,  their  anthers  usually  united  into  a 
tube  {syngenesious) ;  style  2-cleft  at  the  apex  or  in  sterile  flowers 
usually  entire;  ovary  bicarpellary,  inferior,  1-celled,  1-ovuled, 
with  basal  placenta;  fruit  an  akene,  sometimes  surmounted  by 
the  pappus,  often  compressed  at  right  angles  to  the  subtending 
chaff  {laterally  compressed)  or  compressed  parallel  to  the  chaff 
{obcompressed) . 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  TRIBES. 


Corollas  strap-shaped  in  all  the  flowers  of  the  head 

plants  with  milky  juice. 
Corollas  tubular  in  all  the  flowers  of  the  head  or 
strap-shaped    in    only    the    marginal    ones; 
plants  without  milky  juice. 
Stamens  distinct  or  nearly  so. 
Stamens  united  by  their  anthers  into  a  tube 
around  the  style  (syngenesious). 
Anthers   caudate   at   base;   style-branches 
neither    truncate    nor    appendaged; 
heads  not  radiate. 
Receptacle    not    bristly;    corollas    not 

deeply  cleft. 
Receptacle  long  bristly;  corollas  deeply 
cleft. 
Anthers  not  caudate  at  base;  style  branches 
either  truncate  or  tipped  with  an  ap- 
pendage. 
Heads    ray  less;    style    branches    club- 
shaped,   obtuse;   flowers  all    perfect, 
never  yellow. 
Heads  radiate  (rarely  rayless). 

Style  branches  of  perfect  flowers  flat, 
or  tipped  with  a  distinct  append- 
age; leaves  mostly  alternate. 
Style    branches    of    perfect    flowers 
truncate    or   appendaged,    not 
flattened;  leaves  often  opposite. 
Involucre  scarious;    pappus    not 
capillary. 


Tribe  i.     Cichorieae. 


Tribe  2.     Ambrosieae. 


Tribe  9. 
Tribe  10. 


Inuleae. 
Cynareae. 


Tribe  3.     Eupatorieae. 


Tribe  4.     Astereae. 


Tribe  7.     Anthemideae. 


COMPOSITAE.  347 

Involucre  not  scarious. 

Pappus  capillary.  Tribe  8.     Senecioneae. 

Pappus  never  capillary. 

Receptacle  chaffy.  Tribe  5.     Heliantheae. 

Receptacle  not  chaffy.  Tribe  6.     Helenieae. 

Tribe  I.  Cichorieae.  Herbs,  with  milky  juice;  leaves  alternate;  corolla 
strap-shaped  in  all  the  flowers  of  the  head  and  all  the  flowers  perfect. 

Genera  nos.  484  to  496. 

Tribe  2.  Ambrosieae.  Herbs,  without  milky  juice,  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious; corollas  tubular  in  the  staminate  flowers,  reduced  to  a  ring  or  none 
in  the  pistillate  flowers,  never  strap-shaped.     Genera  nos.  497  and  498. 

Tribe  3.  Eupatorieae.  Heads  discoid,  the  flowers  all  alike,  perfect  and 
tubular,  never  yellow;  style-branches  thickened  upward  or  club-shaped, 
obtuse,  the  stigmatic  lines  indistinct.  Genera  nos.  499  and  500, 

Tribe  4.  Astereae.  Leaves  alternate;  heads  discoid,  the  flowers  all  alike 
and  tubular,  or  radiate  and  the  outer  ones  strap-shaped  and  pistillate; 
receptacle  naked  (in  ours);  anthers  not  caudate  at  base;  style-branches  in 
the  perfect  flowers  flat.  Genera  nos.  501  to  510. 

Tribe  5.  Heliantheae.  Heads  radiate  or  discoid;  involucre  not  scarious; 
receptacle  chaffy;  pappus  never  capillary,  sometimes  none;  anthers  not 
caudate;  style-branches  truncate  or  hairy-appendaged. 

Genera  nos.  511  to  520. 

Tribe  6.  Helenieae.  Heads  radiate  or  discoid;  involucre  little  imbricated, 
not  scarious;  receptacle  usually  not  chaffy;  disk-flowers  perfect  and  fertile; 
pappus  a  row  of  several  chaffy  scales.  Genera  nos.  521  to  526. 

Tribe  7.  Anthemideae.  Mostly  strong-scented;  leaves  alternate;  heads 
radiate  or  discoid,  the  rays,  when  present,  mostly  white,  the  pistillate 
flowers  rarely  tubular,  the  perfect  flowers  sometimes  sterile;  tegules  im- 
bricated, more  or  less  dry  and  scarious.  Genera  nos.  527  to  533. 

Tribe  8.  Senecioneae.  Heads  radiate  or  discoid,  the  involucre  little  or  not 
at  all  imbricated,  not  scarious;  receptacle  naked;  pappus  capillary;  anthers 
tail-less.  Genera  nos.  534  to  539. 

Tribe  9.  Inuleae.  Heads  discoid,  the  pistillate  flowers  mostly  filiform  and 
truncate;  pappus  capillary  or  none;  anthers  sagittate,  the  basal  lobes 
attenuate  into  tails;  style-branches  with  unappendaged  obtuse  or  truncate 
naked  tips.  Genera  nos.  540  to  545. 

Tribe  10.  Cynareae.  Leaves  alternate;  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect, 
but  the  outer  sometimes  ray-like  and  neutral;  involucre  much  imbricated; 
pappus  mostly  bristly;  anthers  caudate,  long-appendaged  at  tip;  style- 
branches  short  or  united,  obtuse,  unappendaged,  smooth,  often  with  a 
pubescent  ring  below.  Genera  nos.  546  to  550. 

ARTIFICIAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Corollas  strap-shaped  in  all  the  flowers  of  the 
head;  plants  with  milky  juice. 
Pappus  none.  484.  Lapsana,  352. 

Pappus  present. 

Pappus  of  scale-like  or  plumose  bristles. 


348 


COMPOSITAE. 


Flowers  not  yellow. 
Akenes  long-beaked. 
Akenes  beakless,  with  a  truncate 
summit. 
Flowers  yellow. 

Receptacle  chaffy. 
Receptacle  not  chaffy. 

Leafy-stemmed   biennials   or 

perennials. 
Acaulescent  annuals. 
Pappus     of    capillary     bristles,     never 
plumose. 
Heads  solitary;  leaves  all  basal. 
Akenes  muricate  or  spinulose  at 

the  apex. 
Akenes  snjooth  at  the  apex. 
Heads  several;  leaves  not  all  basal. 
Akenes  flattened. 

Akenes  beaked,  if  short- 
beaked  flowers  not  yellow. 
Akenes  beakless;  flowers  yel- 
low. 
Akenes  terete,  cylindric  or  pris- 
matic. 
Flowers  purplish. 
Flowers  yellow  or  white. 
Pappus  copious,  white 

and  soft. 
Pappus    a    single    row    of 
rough  tawny  bristles. 
Corollas  tubular  in  all  the  flowers  of  the  head  or 
strap-shaped  in  only  the  marginal  ones; 
plants  without  milky  juice. 
Ray-flowers  none;  corollas  all  tubular. 

Flowers  of  the  head  not  all  alike,  some 
heads  having  imperfect  flowers. 
Perfect  and  imperfect  flowers  in  the 
same  head. 
Marginal    flowers    neutral    and 
sterile,   often   larger  than  the 
central    ones,    resembling    ray 
flowers. 
Marginal  flowers  perfect  or  pistil- 
late and  fertile,  not  resem- 
bling ray  flowers. 
Pappus  of  capillary  bristles. 
Tegules  in  one  row. 
Tegules  in  several  rows. 
Pappus  a  short  crown  or  none. 
Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so, 

ovate. 
Leaves    incised,    lobed    or 
dissected,    or   if   en- 
tire lanceolate. 
Pistillate  flowers  apet- 

alous. 
Pistillate  flowers  with 
tubular  corollas. 


485. 
486. 
487. 


488. 
489. 


490. 
49L 


495. 
496. 


Tragopogon,  352. 

CiCHORIUM,  353. 

Hypochaeris,  353. 


SCORZONELLA,  353. 
MiCROSERIS,  354. 


Taraxacum,  355. 
Agoseris,  355. 


Lactuca,  359. 
SoNCHUs,  360. 


494.  Nabalus,  359. 


493. 


492. 


Crepis,  358. 
Hieracium,  356. 


546.  Centaurea,  393. 


534. 
543. 


Petasites,  382. 
Gnaphalium,  392. 


545.  Adenocaulon,  393. 


531.  CoTULA,  38L 


COMPOSITAE.  349 

Heads  in  a  corymb; 
pappus    a    short 

crown.  532.  Tanacetum,  381. 

Heads  in  a  raceme 
or  panicle;   pap- 
pus none.  533.  Artemisia,  381. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in 
different  heads. 
Pappus  capillary;  fertile  involu- 
cre not  bur-like. 
Leaves  prickly;  heads  large.       548.  Cirsium,  394. 
Leaves    not    prickly;     heads 
small. 
Pappus  of  staminate  flow- 
ers either  club-shaped  or 

barbed  at  the  apex.  541.  Antennaria,  390. 

Pappus  of  all  the  flowers 
alike  and  neither  club- 
shaped  nor  barbed.  542.  Anaphalis,  392. 
Pappus    none;    fertile    involucre 
bur-like. 
Bracts    of    staminate    heads 
separate;    bur    large,    with 

many  tegules.  497.  Xanthium,  361. 

Bracts  of  staminate  heads  uni- 
ted;   bur   small,    with    1-4 

tegules.  498.  Gaertneria,  361. 

Flowers  of  the  heads  all    perfect  and 
alike. 
Pappus  of  separate  capillary  bristles. 
Flowers    whitish,    cream-colored 
or  purplish. 
Leaves  in  whorls  of  3  to  6.        499.  Eupatorium.  361. 
Leaves  alternate  or  opposite. 

Heads  about  10-flowered.     535.  Luina,  383. 
Heads  about  40-flowered.     500.  Coleosanthus,  362. 
Flowers  yellow  or  brownish. 

Tegules  in  3  or  4  rows.  503.  Hoorebekia,  363. 

Tegules  in  1  row  or  nearly  so. 
Involucre  hemispheric  to 

rotate.  506.  Erigeron,  366. 

Involucre  campanulate  or 
cylindric. 
Heads  many-flowered.    539.  Senecio,  386. 
Heads  4-7-flowered.        536.  Rainiera,  383. 
Pappus    not    of    separate   capillary 
bristles. 
Pappus  of  numerous  bristles  uni- 
ted into  a  ring  at  the  base. 
Filaments  monadelphous  be- 
low. 547.  SiLYBUM,  394. 
Filaments  distinct. 

Leaves  never  prickly.  550.  Saussurea,  396. 

Leaves  more  or  less  prick- 
ly. 548.  Cirsium,  394. 
Pappus  not  of  bristles  united  in  a 
ring. 


350 


COMPOSITAE. 


Pappus  of  rigid  backwardly- 

barbed  awns. 
Pappus   not   of  backwardly- 
barbed  awns. 
Pappus  of  numerous  sep- 
arate    short     rigid     or 
chaffy  bristles. 
Pappus  none  or  a  minute 
crown. 
Involucre  scarious. 
Involucre  not  scarious. 
Heads  solitary. 
Heads  in  clusters. 
Disk-flowers   1- 

5. 
Disk-flowers 
numerous. 
Ray-flowers  present,  at  least  some  of  the 
marginal  flowers  having  strap-shaped 
corollas. 
Pappus  none. 

Involucre  scarious. 
Receptacle  naked. 
Receptacle  chaff^y. 

Involucre  narrow;  rays  short. 
Involucre   broad;    rays    con- 
spicuous. 
Involucre  not  scarious. 

Akenes  all  laterally  compressed. 
Akenes  or  at  least  part  of  them 
turgid  or  obcompressed. 
Tegules  not  at  all  enclosing 

the  ray  akenes. 
Tegules  at  least  partly  enclos- 
ing the  ray  akenes. 
Ray  akenes  turgid,  partly 

enclosed  by  the  tegules. 
Ray    akenes    usually    ob- 
compressed,   wholly 
enclosed  by  the  te- 
gules. 
Ray    akenes    straight, 
each  enclosed  by  the 
basal    part    of    the 
tegule. 
Ray     akenes     curved, 
each  enclosed  by  the 
whole  tegule. 
Pappus  present,   at  least  in  the  disk- 
flowers. 
Pappus  not  of  capillary  bristles. 
Receptacle  chaff^y. 

Pappus  of  scales  or  awns. 
Awns   2,   or  4,   retrorsely 
barbed. 
'  Awns  2,  barblcss. 

Pappus     crown-like     or     of 


515.  BiDENS,  374. 

549.  Arctium,  395. 

530.  Matricaria,  380. 
517.  rudbeckia,  375. 

511.  Madia,  372. 

540.  Psilocarphus,  390. 


529.  Chrysanthemum,  380. 

527.  Achillea,  379. 

528.  Anthemis,  379. 
511.  Madia,  372. 

518.  Balsamorrhiza,  376. 

513.  Hemizonia,  374. 


514. 


512. 


Lagophylla,  374. 
Hemizonella,  374. 


515. 
516. 


BiDENs,  374. 
Coreopsis,  375. 


COMPOSITAE.                                             351  ; 

short    chaffy    teeth    or  \ 
awns.  ; 
Rays    pistillate    and    fer- 
tile.                                   519.  Wyethia,  376.  \ 
Rays  neutral.                        520.  Helianthus,  377.  ^ 
Receptacle  not  chaffy.  3 
Tegules  in  one  row.  j 
Akenes    obpyramidal ;    re-  1 
ceptacle  naked.                  526.  Helenium,  379.  { 
Akenes  linear,  more  or  less  ; 
4-angled ;    receptacle  [ 
beset     with     bristly  j 
points.  ■ 
Tegules  distinct.              522.  Baeria,  377.  I 
Tegules  united  into  a                                       •  j 
cup.                              523.  Eriophyllum,  378.  l 
Tegules    in    more    than    one  \ 
row.  : 
Tegules  in  many  rows.           501.  Grindelia,  362, 
Tegules   in   two   or  three 
rows. 
Receptacle     bristly; 

pappus  present.           525.  Gaillardia,  378.  jj 

Receptacle  naked;  pap-  > 
pus    present    or 

none.  ^ 
Pappusof4or5trun-  j 
cate  scales,  erose  ] 
or  lacerate  at  the  ; 
tip  or  nearly  en- 
tire.                       524.  HuLSEA,  378.  1 
Pappus  none.              521.  Jaumea,  377.  '] 
Pappus  of  capillary  bristles.  ;| 
Ray-fiowers  not  yellow. 

Tegules  in  1  or  2  series,  nar- 
row;    ray-flowers     usually  ] 
narrow  and  numerous.            506.  Erigeron,  366.  : 


Tegules    in   2-5   series;    ray- 
flowers     broader,      less 
numerous. 
Involucre     narrow,     with 
rigid  bracts;  ray- flowers 

white,  4  or  5.  507.  Sericocarpus,  369. 

Involucre  turbinate  or 
hemispheric;      ray- 
flowers  more  than  5. 
Stems  scape-like.  508.  Oreostemma,  370. 

Stems  leafy. 

Tegules  dry  and 
chartaceous, 
closely     appress- 

ed.  509.  EucEPHALUs,  370. 

Tegules  more  or  less 
herbaceous  and 

spreading.  510.  Aster,  371. 

Ray-flowers  yellow. 

Pappus  double,  the  outer  row 
very  short.  502.  Chrysopsis,  363. 


352  COMPOSITAE. 

Pappus  in  one  row. 
Heads  in  panicles. 

Panicle    thyrsoid ;    re- 
ceptacle alveolate.       504.  Solidago,  364. 
I  Panicle  flat-topped ;  re- 

ceptacle fimbrillate.     505.  Euthamia,  366. 
Heads  solitary  or  in  cor- 
ymbs. 
Leaves   all   or   mostly 

opposite.  538.  Arnica,  384. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Heads  large,  L5  cm. 
or    more 
broad. 
Heads  5  cm.  or 

more  broad.      544.  Inula,  393. 

Heads  less  than 

3  cm.  broad.     503.  Hoorebekia,  363. 

Heads  small,  1  cm. 

or  less  broad. 

Involucre    cam- 

panulate.  539.  Senecio,  386. 

Involucre    hem- 
ispheric or 
broader. 
Tegules  8- 

10,  broad.    537.  Crocidium,  383. 
Tegules    nu- 
merous, 
narrow.       506.  Erigeron,  366. 

484.  LAPSANA.     Nipple-wort. 

Annuals  with  loosely  branched  leafy  stems  and  milky  juice; 
heads  8-1 2 -flowered;  involucre  narrowly  cylindrical,  consisting 
of  8  principal  tegules  with  smaller  calyculate  ones  at  the  base; 
flowers  yellow ;  receptacle  naked ;  akenes  oblong-obovoid ;  pappus 
none. 

Lapsana  communis  L.  Glabrous  above,  somewhat  pubescent  below;  stem 
erect,  branched  at  top,  30-100  cm.  high;  leaves  thin,  the  lower  ovate,  somewhat 
dentate,  petioled,  often  with  2-6  lobes  at  base,  the  upper  oblong  to  lanceolate, 
acute,  sessile,  entire  or  subentire;  heads  numerous  in  a  flat-topped  inflores- 
cence; involucre  cylindric;  principal  tegules  about  8,  linear,  4-5  mm.  long,  with 
several  smaller  ones  at  base. 

Common  in  waste  places;  introduced  from  Europe. 

485.   TRAGOPOGON. 

Stout  leafy-stemmed  and  usually  branching  biennials  or  per- 
ennials, with  milky  juice;  leaves  entire,  grass-like,  clasping; 
flowers  yellow  or  purple,  in  large  solitary  heads;  involucre  simple, 
of  several  equal  bracts;  pappus  of  numerous  long-plumose  bristles; 
corollas  all  ligulate;  akenes  narrowly  fusiform,  5-10-ribbed, 
long-beaked. 


COMPOSITAE.  353 

Tragopogon  porrifolius  L.  Salsify.  Oyster  Plant.  Biennial,  glabrous 
throughout,  the  stout  stems  about  1  m.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate  from 
the  broader  somewhat  clasping  base,  10-15  cm.  long;  peduncles  long  and  stout, 
swollen  under  the  head;  involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate.  4-5  cm.  long, 
exceeding  the  violet  rays;  outer  akenes  roughened,  the  inner  smoo|;h,  1  cm. 
long,  attenuate  into  a  beak  of  equal  length;  pappus  brownish,  as  long  as  the 
beak,  plumose  nearly  to  the  tip. 

Escaped  from  gardens  and  spreading. 

486.   CICHORIUM.     Chicory. 

Perennials  with  thick  fleshy  roots,  branched  stems  and  milky 
juice;  flowers  blue,  rarely  purple  or  white;  heads  several-many- 
flowered;  involucre  double,  herbaceous,  the  inner  8-10  tegules 
coriaceous  at  base,  the  outer  4  or  5  short  and  spreading;  recep- 
tacle naked;  akenes  angled,  striate;  pappus  crown-like,  composed 
of  numerous  short  blunt  scales  in  2  or  more  series. 

Cichorium  intybus  L.  Perennial,  somewhat  pubescent,  especially  below; 
stems  stout,  60-120  cm.  high,  stiffly  branched;  basal  leaves  lanceolate  or 
spatulate,  coarsely  dentate  or  runcinately  lobed,  petioled,  8-15  cm.  long; 
cauline  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  dentate,  auricled  and  clasping  at  base; 
heads  numerous,  in  small  clusters,  sessile  or  short-peduncled;  principal  tegules 
about  8;   flowers  bright  blue. 

A  native  of  Europe,  naturalized  in  fields. 

487.  HYPOCHAERIS. 

Perennials  with  milky  juice  and  slender  sparingly  branched 
stems;  leaves  mostly  basal  and  rosulate;  heads  many-flowered; 
involucre  campanulate,  slightly  imbricated;  flowers  yellow; 
receptacle  chaffy,  the  bracts  narrow  and  scarious;  akenes  10- 
ribbed,  oblong  to  fusiform,  at  least  9  of  the  inner  ones  beaked; 
pappus  composed  of  plumose  bristles. 

Leaves  hirsute;  akenes  all  beaked.  H.  radicata. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  outer  akenes  beakless.  H.  glabra. 

Hypochaeris  radicata  L.  Gosmore.  Stems  20-40  cm.  high,  erect,  loosely 
branched  above,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  all  basal,  oblanceolate  to  obovate, 
coarsely  toothed  or  lobed,  hairy  on  both  sides,  5-15  cm.  long;  heads  2-3  cm. 
broad;  involucre  cylindric,  the  tegules  linear,  acute;  akenes  all  beaked,  the 
beaks  longer  than  the  body. 

A  very  troublesome  weed  in  lawns  and  pastures;  introduced  from  Europe. 

Hypochaeris  glabra  L.  Very  similar  to  H.  radicata;  leaves  glabrous  or 
nearly  so;  heads  smaller,  the  ligulate  corollas  but  little  longer  than  the  invo- 
lucre; outer  akenes  beakless  but  the  inner  ones  beaked. 

Sparingly  established  as  a  weed;  introduced  from  Europe. 

488.  SCORZONELLA. 

Perennials  or  biennials  with  fleshy  fusiform  root,  milky  juice, 
and  mostly  basal  leaves;  heads  many-flowered,  on  long  naked 
peduncles;  involucre  campanulate,  loosely  imbricated  with  2  or  3 

24 


354  COMPOSITAE. 

series  of  tegules,  the  outer  ones  calyculate;  flowers  yellow;  re- 
ceptacle naked;  akenes  S-lO-ribbed,  broadest  at  the  truncate 
summit;  pappus  bristles  5  or  10,  broadened  and  scale-like  at 
base,  the  long  tip  scabrous  to  plumose. 

Leaves  all  basal,  entire  or  nearly  so.  S.  horealis. 
Leaves  mostly  dentate  or  lobed,  one  or  more  cauline. 

Pappus  scales  each  attenuate  into  an  awn-like  tip.  S.  leptosepala. 

Pappus  scales  abruptly  awned.  S.  laciniata. 

Scorzonella  borealis  (Bong.)  Greene.  (Apargidium  boreale  (Bong.) 
T.  &  G.)  Glabrous;  leaves  all  basal,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  obscurely 
denticulate,  6-15  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  each  end;  scapes  10-30  cm.  high; 
involucre  12-15  mm.  high;  principal  tegules  10-15,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
with  as  many  shorter  ones;  akenes  columnar;  pappus  barbellate,  brownish. 

Wet  meadows,  Alaska,  southward  in  the  mountains  to  northern  California. 

Scorzonella  leptosepala  Nutt.  Glabrous;  stems  slender,  30-50  cm.  high; 
leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  entire,  dentate  or  variously  pinnatifid;  involucre  12- 
16  mm.  high;  tegules  6-12,  lanceolate  or  the  outer  ovate-lanceolate,  all  grad- 
ually attenuate;  akenes  columnar;  pappus  scales  8  or  10,  ovate-lanceolate  to 
lanceolate,  gradually  tapering  into  the  awn. 

Washington  to  California  in  low  meadows;  first  collected  by  Nuttall  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  River. 

Scorzonella  laciniata  (Hook.)  Nutt.  Herbage  glabrous,  somewhat  glau- 
cous; stems  30-50  cm.  high,  few-leaved,  sparingly  branched;  leaves  narrowly 
lanceolate,  mostly  incisely  pinnatifid  into  narrow  lobes,  rarely  only  toothed  or 
entire,  10-30  cm.  long;  involucre  2-3  cm.  high;  tegules  lanceolate,  broadest 
at  base,  abruptly  acuminate;  akenes  columnar,  4  mm.  long;  scales  of  the  pappus 
8-10,  entire,  the  body  triangular  ovate,  tipped  with  a  bristle  8  or  9  times 
longer. 

Open  prairies,  Washington  to  California.  S.  procera  (Gray)  Greene  has 
also  been  reported  from  within  our  limits  but  the  specimens  seen  are  immature 
and  doubtful.  It  is  similar  to  5.  laciniata  but  stouter,  the  leaves  most  often 
entire  or  nearly  so;  heads  larger;  akenes  6  mm.  long  with  brownish  pappus 
scales  abruptly  attenuate  and  long-awned. 

489.   MICROSERIS. 

Acaulescent  glabrous  annuals  with  milky  juice;  leaves  entire 
or  variously  lobed  or  cleft;  heads  nodding  when  in  bud;  involucre 
cylindric  or  hemispheric;  tegules  in  2  or  3  series,  the  outer  very 
short,  the  inner  thin,  subequal,  acuminate;  receptacle  flat, 
alveolate;  ligulate  corollas  yellow;  akenes  cylindric,  8-  or  10- 
ribbed;  scales  of  the  pappus  5  or  10,  rarely  4  or  8,  broad  at  base, 
tapering  and  awn-like  above,  scabrous,  never  plumose. 

Microseris  bigelovii  Gray.  Annual;  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  entire  or 
dentate  or  ptnnately  lobed  or  parted,  3-6  cm.  long;  scapes  10-30  cm.  high; 
involucre  campanulate,  6  mm.  high,  the  principal  tegules  lanceolate,  acute, 
the  calyculate  ones  of  two  lengths;  akenes  4-5  mm.  long,  oblong,  not  contracted 
at  the  summit,  the  outer  ones  sometimes  villous;  pappus-scales  brown,  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  the  awns  two  or  three  times  as  long  as  the  body. 

Vancouver  Island  and  Oregon  to  California;  not  known  from  Washington. 


COMPOSITAE.  355 

490,   TARAXACUM. 

Acaulescent  biennials  or  perennials,  with  milky  juice;  leaves 
radical,  pinnatifid;  heads  large,  on  scapes;  flowers  yellow;  re- 
ceptacle flat,  naked ;  involucre  of  2  rows  of  tegules ;  pappus  of 
copious  and  white  capillary  bristles  which  are  notsplumose; 
corollas  all  ligulate;  akenes  oblong  or  fusiform,  angled,  about 
10-ribbed,  attenuate  at  base,  with  a  long  filiform  beak  at  the  apex. 

Taraxacum  taraxacum  (L.)  Karst.  Dandelion.  Glabrous  or  loosely  pu- 
bescent  when  young;  leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  variously  pinnatifid, 
the  lobes  usually  toothed  and  turned  backward,  10-20  cm.  long;  peduncles 
10-30  cm.  high;  involucre  cylindric,  the  inner  tegules  either  linear  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  the  outer  similar  but  shorter  and  recurved;  heads  many-flowered; 
ray-flowers  yellow;  akenes  brownish,  spinulose  above,  the  pyramidal  apex 
abruptly  narrowed  into  a  slender  beak  twice  as  long  as  the  body;  pappus 
white,  copious, 

A  common  weed,  introduced  from  Europe. 

491.   AGOSERIS. 

Acaulescent  annuals  or  perennials,  with  milky  juice;  leaves 
radical,  clustered;  heads  solitary,  on  scapes;  flowers  yellow, 
rarely  orange  or  purplish;  tegules  in  a  few  rows;  receptacle  flat, 
not  chaff"y;  pappus  of  copious  white  capillary  bristles,  which  are 
not  plumose;  corollas  all  ligulate;  akenes  oblong  or  linear,  terete, 
10-ribbed,  the  apex  contracted  into  a  neck  or  prolonged  into 
a   beak. 

Ours  all  perennials. 

Akenes  beakless;  leaves  glabrous;  alpine  plant.  A.  alpestris. 

Akenes  beaked. 

Leaves  glaucous  and  thinly  tomentose;  beak  of  akene 

short,  stout,  nerved.  A.  glauca  aspera. 

Leaves  not  glaucous ;  beak  of  akene  slender,  nerveless. 
Beak  much  longer  than  the  body  of  the  akene. 

Heads  2  cm.  high.  A.  laciniata. 

Heads  2.5-3  cm.  high.  A.  grandiflora. 

Beak  about  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  akene. 
Flowers  orange;  leaves  mostly  entire. 

Leaves  lanceolate-spatulate;  beak  shorter  than 

the  body  of  the  akene.  A.  aurantiaca. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear;  beak  longer  than  the 

body  of  the  akene.  .  A.  gracilenta. 

Flowers  yellow;  leaves  mostly  lobed. 

Akenes  with   beak   12-15   mm.    long;   leaves 

mostly  entire.  A.  elata. 

Akenes  with  beak  8-10  mm.  long;  leaves  most- 
ly lobed.  A.  apargioides. 

Agoseris  alpestris  (Gray)  Greene.  Glabrous;  leaves  spatulate  to  lanceo- 
late, pinnately  lobed  or  cleft  into  broad  lobes  or  parted  into  narrow  divisions; 
scape  erect,  4-10  cm.  high;  involucre  campanulate,  15  mm.  high;  tegules  in 
2  indistinct  series,  all  acuminate,  the  outer  ovate-lanceolate;  flowers  yellow; 
akenes  columnar,  10-ribbed,  beakless,  as  long  as  the  capillary  white  pappus. 

On  the  higher  peaks  of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  first  found  on  Mount 
Adams  by  Suksdorf. 


356  COMPOSITAE. 

Agoseris  glauca  aspera  (Rydb.)  Piper.  Perennial,  the  whole  plant  thinly 
white  tomentose;  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  entire  or  sparsely  denticulate, 
5-10  cm.  long;  scapes  6-20  cm.  high;  involucre  campanulate,  2  cm.  high; 
tegules  loosely  imbricated  in  2-3  series,  the  outer  ones  shorter,  broadly  lan- 
ceolate, acutish,  tomentose,  the  inner  glabrous  and  acute;  ligulate  corollas 
pale  yellow;  akenes  fusiform,  10-12  mm.  long,  tapering  into  a  stout  beak 
shorter  than  the  body;  pappus  copious,  white,  the  bristles  scabrous. 

In  the  Cascade  Mountains  at  about  2000  m.  altitude. 

Agoseris  laciniata  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent;  leaves 
lanceolate,  saliently  dentate  or  pinnatifid  into  linear  lobes,  10-20  cm.  long; 
scapes  30-60  cm.  high;  involucre  somewhat  tomentose  at  base  or  glabrate, 
2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  pale  yellow;  akenes  about  15  mm.  long,  the  slender  beak 
several  times  as  long  as  the  body;  pappus  shorter  than  the  beak,  bright  white. 

In  dry  open  woods,  common. 

Agoseris  grandiflora  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Perennial,  loosely  pubescent  or 
glabrate;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  attenuate-acuminate  to  obtuse, 
mostly  pinnatifid  into  numerous  lobes,  10-20  cm.  long;  peduncles  stout,  30-60 
cm.  high;  involucre  campanulate,  tomentose  at  base,  3-4  cm.  high,  the  bracts 
in  about  3  series;  akenes  fusiform,  acutely  lO-ribbed,  6  mm.  long,  attenuate 
into  a  slender  beak,  20  mm.  long;  pappus  bright  white,  soft  and  capillary, 
much  shorter  than  the  beak. 

In  dry  ground,  Willamette  Valley,  where  first  collected  by  Nuttall;  common 
east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Agoseris  aurantiaca  (Hook.)  Greene.  Sparsely  pubescent  to  nearly 
glabrous;  leaves  spatulate  to  lanceolate,  entire  or  denticulate,  rarely  toothed 
or  incised,  obtuse,  short-petioled ;  scapes  20-40  cm.  high;  involucre  campanu- 
late, 15-20  mm.  high;  principal  tegules  lanceolate  and  acute,  the  outer  ones 
oblong,  obtuse;  flowers  orange,  becoming  purplish;  akenes  cylindraceous, 
tapering  into  a  beak  as  long  as  the  body. 

Common  in  alpine  meadows  at  about  2000  m.  altitude. 

Agoseris  gracilenta  (Gray)  Greene.  Glabrous;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate 
or  linear,  mostly  entire;  scape  slender,  30-50  cm.  high;  involucre  campanulate; 
tegules  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous  except  at  base;  flowers  orange;  akenes 
fusiform,  the  body  6-8  mm.  long,  the  beak  8-10  mm.  long. 

Alpine  meadows  in  the  Olympic  and  Cascade  Mountains. 

Agoseris  elata  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Glabrous,  somewhat  glaucous;  leaves 
spatulate  to  lanceolate,  dentate  to  pinnatifid,  15-30  cm.  long,  thickish  in 
texture;  scape  15-50  cm.  high;  head  3  cm.  high;  involucre  hemispheric;  tegules 
lanceolate,  acute,  pubescent;  akenes  6-7  mm.  long,  the  beak  as  long  as  the 
body. 

Prairies,  not  common.  First  found  by  Nuttall  near  the  estuary  of  the 
Willamette  River. 

Agoseris  apargioides  (Less.)  Greene.  Sparsely  pubescent,  becoming 
glabrate;  caudex  stout;  leaves  spatulate,  mucronate,  somewhat  dentate,  7-10 
cm.  long;  scapes  exceeding  the  leaves,  10-15  cm.  high;  heads  10-12  mm.  high; 
involucre  campanulate;  tegules  green,  the  outer  oblong,  mucronate,  pubescent, 
the  inner  lanceolate,  acuminate;  akenes  8-10  mm.  long,  the  beak  as  long  as 
the  body. 

Sand  dunes  along  the  ocean  coast.  The  northern  form  has  been  considered 
distinct  from  the  California  form  under  the  name  A .  maritima  Sheldon. 

492.   HIERACIUM.     Hawkweed. 

Hispid  and  hirsute  often  glandular  perennials  with  milky  juice; 
leaves  merely  toothed  or  entire;  heads  small  to  medium,  panicu- 


COMPOSITAE.  357 

I 

late  or  rarely  solitary ;  flowers  yellow  or  sometimes  white ;  tegules  ; 

in  two  rows;  receptacle  flat,  naked;  pappus  of  a  single  row  of  ■! 

rough  tawny  bristles  which  are  not  plumose ;  corollas  all  ligulate ;  • 

akenes  oblong  or  columnar,   terete  or  4-  or  5 -angled,   mostly  ; 

10-ribbed  or  striate,  the  apex  truncate.  i 

Stems  many-leaved;  involucre  imbricated.                                 H.  canadense.  j 

Stems  few-leaved ;  involucre  a  series  of  equal  tegules  and  a  ^ 

few  short  calyculate  ones. 

Flowers  white;  involucre  nearly  glabrous.                              H.  albiflorum.  < 

Flowers  yellow.  ' 

Heads  small,  black-hairy.                                                  H.  gracile.  \ 

Heads  larger,  not  black-hairy.  '. 

Involucre  densely  long-hairy.                ^  ^ 

Cauline   leaves  ample,    half-clasping   at  the  \ 

broad  bases.                                                       H.  longiherhe,  ,\ 

Cauline  leaves  much  reduced.                               H.  scouleri.  i 

Involucre  with  few  or  no  long  hairs.  ; 

Leaves  nearly  smooth.                                           H.  cynoglossoides.  ■ 

Leaves  hairy. 

Leaves  densely  hirsute.                                    H.  griseum.  \ 

Leaves  thinly  white  tomentose.                      H.  cinereum.  j 

Hieracium   canadense    Michx.     Somewhat   scabrous    throughout;   stems  ] 

stout,  30-120  cm.  high;  leaves  numerous,  lanceolate,  entire  or  incisely  serrate,  \ 

sessile  and  somewhat  clasping  at  base,  gradually  smaller  upwards,  1-10  cm.  \ 

long,  none  clustered  at  base;  heads  corymbed,  rarely  solitary,  on  stout  pe-  i 
duncles;  involucre  hemispheric,  puberulent  or  glabrous,  sometimes  glandular, 
1-2  cm.  broad;  tegules  in  2-3  series,  the  uppermost  loose;  akenes  columnar; 

pappus  brownish.                                                                              ^  v 

In  open  ground,  very  rare  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  Coupeville,  j 
Gardner. 

Hieracium  albiflorum  Hook.  Stems  slender,  erect,  50-80  cm.  high,  villous  %/i^  /r\A  A 
below;  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-spatulate,  thin,  entire  or  faintly  toothed,  the  aXr^  -^wv*-? 
lower  tapering  into  broad  petioles,  the  upper  mostly  sessile,  all  beset  with  Xii^*^  ^f  ^3^^ 

sparse  villous  white  hairs,  especially  the  lowest;  heads  15-30-flowered;  in-  .J 
volucre  narrow,  glabrous  or  with  a  few  hairs,  the  tegules  linear-lanceolate,  pale;  TiyM»-  ff^ 
akenes  strongly  striate. 

Very  common  in  dry  open  woods.  , 

Hieracitmi  gracile  Hook.     Tufted;  stems  usually  several,  15-30  cm.  high;  ] 

leaves  mostly  basal,  oblong-spatulate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  broadly  petiolate,  j 

3-8  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  merely  puberulent;  heads  several,  racemose  or  corym-  | 
bose;  involucre  8  mm.  high,  blackish  with  both  hirsute  and  glandular  hairs; 

akenes  cylindric;  pappus  sordid  or  fuscous.                ^  '■ 

Common  in  alpine  meadows  at  1500-2000  m.  altitude.  ■ 

Hieracium  longiberbe  Howell.  Herbage  sparingly  hirsute  with  long  white  j 
hairs;  stems  30-50  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  or  denticulate,  6-15  cm. 

long,  the  cauline  scarcely  reduced  and  half-clasping  by  the  broad  base;  heads  \ 

few  in  a  cyme;  involucre  12  mm.  high,  densely  shaggy  with  long  white  hairs,  i 

not  glandular;  principal  tegules  10-20,  lanceolate,  acuminate.  i 

On  perpendicular  cliffs  along  the  Columbia  River.  ;i 

Hieracium  scouleri  Hook.     Erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  densely  beset  throughout  ; 

with  long  soft  white  hairs  swollen  at  the  bases;  basal  leaves  lanceolate  or  ob-  ^ 

lanceolate,  entire,  acute  or  obtuse,  10-20  cm.  long,  tapering  into  margined  j 

i 


358  COMPOSITAE. 

petioles;  cauline  similar,  sessile,  5-12  cm.  long;  inflorescence  corymbose  or 
paniculate,  glandular;  involucre  1  cm.  high,  very  glandular  and  long-villous; 
flowers  yellow;  akenes  columnar;  pappus  fuscous. 

In  open  prairies;  first  collected  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River  by 
Scouler;  very  variable  in  the  amount  and  length  of  the  pubescence.  It  is  by  no 
means  clear  that  the  three  following  species  are  really  valid  as  different 
forms  are  not  infrequently  found  growing  close  together.  They  deserve  care- 
ful field  study. 

Hieracium  cjnioglossoides  Arvet-Touv.  Very  similar  to  H.  scouleri; 
lowermost  leaves  more  or  less  setose-hairy,  the  upper  ones  nearly  glabrous; 
involucre  glandular  and  more  or  less  hirsute  with  short  black  hairs. 

In  open  prairies,  British  Columbia  to  Wyoming  and  Oregon. 

Hieracium  griseum  Rydb.     Very  similar  to   H.  cynoglossoides,  differing 
only  in  the  leaves  being  densely  hirsute  as  in  H.  scouleri. 
In  open  prairies,  with  the  same  range  as  H,  cynoglossoides. 

^t  /hL^y*'^'^  Hieracium  cinereum  Howell.  Tufted  from  stout  creeping  rootstocks; 
6*  (0  -^^J  herbage  cinereous  with  a  minute  tomentum;  stems  15-25  cm.  high,  leafy  only 
jtLXr*>*J^  toward  the  base;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  to  acuminate,  sparsely  hirsute, 
4*^«!j'«A*.-«^r^^^ticulate,  7-10  cm.  long;  petioles  broad;  heads  in  a  close  cyme;  involucre 
^^ /U,u-.^;«aC^-10  mm.  high;  principal  tegules  linear,  scarious-margined,  covered  with  a 
/L,/  nne  cinerous  tomentum  and  bearing  ajx)w  of  short  black  bristles  on  the  mid- 

nerve;  outer  tegules  few  and  short;  pappus  sordid. 
Table  Rock,  Clackamas  County,  Oregon,  Howell. 

493.    CREPIS. 

Annual,  biennial  or  perennial  plants  with  milky  juice;  heads 
several-many-flowered ;  flowers  yellow ;  involucre  usually  double ; 
receptacle  flat,  naked,  sometimes  alveolate;  pappus  simple,  of 
copious  and  white  capillary  bristles  which  are  not  plumose; 
corollas  all  ligulate;  akenes  oblong,  linear  or  fusiform,  nearly 
terete  or  obtusely  angled,  10-20-ribbed,  generally  contracted  at 
base  and  more  tapering  at  the  apex,  sometimes  slightly  beaked. 

Akenes  dilated  at  the  insertion  of  the  pappus;  low  glaucous 

plant  with  running  rootstocks.  C.  nana. 

Akenes  not  dilated  at  the  insertion  of  the  pappus;  plants  with- 
out rootstocks. 
Foliage  mostly  white-pubescent,  scurfy;  perennial.  C.  occidentalis. 

Foliage  green,  not  canescent  nor  scurfy;  annuals  or  bien- 
nials. 
Involucres  6-8  mm.  high;  akenes  10-striate.  C.  capillaris. 

Involucres  8-12  mm.  high;  akenes  13-striate.  C.  biennis. 

Crepis  nana  Richards.  Glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous;  stems  tufted 
from  creeping  rootstocks,  branched  from  the  base,  3-5  cm.  high;  leaves  obovate 
to  spatulate,  entire,  toothed  or  lyrately  lobed,  2-5  cm.  long,  long-petioled; 
heads  solitary  or  few,  on  naked  peduncles  or  stems;  involucre cylindric;  tegules 
8-10,  linear,  obtuse;  flowers  8-14,  yellow,  turning  pink;  akenes  linear,  slightly 
fusiform,  beakless,  10-striate. 

In  rocky  soil,  at  high  altitudes  in  the  mountains,  rare;  Olympic  Mountains, 
Flett;  Mount  Adams,  Suksdorf. 

Crepis  occidentalis  Nutt.    Perennial,  erect,  thinly  white-tomentose  through- 


COMPOSITAE.  359 

out,  8-30  cm.  high;  stems  usually  with  few  erect  branches;  leaves  broadly 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  5-10  cm.  long,  pinnately  toothed  or  cleft  into 
narrow  lobes,  short-petioled  or  sessile;  heads  on  stout  peduncles;  involucre 
oblong-cylindric,  12-18  mm.  long,  tomentose  and  with  a  few  large  black  glan- 
dular hairs,  the  principal  tegules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  smaller  basal  tegules 
relatively  broader;  flowers  25-30;  akenes  brownish,  fusiform,  8-10  mm.  long, 
10-18-ribbed,   longer  than  the  bright  white  pappus. 

Very  rare  in  our  limits;  Olympic  Mountains,  Flett.  Common  east  of 
the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Crepis  capillaris  (L.)  Wallr.  (C  virens  L.)  Nearly  glabrous,  somewhat 
hirsute  below;  stems  erect,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate, 
pinnatifid  or  simply  toothed,  6-15  cm.  long,  the  basal  ones  short-petioled, 
the  cauline  sagittate-clasping  at  base;  heads  in  loose  cymes;  involucre  pubes- 
cent or  glandular,  6-8  mm.  high. 

A  common  weed  in  fields  and  waste  places.     Introduced  from  Europe. 

,  Crepis  biennis  L.     Somewhat  pubescent;  stems  erect,  60-90  cm.  high; 
leaves  oblong-spatulate,  runcinately  pinnatifid,  5-15  cm.  long,  the  upper  ones 
clasping  at  base;  heads  in  cymes;  involucre  8-12  ram.  high,  pubescent. 
Vancouver  Island,  Macoun.     Introduced  from  Europe. 

494.    NABALUS. 

Perennial  leafy-stemmed  plants  with  fusiform  tuberous  roots 
and  milky  juice;  inflorescence  paniculate  or  racemose;  heads 
5-30-flowered,  mostly  nodding;  involucre  narrowly  cylindric, 
of  5-14  linear  tegules  and  a  few  calyculate  ones  at  base ;  flowers 
cream-colored  to  purple ;  receptacle  naked ;  akenes  terete  columnar 
or  angled,  striate;  pappus  of  numerous  whitish  to  brownish  rather 
rigid  capillary  bristles. 

Nabalus  hastatus  (Less.)  Heller.  {Prenanthes  alata  Gray.)  Glabrous, 
stems  30-60  cm.  high,  simple  or  branched;  leaves  deltoid-triangular,  acute; 
irregularly  dentate,  the  lower  with  margined  petioles,  the  upper  sessile;  heads 
in  a  loose  corymb,  10-15-flowered;  involucre  campanulate,  with  8-10  principal 
tegules;  flowers  purplish;  akenes  terete  or  tapering  at  summit. 

Gravelly  stream  banks  and  on  moist  cliffs  in  the  mountains. 

495.  LACTUCA.    Wild  Lettuce. 

Leafy-stemmed  herbs,  with  milky  juice;  flowers  yellow  or  blue 
or  whitish,  in  paniculate  few  to  many-flowered  heads;  tegules 
in  2-few  rows,  the  outer  shorter;  receptacle  flat,  naked;  pappus 
of  copious  very  short  and  fine  capillary  bristles  which  are  not 
plumose;  corollas  all  ligulate;  akenes  flat  or  flattish,  narrowed 
at  the  summit  or  beaked. 

Pappus  brown;  flowers  whitish;  leaves  not  spiny.  L.  spicata. 
Pappus  white;  flowers  not  whitish. 

Flowers  yellow;  leaves  spiny.  L.  scariola. 

Flowers  blue;  leaves  not  spiny.  L.  pulchella. 

Lactuca  spicata  (Lam.)  Hitchc.  Biennial,  erect,  1-3  m.  high,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  pale  green,  very  leafy;  leaves  coarsely  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  ir- 
regularly toothed,  the  uppermost  sessile  and  sometimes  clasping;  heads  in  a 


36o  COMPOSITAE. 

long  narrow  panicle;  involucre  10  mm.  high;  flowers  bluish  to  whitish;  akenes 
short-beaked. 

In  moist  ground,  in  open  woods,  and  on  banks. 

Lactuca  scariola  integrata  Gren.  &  Godr.  Prickly  Lettuce.  Annual  or 
biennial,  erect,  1-2  m.  high,  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous;  leaves  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  spiny  on  the  margin  and  midrib,  entire  or  irregularly  toothed  or 
cleft,  sessile  and  usually  auriculate-clasping  at  base,  5-20  cm.  long,  the  upper- 
most much  reduced;  heads  in  large  loose  panicles;  involucre  narrowly  cylindric, 
glabrous,  10-12  mm.  long,  the  outer  tegules  much  shorter  than  tjie  inner  ones; 
flowers  yellow;  akenes  flattened,  narrowed  into  a  beak  longer  than  the  body, 
as  long  as  the  bright  white  pappus. 

A  weed,  introduced  from  Europe. 

Lactuca  pulchella  (Pursh)  DC.  Blue-flowered  Lettuce.  Perennial,  erect, 
leafy,  30-90  cm.  high,  puberulent  or  glabrate;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at 
each  end,  acute  or  cuspidate,  entire  or  sinuately  toothed  or  lobed,  5-15  cm. 
long;  lower  leaves  petioled;  heads  loosely  panicled;  involucre  cylindric,  glab- 
rous, 12-14  mm.  long,  the  outer  tegules  successively  shorter,  all  lanceolate, 
acute;  flowers  blue  or  violet;  akenes  flat,  not  margined,  4  mm.  long,  ver>'  short 
beaked;  pappus  copious,  white. 

Vancouver,  Washington;  rare  in  our  limits. 

496.  SONCHUS.    Sow  Thistle. 

Leafy-stemmed  mostly  glabrous  generally  coarse  herbs,  with 
milky  juice;  flowers  yellow,  in  corymbose  or  paniculate  heads; 
tegules  imbricated,  the  outer  shorter;  receptacle  flat,  naked; 
pappus  of  copious  very  fine  and  short  capillary  bristles,  which 
are  not  plumose;  corollas  all  ligulate;  akenes  flat  or  fiattish, 
truncate,  not  beaked. 

Heads  large;  involucre  glandular-pubescent.  S.  arvensis. 
Heads  medium-sized;  involucre  glabrous. 

Leaves  prickly-toothed;  auricles  rounded.  S.  asper. 

Leaves  with  soft  teeth ;  auricles  acute.  S.  oleraceus. 

Sonchus  arvensis  L.  Perennial,  glabrous  to  the  inflorescence ;  stems  60-100 
cm.  high,  erect;  lower  leaves  oblanceolate  in  outline,  runcinately  lobed,  spinu- 
lose-denticulate,  petioled,  10-30  cm.  long,  the  upper  lanceolate,  clasping  at 
base;  heads  3-5  cm.  broad;  involucre  glandular;  ligulate  corollas  bright  yellow; 
akenes  longitudinally  ribbed. 

A  weed,  sparingly  introduced  from  Europe. 

Sonchus  asper  (L.)  Hill.  Annual,  erect,  30-90  cm.  high,  somewhat  glau- 
cous, glabrous  below,  glandular  above;  lower  leaves  ovate  or  broadly  spatulate, 
obtuse  or  acute,  rarely  lobed,  spinulose-dentate,  the  petioles  margined;  upper 
leaves  oblong  or  oval,  sessile  and  clasping  at  base,  acuminate;  heads  cymosely 
arranged;  involucre  cylindric-campanulate,  about  1  cm.  broad,  glabrous; 
flowers  yellow;  akenes  flat,  margined,  3-nerved  on  each  side. 

A  common  weed,  introduced  from  Europe. 

Sonchus  oleraceus  L.  Annual,  glabrous,  pale  green;  stems  usually  60-90 
cm.  high,  erect,  simple  or  but  little  branched;  leaves  pinnately  cleft  or  parted, 
10-20  cm.  long,  the  terminal  segment  large,  triangular,  denticulate,  the  lateral 
lobes  much  smaller;  lower  leaves  petioled,  the  upper  auriculate-clasping; 
involucre  cylindric,  glabrous;  akenes  flat,  marked  with  longitudinal  and 
cross  ribs. 

A  weed,  introduced  from  Europe. 


COMPOSITAE.  361 

497.   XANTHIUM.     Cocklebur. 

Annual  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  petioled;  heads  monoecious, 
in  axillary  or  terminal  clusters  or  short  interrupted  spikes,  the 
pistillate  heads  2-flowered  and  below  the  several -flowered  stami- 
nate  ones;  involucre  of  the  staminate  heads  of  several  distinct 
narrow  tegules;  involucre  of  the  pistillate  heads  bur-like,  ovoid  or 
oblong,  closed,  indurated,  2-celled,  2-flowered,  armed  all  over 
with  strongly  hook- tipped  spines;  pappus  none;  corolla  none; 
akenes  obovoid  thick. 

Xanthium  varians  Greene.  Stems  simple  or  branched,  20-40  cm,  high, 
sparsely  setose;  leaves  mostly  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  coarsely  and  doubly 
serrate-dentate,  scabrous  on  both  surfaces;  fruiting  burs  ovoid,  15-20  mm. 
long,  armed  with  about  70  spines  half  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  body; 
beaks  stout,  incurved  at  tip. 

Sandy  banks  of  the  Columbia  River. 

498.  GAERTNERIA. 

Herbs  (in  ours)  with  mostly  alternate  leaves ;  sterile  and  fertile 
heads  separate  or  sometimes  mixed  in  the  inflorescence;  fertile 
involucre  1-4-celled,  bur-like,  armed  with  spines  in  more  than 
one  row;  pistils  solitary  in  each  cell  of  the  involucre. 

Ours  all  seashore  perennials. 

Leaves  2-3  times  pinnately  parted.  G.  bipinnatifida. 

Leaves  cuneate-obovate,  serrate  or  incised.  G.  chamissonis. 

Gaertneria  bipinnatifida  (Nutt.)  Kuntze.  Herbage  canescently  hirsute; 
stems  prostrate  or  procumbent,  branched,  30-90  cm.  long;  leaves  ovate  in 
outline,  3-5  cm.  long,  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  into  oblong  segments;  staminate 
heads  in  a  dense  raceme;  fruiting  involucre  ovoid-fusiform,  nearly  glabrous, 
armed  with  short  subulate  flattened  spines. 

Common  on  high  sandy  or  gravelly  sea-beaches. 

Gaertneria  chamissonis  (Less.)  Kuntze.  Stems  stout,  prostrate  or  pro- 
cumbent, 60-90  cm.  long,  hirsutely  pubescent;  leaves  oblong  to  oval,  cuneate 
at  base,  obtusely  serrate  or  the  lower  ones  often  incised,  silvery-silky,  petioled; 
fruiting  involucre  2-flowered,  sparsely  hirsute,  armed  with  very  short  flat 
spines. 

On  the  ocean  coast,  Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

499.  EUPATORIUM. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs;  leaves  whorled  (in  ours)  mostly 
resiniferous-atomiferous;  heads  discoid,  in  cymes  or  panicles, 
rarely  solitary;  tegules  few  to  numerous,  receptacle  naked;  pappus 
of  numerous  scabrous  capillary  bristles,  mostly  in  1  row. 

Eupatorium  maculatum  L.  Perennial,  stout,  erect,  1-3  m.  high,  simple  or 
branched  near  the  top;  herbage  pubescent;  leaves  in  whorls  of  3-6,  ovate  to 
oblong-ovate,  incisely  toothed,  thickish  and  somewhat  rugose,  10-30  cm.  long; 
heads  numerous  in  a  rather  flat-topped  cyme;  involucre  cylindric;  tegules 
oblong,  purplish,  imbricated  in  5  or  6  series,  the  outer  shorter;  flowers  purple. 

Sumas,  Washington,  Gorman;  British  Columbia  eastward  to  Newfoundland 
and  the  Atlantic  states. 


362  COMPOSITAE. 

500.   COLEOSANTHUS. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves;  heads 
whitish;  involucre  campanulate,  the  tegules  striate-nerved,  im- 
bricated, lanceolate  or  linear,  the  outer  shorter,  none  herbaceous; 
receptacle  flat,  naked;  pappus  one  row  of  separate  capillary 
barbed  or  scabrous  bristles. 

Coleosanthus  grandiflorus  (Hook.)  Kuntze.  Glabrous  or  puberulent; 
stems  erect,  much  branched,  60-90  cm.  high;  leaves  triangular-ovate,  cordate 
or  truncate  at  base,  acuminate,  crenate-dentate,  5-10  cm.  long;  inflorescence 
cymose-paniculate:  heads  drooping,  each  about  40-flowered;  involucral  bracts 
thin,  the  outer  short  and  ovate,  the  inner  oblong-linear;  akenes  minutely 
hispid,  not  glandular. 

In  rocky  places  along  the  Columbia  River  at  Wyeth,  Oregon,  and  probably 
in  our  limits.     First  collected  by  Douglas. 

501.  GRINDELIA.    Gum  Plant. 

Biennial  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  sessile  or  partly  clasping; 
heads  yellow,  medium  or  rather  large,  solitary,  terminating  leafy 
branches  or  occasionally  more  or  less  corymbose,  many-flowered, 
gummy;  ray-flowers  fertile,  numerous,  narrow,  or  rarely  none; 
tegules  numerous,  narrow;  receptacle  flat  or  convex;  pappus  of 
2-8  rigid  and  early-deciduous  awns;  style-branches  tipped  with 
an  appendage;  akenes  compressed  or  turgid  or  the  outermost 
somewhat  3 -angled. 

Heads  6-8  mm.  high;  tegules  stiff,  strongly  recurved  at 
tip. 
Ray-flowers  present.  G.  nana. 

Ray-flowers  absent.  G.  nana  columbiana. 

Heads   10-12   mm.   high;   tegules  softer,   straight  or 
moderately  recurved  at  tip. 
Cauline  leaves  broadest  at  base.  G.  integrifolia. 

Cauline  leaves  not  broadest  at  base. 

Herbage  wholly  glabrous.  G.  oregana. 

Herbage  sparsely  pubescent.  G.  oregana  wilkesiana, 

^Grindelia  nana  Nutt.  Stems  erect,  15-60  cm.  high,  simple  or  branched 
above;  basal  leaves  spatulate,  petioled,  the  upper  sessile  and  partly  clasping, 
entire  or  serrate,  glabrous;  heads  hemispherical,  10-14  mm.  broad;  bracts 
with  slender  revolute  tips,  sticky-viscid;  ray-flowers  16-30,  5-8  cm.  long; 
akenes  narrow,  somewhat  2-toothcd  at  summit;  pappus  awns  2  or  3. 

In  thin  soils,  usually  abundant  where  found.  First  found  near  Fort  Van- 
couver, Washington,  by  Nuttall.     Common  in  the  Willamette  Valley. 

Grindelia  nana  columbiana  Piper.  Ray-flowers  wanting;  otherwise  the 
same  as  G.  nana. 

Near  Portland,  Oregon,  and  common  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Grindelia  integrifolia  DC.  Sparsely  villous  and  pubescent,  not  glutinous; 
stems  stout,  about  50-90  cm.  high,  often  branched  above;  cauline  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate,  membranaceous,  entire  or  sometimes  serrate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  6-10  cm.  long,  sessile  and  broadest  at  base,  the  radical 
petioled;  involucre  10-12  mm.  high,  surrounded  by  more  or  less  foliaceous 
bracts;  tegules  subulate,  setaceous. 


COMPOSITAE.  363 

Dry  prairies,  Clarke  County,  Washington,  and  southwards.  Common 
in  the  Willamette  Valley. 

Grindelia  oregana  Gray.  {G.  stricta  DC.  ?)  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  and 
more  or  less  varnished;  stems  stout,  often  tufted,  60-90  cm.  high;  leaves 
subcoriaceous,  oblong-spatulate  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  entire 
to  sharply  denticulate,  6-10  cm.  long,  the  cauline  sessile  by  a  narrowed  base, 
the  radical  petioled;  involucre  gummy,  10-15  mm.  high;  tegules  subulate; 
ray-flowers  12-20  mm.  long;  akenes  truncate;  pappus  awns  2  or  3. 

Common  on  high  sea  beaches;  G.  hendersoni  Greene  is  apparently  a  mere  I 

form.  ' 

I 

Grindelia  oregana  wilkesiana  Piper  n.  subsp.     Sparsely  pubescent  through-  | 

out  with  weak  white  hairs;  otherwise  like  G.  oregana.  \ 

Gray  Harbor,   Wilkes  Expedition;  Nisqually,   Wilkes  Expedition;    Eraser  j 

River,  Dr.  Holmes;  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  Osgood.  \ 

502.   CHRYSOPSIS.  1 

Low  herbs;  leaves  numerous,  alternate,  sessile;  heads  solitary 

or  in  corymbs  with  yellow  flowers ;  ray-flowers  fertile  or  sometimes  ; 

wanting;  tegules  narrow,  acute,   scarious-margined ;  receptacle  < 

flat;  style-branches  with  appendages;  pappus  double,  of  two  ' 

kinds,  the  interior  of  long  copious  capillary  bristles,  the  exterior  ! 

of  short  bristles  or  chaffy  scales;  akenes  oblong-linear  or  ovate-  1 
oblong,  compressed,  hairy. 

Ray-flowers  none;  leaves  green,  hispid-hirsute.  C.  oregana. 

Ray-flowers  present;  leaves  canescent,  strigose  or  hirsute.  C.  villosa.  * 

Chrysopsis  oregana  (Nutt.)  Gray.  Herbage  hispid-hirsute;  stems  tufted, 
20-30  cm.  high,  mostly  branched;  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  entire,  acute, 
sessile,  3-5  cm.  long;  inflorescence  cor\^mbose-paniculate,  glandular;  involucre 
campanulate;  tegules  thin,  linear  to  lanceolate,  1-nerved,  in  several  series;  ^ 

akenes  oblong;  pappus  white,  capillary.  j 

On  gravel  bars  of  streams,  Washington  to  California.  ■ 

Chrysopsis   villosa   (Pursh)    Nutt.     Perennial,   the   stems  decumbent   or  ' 

suberect,   15-30  cm.  long,  canescent  throughout  and  more  or  less  villous;  ' 

leaves  numerous,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  mostly  acute,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  ! 
2-3  cm.  long;  heads  solitary  or  corymbed,  terminating  short  leafy  branches; 

involucre  hemispherical,  10-15  mm.  broad; tegules  canescent  or  nearly  glabrous;  | 
ray-flowers  golden-yellow;  akenes  obovate,  pubescent;    outer  pappus  very 

short.  ! 

Rare  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  Coupeville,  Washington,   Gardner.  ; 

503.   HOOREBEKIA.  i 

Herbs  or  low  undershrubs;  leaves  alternate,  soft  or  rigid;  heads  i 

solitary,  terminal,  or  clustered,  many-flowered;  ray-flowers  fertile  : 

or  rarely  none;  involucre  imbricated;  tegules  with  or  without  \ 

foliaceous  tips;  receptacle  flat  or  flattish;  pappus  tawny  or  ^  /Hf/^ 
reddish,  of  copious  and  unequal  capillary  bristles,  somewhat -n^o  ^^^^ 
rigid ;  style-branches  with  appendages ;  akenes  turbinate  and  2|^**-tl!3 
linear,  terete,  angled  or  more  or  less  compress|^L,>,.<.4tt#^  \]p  oT^ 


364  COMPOSITAE. 

Tegules  rigid ;  heads  racemose.  H.  racemosa. 

Tegules  not  rigid;  heads  solitary.  H.  lyallii. 

Hoorebekia  racemosa  (Nutt.)  Piper.  Perennial;  stems  erect,  60-90  cm. 
high,  sparsely  soft-hairy;  leaves  lanceolate,  coriaceous,  acute,  entire,  5-15 
cm.  long,  the  cauline  sessile,  the  basal  petioled,  all  somewhat  scabrous  on 
both  surfaces  and  with  sparse  pubescence;  heads  racemosely  or  somewhat 
paniculately  arranged,  mostly  long-peduncled;  involucre  turbinate  or  cam- 
panulate,  1-1.5  cm.  broad,  the  well-imbricated  tegules  linear,  acute,  pubescent, 
rigid  and  coriaceous,  green-tipped;  ray-flowers  6-8  mm.  long;  akenes 
pubescent;  style-branches  filiform;  pappus  brownish. 

In  dry  ground  in  the  Willamette  Valley,  where  first  collected  by  Nuttall. 

Hoorebekia  lyallii  (Gray)  Piper.  Viscid-puberulent;  stems  10-20  cm. 
high,  leafy,  arising  from  elongated  branched  rootstocks;  leaves  soft,  oblong- 
spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  1-5  cm.  long;  heads  solitary,  15-20-rayed;  involucre 
hemispheric;  tegules  glandular,  lanceolate,  acute,  a  few  outer  ones  loose  and 
somewhat  foliaceous;  akenes  glabrous. 

In  rocky  places  in  the  mountains  at  about  2500  m.  altitude,  British  Colum- 
bia to  Oregon;  rare  and  local. 

504.   SOLIDAGO.        Goldenrod. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate;  heads  small,  mostly  in 
panicles  or  panicled  racemose  clusters,  radiate,  the  ray-flowers 
fertile,  yellow;  involucre  imbricated,  the  tegules  usually  without 
herbaceous  tips;  pappus  simple,  of  a  single  series  of  mostly  equal 
and  slender  scabrous  capillary  bristles;  style-appendages  lanceo- 
late or  triangular-subulate;  akenes  terete  or  angular,  5-12-ribbed. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  racemiform. 

Leaves  thick  and  firm.  5.  tolmieana. 

Leaves  thin. 

Heads  small,  4-5  mm.  long,  in  very  dense  panicles.  S.  elongata. 

Heads  larger,  5-7  mm.  long,  in  looser  panicles.  5.  serotina. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  not  racemiform. 
Tegules  acutish;  alpine  plants. 

Leaves  mostly  acute.  S.  algida. 

Leaves  obtuse.  S.  bellidifolia. 

Tegules  obtuse;  lowland  plants. 

Panicle  loose,  raceme-like.  S.  vespertina. 

Panicle  dense,  branched.  S.  glutinosa. 

Solidago  tolmieana  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous;  stems  30-40  cm.  high,  leafy; 
leaves  firm  and  thick,  linear  to  lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  serrate  at  tip, 
scabrous-ciliolate,  5-8  cm.  long;  panicle  narrowly  pyramidal;  heads  6  mm.  high; 
tegules  thin,  lanceolate,  acutish. 

Gravelly  prairies,  Washington  and  Oregon,  rare;  first  collected  by  Tolmie 
at  Fort  Vancouver,  Washington.  Perhaps  not  distinct  from  S.  missouriensis 
Nutt. 

Solidago  elongata  Nutt.  Stems  mostly  tufted,  60-100  cm.  high,  green, 
smooth;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  serrate,  obscurely  3-nerved, 
glabrous,  smooth  or  scabrid  on  the  nerves  beneath,  6-12  cm.  long;  panicle 
pyramidal,  very  dense,  10-25  cm.  long;  heads  4-5  mm.  high;  tegules  linear, 
acute  or  obtuse;  ray-flowers  yellow. 

In  moist  meadows;  the  commonest  species  of  the  region.  Nuttall' s  original 
specimens  are  from  Sauvies  Island,  Oregon.  The  species  is  scarcely  distinct 
from  S.  lepida  DC.  collected  by  Ilaenke  at  Nootka  Sound. 


COMPOSITAE.  365 

Solidago  serotina  salebrosa  Piper.     Stems  tufted,  stout  and  tall,  90-150  \ 

cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  3-nerved,  serrate,  \ 

harshly  scabrous  on  both  sides,  6-15  cm.  long;  panicle  somewhat  pyramidal,  j 

moderately  dense,    10-30  cm.   long;  heads  5-7   mm.   high,  crowded  on  the  ] 

spreading  often  crowded  branches;  tegules  thin,  linear,  obtuse;  ray- flowers  j 

7-14,  yellow;  akenes  pubescent.  \ 

In  moist  places,  not  common  in  our  limits.  j 

Solidago  algida  Piper  n.  sp.     Stems  usually  tufted,  10-30  cm.  high,  from  a  \ 

stout  branched  caudex,  glabrous  except  the  ciliation  of  the  leaves  and  the  \ 

branches  of  the  panicle;  basal  leaf  blades  oblanceolate,  entire  to  serrate  or  {: 

crenate-serrate,  mostly  acute,  firm,  glabrous  except  the  ciliate  margins,  3-10  J 

cm.  long,  the  margined  petioles  nearly  as  long;  cauline  leaves  similar,  smaller;  j 

inflorescence  a  dense  globose  or  oblong  panicle,  3-7  cm.  long;  branches  of  the  j 

inflorescence    puberulent;    heads   mostly    solitary'   on   the    branches,    many-  | 

flowered;  involucre  6  mm.  high;  tegules  linear,  thin,  scarious  and  slightly  \ 

erose  at  the  margins,  acute  or  acutish,  glabrous,  not  glutinous;  ray-flowers  \ 

short,  yellow.  ; 

The  common  alpine  golden-rod  of  the  Olympic  and  Cascade  Mountains,  ! 
very  closely  related  to  S.  scopulorum  (Gray)  A.  Nels.  and  S.  ciliosa  Greene  of  the  "  ; 
Rocky  Mountains  but  different  from  both.  Olympic  Mountains,  Piper 
2200,  2199  (type);  Elmer  2596;  Lamh,  1313;  Mount  Rainier,  Piper,  2158 
Smith,  1064;  Flett,  July  12,  1890;  Mount  Stuart,  Elmer,  1166;  Whited,  767 
Mount  Baker,  Stratton;  Loomis,  Elmer,  562. 

Solidago  bellidif olia  Greene.     Glabrous  except  the  scabrous  ciliate  margin  of  ^/6  0  ml  ^ 
the  leaves;  stems  10-30  cm.  high;  basal  leaf-blades  thickish,  oblong  to  obovate,  lU^AfkU- 
rounded  at  apex,  crenate-dentate,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  margined  petiole  a  little  '^Z'  'u t^. 
shorter;  cauline  similar,  smaller;  heads  in  a  dense  globose  or  oblong  cluster,  '^*'**^^>^ 
2-10  cm.  long;  involucre  5  mm.  high;  tegules  linear,  obtuse  to  acutish,  rather  7 ^^-y^' 
thin,  minutely  erose  on  the  margins,  glabrous    not    glutinous;    ray-flowers 

numerous,  yellow.  \ 

Rocky  places  at  high  altitudes,  Mount  Hood,  Mount  Adams,  and  Mount  \ 

Stuart.  j 

Solidago  vespertina  Piper  n.  sp.     Glabrous  up  to  the  minutely  puberulent  \ 

or  sometimes  resinous  inflorescence;  stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  \ 

spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  thickish,  obtuse  or  sometimes  acute,  serrate  above  i 

the  middle,  narrowed  into  a  margined  petiole  as  long  as  the  blade;  cauline  ■ 

leaves  similar,  smaller,  the  upper  ones  sessile;  inflorescence  narrow,    erect,  ■ 

racemose  to  subpaniculate,  10-15  cm.  long,  sometimes  leafy  bracted  near  the  ■ 
base ;  heads  6  mm.  high,  many-flowered ;  involucre  campanulate ;  tegules  oblong, 

obtuse,  thin-margined,  nearly  glabrous,  erect,  in  about  3  series,  the    outer  j 

successively  shorter;  ray-flowers  few,  pale  yellow,  3-toothed  at  apex;  akenes  ' 

puberulent.  '] 

In  open  pine  woods.  Mason  County,  Washington,  near  Union  City,  Piper  j 

886  (type).     Flett  878  from  Tacoma  differs  only    in  having   the    involucre  ! 
varnished.     In  the  Flora  of  Washington,  this  species  was  referred  to  S.  purshii 

Porter  (S.  humilis  Pursh).  j 

'1 

Solidago  glutinosa  Nutt.     Glabrous,  but  more  or  less  varnished  with  resin,  1 

especially  the  inflorescence;  stems  erect,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong-Ian-  1 

ceolate  to  oblanceolate,  serrate  toward  the  apex,  the  upper  cauline  sessile,  the  ■ 

basal  ones  petioled  and  8-10  cm.  long;  heads  numerous,  in  a  dense  compound  : 

virgate  or  pyramidal  panicle,  each  5-6  mm.  high,  8-15-flowered ;  tegules  oblong-  j 

linear,  erect,  in  about  3  series;  ray-flowers  few,  yellow.  J 

Gravelly    prairies,    Vancouver    Island    to    Oregon.     First     collected     by  \ 

Nuttall  near  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  River.  \ 


366  COMPOSITAE. 

505.   EUTHAMIA. 

Erect  scabrous  perennials  with  narrow  alternate  leaves; 
flowers  in  numerous  small  heads  in  terminal  flat-topped  corym- 
bose panicles;  heads  many- flowered,  the  ray-flowers  yellow, 
equalling  and  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers;  receptacle 
fimbrillate;  akenes  villous. 

Euthamia  occidentalis  Nutt.  Glabrous;  stems  90-120  cm.  high,  erect, 
branched  above;  leaves  linear,  entire,  3-nerved,  the  principal  ones  5-10  cm. 
long;  heads  peduncled,  in  small  corymbs;  tegules  narrow,  acute;  ray-flowers 
16-20. 

Common  in  moist  places  especially  along  lake  shores;  flowering  in  Sep- 
tember. 

506.   ERIGERON.     Fleabane. 

Herbs;  very  similar  to  Aster,  but  diff"ering  in  the  usually  naked 
peduncled  heads;  involucre  simpler,  of  narrow  erect  equal  teg- 
ules, not  coriaceous  and  without  herbaceous  tips;  rays  narrower 
and  usually  very  numerous,  often  in  more  than  one  row,  rarely 
wanting;  pappus  more  scanty  or  fragile,  sometimes  with  a  con- 
spicuous short  outer  row;  style  appendages  very  short  and  round- 
ish or  obtuse;  akenes  mostly  2-nerved. 

Rays  very  short  or  wanting. 

Leaves  ternately  cleft  to  parted ;  perennial.  E.  compositus  discoideus. 

Leaves  entire;  plants  not  perennial. 

Heads  paniculate;  involucre  glabrous;  annual.  E.  canadensis. 
Heads  corymbose;  involucre  hirsute,  at  least 

at  base;  biennial.  E.  acris. 

Rays  present,  conspicuous. 

Plants  annual  or  biennial;  stems  erect,  branched 

above;  ray-flowers  white.  E.  ramosus. 

Plants  perennial;  roots  stout. 

Leaves  narrow  or  with  narrow  lobes;  low  al- 
pine plants. 
Ray-flowers    golden     yellow;     involucre 

woolly.  E.  aureus. 

Ray-flowers  pink  or  violet,  never  yellow. 
Leaves    3-5-cleft;    involucre    sparsely 

hirsute.  E.  compositus  trifidus. 

Leaves  entire. 

Involucre  woolly;  leaves  spat ulate.     E.  unifiorus. 
Involucre  hirsutulous;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate.  E.  pacificus. 
Leaves  flat,  rather  large  and  broad,  entire  or 
toothed. 
Stems  low;  leaves  mostly  basal. 

Involucre  loosely  villous;   fleshy  sea- 
shore plant.  E.  glaucus. 
Involucre  not  villous. 

Basal  leaves  dentate;  plant  produc- 
ing rosulate  offsets.  E.  oreganus. 
Basal  leaves  entire;  plant  not  pro- 
ducing offsets. 
Leaves  glabrous.                            E.  spatulifolius. 


COMPOSITAE.  367 

Leaves  ciliate  and  sparsely  pi- 
lose. E.  leihergii. 
Stems  tall,  leafy. 

Ray-flowers  narrow,  100-150. 

Leaves  entire;  ray-flowers  violet.       E.  speciosus. 
Leaves  dentate;  ray-flowers  pink.      E.  philadelphicus. 
Ray-flowers  broader,  30-60. 

Cauline  leaves  half-clasping  at  base.  E.  howellii. 
Cauline    leaves    sessile    or    short- 
petioled. 
Involucre  sparsely  pilose.  E.  amplif alius. 

Involucre  minutely  glandular.      E.  salsuginosus. 

Erigeron  canadensis  L.  Annual,  strictly  erect,  simple  or  with  erect 
branches,  usually  30-100  cm.  high,  loosely  hirsute  throughout;  leaves  numer- 
ous, linear,  entire,  or  the  lower  spatulate  and  incisely  lobed  or  dentate;  heads 
panicled,  very  numerous,  small,  3-5  mm.  high;  involucres  cylindric;  ray- 
flowers  whitish,  very  small. 

Native  but  weedy  in  habit  and  abundant  in  cultivated  land. 

Erigeron  acris  debilis  Gray.  Biennial,  erect,  glabrous  or  sparsely  pubes- 
cent, 10-20  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate;  cauline  lanceolate, 
sessile,  all  entire,  acute  or  obtuse,  5-10  cm.  long;  heads  few,  paniculate  or 
corymbose,  6-8  mm.  broad;  involucre  puberulent  and  somewhat  hirsute;  ray- 
flowers  very  narrow,  pinkish,  equalling  the  disk,  within  them  a  series  of  tubular 
filiform  pistillate  flowers;  akenes  smooth;  pappus  copious,  brownish. 

In  the  mountains  at  about  2000  m.  altitude. 

Erigeron  ramosus  septentrionalis  Fernald  &  Wiegand.  Annual  or  biennial, 
erect,  branched  above,  sparsely  hirsute,  leafy  to  the  top;  lower  leaves  spatulate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  dentate,  the  blades  5-8  cm.  long;  upper  cauline 
lanceolate,  entire,  sessile,  smaller;  heads  loosely  corymbed;  involucre  3-4  mm. 
high,  glabrous  or  with  a  few  bristly  hairs;  ray-flowers  white,  numerous,  short, 
4-6  mm.  long;  pappus  of  the  disk-flowers  double,  the  inner  of  few  deciduous 
bristles,  the  outer  of  short  persistent  scales;  ray-flowers  with  few  or  no  bristles 
to  the  pappus. 

Prairies,  not  uncommon. 

Erigeron  aureus  Greene.  {Aplopappus  hrandegei  Gray.)  Perennial  from 
a  stout  crown;  herbage  ashy-puberulent;  stems  6-12  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly 
basal,  obovate  to  spatulate,  entire,  petioled;  cauline  oblong  to  lanceolate,  few, 
small;  heads  solitary,  8-10  mm.  broad;  involucre  loose,  woolly;  tegules  lan- 
ceolate; ray-flowers  15-20,  bright  ^'^ellow;  akenes  pubescent. 

High  peaks  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  at  about  2700  m.  altitude,  British 
Columbia  and  Washington;  first  found  on  Mount  Stuart. 

Erigeron  compositus  trifidus  (Hook.)  Gray.  Biennial,  tufted  from  a 
woody  crown;  basal  leaves  petioled,  the  blade  3-cleft,  the  lateral  lobes  often 
again  cleft;  cauline  sessile,  often  entire;  flowering  stems  5-10  cm.  high;  heads 
solitary;  ray-flowers  30-50,  pink  or  white,  6-10  mm.  long;  akenes  short-pubes- 
cent; pappus  simple. 

In  rocky  soil  in  the  mountains  at  about  2500  m.  altitude. 

Erigeron  compositus  discoideus  Gray.  Similar  to  E.  compositus  trifidus; 
ray-flowers  absent. 

Cascade  Mountains,  latitude  49°,  Lyall. 

Erigeron  uniflorus  L.  Perennial;  stems  erect,  simple,  4-20  cm.  high, 
somewhat  pubescent;  basal  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,  entire,  2-5  cm.  long,  the 
blade  as  long  as  the  petiole;  cauline  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  sessile;  head 


368  COMPOSITAE. 

solitary;  involucre  very  woolly;  tegules  linear-lanceolate,  acute;  ray-flowers 
purple,  numerous,  6-8  mm.  long. 

Cascade  Mountains,  without  exact  locality.  Dr.  Cooper. 

Erigeron  pacificus  Howell.  Perennial  from  a  woody  rootstock,  thinly  canes- 
cent,  hirsutulous  throughout;  stems  leafy,  erect  or  ascending,  5-10  cm.  high; 
basal  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  petioled,  2-5  cm.  high,  thinly  pubescent 
with  short  stiff  white  hairs  on  both  sides;  cauline  similar  but  smaller  and  short 
petioled;  involucre  hemispheric,  1  cm.  broad;  tegules  linear-oblong,  acute, 
4-5  mm.  long,  thinly  hirsutulous;  ray-flowers  20-40,  blue  to  purple,  10-12 
mm.  long;  akenes  minutely  pubescent;  pappus  double,  the  outer  bristles  very 
short,  the  inner  equalling  the  disk-flowers. 

On  grassy  slopes  near  Table  Rock,  Clackamas  County,  Oregon,  Howell; 
not  otherwise  known. 

Erigeron  glaucus  Ker.  Somewhat  viscid  pubescent;  stems  20-30  cm. 
high;  leaves  mostly  in  a  basal  tuft,  pale  green,  hardly  glaucous,  somewhat 
fleshy,  obovate  or  spatulate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  6-10  cm.  long;  cauline  spatu- 
late-oblong,  obtuse,  sessile;  heads  mostly  solitary,  large,  the  disk  2.5  cm. 
broad;  involucre  loose,  villous  with  long  hairs;  ray-flowers  60-100,  violet, 
broad,  10-12  mm.  long. 

Along  the  seashore  of  Oregon  and  California. 

Erigeron  oreganus  Gray.  Perennial,  pubescent;  stems  spreading  or  as- 
cending, 15-30  cm.  long;  leaves  mostly  in  a  basal  rosette,  cuneate-obovate, 
coarsely  dentate  or  incised,  3-8  cm.  long;  cauline  spatulate,  subentire,  smaller; 
heads  solitary  or  few;  involucre  8-10  mm.  high;  tegules  linear,  acuminate,  the 
outer  loose  and  passing  into  the  leaves;  ray-flowers  60-70,  pink,  10-12  mm. 
long;  pappus  simple. 

On  perpendicular  cliffs  in  the  gorge  of  the  Columbia  River;  not  elsewhere 
known. 

Erigeron  spatulifolius  Howell.  Perennial  from  a  very  stout  caudex,  green 
and  nearly  glabrous;  stems  usually  several,  slender,  sparsely  hirsute,  erect  or 
ascending,  10-20  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  broadly 
obtuse,  entire  or  with  a  few  crenate  teeth  near  the  apex,  glabrous  on  both 
sides,  2-4  cm.  long,  including  the  margined  petiole;  cauline  leaves  oblong  or 
ovate-oblong,  acute,  sessile,  small,  about  1  cm.  long;  involucre  hemispherical, 
1  cm.  broad;  tegules  broadly  linear,  attenuate-acute,  minutely  granular;  ray- 
flowers  30-40,  purple ;  pappus  bristles  as  long  as  the  disk-flowers;  akenes  smooth. 

On  rocky  banks,  Pansy  Camp,  Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon,  Howell. 

Erigeron  leibergii  Piper.  Perennial  from  a  stout  caudex,  sparsely  hirsute 
and  glandular  throughout;  flowering  stems  10-15  cm.  high,  mostly  simple 
and  bearing  a  single  head;  basal  leaves  broad,  spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  obtuse, 
entire,  ciliate,  4-9  cm.  long;  cauline  oblong,  sessile,  mostly  acute,  1-2  cm.  long; 
involucre  viscid  glandular  and  sparsely  hirsute;  tegules  linear,  acuminate; 
ray-flowers  20-25,  violet,  1  cm.  long. 

Mount  Stuart,  Leiherg;  Bear  Creek,  Okanogan  County,  Washington, 
Gorman;  25-mile  Creek,  Okanogan  County,  Gorman.  E.  leibergii  differs 
from  E.  spatulifolius  only  in  the  herbage  and  involucre  being  somewhat  pilose. 
It  is  not  unlikely  that  the  two  constitute  but  one  species,  variable  as  to  pubes- 
cence. 

Erigeron  speciosus  DC.  (£.  glabellus  mucronatus  Hook.)  Perennial 
tufted,  sparingly  hirsute  or  nearly  glabrous;  stems  30-50  cm.  high,  leafy  to 
the  top,  erect;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  acute  or  acuminate,  usually  ciliate  at 
least  at  the  base,  the  upper  cauline  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  the  lower  and  rad- 
ical petioled,  5-15  cm.  long;  heads  few,  in  a  loose  corymb;  involucre  hirsute  or 


COMPOSITAE.  369 

nearly  glabrous,  5-6  mm.  high;  ray-flowers  about  100,  narrow,  violet,  about 
1  cm.  long;  akenes  pubescent;  pappus  double,  the  outer  bristles  very  short. 
Gravelly  soil,  infrequent. 

Erigeron  philadelphicus  L.  Perennial,  sparsely  hairy;  stems  erect,  branched 
above,  30-90  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  dentate, 
3-6  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole;  cauline  mostly  entire,  sessile  and 
half-clasping;  heads  numerous  in  a  corymb;  involucre  hemispheric;  ray-flowers 
pink,  numerous,  very  narrow;  akenes  puberulent. 

Moist  banks  and  meadows,  common. 

Erigeron  howellii  Gray.  Perennial,  glabrous  except  near  the  top;  stems 
30-50  cm.  high,  leafy;  leaves  entire  or  merely  denticulate,  thin  in  texture, 
glabrous;  basal  ones  petioled,  ovate  to  obovate;  cauline  half-clasping  at  base, 
ovate,  mucronate,  2-5  cm.  long;  heads  solitary;  involucre  somewhat  pubes- 
cent; tegules  subulate;  ray-flowers  30-35,  white,  15-20  mm.  long. 

Perpendicular  bluffs  along  the  Columbia  Gorge  in  moist  places. 

Erigeron  amplifolius  Howell.  Green  nearly  glabrous;  stems  erect,  50-70 
cm.  high;  leaves  entire  or  with  a  few  teeth,  the  basal  ones  lanceolate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  slender  petioled,  gradually  reduced,  the  upper 
sessile;  heads  solitary  or  few,  short-peduncled;  involucre  hemispheric,  10-12 
mm.  broad;  tegules  linear,  acute,  minutely  glandular  and  sparsely  pilose  along 
the  midrib;  ray-flowers  50-60,  blue  or  violet,  about  2  cm.  long;  akenes  pubes- 
cent. 

On  open  hillsides  near  Table  Rock,  Clackamas  County,  Oregon,  Howell. 

Erigeron  salsuginosus  (Richards.)  Gray.  Perennial;  stems  erect,  30-60 
cm.  high,  pubescent  toward  the  top;  lower  leaves  petioled,  spatulate  to  nar- 
rowly-obovate,  entire  or  denticulate,  green,  glabrous,  5-20  cm.  long;  cauline 
oblong-lanceolate,  sessile;  heads  solitary  or  few;  involucre  loose,  subulate- 
linear,  viscid  and  minutely  pubescent;  ray-flowers  50-70,  pink,  12-15  mm. 
long,  rather  broad. 

Abundant  in  alpine  meadows  at  1500  to  2000  m.  altitude,  sometimes  called 
"  Mountain  Daisy." 

Erigeron  salsuginosus  angustifolius  Gray.  Stems  15-20  cm.  high;  leaves 
narrower,  spatulate  to  lanceolate. 

This  is  merely  a  reduced  high  altitude  form  of  E.  salsuginosus. 

507.   SERICOCARPUS. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  many  sessile  alternate  mostly  entire 
leaves  and  small  heads  of  whitish  flowers  in  corymbs;  heads  12- 
20-flowered,  radiate;  involucre  cylindric  or  somewhat  clavate; 
tegules  appressed,  closely  imbricated,  coriaceous  but  with  spread- 
ing green  tips;  ray-flowers  few,  4  or  5;  receptacle  foveolate; 
style  branches  lanceolate-subulate;  akenes  pubescent;  pappus  of 
numerous  scabrous  capillary  bristles. 

Sericocarpus  rigidus  Lindl.  Herbage  pale  green  and  scabrous;  stems 
30-60  cm.  high,  leafy;  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  obtuse  and  usually  mucronate, 
entire,  stiff  but  hardly  rigid,  2-2.5  cm.  long;  inflorescence  a  rather  dense 
corymb;  involucre  turbinate;  tegules  oblong  to  linear,  1-nerved;  akenes  canes- 
cent,  half  as  long  as  the  white  pappus. 

In  dry  ground,  Vancouver  Island  to  California. 


25 


370  COMPOSITAE. 

508.    OREOSTEMMA. 

Acaulescent  perennial  herbs  with  solitary  heads  on  scapi- 
form  stems  and  entire  leaves;  heads  broadly  hemispheric;  tegules 
herbaceous,  narrow,  subequal,  rather  loose,  in  about  2  series; 
receptacle  flat;  ray-flowers  numerous,  violet  to  purple;  style 
branches  slender,  acute,  hirsutulose;  akenes  prismatic,  villous; 
pappus  a  single  series  of  denticulate  capillary  bristles. 

Oreostemma  alpigena  (T.  &  G.)  Greene.  Caudex  and  root  stout; 
stems  spreading  or  ascending,  5-10  cm.  high,  scape-like,  the  leaves  much  re- 
duced; basal  leaves  spatulate  to  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  glabrous,  3-8  cm.  long; 
involucre  hemispheric,  12  mm.  high;  tegules  linear,  acute,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent; ray-flowers  violet,  12-15  mm.  long;  akenes  hirsute  at  the  summit. 

At  high  altitudes  in  the  Cascade  Mountains.  First  collected  on  Mount 
Rainier  by  Tolmie  in  1833. 

509.   EUCEPHALUS. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  all  cauline,  the  lowermost 
much  reduced;  heads  panicled,  rarely  solitary,  radiate;  involucre 
well  imbricated,  campanulate;  tegules  chartaceous,  closely 
appressed,  arranged  in  3  or  4  series,  the  outer  successively 
shorter;  receptacle  lacerate-alveolate ;  ray-flowers  in  a  single 
series,  violet  or  white;  disk-flowers  yellow;  style  branches  lan- 
ceolate; akenes  compressed;  pappus  copious,  of  numerous 
unequal  bristles. 

Ray-flowers  white,  becoming  pink-tinged.  E.  paucicapitatus. 
Ray-flowers  purple  or  violet. 

Leaves  tomentose  beneath.  E.  ledophyllus. 

Leaves  glabrous  on  both  sides.  E.  engelmanni. 

Eucephalus  paucicapitatus  (Robinson)  Greene.  Stems  tufted,  erect,  leafy, 
30-50  cm.  high,  somewhat  pubescent;  leaves  elliptic-oblong,  puberulent,  2-3 
cm.  long,  erect  or  ascending;  heads  mostly  solitary,  sometimes  3  or  4,  short- 
peduncled,  3-3.5  cm.  broad;  tegules  lance-linear,  pubescent,  ciliolate,  acute, 
purple  at  tip,  loosely  imbricated  in  2-3  series,  8  mm.  long;  ray-flowers  12-18, 
white  becoming  pink. 

Common  in  alpine  meadows  of  the  Olympic  Mountains,  but  not  known  to 
occur  elsewhere. 

Eucephalus  ledophyllus  (Gray)  Greene.  Stems  usually  tufted,  erect, 
30-80  cm.  high;  leaves  numerous,  lanceolate,  entire  or  sparsely  denticulate, 
glabrous  above,  tomentose  beneath,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  lower  obtuse,  the  upper 
cuspidate;  heads  solitary  or  several  in  a  loose  cyme;  tegules  lance-linear,  acute 
or  acuminate;  ray-flowers  violet;  akenes  sparsely  hirsute. 

Alpine  meadows  in  the  Cascade  Mountains,  southern  British  Columbia  to 
Oregon. 

Eucephalus  engelmanni  (Gray)  Greene.  Nearly  glabrous;  stems  60-90 
cm.  tall,  erect;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  thin,  entire  or 
more  or  less  serrulate,  5-10  cm.  long,  the  upper  ones  cuspidate;  heads  race- 
mosely  or  paniculately  cymosc;  involucre  hemispheric;  tegules  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute  or  acuminate,  the  outer  loose  and  partly  foliaceous,  the  inner 
purplish;  ray-flowers  purple,  10-12  mm.  long;  akenes  oblong-obovoid. 

Alpine  meadows  in  the  Cascade  Mountains,  mostly  on  the  eastern  slopes. 


COMPOSITAE.  371 

Bucephalus  macounii  Greene.  Sparsely  rough  pubescent;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  oblong,  sessile,  acute,  half-clasping  at  base,  sharply  serrate  with 
scattered  teeth ;  heads  few,  corymbose ;  involucre  turbinate ;  tegules  lanceolate, 
acute,  purple  tinged,  pubescent  and  ciliate,  arranged  in  about  4  series;  ray- 
flowers  10-15,  narrow,  violet;  akenes  pubescent. 

Victoria,  Macoun;  no  specimens  have  been  seen  and  the  description  is 
compiled. 

510.   ASTER. 


Mostly  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate;  heads  solitary, 
corymbed  or  panicled,  many-flowered,  radiate;  ray-flowers 
several  or  numerous,  in  one  row,  fertile  or  rarely  sterile,  white, 
purple  or  blue,  never  yellow;  disk-flowers  yellow,  often  turning 
purple ;  involucre  imbricated ;  tegules  commonly  with  herbaceous 
tips;  receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked;  pappus  tawny,  simple,  of 
copious  slender  scabrous  capillary  bristles;  anthers  tipped  with 
an  appendage;  styles  appendaged;  akenes  more  or  less  com- 
pressed, rarely  slender,  4-5-nerved. 

Leaves  coriaceous;  involucre  well  imbricated,  broadly  turbinate, 

not  glandular.  A.  radulinus. 

Leaves  membranaceous;  involucre  hemispheric,  not  well  im- 
bricated. 
Involucre  viscid  or  pruinose-glandular.  A.  major. 

Involucre  not  viscid  or  glandular. 
Heads  less  than  1  cm.  broad. 

Tegules  acute.  A.  oreganus. 

Tegules  obtuse.  A.  hallii. 

Heads  more  than  1  cm.  broad. 

Cauline  leaves  auriculate  at  base.  A .  foliaceus. 

Cauline  leaves  not  auriculate  at  base.  A.  douglasii. 

Aster  radulinus  Gray.  Herbage  scabrous  and  pubescent;  stems  stout, 
20-50  cm.  high,  mostly  branched  above;  leaves  firm,  subcoriaceous,  broadly- 
lanceolate  to  obovate,  sharply  serrate,  tapering  at  base,  5-10  cm.  long,  scab- 
rous on  both  sides;  heads  corymbose;  involucre  turbinate  or  obconical,  6-8 
mm.  high;  tegules  imbricated,  firm,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  abruptly 
acute,  pubescent;  ray-flowers  violet  or  nearly  white,  short;  akenes  pubescent. 

In  dry  ground,  Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

Aster  major  (Hook.)  Porter.  {A.  modesta  Lindl.)  Herbage  sparsely 
pubescent,  glandular  in  the  inflorescence;  stems  60-80  cm.  high,  branched 
above,  leafy;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate  or  subentire, 
acute,  sessile  or  partly  clasping  at  the  narrowed  base,  5-10  cm.  long;  heads 
15-20  cm.  broad,  numerous  in  a  leafy  bracted  corymb  or  panicle;  involucre 
hemispheric;  tegules  green,  loose,  linear,  acute,  little  imbricated,  glandular; 
ray-flowers  30-50,  dark  violet,  10-12  mm.  long;  akenes  pubescent;  pappus 
tawny. 

Common  along  streams  in  the  mountains. 

Aster  oreganus  Nutt.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  slender,  40-60  cm. 
high,  branched  at  top;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  sessile,  4-6  cm.  long; 
inflorescence  subracemose,  rather  dense;  heads  5-7  mm.  high;  involucre  loose, 
the  outer  tegules  herbaceous,  lanceolate,  acute,  the  inner  ones  thinner  and 
narrower;  ray-flowers  white  or  purple,  4  mm.  long;  akenes  scaberulous. 

In  wet  places,  rare;  first  collected  by  Nuttall  near  the  mouth  of  the  Willa- 
mette River. 


372                                            COMPOSITAE.  ; 

■i 

Aster  hallii  Gray.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  slender,  erect,  30-60  cm.  ' 

high,  leafy  to  the  top;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  ; 

5-10  cm.  long;  inflorescence  narrow,  rather  close,  often  raceme-like;  heads  | 

small,   6-8  mm.   high;   involucre  campanulate;  tegules  linear  or  somewhat  ' 
spatulate,  green-tipped,  glabrous,  obtuse,  erect;  ray-flowers  white  or  nearly  so, 

8-10  mm.  long.  ■ 

In  dry  ground,  western  Oregon.  ] 

Aster  foliaceus  frondeus  Gray.     Glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent;  stems  ' 
stout,  erect  or  ascending,  simple  or  usually  with  a  few  branches,  20-60  cm. 
high;  leaves  few,  the  lower  large,  8-10  cm.  long,  oblanceolate,  tapering  into 

winged  petioles;  cauline  sessile,  broadly  half-clasping  at  the  base;  heads  few,  -■ 
large,  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  usually  on  naked  peduncles;  involucre  10-14  mm. 

high,  the  tegules  herbaceous,  linear-lanceolate,  loose,  all  about  equalling  the  i 

disk,  the  outer  largest;  ray-flowers  dark- violet,  about  1  cm.  long;  akenes  not  \ 

glabrous.  j 

In  moist  meadows  in  the  mountains  at  low  altitudes.     First  collected  by  ! 

Lyall  on  the  Cascade  Mountains,  latitude  49".  j 

/P1t4^U''*^-^     Aster  foliaceus  apricus  Gray.     Very  like  A.  foliaceus  frondeus,  but  dwarf,  j 

_Y\irD'P^  10-15  cm.  high;  leaves  thicker;  heads  solitary  or  few.  | 

On  the  higher  peaks  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  at  about  2500  m.  altitude.  \ 

it  A^p^'^^^      Aster  douglasii  Lindl.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  erect,  30-120  cm.  S^^/^ 
J-  high;  leaves  mostly  sessile,  lanceolate  and  broadest  near  the  middle,  sometimes S.  fWf 

narrowly  linear,  acute,  serrate  near  the  middle  or  entire,  5-15  cm.  long,  those  aA#v 
of  the  branches  much  smaller;  heads  usually  numerous,  panicled;  involucre  f£f^ 
hemispheric,  10-12  mm.  high,  the  tegules  green  at  tip,  narrow,  acute,  the  outer 
sometimes  foliaceous  and  passing  into  the  reduced  leaves  of  the  branchlets; 

ray-flowers  pale  violet,   10-12  mm.  long.  i 

Common  and  very  variable.     First  collected  by  Douglas  at  the  mouth  of  j 

the  Columbia  River.  ] 

511.   MADIA.     Tarweed.  ] 

Annuals;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  toothed, 

at  least  the  upper  alternate;  heads  peduncled,  clustered;  flowers  \ 

yellow;  ray-flowers  1-20  and  pistillate,  or  rarely  wanting;  disk-  ! 
flowers    1-5,    perfect;    receptacle   chaffy   only   at    the    margin; 

pappus  none  or  of  several  small  scales  in  the  sterile  flowers;  ray-  i 

akenes  laterally  compressed,  enclosed  in   the  infolded   tegules;  '■ 
disk-akenes  laterally  compressed. 

Heads  small,  long- peduncled;  disk-flower  one.                               M.  exigua.  i 
Heads  larger,  sessile  or  short-peduncled ;  disk-flowers  several.  : 
Leaves  all  or  mostly  opposite;  perennial.                                 M.  madioides. 
Leaves  all  or  mostly  alternate;  annuals.  ; 
Involucre  laterally  compressed;  ray-flowers  1-5.               M.  glomerata.  I 
Involucre  campanulate;  ray-flowers  5-12.  '\ 
Ray-flowers  15-20  mm.  long;  receptacle  bristly.          M.  elegans.  . 
Ray-flowers  4-8  mm.  long;  receptacle  glabrous  or  | 
nearly  so.  ! 
Heads  scattered,  6-10  mm.  high;  herbage  moder- 
ately glandular.                                                        M.  racemosa.  ' 
Heads  clustered,  10-12  mm.  high;  herbage  very  ; 
glandular.                                                            M.  saliva.  j 

Madia  exigua   (Smith)   Greene.     Annual;   stems   slender,    erect,    usually  \ 

branched  above,  hirsute-pubescent  below,  glandular  above;,    10-30  cm.  high;  j 


COMPOSITAE.  373 

leaves  linear,  1-3  cm.  long;  heads  2-3  mm.  high,  long-peduncled,  loosely 
corymbed;  tegules  4-8,  enclosing  as  many  ray-flowers  which  are  scarcely 
longer;  disk-flowers  solitary;  akenes  black,  obovate  but  lop-sided,  that  of  the 
disk-flower  straight,  those  of  the  ray-flowers  curved. 

Dry  ground,  rather  common.     First  collected  by  Menzies. 

Madia  madioides  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Perennial,  somewhat  villous;  stems 
slender,  erect,  40-60  cm.  high,  loosely  branched  above;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
sparsely  serrate,  sessile,  5-10  cm.  long,  all  but  the  uppermost  opposite;  in- 
florescence a  loose  panicle;  heads  slender-peduncled,  8  mm.  high,  many- 
flowered;  tegules  8-12,  glandular,  each  enclosing  a  fan-shaped  ray-flower 
8-10  mm.  long;  disk-flowers  sterile,  with  a  pappus  composed  of  oblong  scales; 
akenes  of  the  ray-flowers  broad,  curved,  compressed. 

Very  common  in  open  woods;  first  collected  by  Nuttall  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Willamette  River. 

Madia  glomerata  Hook.  Stems  erect,  simple  or  with  erect  branches,  very 
leafy  to  the  top,  30-100  cm.  high,  hirsute,  the  inflorescence  glandular;  leaves 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  ascending,  2-6  cm.  long,  scabrous  and  hirsute;  heads 
densely  crowded,  at  length  somewhat  racemose;  ray-flowers  few  or  none,  short; 
disk-flowers  2-5;  corollas  pubescent;  akenes  black,  club-shaped,  those  of  the 
ray-flowers  flattened  and  1-nerved  on  each  face,  those  of  the  disk-flowers 
somewhat  4-angled;  pappus  wanting. 

In  dry  open  ground;  Puyallup,  Piper;  common  in  the  Willamette  Valley. 

Madia  elegans  Don.  Annual,  hirsutely  pubescent  and  somewhat  glandular; 
stems  erect,  30-120  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  entire  or  nearly  so, 
broadest  at  base,  sessile,  the  lower  ones  much  crowded,  5-10  cm.  long;  in- 
florescence corymbose;  tegules  5-15,  hirsute;  ray-flowers  12-20,  acutely  3-lobed, 
15-20  mm.  long,  yellow  or  often  brown  at  base;  disk-flowers  sterile;  akenes 
much  compressed,  obliquely  obovate. 

Prairies,  Willamette  Valley  and  southward;  said  by  Hooker  to  have  been 
collected  by  Douglas  and  by  Scouler  at  Fort  Vancouver,  Washington,  but  it  is 
doubtful  if  it  occurs  north  of  the  Columbia  River. 

Madia  racemosa  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  Stems  erect,  30-90  cm.  high,  simple  or 
branched  above,  hirsute  below,  glandular  above;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate, 
acute,  2-8  cm.  long;  heads  6-10  mm.  high,  hemispherical  or  broadly  ovoid, 
racemosely  or  corymbosely  arranged,  commonly  peduncled;  corolla  pubescent; 
ray-flowers  5-8,  rarely  10;  disk-flowers  few;  akenes  flattened  and  nerved  on  the 
broader  faces  or  the  nerve  lacking;  pappus  none. 

Very  common  in  dry  ground;  first  described  from  specimens  collected  by 
Nuttall  at  the  estuary  of  the  Willamette  River.  Very  variable  and  as  here 
described  including  M.  dissitiflora  T.  &  G.,  whose  supposed  distinctions  break 
down  completely. 

Madia  sativa  Molina.  Annual,  viscid  pubescent  and  very  glandular; 
stems  stout,  30-90  cm.  high,  erect,  simple  or  with  erect  branches;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  the  upper  linear,  sessile,  broadest  at  base,  entire,  5-10  cm.  long; 
inflorescence  narrowly  paniculate,  the  heads  mostly  in  dense  clusters;  ray- 
flowers  5-12,  their  corollas  pale  yellow;  disk-flowers  4-8  mm.  long;  ray- 
akenes  curved,  obovoid,  compressed,  often  l-nerved  on  each  face;  disk-flowers 
fertile,  their  akenes  cuneate-oblong,  somewhat  4-angled. 

In  dry  ground,  Willamette  Valley  and  southward. 

Madia  sativa  capitata  (Nutt.)  Piper.     Heads  densely  congested,  the  in- 
florescence capitate  or  short-oblong. 
Vancouver  Island  to  California. 


374  COMPOSITAE. 

512.   HEMIZONELLA. 

Small  loosely  branched  annuals  with  linear  opposite  or  the 
upper  alternate  leaves;  heads  with  4  or  5  ray  flowers  and  1-4 
disk  flowers;  involucre  of  4  or  5  obcompressed  incurved  tegules, 
each  enclosing  an  akene;  bracts  of  the  receptacle  3-5,  united 
into  a  cup;  ligulate  flowers  minute,  yellow;  akenes  obovoid, 
broad  and  convex  on  the  back. 

Hemizonella  durandi  Gray.  Herbage  more  or  less  hirsute,  glandular  near 
the  top;  stems  5-15  cm.  high,  loosely  branched;  leaves  linear,  10-15  mm.  long; 
earliest  heads  in  the  forks  of  the  branches,  slender-peduncled,  bractless,  the 
later  ones  racemose,  2-bracted  at  base,  or  short-peduncled;  akenes  hairy, 
oblong-ovate  or  subfusiform,  tipped  with  an  inflexed  beak. 

In  dry  ground,  not  common,  Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

513.   HEMIZONIA. 

Mostly  annual  herbs,  usually  more  or  less  glandular  and  viscid 
and  heavy-scented;  leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite; 
heads  not  large,  many-  or  sometimes  few-flowered;  tegules 
rounded  on  the  back,  partly  enclosing  the  turgid  more  or  less 
oblique  ray-akenes;  disk-akenes  abortive  or  infertile. 

Hemizonia  pungens  (Hook.  &  Am.)  Torr.  &  Gr.  Hairy,  but  only  slightly 
glandular;  stems  30-60.  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  bipinnatifid;  cauline  simply 
pinnatifid,  the  lobes  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  very  sharp-pointed; 
the  leaves  on  the  branchlets  entire,  small  and  crowded,  rigid,  spine-tipped; 
tegules  lanceolate,  spine-tipped;  receptacle  convex;  rays  short,  narrow,  toothed 
at  the  apex;  pappus  none. 

Sparingly  introduced;  a  native  of  California.     Tacoma,  Flett. 

514.  LAGOPHYLLA. 

Annuals;  stem  slender,  much-branched;  leaves  alternate  or 
opposite,  mostly  entire;  heads  small,  few-flowered;  ray-flowers 
about  5,  pistillate,  fertile ;  disk-flowers  as  many,  perfect  but  sterile; 
involucre  of  as  many  tegules  as  the  ray-flowers;  receptacle 
small  and  flat;  pappus  none;  ray-akenes  obovate,  much  ob- 
compressed, smooth,  enclosed  by  the  base  of  the  tegule;  disk- 
akenes  slender  and  abortive. 

Lagophylla  ramosissima  Nutt.  Erect,  loosely  branched,  15-70  cm.  high; 
stems  light  colored,  puberulent;  leaves  all  but  the  lowest  attenuate,  entire, 
linear-lanceolate  or  the  lowest  somewhat  spatulate,  1-3  cm.  long,  all  white 
villous;  heads  5-6  mm.  long,  in  small  clusters  on  the  leafy  branches;  tegules 
ciliate  with  long  hairs,  and  usually  bearing  a  few  stalked  glands  on  the  back; 
ray-flowers  yellow,  small;  akenes  3  mm.  long,  club-shaped,  with  a  ridge  down 
the  inner  face. 

Prairies,  Willamette  Valley  and  southward. 

515.  BIDENS.     Beggar  Ticks. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  opposite;  heads  small  or 
medium,  yellow  or  sometimes  white;  ray-flowers  3-10,  sterile  or 


COMPOSITAE.  375 

none,  in  which  case  the  flowers  are  all  perfect  and  tubular; 
receptacle  chaffy;  pappus  of  2-4  rigid  backwardly-barbed  awns; 
ray-  and  disk-akenes  obcompressed. 

Plant  aquatic;  submerged  leaves  capillary.  B.  beckii. 
Plants  terrestrial;  none  of  the  leaves  capillary. 

Akenes  4-angled;  leaves  dentate.  B.  cernua. 

Akenes  flat;  leaves  more  or  less  incised.  B.  elata. 

Bidens  beckii  Torr.  {Megalodonta  remota  Greene.)  Aquatic,  glabrous; 
stems  simple  or  little  branched,  30-100  cm.  long;  submersed  leaves  2-5  cm. 
long,  finely  dissected  into  filiform  segments;  emersed  leaves  a  few  pairs,  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  serrate,  1-3  cm.  long;  heads  solitary,  short-peduncled;  tegules 
oblong,  obtuse,  glabrous;  ray-flowers  golden-yellow;  akenes  smooth,  the  stout 
awns  barbed  near  the  tip. 

Green  Lake,  Seattle,  Washington,  Piper;  not  otherwise  known  in  our  limits. 

Bidens  cemua  L.  Annual,  glabrous  or  minutely  hispid;  stems  erect,  simple 
or  with  few  short  branches,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  lanceo- 
late, coarsely  and  unequally  serrate,  acuminate,  sessile  and  somewhat  cuneate 
at  base,  6-12  cm.  long;  heads  short-peduncled,  12-15  mm.  broad;  outer  tegules 
foliaceous,  much  longer  than  the  membranous  inner  ones;  ray-flowers  6-12, 
bright  yellow,  or  sometimes  absent;  akenes  elongate,  wedge-shaped,  4-angled 
and  bearing  4  backwardly  barbed  awns  half  as  long  as  the  body. 

A  very  variable  species  growing  in  wet  places,  blooming  in  autumn. 

Bidens  elata  (T.  &  G.)  Sherff^.  {B.  amplissima  Greene.)  Glabrous  or 
nearly  so;  stems  stout,  40-100  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  oblanceolate  or  oval, 
acute,  deeply  serrate  or  incised,  8-18  cm.  long;  heads  1-3,  nearly  sessile,  2  cm. 
broad;  outer  tegules  linear  to  olDlanceolate,  larger  than  the  head,  often  incised; 
ray-flowers  pale  yellow;  akenes  8  mm.  long,  glabrous,  flat,  broadly  cuneate, 
the  margins  inwardly  barbed;  awns  4,  rarely  2,  about  half  as  long  as  the  akene, 
retrorsely  barbed. 

Sauvies  Island,  Oregon,  Nuttall;  Vancouver  Island,  Macoun. 

516.  COREOPSIS. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  usually  with  opposite  leaves;  heads 
many-flowered,  radiate;  involucre  of  2  rows  of  about  8  tegules 
each,  the  outer  spreading  and  foliaceous,  the  inner  appressed  and 
nearly  membranaceous ;  ray-flowers  mostly  8,  neutral,  yellow  or 
purple,  rarely  wanting;  receptacle  flat  with  deciduous  mem- 
branaceous chaff;  akenes  obcompressed,  often  winged,  with  2 
barbless  subulate  awns. 

Coreopsis  atkinsoniana  Dougl.  Glabrous;  stems  30-100  cm.  high,  erect, 
usually  branched;  leaves  all  opposite,  the  lowest  bipinnately  parted  into 
linear  lobes,  the  upper  reduced  to  simple  linear  bracts;  heads  cymosely  panicu- 
late; tegules  in  two  series,  the  outer  short,  the  inner  ovate,  scarious-margined, 
6-8  mm.  long;  ray-flowers  yellow,  with  brown  bases;  akenes  oblong,  narrowly 
winged,  bearing  two  short  subulate  teeth. 

In  wet  places  on  river  banks,  rare  in  our  limits. 

517.  RUDBECKIA. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate;  heads  many-flowered, 
mostly  with  sterile  ray-flowers,  sometimes  rayless;   disk-flowers 


376  COMPOSITAE. 

perfect;  receptacle  elongated,  becoming  columnar;  pappus  a 
chaff-like  cup  or  4  chaffy  teeth  more  or  less  united  into  a  cup; 
akenes  quadrangular  and  mostly  laterally  compressed. 

Rudbeckia  hirta  L.  Black  Eyed  Susan.  Herbage  hispid  to  hirsute- 
pubescent;  stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong,  entire  or 
sparingly  serrate,  3-5-nerved,  the  lower  ones  petioled,  the  cauline  sessile; 
heads  solitary  or  few,  long-peduncled;  ray-flowers  10-20,  orange-yellow;  disk 
ovoid,  dark  brown;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  linear,  acute;  pappus  none. 

A  native  of  the  eastern  states,  sparingly  introduced  in  fields. 

518.   BALSAMORHIZA. 

Low  perennials;  leaves  mostly  radical;  heads  large,  usually 
solitary;  flowers  yellow;  receptacle  flat  or  barely  convex  with 
linear-lanceolate  chaff;  pappus  none;  ray-akenes  obcompressed ; 
disk-akenes  prismatic-quadrangular  or  laterally  compressed. 

Leaves  entire  or  merely  dentate ;  herbage  green ;  involucre  not 

woolly.  B.  deltoidea. 

Leaves  pinnately  cleft,  parted  or  divided;  herbage  canescent; 

involucre  puberulent  to  lanate.  B.  balsamorhiza. 

Balsamorhiza  deltoidea  Nutt.  Herbage  green,  scabrous  and  sparsely 
pubescent  or  glabrate;  stems  erect,  20-40  cm.  high;  radical  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  deltoid,  acute,  cordate  or  subcordate  at  base,  entire  or  irregularly 
serrate,  green  on  both  sides,  10-25  cm.  long,  long-petioled;  cauline  leaves  two, 
small,  lanceolate,  near  the  middle  of  the  stem;  heads  solitary  or  sometimes  3; 
tegules  linear-lanceolate,  the  outer  ones  foliaceous  and  spreading;  ray-flowers 
2-4  cm.  long. 

Prairies,  Vancouver  Island  to  California.  First  collected  by  Nuttall  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  River. 

Balsamorhiza  balsamorhiza  (Hook.)  Heller.  Herbage  canescent  with 
silky  or  more  or  less  tomentose  pubescence;  stems  20-30  cm.  high,  bearing  a 
pair  of  small  opposite  leaves  near  the  base;  radical  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
in  outline,  pinnately  to  bipinnately  parted  into  linear  segments  or  merely 
pinnatifid  or  incised;  involucre  woolly  to  merely  pubescent;  tegules  lanceolate, 
the  outer  sometimes  foliaceous. 

Prairies,  rare  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  first  collected  at  Fort  Van- 
couver, Washington,  by  Douglas. 

519.   WYETHIA. 

Perennial  herbs;  stems  simple,  rarely  branching;  leaves  alter- 
nate, mostly  entire  and  ample;  heads  many-flowered,  solitary  or 
few,  medium  or  large;  flowers  yellow;  ray-flowers  elongated, 
pistillate  or  fertile;  pappus  a  chaffy  crown  or  cup;  ray-akenes 
neither  obcompressed  nor  laterally  compressed. 

Wyethia  angustifolia  (DC.)  Nutt.  Somewhat  hirsute  with  short  white  hairs; 
stems  30-60  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  long-lanceolate,  mostly  entire,  acuminate, 
20-40  cm.  long;  cauline  sessile,  smaller  and  broader;  head  long-pedunculate; 
involucre  campanulate,  loose;  tegules  broadly  lanceolate,  green  and  herbaceous, 
ciliate,  equalling  the  disk;  ray-flowers  4  cm.  long;  akenes  pubescent  at  summit; 
pappus  awns  stout,  subulate,  minutely  hirsute,  1-2  in  the  disk-flowers,  3-4 
in  the  ray-flowers. 

Moist  places,  Willamette  Valley  and  southward. 


COMPOSITAE.  377 

520.   HELIANTHUS. 

Coarse  annuals  or  perennials;  leaves  entire  or  toothed,  all  or 
at  least  the  lower  ones  opposite;  heads  solitary  or  corymbose, 
medium  or  large;  ray-flowers  yellow,  sterile;  disk-flowers  yellow, 
brownish  or  dark-purple;  receptacle  flat  or  convex;  pappus  a  pair 
of  early-falling  chafi^y  scales  or  awns ;  akenes  neither  very  flat  nor 
winged;  ray-akenes  laterally  compressed;  disk-akenes  4-angled, 
compressed. 

Helianthus  tuberosus  L.  Jerusalem  Artichoke.  Pubescent  or  hirsute; 
stems  erect,  1-3  m.  high;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  subcordate,  acu- 
minate, serrate,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath,  the  lower  ones  opposite; 
tegules  loose,  lanceolate,  attenuate,  hirsute-ciliate,  spreading  at  the  tips,  as 
long  as  the  disk;  ray-flowers  12-20,  3-4  cm.  long;  akenes  pubescent. 

Escaped  from  cultivation;  native  of  the  eastern  states.  The  rootstocks 
bear  edible  tubers.  , 

521.    JAUMEA. 

Perennial  plants,  herbaceous  or  suffrutescent,  with  opposite 
entire  leaves  and  peduncled  solitary  heads  of  yellow  flowers; 
involucre  campanulate,  the  broad  fleshy  tegules  imbricated  in  2 
series,  the  outer  shorter;  receptacle  conical,  naked;  corollas 
glabrous;  style  branches  papillose  or  hairy,  truncate  to  short- 
conical;  akenes  10-nerved;  pappus  (in  ours)  none. 

Jaumea  camosa  (Less.)  Gray.  Glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy;  stems  ascend- 
ing, leafy,  20-40  cm.  high;  leaves  spatulate-linear,  nearly  terete,  sessile  and 
cuneate  at  base,  2-3  cm.  long;  head  erect,  short-peduncled;  involucre  cam- 
panulate; ray-corollas  6-10,  linear,  short;  receptacle  conical,  smooth,  fleshy; 
akenes  glabrous,  without  pappus. 

In  salt  marshes  along  the  seashore,  Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

522.   BAERIA. 

Mostly  annual  herbs  with  opposite  entire  or  pinnately  dis- 
sected leaves  and  yellow  flowers;  heads  many-flowered,  radiate; 
involucre  herbaceous,  campanulate  to  hemispheric,  with  5-15 
oblong  to  ovate  plane  or  somewhat  keeled  tegules  in  a  single 
series;  receptacle  subulate  to  conical,  naked;  corolla  of  the  disk- 
flowers  with  a  slender  tube  as  long  as  the  5-lobed  campanulate 
limb ;  akenes  slender  somewhat  clavate ;  pappus  a  crown  of  scales 
or   sometimes   wanting. 

Baeria  maritima  Gray.  Pubescent  when  young  but  becoming  glabrous; 
stems  diff"usely  spreading;  leaves  oblong-linear,  entire  or  the  lower  sparingly 
laciniate-toothed,  2.5  cm.  long;  tegules  6-8;  ray-corollas  orbicular;  akenes 
puberulent;  pappus  of  3-5  subulate  awns  and  at  least  as  many  small  narrow 
laciniate  scales. 

Bird  Island,  Barclay  Sound,  Vancouver  Island,  Newcomh,  and  the  Farallone 
Islands,  California;  not  known  to  occur  elsewhere. 


378  COMPOSITAE. 

523.   ERIOPHYLLUM. 

Perennial  herbs,  sometimes  shrubby  at  base;  leaves  usually 
alternate,  entire  or  pinnately  or  ternately  parted  or  lobed; 
ray-flowers  present,  fertile;  involucre  campanulate  or  obovoid; 
tegules  erect,  commonly  united  at  base,  oval  or  oblong;  pappus  of 
nerveless  and  mostly  pointless  scales;  throat  or  limb  of  disk- 
corollas  rather  narrow ;  style-branches  truncate  or  rarely  minutely 
tipped;  akenes  narrow,  mostly  4-angled. 

Eriophyllum  lanatum  (Pursh)  Forbes.  Perennial,  erect  or  decumbent  at 
base,  loosely  white-woolly  throughout;  leaves  spatulate  or  cuneate-obovate, 
the  lowermost  and  upper  ones  often  entire,  the  others  3-7-lobed  or  parted; 
heads  long-peduncled;  involucre  lanate,  campanulate,  10-12  mm.  high; 
tegules  8-12,  oblong,  obtuse;  ray-flowers  6-15,  golden-yellow;  disk-corollas 
glandular;  akenes  glabrous;  pappus  short. 

Iq  gravelly  soil,  common  and  variable. 

524.   HULSEA. 

Perennial,  viscid-pubescent,  balsamic-odorous  herbs  with 
alternate  sessile  leaves  and  solitary  or  scattered  large  heads  of 
many  yellow  flowers;  Involucre  hemispheric,  the  herbaceous 
rather  loose  linear-lanceolate  tegules  in  2-3  series;  receptacle 
flat,  naked;  ray-flowers  numerous;  disk  flowers  with  the  throat 
larger  than  the  tube;  style  branches  thickened  at  the  obtuse  tips; 
akenes  llnear-clavate,  pubescent;  pappus  of  4  truncate  entire  or 
lacerate  scales. 

Hulsea  nana  Gray.  Perennial  with  branched  rootstocks;  herbage  viscid 
and  villous  and  somewhat  lanate;  stems  10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  basal, 
oblong-spatulate,  pinnatifid  or  incised,  narrowed  into  a  margined  petiole; 
head  solitary,  peduncled;  involucre  10-12  mm.  high;  tegules  lanceolate;  ray- 
flowers  yellow;  pappus  scales  fimbriate,  as  long  as  the  villous  akene. 

In  loose  volcanic  rock  at  high  altitudes,  Mount  Rainier  and  southward, 

525.   GAILLARDIA. 

Pubescent  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  entire  or  incised  or  even 
pinnatifid;  heads  solitary  and  long-peduncled,  large;  ray-flowers 
yellow  or  partly  dark-purple,  sterile;  disk-flowers  usually  purplish 
or  brownish;  tegules  in  2-3  series,  the  outer  larger  and  foliaceous; 
receptacle  convex  or  hemispherical,  with  one  or  more  awns  among 
the  flowers  resembling  chaff;  pappus  of  6-10  hyaline  chaff^y 
scales  each  with  a  prominent  midrib  which  is  prolonged  into  a 
naked  awn,  or  in  the  sterile  ray-flowers,  scales  awnless;  akenes 
oblong,  top-shaped,  each  surrounded  by  a  tuft  of  hairs. 

Gaillardia  aristata  Pursh.  Perennial,  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  rough-pubes- 
cent; lower  leaves  spatulate,  long-petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  all  entire  or 
more  or  less  pinnately  lobcd,  5-12  cm.  long;  heads  long-peduncled;  involucre 
hairy,  the  lanceolate  acuminate  tegules  unequal,  the  longest  about  1  cm.; 
disk-flowers  dark-purple;  ray-flowers  10-18,  yellow,  purplish  at  base,  15-20 
mm.  long;  bristles  of  the  receptacle  as  long  as  the  akenes  or  longer. 

Prairies,  rare  in  our  limits. 


<:OMPOSITAE.  379 

526.   HELENIUM.  | 

Erect,  simple  or  branching  herbs;  leaves  all  alternate  and  all  i 
but  the  lower  sessile;  heads  small  or  large,  many-flowered,  on 

naked  terminal  peduncles;  ray-flowers  yellow,  several  or  numer-  ■ 
ous,  pistillate ;  disk-flowers  yellow  or  turning  brownish  or  purplish, 

small  and  very  numerous,  all  fertile;  tegules  spreading  or  re-  ] 

flexed  at  maturity;  pappus  of  5-12  thin  or  hyaline  chaffy  scales  i 

with    or   without    midribs;    akenes    top-shaped,    striate-ribbed,  i 

hairy  on  the  ribs.  j 

Helenium  autumnale  grandiflorum  (Nutt.)  Gray.     Perennial,  erect,  30-90  j 

cm.  high,  glabrous  or  puberulent;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  ] 

dentate  or  nearly  entire,  5-12  cm.  long,  decurrent  on  the  stem  forming  wings;  ; 

heads  few  or  many,  long-peduncled,  10-15  mm.  broad;  involucre  nearly  flat,  ^ 

the  tegules  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  pubescent;  ray-flowers  10-16,  yellow,  j 

somewhat  drooping,  1-2    cm.    long,    all   fertile;   akenes   pubescent;  pappus  j 

scarious,  the  scales  acuminate,  awn-pointed.  I 

River  banks,  not  common. 

527.   ACHILLEA. 

Perennial  herbs,  rather  strong-scented;  leaves  alternate,  ser- 
rate or  pinnately  dissected;  heads  small,  in  corymbs,  many- 
flowered;  flowers  yellow,  white  or  sometimes  rose-colored,  all 

fertile;  ray-flowers  fev/  or  several,  mostly  short  or  broad,  pis-  ! 

tillate;  involucre  narrow,  the  tegules  imbricated  in  a  few  rows,  ] 

appressed;  receptacle  flattish  to  conical,  with  thin  chaff;  pappus  \ 

none;  akenes  oblong  or  ovate,  obcompressed,  surrounded  by  a  \ 

narrow  and  cartilaginous  margin.  j 

Achillea  millefolium  L.      Yarrow  or  Milfoil.     Herbage  sparingly  pubescent,  o/  L  ^   f\\ 

green;  stems  erect,  usually  tufted,  30-90  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  short-petioled,  '^f 

oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  8-20  cm.  long,  pinnately  divided  into  very  numer-  4*vt)-f^—  -^ 

ous  segments  which  are  once  or  twice  pinnately-cleft  or  parted   into  linear  /c^k^vwA  /v^. 

acute  lobes;  heads  small,  numerous,  in  convex  or  flat-topped  terminal  corymbs;  z^  ,^„r«*^  o 

involucre  ovoid  or  subglobose,  3-5  mm.  high;  ray  flowers  4  or  5,  white,  2-4  ^^^^^-^^ 
mm.  long. 

Abundant  in  open  ground  and  clearly  native.     Alpine  forms  are  much  \ 

dwarfed,  often  only  15-20  cm.  high,  and  approach  A.  borealis  Bong,  of  Alaska.  ■ 

A.  lanulosa  Nutt.  with  very  [canescent  herbage,  common  east  of  the  Cascade  | 

Mountains,  apparently  does  not  occur  in  our  limits.  j 


528.   ANTHEMIS. 

Herbs;  leaves  alternate,  mostly  tripinnately  divided;  heads 
many-flowered;  ray-flowers  numerous,  commonly  conspicuous, 
pistillate  or  sometimes  sterile;  disk-flowers  fertile;  involucre 
broad,  the  tegules  very  numerous,  imbricated  and  appressed; 
receptacle  convex  to  oblong-conical,  chaffy  with  mostly  slender  or 
thin  scales  or  awns  subtending  at  least  the  central  flowers ;  pappus 
none  or  a  short  chaffy  crown;  akenes  obovoid  or  oblong,  4  or  5- 
angled,  8-10-ribbed  or  many-striate,  truncate  at  the  apex. 


38o  COMPOSITAE. 

Ray-flowers  yellow;  leaves  somewhat  tomentose.  A.  tinctoria. 
Ray-flowers  white;  leaves  not  tomentose. 

Leaves  glabrous,  ill-scented;  ray-flowers  neutral.  A.  cotula. 

Leaves  pubescent,  not  ill-scented;  ray-flowers  fertile.  A.  arvensis. 

Anthemis  tinctoria  L.  Perennial,  herbage  pubescent;  stems  erect,  loosely 
branched,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  sessile,  oblong  to  ovate  in  outline,  parted  in 
narrow  acute  serrate  lobes;  heads  long-peduncied,  3-4  cm.  broad;  ray  flowers 
yellow,  pistillate;  tegules  oblong,  obtuse,  pubescent;  chaff  of  the  receptacle 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  pappus  crown-like. 

In  fields,  sparingly  introduced  from  Europe. 

Anthemis  cotula  L.  Dog  Fennel.  May-weed.  Annual,  much  branched, 
puberulent  or  glabrate,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  1-3  times  pinnately-dissected 
into  thread-like  lobes;  heads  2  cm.  broad;  receptacle  conical,  with  bristly 
bracts  near  the  apex,  none  at  the  margin;  tegules  oblong,  obtuse,  pubescent; 
ray-flowers  white,  10-18,  becoming  reflexed  in  age;  akenes  10-ribbed,  rough- 
ened; pappus  none. 

A  very  common  weed,  introduced  from  Europe. 

Anthemis  arvensis  L.  Corn  Chamomile.  Pubescent  annual  herb  re- 
sembling A.  cotula  but  not  ill-scented;  leaves  less  finely  1-2-pinnately  parted; 
chaff  lanceolate,  pointed,  subtending  and  exceeding  all  the  disk-flowers;  akenes 
smooth;  pappus  a  minute  border. 

Native  of  Europe;  introduced. 

529.   CHRYSANTHEMUM. 


Herbs;  heads  many-flowered;  ray-flowers  usually  elongated, 
numerous,  pistillate;  disk-flowers  usually  all  fertile;  involucre 
hemispherical  or  flatter,  the  tegules  more  or  less  scarious,  short- 
appressed,  imbricated  in  several  rows;  receptacle  flat  or  convex, 
naked;  pappus  none;  disk-corollas  often  flattened  or  2-winged 
below,  4  or  5-toothed ;  akenes  short,  nearly  terete,  several  ribbed 
or  angled,  truncate  at  apex. 

Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum  pinnatifidum  Lecoq.  &  Lemotte.  Oxeye 
Daisy.  Perennial,  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  usually  simple; 
basal  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate,  incisely  pinnatifid  or  toothed;  cauline  smaller, 
sessile  and  partly  clasping,  linear;  heads  3-5  cm.  broad,  on  long  naked  pe- 
duncles; tegules  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  rusty  at  tip;  ray-flowers  20-30, 
white;  akenes  many-ribbed,  pappus  none. 

Common  in  fields;  introduced  from  Europe. 

530.    MATRICARIA. 

Annual  or  biennial  glabrous  branching  herbs;  heads  many- 
flowered,  solitary  or  in  corymbs;  ray-flowers  none  (in  ours); 
disk-flowers  yellowish-green;  involucre  hemispherical  or  flatter, 
of  numerous  more  or  less  scarious  appressed  tegules  in  few  rows; 
receptacle  conical  at  least  in  fruit,  naked;  pappus  a  minute 
crown  or  none;  akenes  3-5-ribbed,  wingless. 

Matricaria  matricarioides  (Less.)  Porter.  Annual,  5-20  cm.  high,  simple 
or  branched,  sparsely  pubescent  or  glabrous;  leaves  oblong,  1-3  cm.  long, 
once  or  twice  pinnately  dissected  into  small  linear  acute  segments;  heads  5-9 


COMPOSITAE.  381 

mm.  high,  terminating  short  stout  peduncles;   involucre   saucer-shaped,   the 
tegules  oblong,  obtuse,  green,  with  scarious  margins;  ray-flowers  none;  disk- 
flowers  yellowish-green;  receptacle  conical;  akenes  oblong;  pappus  represented 
by  a  low  sometimes  1-2-toothed  crown. 
Dry  ground,  very  common. 

531.    COTULA. 

Annual  or  perennial  strong-scented  low  herbs  with  alternate 
lobed  or  dissected  leaves  and  slender-peduncled  rayless  heads 
with  two  kinds  of  flowers;  heads  many-flowered,  hemispheric  to 
globose;  involucre  of  about  2  ranks  of  tegules;  receptacle  flat  or 
convex,  naked ;  outer  one  or  two  rows  of  flowers  pistillate,  apeta- 
lous  or  nearly  so;  disk  flowers  tubular,  4-toothed,  fertile;  mature 
akenes  raised  on  short  erect  persistent  stalks;  pappus  none. 

Glabrous;  leaves  entire  to  pinnatifid.  C.  coronopifolia. 

Pubescent;  leaves  bipinnately  dissected.  C.  australis. 

Cotula  coronopifoHa  L.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  somewhat  fleshy;  stems 
decumbent  or  ascending,  20-30  cm.  long;  leaves  linear-oblong,  pinnately  in- 
cised or  the  upper  entire,  clasping  and  sheathing  at  base;  heads  subglobose, 
peduncled,  8-10  mm.  broad;  pistillate  flowers  in  a  single  marginal  row,  their 
akenes  with  thick  spongy  wings. 

Common  especially  in  marshes  along  the  seashore;  a  native  of  South  Africa. 

Cotula  australis  Hook.  Somewhat  pubescent ;  stems  slender,  much  branched, 
15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  bipinnately  parted,  the  ultimate  segments  linear; 
heads  small,  4-6  mm.  broad;  pistillate  flowers  in  2  or  3  rows,  their  akenes 
pedicelled. 

Vancouver  Island  to  California,  sparingly  introduced;  a  native  of  Australia. 

532.   TANACETUM.     Tansy. 

Perennial  bitter  strong-scented  herbs  with  alternate  pinnately 
dissected  leaves  and  corymbed  heads  of  yellow  flowers;  heads 
many-flowered;  involucre  hemispheric;  tegules  imbricated,  char- 
taceous;  receptacle  naked,  convex;  flowers  all  fertile,  the  outer 
ones  pistillate  with  tubular  3-5-toothed  corollas;  akenes  angled 
or  ribbed,  truncate  at  top;  pappus  a  short  crown. 

Tanacetum  huronense  Nutt.  Soft  hairy  or  woolly,  especially  in  young 
plants;  stems  stout,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves  twice  to  thrice  pinnately  dissected, 
the  ultimate  segments  oblong  and  crowded;  heads  1-2  cm.  broad,  on  stout 
peduncles;  corollas  of  the  pistillate  flower  flattened,  somewhat  ray-like,  3-5- 
cleft;  pappus  teeth  present. 

On  sand  dunes  along  the  ocean  coast. 

533.  ARTEMISIA.    Sagebrush.  Wormwood. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs,  bitter  and  odorous;  leaves  alternate, 
usually  dissected;  heads  numerous,  small,  in  racemes  or  panicles, 
several  to  many-flowered,  discoid;  flowers  yellow,  yellowish  or 
brownish,  all  tubular,  the  outermost  series  pistillate  or  all  alike,  the 
more  numerous  perfect  flowers  either  fertile  or  sterile ;  tegules  dry, 


382  COMPOSITAE. 

imbricated  in  a  few  rows,  appressed;  receptacle  flattish  to 
hemispherical,  naked,  sometimes  hairy;  pappus  none;  corollas  of 
pistillate  flowers  slender  and  small,  2  or  3- toothed,  of  the  perfect 
flowers  enlarged  above,  5-toothed;  akenes  obovoid  or  oblong, 
almost  always  glabrous. 
Ours  all  perennial  herbs. 

Disk-flowers  perfect  but  sterile;  marginal  flowers  pistillate  and 
fertile;  leaves  pinnately  or  bipinnately  divided  into  nar- 
now  lobes. 
Heads  very  numerous,  small,  greenish.  A.  canadensis. 

Heads  rather  few,  large,  brownish.  A.  borealis. 

Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile;   marginal  flowers  pistillate  and 
fertile;  leaves  not  finely  dissected. 
Heads  campanulate.  A .  tilesii. 

Heads  cylindric.  A.  suksdorfii. 

Artemisia  canadensis  Michx.  Glabrous  or  canescently  pubescent;  stems 
30-60  cm.  high;  lower  leaves  bipinnately  divided  into  narrowly  linear  seg- 
ments, the  cauline  less  divided;  inflorescence  a  narrow  panicle;  heads  4-6  mm. 
broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  green,  glabrous  or  rarely  pubescent. 

In  rocky  soil,  rare  in  our  limits;  Coupeville,  Washington,  Gardner, 

Artemisia  borealis  wormskioldii  Bess.  Silky  pubescent;  stems  20-40 
cm.  high;  lower  leaves  ternately  or  biternately  divided  into  linear  lobes; 
cauline  leaves  linear,  entire  or  3-parted;  heads  racemose;  involucre  brownish, 
pilose. 

Rocky  places  in  the  mountains,  rare;  Mount  Rainier,  Fleft;  Olympic 
Mountains,   Flett. 

Artemisia  tilesii  Ledeb.  Herbage  canescent  with  a  thin  tomentum; 
stems  erect  or  ascending,  leafy,  60-90  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
rarely  entire,  mostly  incisely  or  laciniately  cleft  into  narrow  attenuate  lobes, 
thinly  tomentose,  becoming  glabrous  above;  panicle  loose,  pyramidal;  heads 
hemispheric;  involucre  broadly  campanulate,  arachnoid  when  young,  some- 
times glabrate,  more  or  less  brownish. 

In  the  mountains  at  low  altitudes. 

Artemisia  suksdorfii  Piper.  Tufted;  stems  stiffly  erect,  90-120  cm.  high; 
leaves  numerous,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  to  sparingly  dentate  or 
rarely  incised,  6-10  cm.  long,  bright  green  above,  white-tomentose  beneath; 
panicle  pyramidal,  dense,  30-60  cm.  long;  heads  cylindric,  3-4  mm.  high, 
5-8-flowered;  involucre  pale  green,  glabrate,  the  tegules  obtuse,  hyaline- 
margined. 

Abundant  especially  on  bluffs  along  the  seacoast. 

534.  PETASITES.    Sweet  Coltsfoot. 

Perennial  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  large,  radical, 
the  cauline  reduced  to  bracts;  heads  numerous,  in  a  raceme  or 
corymb  on  the  end  of  a  scape-like  stem;  flowers  whitish  or 
purplish,  some  imperfect;  tegules  in  one  row;  akenes  narrow, 
5-10-ribbed;  pappus  soft,  white. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  5-7-lobcd,  5-10  cm.  long;  alpine  plant.    P.frigida. 
Leaves  reniform-orbicular,  7-9-cleft,  very  large,  often  30  cm.  or 

more  broad;  lowland  plant.  P.  speciosa. 


COMPOSITAE.  383 

Petasites  frigida  (L.)  Fries.  (P.  nivalis  Greene.)  Flowering  stems  10-20 
cm.  high;  leaves  cordate-ovate  or  reniform-hastate  in  outline,  5-7-lobed  with 
broad  sinuses,  5-10  cm.  long,  green  above,  white  tomentose  beneath;  lobes 
entire  or  with  a  few  teeth. 

Along  alpine  rivulets  in  the  Olympic  Mountains  and  in  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains from  Mount  Rainier  northward. 

Petasites  speciosa  (Nutt.)  Piper.  Flowers  blooming  before  the  leaves 
appear;  stems  15-40  cm.  high,  covered  with  scaly  reduced  leaves;  foliage 
leaves  reniform-orbicular,  very  large,  15-50  cm.  broad,  7-9-lobed  beyond  the 
middle,  green  and  glabrous  above,  densely  white  tomentose  beneath;  lobes 
oblong,  coarsely  dentate;  flowers  lavender-colored,  with  the  odor  of  violets. 

Common  on  moist  bluffs.  It  has  been  confused  with  the  eastern  P.  pal- 
tnata  (Ait.)  Gray. 

535.   LTHNA. 

Perennial  herbs  with  alternate  entire  sessile  leaves;  heads 
corymbose,  each  about  10-fiowered;  involucre  campanulate ; 
tegules  8-10,  firm,  carinate,  arranged  in  a  single  series;  receptacle 
flat,  naked;  corollas  all  alike,  cream-colored,  deeply  5-cleft; 
aothers  sagittate  at  base;  style  branches  linear,  flattened,  trun- 
cate; akenes  10-striate;  pappus  of  soft  white  capillary  bristles. 

Lulna  hypoleuca  Benth.  White  tomentose,  except  the  upper  surface  of  the 
leaves;  stems  tufted,  20-30  cm.  high,  erect,  leafy  and  simple  to  the  inflores- 
cence; leaves  ovate  or  elliptical,  obtuse,  firm,  shiny-green  above,  2-3  cm.  long; 
heads  corymbose;  involucre  8  mm.  high;  flowers  cream-colored. 

Common  on  rock  cliffs  and  gravel  bars  in  the  mountains,  at  1000-2000  m. 
altitude.  First  collected  by  Lyall  at  Lake  Chilukweyuk,  near  the  49th 
parallel. 

536.    RAINIERA. 

Perennial  herb  with  alternate  sessile  entire  leaves  and  numer- 
ous heads  in  a  panicle;  heads  4-7-flowered;  involucre  cylindric, 
with  4-7  firm  carinate  tegules  in  a  single  series;  receptacle  flat, 
naked;  corollas  all  tubular,  pale  yellow,  deeply  5-cleft;  anthers  not 
sagittate  at  base;  style  branches  linear,  truncate;  akenes  gla- 
brous, prismatic ;  pappus  capillary,  copious,  pale- tawny.  Scarcely 
distinct  from  Luina. 

Rainiera  stricta  Greene.  (Luina  piperi  Robinson.)  Glabrous  or  nearly 
so;  stems  stout,  erect,  leafy,  60-90  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  petioled, 
15-30  cm.  long,  the  cauline  sessile  or  nearly  so  and  smaller;  heads  5-6-flowered, 
numerous,  in  an  erect  raceme,  15-30  cm.  long;  involucre  cylindric;  tegules 
5-7,  linear  or  oblong,  acute;  flowers  pale  yellow;  pappus  tawny. 

Alpine  meadows  on  and  about  Mount  Rainier. 

537.    CROCIDIUM. 

Small  annual  herbs  with  alternate  leaves;  heads  solitary, 
terminal,  small,  radiate,  the  flowers  all  fertile;  involucre  hemi- 
spheric, of  8-12  thin  herbaceous  tegules  in  one  row;  ray-flowers 
about  12,  yellow;  disk-flowers  more  numerous,  yellow;  style 
branches  short  and  broad  with  large  appendages;  pappus  of  one 


384  COMPOSITAE. 

row  of  deciduous  equal  white  barbed  bristles,  but  none  in  the 
ray-flowers. 

Crocidium  multicaule  Hook.  Woolly  when  young  but  soon  glabrate; 
stems  numerous,  tufted,  5-25  cm.  high;  radical  leaves  in  a  basal  tuft,  obovate 
or  spatulate,  few-toothed,  sessile  or  short-petioled;  cauline  leaves  small, 
linear;  heads  slender- peduncled,  small  but  showy;  tegules  oblong-ovate. 
'  In  open  ground,  Vancouver  Island  to  California.  First  found  at  Fort 
Vancouver,  Washington,  by  Douglas. 

538.   ARNICA. 

Perennial  herbs;  stems  mostly  simple,  from  creeping  rootstocks 
or  a  corm-like  base;  leaves  all  or  some  of  them  opposite,  simple, 
entire,  or  merely  toothed;  heads  rather  large,  solitary  or  few, 
usually  long-peduncled,  many-flowered;  flowers  yellow,  all  fertile; 
ray-flowers  elongated,  pistillate,  or  sometimes  none;  involucre 
broadly  campanulate,  the  tegules  in  1-2  rows;  receptacle  naked, 
flat;  pappus  a  single  series  of  rather  rigid  strongly  scabrous  or 
barbellate  capillary  bristles;  akenes  linear,  5-angled  or  5-10- 
ribbed,  somewhat  hirsute  or  nearly  glabrous. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  of  very  unsatisfactory  definition. 

Basal  leaves  cordate,  long-petioled. 

Herbage  pubescent,  the  stems  hirsute  or  villous.  A.  cordifolia. 

Herbage  glabrous. 

Akenes  atomiferous-glandular;   leaves  often  simi- 
larly glandular  on  both  sides.  A.  gracilis. 
Akenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  large,  usually  dentate,  thin.  A.  latifolia. 

Leaves  small,  crenate-dentate,  firm.  A.  hetonicaefolia. 

Basal  leaves  not  cordate,  short-petioled. 

Heads  rayless.  A .  eradiata. 

Heads  radiate. 

Pappus  whitish,  barbellate. 

Herbage  viscid-glandular;  upper  leaves  much  re- 
duced. A.  fulgens. 
Herbage    atomiferous-glandular    or    glandless; 

upper  leaves  but  little  reduced.  A.  aurantiaca. 

Pappus  fuscous,  subplumose. 

Upper  surface  of  leaves  glabrous,  sticky. 

Stem  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong.  A.  amplexicatdis. 

Stem  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong.  A.  macounii. 

Upper  surface  of  leaves  pubescent. 

Pubescence  sparse,  pilose.  A.  aspera. 

Pubescence  dense,  short.  A.  mollis. 

AlfAdd^^   Arnica  cordifolia  Hook.     Erect  from  horizontal  rootstocks,  20-40  cm.  high, 
»  sparsely  pubescent;  basal  leaves  ovate  or  orbicular,  deeply  cordate,  dentate, 


acute  or  obtuse,  5-10  cm.  long,  on  petioles  about  as  long;  cauline  usually  2 
'jP^'^,^     pairs,  less  broad,  the  short  petioles  margined;  heads  long-peduncled;  involucres 
.  turbinate-campanulate,  15-20  mm.  high,  viscid-pubescent,  the  linear-lanceolate 

Y^*"^^        tegules  acute;  ray-flowers  8-12,  yellow,  2-3  cm.  long;  akenes  pubescent. 

1  ijjif-        I"  the  mountains  at  low  altitudes,  rare  in  our  limits,  but  common  east  of 
"''  ^''  ^         the  Cascade  Mountains;  upper  Nisqually  Valley,  Allen. 


COMPOSITAE.  385 

Arnica  gracilis  Rydb.  Herbage  minutely  atomiferous  glandular;  stems 
slender,  15-30  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  ovate,  dentate,  3-ribbed,  slender-petioled; 
cauline  leaves  in  2  pairs,  similar,  the  upper  sessile;  heads  1-3;  ray-corollas 
bright  yellow,  15  mm.  long;  akenes  minutely  glandular. 

Olympic  Mountains,  Lamb,  Piper. 

Arnica  latifolia  Bong.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high, 
from  slender  rootstocks;  leaves  all  opposite,  the  lower  petioled,  cordate  or 
subcordate,  coarsely  dentate;  cauline  leaves  2  or  3  pairs,  oval  to  ovate,  sessile 
by  a  broad  base;  heads  long-peduncled;  involucre  campanulate,  sparsely 
pilose  to  nearly  glabrous;  tegules  about  13,  oblong-obovate,  acuminate,  1  cm. 
long;  ray-flowers  dark  yellow,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  akenes  glabrous. 

Common  along  alpine  streams. 

Arnica  betonicaefolia  Greene.  Nearly  glabrous;  stems  slender,  6-15  cm. 
high;  leaves  oval  to  oval-lanceolate,  obtuse,  crenate-dentate,  2-3  cm.  long,  the 
basal  ones  petioled,  the  2-3  pairs  of  cauline  sessile;  heads  1-3,  long-peduncled; 
involucre  10  mm.  high,  turbinate;  tegules  pubescent,  acute;  ray-flowers 
1-1.5  cm.  long;  akenes  sparsely  hairy  at  top;  pappus  white. 

In  alpine  meadows  at  about  2000  m.  altitude.  The  type  specimens  are 
from  Mount  Steele  in  the  Olympic  Mountains. 

Arnica  eradiata  (Gray)  Heller.  (A.  parryi  Gray.)  Hirsutely  pubescent, 
glandular  toward  the  top;  stems  mostly  simple,  30-50  cm.  high;  leaves  oval  to 
ovate-oblong,  denticulate,  the  basal  ones  petioled;  cauline  1-3  pairs;  heads 
rayless,  solitary  or  often  3-5;  involucre  10-12  mm.  high;  tegules  hirsute  and 
glandular;  akenes  glabrous  or  sparsely  hirsute. 

In  alpine  meadows  at  about  2000  m.  altitude. 

Arnica  fulgens  Pursh.  Erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  the  crown  thickened  and 
rusty- woolly,  sometimes  with  creeping  rootstocks;  whole  plant  viscid-pubes- 
cent; basal  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  entire  or  nearly  so,  obtuse, 
5-12  cm.  long;  cauline  2  or  3  pairs,  sessile,  the  upper  sometimes  very  small; 
heads  1-3,  long-peduncled;  involucres  10-12  mm.  high,  densely  glandular- 
pubescent;  ray-flowers  yellow,  12-16  mm.  long;  tubes  of  disk-corollas  hairy; 
akenes  pubescent. 

A  species  of  the  interior,  rare  in  our  limits;  Goat  Mountains,  Allen.  The 
subterranean  characters  may  vary  according  to  soil;  the  form  without  root- 
stocks  has  been  named  as  a  species,  A.  pedunculata  Rydb. 

Arnica  aurantiaca  Greene.  Tufted,  5-20  cm.  high;  stems  erect,  bearing 
1-3  heads;  cauline  leaves  2  or  3  pairs,  entire,  the  lowest  oblong,  obtuse,  the 
upper  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous  except  the  margins;  peduncle  sparsely 
glandular  and  pubescent;  involucre  turbinate-campanulate;  tegules  about  10, 
lanceolate,  woolly  at  base,  thinly  ciliate;  ray-flowers  orange-yellow;  akenes 
silky;  pappus  white. 

Goat  Mountains,  Allen. 

Arnica  amplexicaulis  Nutt.  Nearly  glabrous  and  somewhat  gummy; 
stems  30-60  cm.  high,  tufted;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  saliently  dentate,  glabrous 
and  gummy  above,  4-7  cm.  long;  basal  ones  petioled;  cauline  4-7  pairs,  half- 
clasping  at  base;  heads  mostly  3  or  5;  ray-flowers  1-1.5  cm.  long;  akenes  hairy. 

Along  streams,  especially  in  the  mountains  at  low  altitudes.  First  col- 
lected at  Willamette  Falls,  Oregon,  by  Nuttall. 

Arnica  macounii  Greene.  Sparsely  pubescent;  stems  tufted,  30-50  cm. 
high;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate-dentate,  5-10  cm. 
long,  the  basal  ones  petioled,  the  4-7  cauline  pairs  sessile;  heads  cymose,  usually 
5-7,  on  small  stems  1-3;  involucre  campanulate;  tegules  hispidulous,  not 
glandular;  akenes  hispid  and  glandular;  pappus  fuscous. 
26 


386  COMPOSITAE. 

Along  streams  in  the  mountains  at  low  altitudes.  Differs  from  A .  amplexi- 
caulis  Nutt.  mainly  in  its  narrower  leaves. 

Arnica  aspera  Greene.  Sparsely  pilose;  stems  tufted,  40-60  cm.  high; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  saliently  dentate,  hairy  on  both  sides,  the  cauline 
sessile,  4-6  cm.  long;  heads  mostly  3-5,  slender-peduncled;  involucres  campan- 
ulate;  tegules  pustulate-hairy;  akenes  setose;  pappus  tawny. 

Along  alpine  rivulets  at  1700  m.  altitude,  the  type  specimen  from  Mount 
Rainier. 

Arnica  mollis  Hook.  Herbage  villous-pubescent,  somewhat  glandular 
above;  stems  20-40  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or 
denticulate,  mostly  acute,  the  lower  ones  petioled,  5-10  cm.  long;  cauline 
leaves  3-5  pairs,  the  upper  ones  remote,  sessile;  heads  mostly  3,  rarely  5-9, 
4-6  cm.  broad;  tegules  glandular,  lanceolate,  acute;  akenes  hairy. 

Along  alpine  rivulets  at  1500-2000  m.  altitude. 

539.   SENECIO.* 

Herbs  (in  ours)  or  shrubby  plants;  leaves  all  alternate;  heads 
usually  solitary  or  in  corymbs,  many-flowered ;  flowers  yellow,  all 
fertile;  ray-flowers  pistillate  or  occasionally  none;  tegules  her- 
baceous, mostly  narrow,  equal,  in  one  row,  or  with  a  few  short 
outer  (calyculate)  ones;  receptacle  flat  or  merely  convex,  naked; 
pappus  of  very  numerous  and  mostly  white,  fine  and  soft  capillary 
and  merely  scabrous  bristles;  akenes  terete  or  somewhat  angled, 
usually  5-10-ribbed. 

Annuals. 

Heads  discoid ;  short  outer  tegules  black-tipped.        S.  vulgaris. 
Heads  with  short  rays;  short  outer  tegules  few, 

not  black-tipped.  5.  sylvaticus. 

Biennials  or  perennials;  heads  usually  radiate. 
Leaves  pinnately  divided. 

Stem  30-50  cm,  high.  S.  harfordii. 

Stem  10-20  cm.  high.  S.  flettii. 

Leaves  all  undivided  or  those  of  the  stem  pinnately 
lobed. 
Heads  discoid  (except  in  subsp.  fallax).  S.  pauciflorus. 

Heads  radiate. 

Heads    few,    terminating    the    stem    and 
branches. 
Foliage  glabrous.  S.  ductoris. 

Foliage  tomentulose.  5.  wehsteri. 

Heads   usually   numerous,   in   a   terminal 
corymbose  cyme. 
Stem  leafy  to  the  inflorescence.  S.  triangularis. 

Stem  leafy  below,  naked  above. 
Tegules  black-tipped. 

Herbage  arachnoid  tomentulose.   S.  lugens. 
Herbage  pubescent  with  coarse 
jointed  hairs  or  glabrous. 
Herbage  glaucous,  glabrous, 
fleshy;   leaves  mostly  en- 
tire. S.    hydrophilus. 

*  The  account  of  this  genus  has  been  prepared  with  the  assistance  of  Dr.  J  - 
M.  Greenman. 


GOMPOSITAE.  387 

Herbage    not    glaucous    nor 
fleshy,     pubescent     at 
least      when      young; 
leaves  dentate  or  denti- 
culate. 
Leaves  subcordate;    ray- 
flowers  pale  yellow.  5.  ochraceus. 
Leaves    not    subcordate ; 
ray-flowers  darker  yel- 
low. S.  exaltatus. 
Tegules  not  black-tipped. 

Herbage  more    or    less    perma- 
nently tomentulose. 
Leaves  entire  or  denticulate.    S.  fastigiatus. 
Leaves  coarsely  dentate.  5.  fastigiatus  macounii. 

Herbage  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Lower  leaves  oblanceolate.       S.  multnomensis. 
Lower  leaves  ovate  or  obo- 
vate. 
Stem  30-50  cm.  high.  5.  pauciflorus  fallax. 

Stem  10-15  cm.  high.         S.  suksdorfii. 

-"  Senecio  vulgaris  L.  Annual,  sparsely  pubescent  or  glabrous,  usually 
branched,  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  spatulate  or  oblong  in  outline,  1-3  cm.  long, 
half-clasping  at  base,  pinnately-lobed,  the  lobes  short  and  usually  toothed; 
heads  few  to  many,  in  corymbs;  involucre  5-7  mm.  high,  the  inner  tegules 
linear,  acute,  often  black-tipped,  the  outer  few  and  short;  ray-flowers 
wanting;  akenes  puberulent;  pappus  copious,  white. 

A  common  weed  in  waste  ground;  introduced  from  Europe. 

Senecio  sylvaticus  L.  Annual,  erect,  10-60  cm.  high,  slightly  pubescent; 
lower  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  lyrately  pinnatifid,  petioled;  upper  leaves 
unequally  pinnatifid,  sessile,  sagittate  at  the  clasping  base;  heads  corymbed,. 
slender- peduncled ;  involucre  cylindrical;  outer  tegules  few  or  wanting,  if 
present  not  black-tipped;  ray-flowers  very  short,  yellow. 

Introduced  from  Europe;  Portland,  Oregon,  Gorman. 

Senecio  harfordii  Greenman.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  essentially  so  through- 
out; stem  erect  or  ascending  from  a  slender  rootstock,  20-50  cm.  high,  some- 
what glaucous,  usually  leafy;  leaves  mostly  pinnately  divided,  with  irregularly 
lobed  divisions,  and  these  in  turn  dentate,  including  the  petiole  4-14  cm.  long, 
1-5  cm.  broad,  thin  in  texture,  and  drying  pale  green;  the  lowermost  leaves 
often  undivided,  rotund  and  crenately  lobed;  uppermost  leaves  without 
petioles;  inflorescence  a  terminal  corymbose  cyme,  few-many- (2-30-)  headed; 
heads  mostly  less  than  1  cm.  high,  including  the  ray-flowers  1.5-2  cm.  in 
diameter;  involucre  shorter  than  the  disk-flowers;  tegules  about  13,  narrowly 
lanceolate,  5-5.5  mm.  long,  acuminate,  acute,  glabrous;  ray-flowers  com- 
monly 5,  bright''yellow;  disk-flowers  18-25;  akenes  2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  glabrous. 

Common  in  the  gorge  of  the  Columbia  River,  on  moist  rock  cliffs. 

Senecio  flettii  Wiegand.  Perennial,  glabrous;  stems  15-20  cm.  high, 
tufted;  leaves  mostly  basal,  oblong,  8-12  cm.  long,  petioled,  pinnately  parted 
into  irregular  oblong  incisely-toothed  angular  divisions;  cauline  similar, 
smaller;  heads  7  mm.  high,  several  in  a  rather  close  corymb;  tegules  10-12, 
thin,  acute;  ray-flowers  2-4,  dark  yellow;  akenes  glabrous. 

In  rocky  soil  in  the  Olympic  Mountains,  at  about  2300  m.  altitude, 
abundant;  Mount  Rainier,  near  Cowlitz  Cleavers,  Miss  Winona  Bailey. 

Senecio  pauciflorus   Pursh.     Perennial,  10-30  cm.   high,  slightly  floccose- 


388  COMPOSITAE. 

tomentose  at  the  base,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  and  in  the  inflorescence, 
otherwise  glabrous;  lower  leaves  petiolate,  broadly  ovate,  1-2  cm.  long,  8-14 
mm.  broad,  subcordate  to  cuneate  at  the  base,  crenate-serrate,  rather  thick 
and  firm  in  texture;  petioles  equalling  or  twice  as  long  as  the  blade;  upper 
leaves  more  or  less  pinnate;  inflorescence  usually  a  close  compact  umbel; 
heads  discoid,  about  1  cm.  high  in  anthesis;  tegules  glabrous,  their  tips  tinged 
with  purple;  akenes  glabrous. 

Widely  distributed;  Labrador,  Rocky  Mountains,  British  Columbia  to 
northern  California.  In  our  limits  it  has  been  collected  on  Mount  Consti- 
tution, San  Juan  County,  Washington,  Henderson,  and  at  Deming,  Whatcom 
County,  Washington,  Flett. 

Senecio  pauciflorus  fallax  Greenman.  Stem  erect,  about  50  cm.  high; 
lower  stem-leaves  3-8  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  pinnately  parted  with  deep 
broad  sinuses  between  the  lateral  divisions,  blackish  or  dark  green  in  the  dried 
state;  segments  narrowly  oblong  to  subovate,  obtusely  toothed;  upper  leaves 
reduced  to  mere  bracts;  inflorescence  cymose,  few-headed;  heads  8-10  mm. 
high,  radiate;  involucre  campanulate;  tegules  18-21,  linear,  acute,  6-8  mm. 
long,  slightly  purplish-tipped,  glabrous;  ray-flowers  10-12,  yellow;  disk- 
flowers  50-60;  akenes  glabrous. 

In  partial  shade,  Deming,  Whatcom  County,  Washington,  Flett;  not  other- 
wise known. 

Senecio  ductoris  Piper.  {S.fremontiT.  &  G.)  Perennial,  glabrous;  stems 
tufted  from  a  stout  woody  caudex,  erect  or  ascending,  10-20  cm.  high; 
leaves  broadly  obovate  to  spatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  dentate  or  incised,  thick 
in  texture,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  lower  ones  abruptly  petioled,  the  uppermost 
sessile;  heads  solitary  or  few  together,  the  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves; 
ray-flowers  8-12. 

Rocky  places  in  the  mountains  at  2000-2500  m.  altitude. 

Senecio  websteri  Greenman.  Perennial,  floccose-woolly  to  nearly  glab- 
rate;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  15-20  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  thick,  ovate  to 
oblong-obovates  acute,  sinuate-dentate  to  denticulate,  8-12  cm.  long,  narrowed 
into  a  wing-margined  petiole;  cauline  lanceolate,  sessile,  irregularly  dentate; 
heads  solitary  on  peduncles  4-8  cm.  long;  involucre  campanulate  and  caly- 
culate;  principal  tegules  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  sparsely  woolly,  13-15  mm. 
long;  ray-flowers  12-15  mm.  long;  akenes  glabrous. 

Known  only  from  talus  slopes  on  Mount  Angeles,  Olympic  Mountains, 
Washington,  Webster. 

Senecio  triangularis  Hook.  Perennial,  glabrous  throughout,  30-90  cm. 
high;  stem  simple,  leafy  to  the  top;  leaves  narrowly  or  broadly  triangular,  acute 
or  acuminate,  evenly  dentate,  truncate  at  base  or  the  lower  often  cordate  and 
the  upper  cuneate,  5-15  cm.  long,  on  short  petioles;  heads  corymbed;  involucre 
6-8  mm.  high;  tegules  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  pubescent  at  tip;  ray-flowers 
6-12,  yellow. 

In  moist  places  in  the  mountains,  but  occurring  at  sea-level  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  River. 

Senecio  lugens  Richards.  Perennial,  floccose-tomentose  in  the  early 
stages,  more  or  less  glabrate;  stem  10-60  cm.  high,  leafy  below,  nearly  naked 
above;  radical  and  lower  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  3-15  cm.  long,  1-3  cm. 
broad,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  below  into  a  winged  petiole, 
repand-callous,  denticulate  to  subentire,  thin,  membranous,  sparingly  tomen- 
tose or  glabrous;  stem  leaves  remote,  gradually  reduced,  becoming  bractei- 
form;  inflorescence  a  few-headed  corymbose  cyme;  heads  radiate,  1-1.5  cm. 
high;  involucre  campanulate,  calyculate,  glabrous  or  subtomentose  particu- 
larly at  the  base;  tegules  about  13  and  as  well  as  the  bracteoles  conspicuously 
black-tipped;  akenes  glabrous. 


COMPOSITAE.                                            389  I 

Arctic  North  America  and  Alaska,  south  to  Wyoming  and  Washington;  "i 

in  our  limits  known  only  from  the  Olympic  Mountains,  Flett.  | 

Senecio  hydrophilus  Nutt.     Perennial,  wholly  glabrous'and  slightly  glau-  • 

cous;  stems  erect,  60-100  cm.  high,  stout;  leaves  fleshy  with  obscure  veins,  I 

entire  or  nearly  so,  the  basal  oblanceolate,  short-petioled,  10-30  cm.  long;  v 

cauline  sessile  or  half-clasping,  lanceolate;  heads  numerous,  in  a  dense  cyme,  ; 
short-peduncled;  involucre  cylindric,  6  mm.  high;  tegules  8-12;  ray-flowers 

small,  few  or  .sometimes  wanting.  \ 

Near   the   Cascades   of   the  Columbia,   Howell,  perhaps  not   within   our  -j 

limits.  :' 

Senecio  ochraceus  Piper  n.  comb.     (5.  exaltatus  ochraceus  Piper.)     Per-  j 

ennial,  sparingly  white-tomentose;  stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high;  lower  leaves  \ 

broadly  ovate,  subcordate,  crenate-dentate  to  subentire,  5-8  cm.  long,  petioled;  ' 

upper  leaves  much  reduced,  sessile,  lanceolate-attenuate;  heads  in  a  rather  j 

close  corymb;  involucres  campanulate,  tomentose;  tegules  about  13,  linear,  i 

acute,  black-tipped,  6-8  mm.  long;  ray-flowers  pale  yellow.  i 

British  Columbia  to  Montana  and  northern  California;  Goat  Mountains,  \ 
Washington,  Allen. 

Senecio  exaltatus  Nutt.  (5.  oreganus  Howell.)  Perennial;  stem  simple,  ^A/>  /^r/i 
erect,  20-120  cm.  high,  terete,  striate,  glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent  with^^^/^  ,*-rvv<J 
long  flaccid  jointed  white  hairs;  lower  leaves  petiolate,  oblong-ovate  to  oblong-  \fVt^  r/ (^ 

lanceolate,  10-20  cm.  long,  2-8  cm.  broad,  obtuse,  unequally  dentate  to  sub-  ff^^  T 


entire,  gradually  narrowed  to  abruptly  contracted  at  the  base,  glabrous  or 
more  or  less  crisp-hirsute;  upper  stem-leaves  soon  becoming  sessile  and  much 
reduced;  inflorescence  terminating  the  stem  in  a  few  to  many-headed  corym- 
bose cyme;  heads  about  1  cm.  high  in  anthesis,  radiate;  tegules  about  13, 
commonly  penicillate  and  black-tipped;  akenes  glabrous. 

British  Columbia  to  Montana  and  Oregon;  rare  west  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains, but  first  collected  by  Nuttall  at  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  River; 
Lake  Labish,  Howell  (type  of  S.  oreganus). 

Senecio  fastigiatus  Nutt.  Perennial;  herbage  thinly  white  tomentose; 
stems  erect,  30-40  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  basal,  lanceolate  to  spatulate, 
obtuse,  obscurely  crenulate  or  entire,  firm  in  texture,  5-7  cm.  long,  the  lower 
ones  slender  petioled,  the  cauline  sessile  and  narrower;  inflorescence  a  cyme 
with  nearly  erect  branches;  heads  8-10  mm.  high;  ray-flowers  yellow;  akenes 
glabrous. 

Gravelly  prairies,  Washington  and  Oregon,  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Senecio  fastigiatus  macounii  (Greene)  Greenman.  Stem  30-45  cm.  high, 
simple  or  branched;  leaves  entire  to  coarsely  erose-dentate.  Differs  from 
5.  fastigiatus  chiefly  in  the  dentate  character  of  the  leaves. 

Mount  Constitution,  San  Juan  County,  Washington,  Flett;  Columbia 
Valley,  Lyall;  Willamette  Valley  near  Tangent,  Oregon. 

Senecio  multnomensis  Greenman.  Perennial;  stems  flexuous,  suberect, 
30-70  cm.  high,  glabrous,  except  in  the  leaf  axils;  lower  leaves  oblong-oblan- 
ceolate,  4-15  cm.  long,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate,  or  more  or  less  lyrately  lobed, 
glabrous  in  age;  upper  sessile  or  half-clasping;  inflorescence  cymose,  the  pe- 
duncles elongate;  heads  10-13  mm.  high,  rayed;  tegules  about  21,  linear 
lanceolate,  8-10  mm.  long,  acute,  pale  green,  glabrous;  ray-flowers  yellow; 
akenes  glabrous. 

British  Columbia  to  Oregon. 

Senecio  suksdorfii  Greenman.  {S.  adamsi  Howell.)  Perennial,  floccose- 
woolly,  becoming  more  or  less  glabrate;  stems  10-30  cm.  high;  basal  leaves 
obovate  to  suborbicular,  crenate-dentate,  slender  petioled;  cauline  oblong- 


JU^,^*^  ^-** 


390  COMPOSITAE. 

lanceolate,  sessile,  pinnately  lobed  or  parted;  heads  in  a  rather  dense  cyme; 
involucre  hemispheric;  tegules  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  8-10  mm.  long;  ray- 
flowers  12-15. 

In  talus  at  the  base  of  cliffs,  Mount  Adams,  Suksdorf,  Howell;  Mount 
Rainier  in  Indian  Henry  Park,  Tarleton. 

540.   PSILOCARPHUS. 

Low  woolly  annuals;  leaves  entire,  mostly  opposite;  heads 
small,  discoid,  many-flowered,  in  terminal  capitate  clusters  and 
in  the  forks  of  the  branches,  surrounded  by  the  upper  leaves; 
fertile  flowers  numerous,  in  several  series  on  the  globular  chaffy 
receptacle;  pappus  none;  akene  loose  in  the  bladder-like  bract, 
oblong  or  narrower,  slightly  compressed. 

Heads  covered  with  long  loose  woolly  hairs.  P.  elatior. 
Heads  covered  with  short  close  wool. 

Prostrate;  leaves  oblong  or  elliptic.  P.  tenellus. 

Ascending;  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate.  P.  oreganus. 

Psilocarphus  elatior  Gray.  Erect  and  simple  or  more  commonly  branched 
from  the  base  and  spreading,  5-10  cm.  high,  loosely  white- woolly  throughout; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-spatulate,  1-2  cm.  long;  heads  6-8  mm.  broad, 
subtended  by  leaves;  fruiting  tegules  appressed,  tomentose;  akenes  cylindrical. 

In  low  ground,  especially  in  dried-up  ponds,  Vancouver  Island  to  Idaho 
and  Oregon.     First  found  near  Portland,  Oregon. 

Psilocarphus  tenellus  Nutt.  Canescently  tomentose  with  fine  appressed 
wool;  stems  ascending,  much  branched  from  the  base,  3-8  cm.  high;  leaves 
spatulate,  5-10  mm.  long;  heads  small,  numerous,  in  fruit  4-6  mm.  in  diameter; 
akenes  fusiform,  oblong,  1  mm.  long. 

Vancouver  Island,  Macoun;  Fairhaven,  Whatcom  County,  Washington, 
Suksdorf;  not  otherwise  known  north  of  California. 

Psilocarphus  oreganus  Nutt.  Stems  ascending,  2-5  cm.  high;  leaves 
narrowly  oblanceolate,  8-10  mm.  long;  heads  covered  with  close  wool;  bracts 
2  mm.  long;  akenes  cylindric. 

The  original  specimens  were  collected  by  Nuttall  "  near  the  Oregon  and 
outlet  of  the  Wahlamet."  The  plant  has  not  since  been  found  west  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains,  but  it  is  not  rare  in  the  interior. 

541.   ANTENNARIA. 


Low  white- woolly  cespitose  perennials;  leaves  alternate,  entire; 
heads  small,  solitary  or  corymbose,  completely  dioecious;  re- 
ceptacle naked ;  staminate  flowers  with  the  pappus-bristles  thick- 
ened or  barbellate  at  the  apex;  pistillate  with  the  slender  pappus- 
bristles  united  at  base  into  a  ring. 

Plants  not  stoloniferous;  stems  5-10  cm.  high.  A.  lanata. 

Plants  stoloniferous,  growing  in  patches;  stems  usually  15  or 
more  cm.  high. 
Heads  loosely  racemose;  inflorescence  glandular.  A.  racemosa. 

Heads  corymbose;  inflorescence  not  glandular. 

Leaves  3-5  cm.  long,  oblanceolate  or  narrowly  obovate. 

Green  and  glabrate  above.  A .  howellii. 

Tomentose  on  both  surfaces.  A.  concolor. 


COMPOSITAE.  391 

Leaves  much  smaller  and  narrower. 

Tegules  greenish  brown.  A.  media. 

Tegules  pink. 

Leaves  obtuse,  white  tomentose.                                A.  concinna.  ! 

Leaves  acutish,  grayish  tomentose.                            A.  rosea.  ^ 

Antennaria  lanata  (Hook.)  Greene.     Densely  and  rather  coarsely  woolly;  -| 

stems  erect,  10-15  cm.  high,  not  at  all  sfcoloniferous;  basal  leaves  spatulate-  "' 
lanceolate,  petioled,  2-6  cm.  long;  cauline  linear;  inflorescence  dense;  involucre 

4-6  mm.  high,  very  woolly  at  base,  the  inner  tegules  with  papery  white  tips.  \ 

Common  in  rocky  soil  in  the  mountains  at  2000-2500  m.  altitude.  1 

Antennaria   racemosa   Hook.     Perennial   by   stout   leafy   stolons;   stems  ] 

slender,  erect,  15-40  cm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  basal  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  j 
obtuse,  green  and  glabrous  or  glabrate  above,  white-woolly  beneath,  1-3  cm. 

long,  cuneate  at  base,  petioled;  cauline  sessile,  lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  1-3  ', 

cm.  long;  inflorescence  glandular,  racemose  or  somewhat  paniculate;  staminate  : 

heads  always  racemose,  subglobose,  4-6  mm.  high,  slender-peduncled,  the  I 
tegules  brownish,  obtuse;  pappus  with  thickened  tips;  pistillate  heads  usually 

coiymbose,  oblong,  6-8  mm.  long,  the  tegules  greenish,  narrow-tipped;  pappus  \ 

simple.  ' 

Open  woods  in  the  mountains;  rare  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  ] 

-"    Antennaria  howellii   Greene.     Stems  slender,    15-30  cm.   high,   grayish  ! 

woolly;  stolons  prostrate,  leafy,  5-10  cm.  long;  basal  leaves  cuneate-oblanceo-  ] 

late,  petioled,  1-nerved,  acutish,  3-5  cm.  long,  becoming  green  above,  per-  | 

sistently  white-tomentose  beneath;  heads  in  a  close  cyme;  involucre  campan-  \ 
ulate,  8  mm.  high;  tegules  linear-lanceolate,  the  tips  white  and  scarious;  akenes 
glandular. 

In  open  coniferous  woods,  common.  ; 

Antennaria  concolor  Piper.     Cespitose,  the  ligneous  rootstocks  and  stolons  1 

slender;  stems   slender,   erect,   20-30  cm.    high,   sparsely  tomentose;   basal  \ 

leaves  thin,  spatulate,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  whitish,  abruptly  acuminate,  concave  j 

on  the  lateral  margins,  the  greener  upper  side  becoming  nearly  glabrous  the  1 

second  season;  cauline  7-9,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate;  inflorescence  of  4-7  1 

short-peduncled  heads  in  a  corymb;  involucre  8-9  mm.  high;  tegules  in  about  ■ 
3  ranks,  mostly  acute,  greenish  below,  fuscous  in  the  middle,  the  tips  paler 
or  white. 

In  open  places  in  fir  woods  near  the  suburb  of  Portland,  Oregon,  known  as  ^s/**  ^^ 
Mount  Scott.     Only  pistillate  plants  are  known. 

Antennaria  media  Greene.     Densely  white  tomentose;  stems  4-6  cm.  high;  z*^^***^  •" 
stolons  1-3  cm.  long;  leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate,  acute,  12-15  mm.  long;  /~^<**-.>-c 
heads  in  a  dense  cluster;  involucre  of  the  pistillate  flowers  4  mm.  high,  the  ^^y^^ZVti 
tegule  tips  oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  usually  greenish  brown;  staminate  involucre .        7:-/ 
similar.  ^^^^.''.   ,  .Uv^^  .^-li^  .A^>»^>-')^'vA.  <wV_  j*^«^t>^  Uf^ 

Common  in  the  mountains  at  2000-2500  m.  altitude. 

Antennaria  concinna  E.  Nelson.     Densely  white  tomentose;  stems  leafy,  .. 

10-35  cm.  high;  stolons  3-5  cm.  long;  basal  leaves  spatulate,  acute,  white-  \ 

tomentose  on  both  sides,  about  10  mm.  long;  cauline  linear-oblong  to  linear;  \ 
inflorescence  dense  or  moderately  open,  of  6-15  heads;  involucre  6-7  mm.  high; 

tegules  obtuse,  more  or  less  rose-tinged.  \ 

Olympic  Mountains,  Elmer,  Piper,  Lawrence.  \ 

Antennaria  rosea  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Greene.    Densely  white-tomentose  through-  | 

out;  stems  slender,  20-30  cm.  high;  stolons  ascending;  leaves  narrowly  ob-  ; 

lanceolate,  acute,  15-20  mm.  long;  heads  in  rather  close  clusters;  involucres  ; 

5-6  mm.  high;  pistillate  tegules  rose-colored,  rarely  white,  obtuse,  the  stami-  \ 

nate  plant  unknown.  ' 

In  dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  in  the  mountains.  \ 


392  COMPOSITAE. 

542/  ANAPHALIS.     Everlasting.  ^ 

White-woolly  perennial  herbs  with  erect  leafy  stems  and  en- 
tire leaves;  heads  numerous,  small,  discoid,  dioecious  but  usually 
with  a  few  perfect  flowers  in  the  center  of  the  pistillate  heads; 
involucre  campanulate  to  oblong,  its  tegules  scarious,  numerous, 
closely  imbricated ;  pappus  bristles  of  staminate  flowers  little  if 
at  all  thickened  at  the  apex,  that  of  the  fertile  flowers  not  at  all 
united  at  the  base. 

AJH-AJ  >kvA  A"^P^**^^s  margaritacea  occidentalis  Greene.  Stems  erect,  20-60  cm. 
, 0 /»^/W^*''*high ;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  somewhat  revolute,  sessile,  bright  shining 
^^Mv%^)f>y^  green  above,  white-woolly  beneath;  heads  numerous,  in  a  terminal  corymb 
A  iiextr  4-15  cm.  broad;  involucre  campanulate,  subglobose;  tegules  ovate-lanceolate, 
<-'^^l!r^  obtuse,  pearly  white. 
)  Jp^  Very  common  in  open  places,  especially  in  old  "  burns." 

Anaphalis  margaritacea  subalpina  Gray,  Very  similar  to  A.  margaritacea 
occidentalis  but  usually  not  so  tall;  leaves  permanently  pubescent  above; 
corymbs  mostly  smaller  and  denser. 

Rather  rare  in  moist  meadows  in  the  mountains  at  low  elevations. 

543.   GNAPHALIUM.     Cudweed. 

Woolly  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  entire;  heads  small,  discoid; 
pistillate  flowers  very  numerous  in  more  than  one  row;  flowers 
white  or  yellow;  perfect  flowers  fewer  in  the  center;  staminate 
flowers  none;  pappus-bristles  slender,  not  thickened  above; 
akenes  oblong  or  ovate. 

Bristles  of  the  pappus  united  at  base;  involucre  brownish.    G.  purpureum. 
Bristles  of  the  pappus  separate  at  base. 

Plants  low;  flowers  in  dense  leafy  clusters;  involucres 
very  woolly. 
Tegules  white;  plants  loosely- woolly.  G.  palustre. 

■  y  Tegules  brownish;  plants  appressed-woolly.  G.  uliginosum. 

Plants  tall;  flowers  in  looser  leafless  clusters;  involucres 
woolly  only  at  base. 
Involucre  white;  cymes  loose.  G.  microcephalum. 

Involucre  yellowish;  cymes  dense.  G.  chilense. 

Gnaphalium  purpureum  L.  Biennial  or  sometimes  annual;  herbage 
silvery  canescent;  stems  erect,  20-30  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  spatulatc,  obtuse, 
green  above,  appressed  woolly  beneath,  short-petioled,  2-5  cm.  long;  cauline 
narrower,  mostly  linear,  sessile;  heads  in  dense  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves,  making  a  spike-like  inflorescence;  tegules  brownish  or  purplish, 
acute;  akenes  scabrous. 

Very  common  in  open  places. 

Gnaphalium  palustre  Nutt.  Annual,  much  branched  at  base,  5-12  cm. 
high,  very  woolly  throughout;  leaves  lanceolate,  oblong  or  spatulate,  1-2  cm. 
long;  heads  2-3  mm.  high,  sessile,  in  small  terminal  or  axillary  clusters,  which 
are  very  woolly  and  subtended  by  leaves;  involucrcf  of  few  tegules,  these  linear, 
acute  or  obtuse,  brownish  with  white  tips;  akenes  glabrous,  the  bristles  falling 
separately. 

Common  in  dricd-up  pond  bottoms  and  on  river  banks. 


COMPOSITAE.  393 

Gnaphalium  uliginosum  L,  Annual,  appressed-white-woolly;  stems 
branched  from  the  base,  5-20  cm,  high;  leaves  spatulate  to  linear,  sessile, 
obtuse,  3-4  cm.  long;  heads  sessile  in  dense  leafy-bracted  clusters;  tegules 
brownish,  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  the  outer  obtuse,  the  inner  acute; 
pappus  bristles  distinct,  falling  separately. 

Moist  places,  especially  on  river  banks. 

Gnaphalium  microcephalum  Nutt.  Pubescence  woolly,  dense,  white,  close  J 
stems  several,  slender,  erect,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  lanceo- 
late, decurrent  at  base;  heads  in  clusters  of  several,  these  paniculate;  involucres 
turbinate  to  campanulate,  woolly  only  at  base,  3-4  mm.  high;  tegules  bright 
white,  scarious,  obtuse. 

In  gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  not  rare. 

Gnaphalium  chilense  Spreng.  Erect,  very  leafy,  30-60  cm.  high,  simple 
or  branched  below,  persistently  tomentose,  not  glandular;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  or  somewhat  spatulate,  acute,  5-8  cm.  long,  scarcely  decurrent  at 
base;  heads  4-5  mm.  high,  in  one  or  few  dense  clusters;  involucre  hemispheric; 
tegules  greenish-white,  oblong,  obtuse;  akenes  glandular. 

Prairies  and  open  woods. 

544.   INULA.     Elecampane. 

Tall  coarse  herbs  with  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers  and  simple 
alternate  leaves;  heads  radiate,  many-flowered;  disk-flowers 
fertile;  involucres  hemispheric;  tegules  imbricated,  the  outer 
ones  herbaceous;  receptacle  flat,  naked;  anthers  caudate;  style 
branches  linear,  rounded  at  apex;  akenes  4-5-ribbed,  pappus 
capillary,   scabrous. 

Inula  helenium  L.  Elecampane.  Pubescent,  especially  above;  stems 
stout,  1-2  m.  high,  erect,  branched  above;  leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  acute, 
denticulate,  tomentose  beneath,  20-30  cm.  long,  the  basal  ones  long-petioled, 
the  cauline  sessile  or  half-clasping;  heads  solitary  or  few,  5-10  cm.  broad; 
outer  tegules  ovate,  foliaceous,  the  inner  smaller,  spatulate,  obtuse;  ray-flowers 
numerous,  slender;  akenes  4-sided,  glabrous. 

In  fields  and  along  roadways;  introduced  from  Europe. 

545.   ADENOCAULON. 

Slender  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  petioled  leaves,  green 
above,  white-woolly  beneath;  heads  few,  small,  5-10-flowered, 
glandular,  in  a  loose  panicle;  tegules  in  one  row;  receptacle  flat, 
naked;  flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal  pistillate,  fertile,  the 
central  perfect,  but  sterile;  akenes  elongated  at  maturity,  club- 
shaped;  pappus  none. 

Adenocaulon  bicolor  Hook.  Stem  30-90  cm.  high,  floccose-woolly;  leaves 
mostly  basal,  triangular-ovate,  somewhat  cordate,  with  angular  toothed 
margins,  bright  green  above,  white-woolly  beneath,  5-10  cm.  long;  petioles 
margined;  inflorescence  glandular;  tegules  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute,  reflexed 
in  fruit;  akenes  club-shaped,  the  top  covered  with  stalked  glands. 

In  open  woods,  very  common. 

546.    CENTAUREA. 

Herbs;  heads  many-flowered;  flowers  all  with  tubular  and 
deeply  5-cleft  corollas,   some  of  the  marginal  ones  commonly 


394  COMPOSITAE. 

sterile,  often  much  larger  and  conspicuous,  the  others  perfect 
and  fertile;  involucre  globular,  the  tegules  tipped  or  margined 
with  spines  or  scarious  appendages;  receptacle  very  bristly; 
pappus  of  numerous  rigid  or  sometimes  chaffy  naked  bristles; 
akenes  mostly  compressed,  attached  by  one  margin  just  above 
the  base. 

Tegules  each  tipped  with  a  slender  spine;  ray-flowers  yellow.  C.  melitensis. 
Tegules  spineless,  all  more  or  less  fimbriate;  ray-flowers  red,  blue, 

white  or  violet.  C.  cyanus. 

Centaurea  melitensis  L.  Annual;  herbage  pubescent;  stems  30-100  cm. 
high,  loosely  branched;  basal  leaves  petioled,  lyrately  lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse  or 
rounded ;  cauline  leaves  sessile,  entire  or  merely  toothed ;  heads  short-peduncled, 
10-12  mm.  in  diameter;  tegules  each  tipped  with  a  branched  spine. 

Introduced  from  Europe.  Very  troublesome  as  a  weed  in  California  where 
it  is  called  "  Napa  Thistle." 

Centaurea  cyanus  L.  Bachelor's  Button.  Stems  erect,  slender,  usually 
branched,  30-90  cm.  high;  heads  solitary  on  slender  branches;  involucre 
ovoid ;  tegules  in  about  four  series,  pale,  the  middle  ones  margined  with  a  silvery 
scarious-toothed  border;  ray-flowers  large,  white,  blue,  pink  or  violet. 

A  common  weed  in  fields  and  waysides. 

547.   SILYBUM.     Milk  Thistle. 

Coarse  prickly  herb  with  pinnately  lobed  alternate  mottled 
leaves  and  large  solitary  heads  of  purple  flowers;  involucre 
subglobose;  tegules  imbricated  in  a  few  series,  large,  rigid,  the 
spiny  tips  spreading;  receptacle  fiat,  bristly;  flowers  all  alike, 
tubular,  perfect,  fertile;  akenes  glabrous;  pappus  bristles  num- 
erous, flattish,  scabrous  or  barbellate,  united  at  base  and  falling 
together. 

Silybum  marianum  (L.)  Gaertn.  Glabrous  or  slightly  tomentose;  stems 
60-120  cm.  high;  leaves  blotched  with  white,  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lower  ones 
unequally  lobed,  spinose-dentate,  the  cauline  strongly  clasping  at  base;  heads 
globose,  5-6  cm.  broad;  flowers  purple:  pappus  bristles  white. 

In  waste  places,  adventive  from  Europe. 

548.   CIRSIUM.     Thistle. 


Biennial  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  sessile,  mostly 
pinnatifid  and  prickly;  heads  usually  large,  terminal,  many- 
flowered;  flowers  all  tubular,  perfect  and  all  alike,  rarely  im- 
perfectly dioecious;  involucre  ovoid  or  spherical;  tegules  im- 
bricated, in  many  rows,  the  tips  scarious  or  prickly;  receptacle 
thickly  clothed  with  soft  bristles  or  hairs;  pappus  of  numerous 
bristles  united  into  a  ring  at  the  base,  plumose,  deciduous; 
akenes  oblong,  flattish,  not  ribbed. 

Dioecious;  heads  1-1.5  cm.  in  diameter;  perennial  by  spread- 
ing roots.  C  arvense. 
Hermaphrodite;  heads  larger;  biennials. 


COMPOSITAE.  395 

Tegules  all  with  dilated  fringed  tips.  C.  americanum. 

Tegules  or  some  of  them  with  spiny  tips. 

Outer  and  inner  tegules  all  with  spiny  tips.  C.  lanceolatum. 

Outer  tegules  spine-tipped:  inner  ones  unarmed. 

Heads  clustered,  short-peduncled;  flowers  pink.      C.  edule. 
Heads  few,  long-peduncled ;  flowers  cream-colored.  C.  remotifolium. 

Cirsium  arvense  (L.)  Scop.  Canada  Thistle.  Perennial,  with  slender 
creeping  rootstocks;  whole  plant  green,  thinly  tomentose  when  young  be- 
coming glabrous,  much  branched,  1-2  m.  high;  leaves  numerous,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  pinnately-lobed,  sessile  and  somewhat  clasping  at  base,  10-20  cm. 
long;  prickles  numerous,  rather  weak;  heads  small,  corymbed,  dioecious; 
staminate  heads  globose,  the  flowers  much  exserted;  pistillate  heads  oblong- 
campanulate,  the  flowers  scarcely  projecting;  tegules  well  imbricated,  some- 
what ciliate,  the  short  ovate  outer  ones  spine-tipped,  the  inner  ones  lanceolate, 
soft-tipped;  flowers  pink-purple. 

A  weed  in  cultivated  ground,  introduced  from  Europe. 

Cirsium  americanum  (Gray)  Robinson.  Stems  erect,  30-90  cm.  high,  spar- 
ingly branched  above;  leaves  lanceolate,  coarsely  dentate  to  pinnatifid  or  even 
pinnately  parted,  weakly  prickly,  green  above,  white  tomentose  beneath, 
6-12  cm.  long;  heads  mostly  solitary,  terminating  the  branches;  involucre 
"2-3  cm.  high;  tegules  with  a  dilated  scarious  tip,  this  lacerate  and  mucronate 
on  the  outer  ones,  entire  on  the  inner;  flowers  cream-colored;  some  of  the  pap- 
pus bristles  dilated  at  tip. 

Washington  to  California;  rare  northward. 

Cirsium  lanceolatum  (L.)  Scop.  Bull  Thistle.  Stems  stout,  somewhat 
woolly,  usually  branched,  leafy  to  the  top,  100-150  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate, 
deeply  pinnatifid,  hispid-pubescent  but  green  above,  white-tomentose  beneath, 
decurrent  at  base,  6-15  cm.  long,  armed  with  numerous  stout  prickles;  heads 
large,  on  stout  leafy  peduncles:  involucre  well  imbricated,  sparsely  woolly; 
tegules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  all  tipped  with  stout  erect  spiny  points;  flowers 
purple. 

A  very  common  weed,  introduced  from  Europe. 

Cirsium  edule  Nutt.  Stems  usually  tall  and  nearly  simple,  1-2  m.  high, 
thinly  pubescent;  leaves  numerous,  lanceolate,  pinnately-lobed,  pubescent 
above,  woolly  beneath,  but  soon  green  and  glabrate  on  both  sides,  5-20  cm. 
long;  prickles  rather  weak;  heads  large,  usually  clustered,  short-peduncled, 
often  surrounded  by  the  upper  leaves;  involucre  persistently  white- woolly; 
tegules  loose,  each  tapering  to  a  slender  rather  weak  spiny  point,  the  outer 
broader  and  shorter,  not  glandular;  corolla  purple,  the  lobes  thickened  at  the 
tips,  shorter  than  the  throat;  pappus-bristles  a  little  thickened  at  the  tips. 

In  rich  open  woods  and  banks;  the  roots  formerly  used  as  food  by  the 
Indians. 

Cirsium  remotifolium  (Hook.)  DC.  Woolly  and  cobwebby,  especially 
when  young;  stems  erect,  1-2  m.  high;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline, 
sinuately  lobed  to  deeply  pinnatifid,  moderately  prickly,  white  tomentose 
beneath;  heads  long-peduncled;  involucre  3-4  cm.  high;  tegules  linear-at- 
tenuate, the  outer  spiny-pointed,  the  inner  scarious  and  lanceolate  at  tip; 
flowers  cream-colored;  pappus  bristles  often  thickened  at  tip. 

Prairies  and  meadows,  Washington  to  California. 

549.  ^ARCTIUM.     Burdock. 

Coarse  biennial  plants  with  large  ovate  to  orbicular  cordate 
leaves ;  heads  many- flowered ;  involucre  globose ;  tegules  numerous, 


396 


COMPOSITAE. 


closely  imbricated,  slender,  appressed  at  base,  spreading  and 
hooked  at  tip;  flowers  perfect,  all  tubular,  purple;  receptacle 
bristly;  akenes  oblong,  transversely  wrinkled ;  pappus  of  numerous 
short  rough  bristles. 

Arctium  minus  Schk.  Stems  stout,  branched,  1-2  m.  high;  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  mostly  cordate,  obtuse,  entire  or  more  or  less  dentate,  floccose-woolly 
beneath,  the  basal  ones  30-50  cm.  long;  petioles  channelled;  heads  subracemose, 
15-30  mm.  broad;  involucre  glabrous  or  cobwebby;  tegules  arcuate,  spreading. 

Common  in  waste  places. 

550.    SAUSSUREA. 

Perennial  leafy  stemmed  herbs  with  corymbosely  clustered 
medium  sized  heads  of  purple  flowers;  heads  many-flowered; 
involucre  oblong  to  obovoid;  tegules  imbricated,  appressed, 
obtuse;  receptacle  bristly;  flowers  all  alike,  tubular,  perfect; 
style  branches  slender;  akenes  oblong;  pappus  double,  the  larger 
bristles  numerous,  plumose,  united  in  a  ring  and  falling  together; 
outer  bristles  similar  but  smaller  and  less  plumose  or  naked. 

Saussurea  americana  D.  C.  Eaton.  Sparsely  arachnoid-tomentose;  stems 
stout,  erect,  30-120  cm.  high,  leafy;  basal  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  sub- 
cordate,  acute  to  acuminate,  mostly  dentate,  pubescent  beneath,  petioled; 
cauline  similar,  sessile  by  a  narrow  base  or  the  uppermost  lanceolate;  heads 
10-17-flowered,  numerous,  in  panicled  cymes;  heads  12-15  mm.  high;  involucre 
ovoid-cylindric,  pubescent;  tegules  obtuse  in  5  or  6  series;  flowers  blue-violet. 

Alpine  meadows  at  about  2000  m.  altitude.  Especially  abundant  in  the 
Olympic  Mountains. 


SUMMARY. 


Families. 

Genera. 

Species  and  Sub- 
species. 

Pteridophyta. 
Gymnospermae. 
Monocotyledones. 
Dicotyledones. 

7 

2 

15 

76 

22 

10 
111 
407 

61 

22 

412 

1122 

Totals. 

100 

550 

1617 

NEW  SPECIES,  NEW  SUBSPECIES,  AND  NEW 
COMBINATIONS. 

NEW  SPECIES. 

Arctostaphylos  columbiana  Piper p.  279 

Godetia  gracilis  Piper p.  251 

Panicularia  occidentalis  Piper p.    59 

Populus  vancouveriana  Trelease p.  118 

Solidago  algida  Piper p.  365 

Solidago  vespertina  Piper p.  365 

NEW  SUBSPECIES. 
Grindelia  oregana  wilkesiana  Piper p.  363 

NEW  COMBINATIONS. 

Argentina  grandis  (T.  &  G.)  Piper p.  211 

Barbarea  barbarea  brachycarpa  (Rouy  &  Foucaud)  Piper p.  176 

Carex  celsa  (Bailey)  Piper p.    79 

Centaurium  minimum  (Howell)  Piper p.  288 

Juncoides  campestre  congestum  (Thuill.)  Piper p.    92 

Juncoides  majus  (Hook.)  Piper p.    92 

Juncoides  subsessile  (Wats.)  Piper p.    91 

Kalmia  polifolia  microphylla  (Hook.)  Piper p.  282 

Mertensia  denticulata  (Lehm.)  Piper p.  301 

Oxytropis  luteolus  (Greene)  Piper p.  227 

Panicularia  leptostachya  (Buckl.)  Piper p.    59 

Prunus  emarginata  erecta  (Presl)  Piper p.  199 

Saxifraga  rufidula  (Small)  Piper p.  191 

Senecio  ochraceus  Piper p-  389 


397 


GLOSSARY. 


Abortive.  Sterile;  reproductive  parts 
failing  to  develop. 

Acaulescent.  Stemless  or  apparently 
so,  or  with  the  stem  underground. 

A  cerose.  Needle-shaped ;  with  a  sharp 
rigid  point. 

Acrid.     Sharp  and  harsh  to  the  taste. 

Adnate.  United,  especially  where 
different  organs  are  fused. 

Adventive.  Coming  from  a  different 
region  and  not  thoroughly  natur- 
alized. 

A  kene.  A  dry,  one-celled,  one-seeded, 
indehiscent  fruit. 

Alveolate.     Resembling  a  honeycomb. 

Ament.     A  catkin;  a  scaly  spike. 

Amphitropous  (ovule  or  seed).  Half- 
inverted  and  straight  but  with  a 
lateral  hilum. 

Ampliate.     Abruptly  expanded. 

Anastomose.  To  connect  by  cross- 
veins  and  form  a  network. 

Anatropous  (ovule  or  seed).  In- 
verted and  straight  with  the  mi- 
cropyle  next  to  the  hilum. 

Androgynous.  Having  both  stami- 
nate  and  pistillate  flowers. 

Annular.     In  the  form  of  a  ring. 

Annulus.  A-  ring,  especially  the 
ring  of  thick-walled  cells  on  a  fern 
sporangium. 

Anthesis.  The  period  of  full  bloom 
of  a  flower. 

Apiculate.  Ending  in  a  short  pointed 
tip. 

Appressed.  Lying  close  and  flat 
against  something. 

Arachnoid.     Cobwebby. 

Arcuate.  Curved  in  the  form  of  a 
bow. 

Aristate.  Tipped  with  a  stiff  short 
bristle. 

Atomiferous.  Bearing  minute  scat- 
tered granules. 

Auricle.     An  ear-shaped  appendage. 

Awn.  A  bristle-Hke  terminal  or 
dorsal  appendage. 

Barbellate.     Minutely  barbed. 
Bifid.     Two-cleft. 


Bilabiate.     Two-lipped. 
Biternate.     Twice-ternate. 
Bract.     A  modified  reduced  leaf  oc- 
curring in  the  inflorescence. 
Bracteate.     Having  bracts. 
Bracteolate.     Having  small  bracts. 

Callosity.     A  hardened  thickening. 

Callus.  A  hard  protuberance;  in  the 
grasses,  the  tough  often  hairy 
swelling  at  the  base  of  the  lemma  or 
palea. 

Calyculate.  Having  bracts  around  a 
flower  or  head  which  imitate  or 
resemble  a  calyx. 

Campanulate.  Bell-shaped,  that  is 
cup-shaped  with  a  broad  base. 

Canescent.  Hoary  with  a  grayish 
pubescence. 

Capillary.     Hair-like. 

Capitate.  Shaped  like  a  head;  col- 
lected into  a  head. 

Carinate.     With  a  keel. 

Carpel.  A  simple  pistil  or  one  of  the 
units  of  a  compound  pistil. 

Carpophore.  The  slender  prolonga- 
tion of  the  axis  which  bears  the  ripe 
carpels  in  the  Umbclliferae. 

Cartilaginous.  Firm  and  tough,  car- 
tilage-like. 

Caryopsis.  A  grain,  that  is  a  seed- 
like fruit  with  a  thin  wall  adherent 
to  the  single  enclosed  seed  as  in 
the  grasses. 

Caudex.  The  persistent  base  of  an 
otherwise  annual  herbaceous  stem. 

Caudicula.  The  thread-like  or  strap- 
shaped  stalk  of  a  poUinium. 

Caulicle.  The  stem-like  part  of  an 
embryo,  the  hypocotyl. 

Cauline.  Pertaining  to  the  stem; 
on  the  stem. 

Cernuous.  Nodding;  slightly  droop- 
ing. 

Cespitose.  Growing  in  tufts;  forming 
mats. 

Chaff.  A  small  thin  bract  becoming 
dry  and  membranous. 

Chartaceous.     Papery. 


399 


400 


GLOSSARY. 


Chlorophyll.  The  green  coloring-mat- 
ter  found  in  plants. 

Ciliate.  Fringed  with  hairs  on  the 
margin. 

Ciliolate.     Minutely  ciliate. 

Circinate.  Coiled  from  the  tip  down- 
ward, like  fern  leaves  in  the  bud. 

Circumscissile.  Opening  by  the  for- 
mation of  a  circular  line  of  cleavage 
and  the  falling  off  of  the  top  like  a 
cap. 

Clavate.  Club-shaped,  gradually 
thickened  upwards. 

Cleft.  Margin  indented  half  way  to 
the  midrib  or  more,  especially  if  the 
incisions  are  sharp. 

Cleistogamous.  Pollinated  in  the  bud, 
without  the  flowers  opening. 

Commissure.  The  surface  by  which 
one  carpel  joins  another  {Um- 
belliferae). 

Compressed.  Flattened,  especially 
laterally. 

Connate.     United. 

Connivent.     Converging. 

Contiguous.     Adjacent  to  each  other. 

Coriaceous.     Leathery. 

Corm.  The  enlarged  fleshy  base  of  a 
stem;  like  a  bulb  but  solid. 

Costate.     Ribbed. 

Cotyledon.  The  first  leaves  of  the 
embryo  plant  already  formed  in  the 
seed. 

Crenulate.     Finely  crenate. 

Crested.  With  an  upraised  crest-like 
appendage. 

Crustaceous.     Hard  and  brittle. 

Cruciform.     Cross-shaped;  cruciate. 

Culm.     A  hollow  stem  (Poaceae). 

Cuneate.     Wedge-shaped. 

Cuspidate.  Tipped  with  a  cusp,  that 
is  a  sharp  rigid  point. 

Cymose.  Bearing  cymes,  or  cyme- 
like. 

Declined.     Bent  downward. 

Decompound.  More  than  once  com- 
pound. 

Decumbent.  Reclining  but  with  the 
apex  ascending. 

Decurrent.  Extending  down  the  stem 
below  the  point  of  insertion. 

Dehiscence.     The  method  of  opening. 

Deltoid.  Triangular  with  the  apex 
upward. 

Denticulate.     Minutely  dentate. 

Diadelphous.  Stamens  in  two  sep- 
arate groups. 


Diandrous.     With  two  stamens. 

Didynamous.  Stamens  in  two  pairs 
of  unequal  length. 

Diffuse.     Widely  or  loosely  spreading. 

Dimorphic.     Occurring  in  two  forms. 

Dioecious.  Stamens  and  pistils  on 
different  plants. 

Discoid.  Disk-like;  in  the  Com- 
positae,  a  discoid  head  is  one  with- 
out ray-flowers. 

Disk- flowers.  The  flowers  with  tu- 
bular corollas  which  are  in  the 
center  of  the  head  in  certain 
Compositae. 

Dissected.  Divided  into  numerous 
small  segments. 

Divaricate.     Widely  divergent. 

Divergent.  Spreading  away  from 
each  other. 

Divided.  Margin  indented  to  the 
midrib  but  the  segments  not  quite 
distinct. 

Dorsal.  Relating  to  or  attached  to 
the  back  of  an  organ. 

Drupaceous.     Drupe-like. 

Drupe.  A  fleshy  fruit  with  the  inner 
portion  hard  and  stony,  one-celled 
and  containing  but  one  seed. 

Ebracteate.     Without  bracts. 
Elaters.     Thread-like  appendages  to 

spores  which  curl  and  uncurl  with 

changes  in  the  moisture  conditions 

of  the  air. 
Emarginate.     Having  a  very  shallov/ 

notch  at  the  apex. 
Embryo.     The  tiny  plant  as  it  rests 

■  partly  grown  in  the  seed. 
Endosperm..     The   food   cells   in   the 

seed  surrounding  the  embryo  and 

contained  in  the  embryo  sac. 
Epicotyl.     The    growing    point    and 

young  bud  in  the  embryo  in  the 

seed. 
Epigynous.     Apparently  growing  on 

top  of  the  ovary. 
Equitant.     Astride;   as   when    leaves 

are   alternately   folded    over   each 

other  in  two  ranks  {Iris). 
Erase.     Irregularly  toothed  as  if  the 

margin  were  gnawed  out. 
Evanescent.     Soon  fading  away. 
Exserted.     Projected  beyond  an  en- 
velope,  as  the  stamens  from   the 

corolla. 

Falcate.     Scythe-shaped. 


GLOSSARY. 


401 


Farinaceous.  Containing  s  t  a  r  ch  ; 
starch-like. 

Fascicle.     A  close  bundle  or  cluster. 

Fasciculate.  In  close  bundles  (fas- 
cicles). 

Favose.  Resembling  a  honeycomb; 
alveolate. 

Fertile.  Capable  of  producing  pollen 
or  fruit. 

Fibrillose.     With  fine  fibers. 

Fibrous.  Compose  of  or  resembling 
fibers. 

Fimbriate.     Fringed. 

Fimbrillate.     With  a  minute  fringe. 

Flexuous.  Zigzag;  bending  alter- 
nately in  opposite  directions. 

Floccose.  With  fleecy  tufts  of  soft 
woolly  hairs. 

Foliaceous.     Leaf-like. 

Follicle.  A  fruit  consisting  of  a  single 
carpel  dehiscing  along  the  ventral 
,-suture. 

Fornix,  (plural — fornices).  A  swel- 
ling in  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 

Foveolate.  With  small  pits  or  de- 
pressions. 

Fugacious.  Fading  or  falling  very 
early. 

Fuscous.     Grayish-brown. 

Fusiform.     Spindle-shaped. 

Galea.  A  helmet-shaped  or  beak-like 
upper  lip  of  a  corolla. 

Galeate.  Helmet-shaped;  having  a 
galea. 

Gamophyllous.  Composed  of  coales- 
cent  leaves  or  leaf-like  organs. 

Geniculate.  Bent  abruptly,  like  a 
knee. 

Gibbous.  With  a  protuberance  or 
swelling  on  one  side. 

Glabrate.  Nearly  glabrous  or  be- 
coming glabrous. 

Gland.  A  secreting  organ  or  a  pro- 
tuberance resembling  one. 

Glanduliferous.    Bearing  small  glands. 

Glauccscent.     Somewhat    glaucous. 

Glaucous.  Covered  with  a  whitish 
bloom. 

Glochidiate.     Barbed  at  the  tip. 

Glomerate.  In  small  compact  clus- 
ters. 

Glumaceous.     Glume-like. 

Glume.  A  chaff-like  bract,  especially 
the  two  empty  bracts  at  the  base  of 
a  grass  spikelet. 

Glutinous.     Sticky,  glue-like. 
27 


Grain.  A  one-celled  one-seeded  in- 
dehiscent  seed-like  fruit  in  which 
the  wall  of  the  fruit  adheres  to  the 
seed,  a  caryopsis. 

Granulate.  Appearing  as  if  covered 
with  minute  granules. 

Gynobase.  An  enlargement  or  pro- 
longation of  the  receptacle  bearing 
the  ovary  or  in  the  fruit  the  nutlets 
{Boraginaceae). 

Hastate.     Halberd-shaped. 

Haustoria.  Root-like  organs  which 
parasitic  plants  send  into  the  cells 
of  their  hosts  to  absorb  food. 

Hermaphrodite.  Having  both  sexes; 
in  flowering  plants,  with  both  sta- 
mens and  pistils. 

Hilum.  The  attachment  scar  on  the 
seed. 

Hirsute.  Pubescent  with  rather 
coarse  stiff  hairs. 

Hispid.  Covered  with  rigid  hairs  or 
bristles. 

Hyaline.  Transparent  or  translu- 
cent. 

Hypanthium.  An  enlargement  or 
special  development  of  the  recep- 
tacle and  calyx-tube  as  in  the 
Rosaceae. 

Hypocotyl.  The  stem-like  part  of  the 
embryo  (caulicle). 

Hypogynous.  Attached  to  the'  re- 
ceptacle below  and  entirely  free 
from  the  ovary. 

Imbricated.  Overlapping  and  break- 
ing joints  like  shingles. 

Immersed.  Growing  wholly  under 
water. 

Incised.  Cut  sharply  and  irregularly 
more  or  less  deeply. 

Indehiscent.     Not  opening  when  ripe. 

Indurated.     Hardened. 

Indusium.  The  protective  membra- 
nous covering  formed  over  the 
fruit-dot  in  many  ferns. 

Involucel.  A  secondary  involucre 
enveloping  an  umbellet  {Umbel- 
liferae). 

Involucrate.     Having  an  involucre. 

Involucre.  A  circle  or  cluster  of 
bracts  surrounding  a  flower  or 
group  of  flowers. 

Involute.     Rolled  inward. 

Keel.     A    projecting    midrib    on    the 


402 


GLOSSARY. 


dorsal  side  of  a  leaf  or  scale;  the 
two  anterior  united  petals  in  a 
papilionaceous  flower  {Legumino- 
sae). 

Lacerate.     Irregularly  cleft  as  if  torn. 

Laciniate.  Cut  into  narrow  pointed 
lobes. 

Lanate.     Woolly. 

Lemma.  A  bract  in  a  grass  spikelet 
which   bears  a   flower  in   its  axil. 

Lenticel.  One  of  the  pores  in  the 
epidermis  of  a  woody  stem. 

Lenticular.  Lentil-shaped,  that  is 
with  the  shape  of  a  double-convex 
lens. 

Ligulate.     Strap-shaped. 

Ligule.  A  thin  often  scarious  pro- 
jection from  the  summit  of  the  leaf- 
sheath  in  the  grasses  and  similar 
plants. 

Limh.  The  expanded  part  of  a  petal 
or  sepal. 

Lobed.  Margin  indented  less  than 
half  way  to  the  midrib. 

Locule.  One  of  the  cavities  or  cells 
of  an  ovary. 

Loculicidal.  Dehiscing  so  that  the 
clefts  open  into  the  cavities  of  the 
ovary. 

Lodicule.  One  of  the  tiny  scales 
sometimes  found  in  a  grass  flower. 

Lament.  A  jointed  legume,  usually 
constricted  between  the  seeds. 

Lunate.  Crescent-shaped  or  half- 
moon-shaped. 

Lyrate.  Pinnatifid  with  a  large  and 
rounded  terminal  lobe  and  the 
lower  lobes  small. 

Marcescent.  Withering  but  persis- 
tent. 

Megasporangium.  The  case  in  which 
the  megasporcs  are  produced. 

Megaspore.  One  of  the  large  spores 
in  certain  fern  allies  and  the  seed 
plants,  which  is  stored  with  food 
and  which  produces  a  female  game- 
tophyte. 

Membranaceous.  Membrane-like; 
thin,  soft  and  more  or  less  trans- 
lucent. 

Microsporangium.  The  case  in  which 
microspores  are  produced;  a  cell 
of  an  anther. 

Microspore.  One  of  the  small  spores 
in  certain  fern-allies  and  the  seed- 


plants,  which  produce  the  male 
gametophyte;  a  pollen  grain. 

Monadelphous.  Stamens  united  all 
in  one  cluster. 

Moniliform.  Appearing  like  a  string 
of  beads. 

Monoecious.  With  stamens  and  pis- 
tils in  separate  flowers  on  the  same 
plant. 

Mucronate.  Tipped  with  a  short 
small  abrupt  tip. 

Mucronulate.     Slightly  mucronate. 

Muricate.  Rough  with  short  hard 
points. 

Muriculate.     Very  finely  muricate. 

Narcotic.  Numbing  or  sleep-pro- 
ducing. 

Nectariferous.     Producing  nectar. 

Nectary.  An  organ  or  spot  where 
nectar  is  secreted. 

Nerve.  A  small  slender  usually  un- 
branched  rib. 

Neutral.     Without  stamens  or  pistils. 

Node.  The  place  in  a  stem  where  the 
woody  bundles  fuse  and  where  the 
leaves  and  buds  are  normally  pro- 
duced. 

Nodulose.     With  little  knots  or  knobs. 

Nut.  A  hard  indehiscent  one-celled 
and  one-seeded  fruit,  though  usu- 
ally developing  from  a  compound 
ovary. 

Nutlet.     A  tiny  nut. 

Ob-     Inverted. 

Obcompressed.     Compressed  dorso- 

ventrally  instead  of  laterally. 
Obsolete.     Not  evident. 
Ochroleucous.     Yellowish-white. 
Ocrea.     A     tubular     stipule     (Poly- 

gonaceae). 
Olivaceous.     Olive-green. 
Operculum.     A  lid;  the  cap  of  a  cir- 

cumscissile  capsule. 
Orthotropous  (ovule  or  seed).     Erect, 

with    the    micropyle   at    the   apex 

opposite  the  hilum. 

Palea.  A  delicate  bract  which  en- 
closes the  grass  flower  and  stands 
opposite  the  lemma. 

Panicle.  A  loose  irregularly  com- 
pound inflorescence  with  pedicelled 
flowers. 

Paniculate.  Borne  in  panicles;  re- 
sembling a  panicle. 


GLOSSARY. 


403 


Papilionaceous.  Bucterfly-like,  that 
is  having  the  upper  petal  enlarged 
and  spreading,  the  two  lateral  ones 
small  and  oblique,  and  the  two 
anterior  ones  connivent  into  a  keel. 

Papillate.     Papillose. 

Papillose.  Having  minute  nipple- 
like projections. 

Pappus.  The  modified  calyx-limb  in 
the  Compositae,  composed  of  a 
ring,  a  crown  of  hairs,  chaff  or 
scales. 

Parasitic.  Depending  on  another 
organism  for  its  food-supply. 

Parted.  Margin  indented  nearly  but 
not  quite  to  the  midrib. 

Pectinate.  Pinnatifid,  with  narrow 
close  segments;  comb-like. 

Pellucid.     Clear,  transparent. 

Peltate.  Shield-shaped,  with  its  stalk 
attached    near   the   center   of   the 

_  dorsal  surface. 

'Penicillate.     In  a  pencil-shaped  tuft. 

Pentamerous  {5-merous).  Five  in 
number. 

Penultimate.     The  next  to  the  last. 

Pericarp.  The  matured  ovary  wall 
forming  a  protective  coat  in  the 
fruit. 

Perigynium.  The  inflated  sac  which 
encloses  the  ovary  in  Carex. 

Perigynous.  Around  the  ovary;  that 
is,  adnate  to  the  perianth  or  to  a 
receptacle-cup. 

Petiolulate.     Having  a  petiolule. 

Petiolule.     The  stalk  of  a  leaflet. 

Phyllode.  An  expanded  petiole  serv- 
ing as  a  leaf  blade. 

Pilose.     With  soft  hairs. 

Pinnule.  One  of  the  smaller  sub- 
divisions of  the  primary  divisions  of 
a  pinnately  compound  leaf. 

Pistil.  The  organ  in  the  flower  which 
produces  the  ovules  and  provides 
for  their  pollination. 

Plaited.     Folded  into  parallel  folds. 

Plumose.  Having  fine  hairs  like  a 
plume. 

Plumule.  The  growing  point  or  bud 
of  an  embryo  (epicotyl). 

Pollinium.  A  mass  of  waxy  pollen 
composed  of  coherent  pollen-grains 
(Orchidaceae.) 

Polygamo-dioecious.  With  perfect 
and  staminate  flowers  on  some 
plants  and  perfect  and  pi-stillate 
flowers  on  others. 


Polygamous.  Having  both  perfect 
and  unisexual  flowers  on  the  same 
plant. 

Precocious.  Appearing  before  the 
leaves  (said  of  the  flowers  in  some 
willows). 

Prismatic.  Angular  with  flat  sides, 
like  a  prism  in  shape. 

Proliferous.     Producing  off'sets. 

Pruinose.  Covered  with  a  whitish 
powder. 

Puherulent.     Minutely  pubescent. 

Pubescence.     Hairiness. 

Pubescent.  Covered  with  hairs,  es- 
pecially short  soft  ones. 

Pulvinus.     A  cushion-like  swelling. 

Punctate.     Dotted. 

Puncticulate.     Minutely  punctate. 

Pungent.  Terminated  in  a  rigid 
point;  penetrating. 

Pustulate.     Covered  with  pustules. 

Pyramidal.     Pyramid-like. 

Pyriform.     Pear-shaped. 

Quadrifoliolate.     With  four  leaflets. 

Raceme.  A  simple  inflorescence  of 
pedicelled  flowers  on  a  common 
more  or  less  elongated  axis. 

Rachilla.     The  axis  of  a  grass  spikelet. 

Rachis.  The  main  axis  of  an  inflor- 
escence. 

Radiate.  Arranged  radially  from  a 
center;  having  ray-flowers. 

Radical.  Pertaining  to  the  root;  oc- 
curring at  the  base  of 'the  stem. 

Raphe.  The  ridge  on  a  more  or  less 
inverted  seed  caused  by  the  fusion 
of  the  stalk  with  the  seed. 

Ray.  A  branch  of  an  umbel;  a  ray- 
flower. 

Ray-flower.  One  of  the  marginal 
ligulate  flowers  of  a  radiate  head  in 
the  Compositae. 

Receptacle.  The  modified  axis  on 
which  the  flower  parts  are  borne. 

Reniform.     Kidney-shaped. 

Resiniferous.     Producing  resin. 

Reticulated.  In  the  form  of  a  net- 
work; net-veined. 

Retrorse.     Directed  backward. 

Rosulate.     In  the  form  of  a  rosette. 

Rotate.  Wheel-shaped;  flat  and  cir- 
cular in  outline. 

Rudiment.  A  partially  developed 
functionless  organ. 

Rugose.     Wrinkled. 


404 


GLOSSARY. 


Rugulose.     Slightly  wrinkled. 
Runcinate.     Sharply  incised  with  the 

segments  directed  backwards. 
Rupestrine.     Growing   among   rocks. 

Saccate.     Sac-shaped. 
Sagittate.     Arrow-shaped. 
Salverform.     Having  a  slender  tube 

abruptly  expanded  into  a  flat  limb. 
Salient.     Prominent. 
Samara.     An  indehiscent  winged  fruit 

{Aceraceae). 
Saprophytic.     Depending     on     dead 

organic  matter  for  its  food. 
Scaherulous.     Minutely  scabrous. 
Scabrid.     Minutely  scabrous. 
Scabrous.     Covered  with  short  hairs 

or  points. 
Scapose.     Bearing    or    resembling    a 

scape. 
Scarious.     Thin,     dry,     membrana- 
ceous, not  green. 
Scutellate.     Plate-like. 
Secund.     One-sided. 
Septicidal.     Dehiscing    through    the 

partitions  and  between  the  cells. 
Septifragal.     Dehiscing     into     parts 

which  break  away  from  the  parti- 
tions. 
Serratures.     Serrations. 
Serrulate.     Finely  serrate. 
Setaceous.     Bristle-like. 
Setose.     Beset  with  bristles. 
Sheath.     A  tubular  envelope  like  the 

lower  part  of  the  leaf  in  the  grasses. 
Silicle.  A  short  silique  (Cruciferae). 
Silique.     A  long  2-celled  slender  pod 

(Cruciferae). 
Sinuate.     Outline  strongly  wavy. 
Sinus.     The    recess    or    indentation 

between  two  lobes. 
Sordid.  Dirty  white. 
Sorus.     A  cluster  of   spore-cases;   a 

fruit-dot  (Polypodiaceae). 
Spathaceous.     Spathe-like. 
Spathe.     A     large     petal-like     bract 

enclosing  an  inflorescence. 
Spatulate.        Gradually        narrowed 

downward  from  a  rounded  summit. 
Spike.     A  simple  inflorescence  with 

the  flowers  sessile  on  a  more  or  less 

elongated  axis. 
Spikelet.     A   small   spike,   especially 

the  peculiarly  specialized  one  in  the 

grasses. 
Spinescent.     Becoming  spiny. 
Spinulose.     With  very  small  spines. 


Spiricle.     A    minute    coiled    thread 

found  on  some  seeds. 
Sporangium.     A  spore-case. 
Sporocarp.     A  pod-like  structure  en- 
closing the  spore-cases   (Marsilea- 

ceae). 
Spur.     A  hollow-sac  or  tubular  ex- 
tension of  the  calyx  or  corolla  or 

both,  usually  nectariferous. 
Stellate-pubescent.     With  star-shaped 

hairs. 
Sterile.     Incapable  of  producing;  as  a 

flower  without  a  pistil  or  a  stamen 

without  an  anther. 
Stipel.     A  stipule-like   organ  at  the 

base  of  a  leaflet. 
Stipitate.     With  a  stalk. 
Stolon.     A   runner   or   basal   branch 

that  tends  to  strike  root. 
Stoloniferous.     Having  stolons. 
Striae.     Minute  longitudinal  lines. 
Striate.     Marked    with    longitudinal 

lines  or  ridges. 
Strigose.     Covered    with    short    stiff 

appressed  hairs, 
Strophiole.     An  appendage  near  the 

hilum  on  certain  seeds. 
Stylopodium.     A  disk-like  expansion 

at  the  base  of  the  style  {Umbelli- 

ferae). 
Submersed.     Growing  under  water. 
Suffrutescent.     Slightly   or   obscurely 

shrubby. 
Sub-     Somewhat  or  slightly. 
Subulate.     Awl-shaped. 
Succulent.     Juicy,  fleshy. 
Supra-axillary.     Produced  not  in  but 

above  the  leaf-axils. 
Suture.     The  line  of  dehiscence. 
Syngenesious.     Stamens  with  united 

anthers  but  separate  filaments. 

Tawny.     Dull  yellowish  brown. 

Tegule.  One  of  the  sepal-like  bracts 
surrounding  the  head  in  the  Com- 
positae. 

Terete.  Cylindrical  or  nearly  so;  not 
compressed. 

Ternate.     In  threes. 

Tetradynamous.  With  four  long  and 
two  short  stamens. 

Thallus.  A  plant  body  not  differ- 
entiated into  root,  stem  and  leaf. 

Thyrsoid.     Resembling  a  thyrsus. 

Thyrsus.  A  contracted  cylindrical  or 
ovoid  and  usually  compact  panicle. 


GLOSSARY. 


405 


Torulose.  Cylindrical  with  contrac- 
tions at  intervals. 

Tridentate.     Having  three  teeth. 

Trigonous.  Having  three  angles  or 
corners. 

Truncate.  Ending  abruptly  as  if  cut 
off  squarely. 

Tuheriferous.     Bearing  tubers. 

Turbinate.  Top-shaped;  inversely 
conical. 

Turgid.  Swollen;  distended  by  pres- 
sure from  within. 

Umbellate.     In    umbels    or    like    an 

umbel. 
Unguiculate.     Contracted  at  the  base 

into  a  claw. 
Unisexual.     Having  but  one  sex;  in 

flowering  plants,  with  either  but  not 

both  stamens  or  pistils. 
Urceolate.     Urn-shaped. 
Ulricle.     A    small    bladder-like    one- 
'  seeded  fruit. 


Vascular.     Having  woody  bundles. 

Velum.  The  membrane  partly  cov- 
ering the  sporangium  in  the  leaf  of 
Isoetes. 

Ventral.  Belonging  to  the  anterior 
or  inner  face  of  an  organ;  the  op- 
posite of  dorsal. 

Verticillate.     Arranged  in  a  whorl. 

Villous.  With  numerous  long  and 
soft  hairs. 

Virgate.  Wand-shaped ;  slender, 
straight,  erect. 

Viscid.     Glutinous,  sticky. 


Whorl.  Leaves  or  other  parts  ar- 
ranged in  a  circle  of  three  or  more  at 
the  same  node. 

Zygomorphic.  Bilaterally  symmetric- 
al ;  that  is,  capable  of  being  divided 
symmetrically  in  but  one  plane. 


INDEX. 


Abies 20 

Abronia 136 

Acer 235 

ACERACEAE 235 

Achillea 379 

Achlys 164 

Aconite 160 

Aconitum 160 

Actaea 162 

Adder  Tongiie 99 

Adder's  Tongue 97 

Adder  Tongue  Family 8 

Adenocaulon 393 

Adiantum 4 

Agoseris 355 

Agrimonia 205 

Agropyron 61 

Agrostideae 33 

Agrostis 42 

Aira 45 

Aizoaceae 136 

Alchemilla 206 

Alder 120 

Red 120 

Alfalfa 222 

Alfilaria 229 

Alisma , 30 

A1.ISMACEAE 30 

Allium 95 

Allocarya 304 

Allotropa 271 

Alnus 120 

Alopecurus 39 

Alsike  Clover 220 

Alum  Root .  196 

Alyssum 177 

Amahilis  Fir 21 

Amaranth 135 

Amaranth ACEAfe. 134 

Amaranth  Family 134 

Amaranthus 135 

Ambrosieae 347 

Amelanchier 200 

Ammannia 245 

Ammodenia 148 

Amsinckia 303 

Anacardiaceae 233 

Anacharis 31 

Anagallis 285 

Anaphalis 392 


Anemone 153 

Wood 153 

Androsace 284 

Angelica 261 

Angiospermae 23 

Annual  Blue-grass 52 

Antennaria 390 

Anthemideae 347 

Anthemis 379 

Anthoxanthum 37 

Aplopappus 367 

Apocynaceae 290 

Apocvnum 290 

Apple,  Wild  Crab 201 

Aquilegia 161 

Arabis 169 

Araceae 85 

Araliaceae 254 

Arbor  Vitae 18 

Arbutus 278 

Arctium 395 

Arctostaphylos 279 

Arenaria 149 

Argentina 211 

Aristolochiaceae 124 

Arnica 384 

Arrhenatherum 45 

Arrow  Grass 29 

Arrow  Grass  Family 29 

Arrowhead 30 

Artemisia 381 

Artichoke,  Jerusalem 377 

Arum  Family 85 

Aruncus 203 

Asarum 125 

Ash 287 

Mountain 201 

Oregon 287 

Asparagus 99 

Asplenium 6 

Aster 371 

ASTEREAE 347 

Astragalus 227 

Atriplex 133 

Athyrium 6 

Athysanus 169 

Avena 46 

AVENEAE 33 

Awlwort 178 

Azaleastrum 282 


406 


INDEX. 


407 


Bachelor's  Button 394 

Baeria 377 

Balsam  Family 236 

Balsaminaceae 236 

Balsamorhiza 376 

Baneberry 162 

Barbarea 176 

Barberry  Family 163 

Barnyard  Grass 35 

Barley,  Wall 64 

Wild 63 

Barnyard  Grass 35 

Batrachium 155 

Bayberry 119 

Bearberry 237 

Beard-tongue 317 

Bear  Grass 102 

Beckmannia 60 

Bedstraw 334 

Beech  Family 121 

Beech  Fern 3 

lar  Ticks 374 

lower 344 

Bellflower  Family 342 

Bent-grass 42 

Berberidaceae 165 

Berberis 163 

Bergia 241 

Bermuda-grass 61 

Berula 266 

Betula 119 

Betulaceae 119 

Bidens 374 

Bikukulla 165 

Birch 119 

Birch  Family 119 

Bird  Bill 283 

Bir thwart  Family 124 

Bitter  Cress 172,  176 

Bitter  Dock 128 

Blackberry,  Evergreen 204 

Blackcap 204 

Black  Eyed  Susan 376 

Black  Hemlock 23 

Black  Medic 222 

Black  Mustard 175 

Bladder  Campion 143 

Bladder  Fern 8 

Bladderwort 332 

Bladderwort  Family 332 

Bluebell 301 

Bluecurls 307 

Blue-eyed  Grass 105 

Blue-flowered  Lettuce 360 

Blue-grass 52 

Annual 52 

Kentucky 54 


Bluestem 62 

Bluetop 41 

Boisduvalia 252 

Bolandra 191 

Bolelia 343 

Borage  Family 299 

Boraginaceae 299 

Boschniakia 330 

Botrychium 9 

Bracken 4 

Brake 4 

Brasenia 151 

Brassica 174 

Briza 49 

Broadleaf  Maple 235 

Brome-grass 50 

Bromus 50 

Broomrape  Family 330 

Buckbean 289 

Buckbean  Family 289 

Buckbrush 237 

Buckhorn 333 

Buckthorn 236 

Buckthorn  Family 236 

Buckwheat  Family 125 

Bugbane 162 

Bull  Pine 20 

Bull  Thistle 395 

Bulrush,  Western 84 

Bur  Clover 222 

Burdock 395 

Bur  Reed 24 

Bur-reed  Family 24 

Bursa 181 

Butter  and  Eggs 317 

Buttercup 156 

Water 155 

Buttercup  Family 151 

Butterwort 332 

Cactaceae 244 

Cactus  Family 244 

Cakile 168 

Calamagrostis 41 

Calandrinia 138 

California  Black  Oak 122 

California  Lilac 238 

California  Poppy 165 

Callitrichaceae 231 

Callitriche 232 

Calochortus 96 

Caltha • 161 

Calypso 109 

Camas 98 

Death 99 

Camelina 181 

Campanula 344 


4o8 


INDEX. 


Campanulaceae 342 

Canada  Blue-grass 54 

Canada  Thistle 395 

Canary-grass 37 

Reed 36 

Capnoides 166 

Caprifoliaceae 336 

Caraway 264 

Cardamine 172 

Carex 66 

Carnation 142 

Carpet  Weed 136 

Carpet  Weed  Family 136 

Carrot 258 

Wild 258 

Carum 264 

Caryophyllaceae 141 

Cascara  Sagradd 237 

Cashew  Family 233 

Cassiope 280 

Castanopsis 121 

Castilleja 327 

Catchfly 142 

Catnip 310 

Cat-tail 24 

Cat  Tail  Family 23 

Caucalis 258 

Ceanothus 237 

Celastraceae 234 

Centaurea 393 

Centaurium 287 

Cephalanthera 108 

Cerastium 146 

Cerasus 199 

Ceratophyllaceae 151 

Ceratophyllum 151 

Ceropteris 2 

Chaetochloa 35 

Chamaecyparis 18 

Charlock 175 

Cheat 52 

Cheeses 239 

Cheilanthes 5 

Chelone 319 

Chenopodiaceae 132 

Chenopodium 133 

Cherry 199 

WUd 199 

Chess 52 

Chickweed 146 

Mouse-ear 146 

Chicory ....'. 353 

Chimaphila 273 

Chinquapin 121 

Chloride  ae 34 

Chokecherry 199 

Christmas  Fern,  Pacific 7 


Chrysanthemum 380 

Chrysopsis 363 

Chrysosplenium 193 

Cicely,  Sweet 259 

Cichorieae 347 

Cichorium 353 

Cicuta 263 

Cimicifuga 162 

Cinna 40 

Circaea 246 

Cirsium 394 

Cladothamnus 281 

Claytonia 139 

Cleavers 334 

Clematis 152 

Clintonia 100 

Clover 218 

Rabbit's  Ear 221 

Red 220 

Sweet 222 

White 220 

Cochlearia 178 

Cocklebur 361 

Coelopleurum 268 

Cogswellia 260 

Coleanthus 40 

Coleosanthus 362 

Collinsia 319 

Collomia 296 

Coltsfoot,  Sweet 382 

Columbine 161 

Comandra 124 

Comarum 211 

Common  Horsetail 11 

Common  Mullein 316 

Common  Plantain 333 

Common  Spleenwort 6 

Common  Vetch 223 

Compositae 345 

Composite  Family 345 

Corallorhiza 108 

Coral  Root 108 

Cord-grass 60 

Coreopsis 375 

Coriander 264 

Coriandrum 264 

CORNACEAE 268 

Cornus 269 

Coronopus 168 

Corylus 120 

Cotton-grass 84 

Cottonwood 118 

Cotula 381 

Couch-grass 62 

Cow  Parsnip 260 

ConioseHnum 262 

CONVOLVULACEAE 290 


INDEX. 


409 


Convolvulus 291 

Coptis 163 

Corn  Chamomile 380 

Crab-apple,  Wild 201 

Cranberry 277 

Crassulaceae 182 

Crataegus 200 

Crepis 358 

Cress,  Bitter 172,  176 

Mouse-ear 175 

Penny 181 

Rock 169 

Crested  Dogstail 48 

Crocidium 383 

Crowberry 232 

Crowberry  Family 232 

Crowfoot,  Water 155 

Cruciferae 166 

Cryptantha 303 

Cryptogramma  . 4 

CUCURBITACEAE 341 

Currant 185 

Red-flowering 187 

Cuscuta 292 

cuscutaceae 291 

Cynareae 347 

Cynodon 60 

Cynoglossum 301 

Cynosurus 48 

Cyperaceae 65 

Cyperus 81 

Cypripedium 107 

Cytherea 108 

Dactylis .  .  * 52 

Daisy,  Mountain 369 

Oxeye 380 

Dandelion 355 

Danthonia 45 

Darnel 61 

Dasiphora 210 

Datura 314 

Daucus 258 

Dead  Nettle 312 

Death  Camas 99 

Deer  Fern 5 

Delphinium 159 

Dentaria 171 

Deptford  Pink 142 

Deschampsia 46 

Devil's  Club 255 

Dewberry 204 

Dianthus 142 

DiCOTYLEDONES 112 

Digitalis 325 

DiPSACACEAE 341 

Dipsacus 341 


Disporum 102 

Distichlis 56 

Dock 127 

Bitter 128 

Yellow 128 

Dodder 292 

Dodder  Family 291 

Dodecatheon 283 

Dogbane 290 

Dogbane  Family 290 

Dog  Fennel 380 

Dogwood 269 

Dogwood  Family 268 

Dondia 132 

Douglasia 284 

Douglas  Spruce 22 

Draba 177 

Dracocephalum 310 

Dragon  Head 310 

Drosera 182 

Droseraceae 182 

Dryas 206 

Drymocallis 211 

Dryopteris 7 

Duckweed  Family 86 

Dulichium 82 

Dwarf  Maple 235 

Echinochloa 34 

Echinopanax 255 

Eel-grass 28 

Elaeagnaceae 244 

Elatinaceae 241 

Elatine 241 

Elder 336 

Elecampane 393 

Eleocharis 82 

Eleusine 61 

Elmera 196 

Elodea 31 

Elymus 62 

Empetraceae 232 

Empetrum 232 

Enchanter' s  Nightshade 246 

Engelmann  Spruce 22 

English  Rye- grass 61 

Epilobium 24"^ '7 

Epipactis 112 

Equisetaceae 11 

Equisetineae 10 

Equisetum 11 

Eragrostis 48 

Ericaceae 275 

Erigeron 366 

Eriogonum 125 

Eriophorum 84 

Eriophyllum 378 


410 


INDEX. 


Erodium 229 

Eryngium 257 

Erysimum 173 

Erythronium 97 

Eschscholzia 165 

Eucarex 66,  68 

Eucephalus 370 

Euonymus 234 

EUPATORIEAE 347 

Eupatorium 361 

Euphorbia 230 

EUPHORBIACEAE 230 

Euthamia 366 

Evening  Primrose 253 

Evening  Primrose  Family 246 

Evergreen  Blackberry 204 

Everlasting 392 

Fagaceae 121 

False  Flax 181 

False  Hellebore 103 

False  Mermaid  Family 232 

False  Pimpernel 420 

False  Solomon's  Seal 103 

Fern,  Beech 3 

Bladder 8 

Deer 5 

Gold-back 2 

Grape 9 

Holly 7 

Lace 5 

Lady 6 

Licorice-root 3 

Maiden  Hair 4 

Pacific  Christmas 7 

Rattlesnake 9 

Shield 7 

Wood 7 

Fern  Family 1 

Fern  Plants 1 

Fescue 56 

Meadow 58 

Mouse-tail 57 

Festuca 56 

Festuceae 33 

Figwort 319 

Figwort  Family 315 

Filaree 229 

Filicineae 1 

Filix 8 

Fir 20 

Amabilis 21 

Noble 21 

Red 22 

Subalpine 21 

White 21 

Fireweed 248 


Flax,  False 181 

Fleabane 366 

Floerkea 233 

Forget-me-not 302 

Four  O'clock  Family 135 

Fowl  Meadow-grass 54 

Foxglove 325 

Foxtail,  Green 35 

Meadow 40 

Fragaria 210 

Fraxinus 287 

Fritillaria 97 

Frog's  Bit  Family 30 

Gaertneria 361 

Gale,  Sweet 119 

Gaillardia 378 

Galium 334 

Garrya 269 

Garry  Oak 122 

Gastridium 39 

Gaultheria 278 

Gayophytum 252 

Gentian 288 

Gentiana 288 

Gentianaceae 287 

Gentian  Family 287 

Geraniaceae 228 

Geranium 228 

Wild 228 

Geranium  Family 228 

Geum 207 

Giant  Cedar 18 

Gilia 293 

Ginger,  Wild 125 

Ginseng  Family 254 

Githopsis 343 

Glechoma 311 

Glehnia 267 

Globe  Flower 162 

Glasswort .  .  . 133 

Glaux 285 

Glyceria 59 

Gnaphalium 392 

Goat's  Beard 203 

Godetia 250 

Gold-back  Fern 2 

Goldenrod 364 

Goldthread 163 

Gooseberry • .  185 

Goosefoot 133 

Goosefoot  Family 132 

Goose-grass 61 

Gormania 184 

Gorse 218 

Gosmore 353 

Gourd  Family 341 


INDEX. 


411 


Grape  Fern 9 

Grass,  Barnyard 35 

Bear 102 

Bent 42 

Bermuda 61 

Blue 52 

Blue-eyed 105 

Brome 50 

Canary 37 

Cord 60 

Cotton 84 

Couch 62 

Eel 28 

English  Rye 61 

Fowl  Meadow 54 

Goose 61 

Hair 45 

Italian  Rye 61 

Kentucky  Blue 54 

Orchard 52 

Perennial  Rye 61 

-     Quack 62 

Reed  Canary 36 

Reed  Meadow 59 

Rough  Meadow 54 

Rye 62 

Salt 56 

Slender  Wheat 62 

Sweet  Vernal 37 

Tall  Oat 45 

Vanilla 37 

Velvet 44 

Wheat. 61 

Grass  Family 31 

Gratiola 320 

Green  Foxtail 35 

Green  Hellebore 103 

Grindelia 362 

Gromwell 303 

Ground  Ivy 311 

Ground-pine 13 

Gum  Plant 362 

Gymnogramme 2 

Gymnospermae 16 

Hair-grass 45 

Haloragidaceae 253 

Harrimanella 280 

Hawkweed. 356 

Hawthorn 200 

Hazelnut 120 

Heal  All 311 

Heather  Family 275 

Hedge  Hyssop 320 

Hedge  Mustard 175 

Hedge  Nettle 313 

Hedysarum 225 


Helenieae 347 

Helenium 379 

Heliantheae 347 

Helianthus 377 

Hellebore,  False 103 

Green 103 

White 103 

Hemieva 192 

Hemitomes 271 

Hemizonella.  .  . ., 374 

Hemizonia 374 

Hemlock 22 

Black 23 

Mountain^ 23 

Water 263 

Western 23 

Heracleum 260 

Hesperis 173 

Hesperogenia 267 

Heteranthera 86 

Heterocodon 344 

Heterostylus 28 

Heuchera 196 

Hieracium 356 

Hierochloe 37 

Hippuris 254 

Holcus 44 

Holly  Fern 7 

Holodiscus 202 

Homalocenchrus 36 

Honeysuckle 338 

Honeysuckle  Family 336 

Hoorebekia 363 

Hookera 94 

Hop  Clover 221 

HORDEAE 34 

Hordeum 63 

Horehound 312 

Horned  Pondweed 28 

Hornwort 151 

Hornwort  Family 151 

Horsetail 11 

Common 11 

Horsetail  Family 11 

Hosackia 225 

Hound's  Tongue 301 

Howellia 342 

Huckleberry 276 

Hulsea 378 

Hutchinsia 181 

Hyacinth,  Wild 94 

Hydastylus 106 

Hydrocharitaceae 30 

Hydrocotyle 263 

Hydrophyllaceae 297 

Hydrophyllum 298 

Hypericaceae 239 


412 


INDEX. 


Hypericum 240 

Hypopitys 272 

Hypochaeris 353 

Ibidium Ill 

Ilysanthes 320 

Impatiens 236 

Incense  Cedar 19 

Indian  Paint  Brush 327 

Indian  Pink 327 

Indian  Plum 200 

Inula 393 

Inuleae 347 

Iridaceae 104 

Iris  Family 104 

Iron-wood 202 

Isnardia 247 

ISOETACEAE 15 

Isoetes 15 

Isopyrum 163 

Italian  Rye-grass 61 

Ivy,  Ground 311 

Jacob's  Ladder 294 

Jamestown  Weed 314 

Jaumea 377 

Jerusalem  Artichoke 377 

Jewelweed 236 

Jimson  Weed 314 

JUNCACEAE 87 

Juncoides 91 

Juncus 87 

Juniper 17 

Mountain 18 

Rocky  Mountain 18 

Juniperus 17 

Kalmia 282 

Kentucky  Blue-grass 54 

Kinnikinnick 279 

Knobcone  Pine 20 

Knot-weed 129 

Koeleria 48 

Kruhsea 101 

Labiatae 306 

Labrador  Tea 280 

Lace  Fern 5 

Lactuca 359 

Lady-Fern 6 

Lady's  Slipper 107 

Lady's  Thumb 131 

Lagophylla 374 

Lamb's  Quarters 134 

Lamium 312 

Lappula 300 

Lapsana 352 


Larkspur 159 

Lathyrus 223 

Laurel,  Sticky 237 

Leadwort  Family 286 

Leather-leaf  Polypody 3 

Ledum 280 

Leguminosae 212 

Lemna 86 

Lemnaceae 86 

Lentibulariaceae 332 

Leonurus 312 

Lepargyrea 244 

Lepidium 179 

Leptarrhena 188 

Leptaxis 195 

Leptotaenia 263 

Lesquerella 176 

Lewisia 137 

Libocedrus 19 

Licorice-root  Fern 266 

Lilac,  California 238 

Lilaea 28 

Lilaeopsis 265 

LiLIACEAE 92 

Lilium 96 

Lily  Family 92 

LiMNANTHACEAE 232 

Limnanthes 233 

Limnorchis 109 

Limosella 323 

Linaria 316 

Linnaea 338 

Lithospermum 303 

Lloydia 98 

Lodgepole  Pine 20 

Lolium 61 

Lonicera 338 

Loosestrife 286 

Loosestrife  Family 245 

LORANTHACEAE 122 

Lousewort 326 

Lovage 266 

Luina 383 

Lupine 213 

Lupinus 213 

Lutkea 201 

Lychnis 144 

Lycopodiaceae 12 

Lycopodineae 12 

Lycopodium 13 

Lycopus 307 

Lysias Ill 

Lysichiton 85 

Lysimachia 286 

Lythraceae 245 

Lythrum 245 


INDEX. 


413 


Madder  Family .  334 

Madia 372 

Madrofia 279 

Madronella 309 

Maiden  Hair  Fern 4 

Mallow 239 

Musk 239 

Mallow  Family 238 

Malva 239 

Malvaceae 238 

Manzanita 279 

Maple 235 

Dwarf 235 

Vine 235 

Mare's  Tail 254 

Mariposa  Lily 96 

Marrubium 311 

Marsh  Marigold 161 

Marsilea 10 

Marsileaceae 10 

Matricaria , 380 

'May-weed 380 

Meadow  Fescue 58 

Meadow  Foxtail 40 

Meadow  Rue 154 

Medicago 222 

Megalodonta 375 

Melica 49 

Melilotus 222 

Mentha 308 

Menyanthaceae 289 

Menyanthes 289 

Menziesia 282 

Mertcnsia 301 

Mesquite 44 

Micrampelis 341 

Micranthes 191 

Micromeria k 309 

Microseris 354 

Milfoil 379 

Water 254 

Milk  Thistle 394 

Mimulus 323 

Mint 308 

Wild 308 

Mint  Family 306 

Mistletoe  Family 122 

Micella 194 

Mitrewort 194 

Moehringia 150 

Mollugo 136 

Moneses 273 

Monkey  Flower 323 

Moneywort 286 

Monkshood 160 

MONOCOTYLEDONES 23 

Monotropa 271,  272 


Montia 138 

Moonwort 9 

Morning  Glory 291 

Morning  Glory  Family 290 

Moss  Campion 143 

Motherwort 312 

Moth  Mullein 316 

Mountain  Ash 201 

Mountain  Daisy 369 

Mountain  Hemlock 23 

Mountain  Juniper 18 

Mountain  Sorrel 127 

Mountain  Timothy 39 

Mouse-ear  Chickweed 146 

Mouse-ear  Cress 175 

Mouse  Tail 154 

Mouse-tail  Fescue 57 

Mudwort 323 

Muhlenbergia 37 

Mullein 316 

Common 316 

Moth 316 

Mullein  Pink 144 

Musk  Mallow 239 

Musk  Plant 325 

Mustard,  Black 175 

Hedge 175 

Tumbling 176 

Nabalus 359 

Najadaceae 25 

Najas 28 

Napa  Thistle 394 

Naumburgia 286 

Navarretia 295 

Nemophila 299 

Nepeta 310 

Nephrophyllidium 289 

Nettle 122 

Dead 312 

Hedge 313 

Nettle  Family 122 

Newberrya 270 

Nicotiana 315 

Nightshade 314 

Nightshade  Family 314 

Ninebark 201 

Nipple-wort ! 352 

Noble  Fir 21 

Nyctaginaceae 135 

Nymphaea 151 

Nymphaeaceae 150 

Oak 121 

California  Black 122 

Garry 122 

Poison 234 


414 


INDEX. 


Oat 46 

Smooth  Wild 46 

Oat  grass,  Tall 45 

Ocean  Spray 202 

Oenanthe 265 

Oenothera 253 

Old  Man  Root 342 

Oleaceae 287 

Oleaster  Family 244 

Olive  Family 287 

Olsynium 106 

Onagraceae 246 

Onion 95 

Ophioglossaceae 8 

Ophioglossum 9 

Ophrys 109 

Opulaster 201 

Opuntia 244 

Orchard-grass 52 

Orchidaceae 106 

Orchid  Family 106 

Oregon  Ash 287 

Oregon  Grape 164 

Oreostemma 370^ 

Orobanchaceae 330 

Orobanche 331 

Orogenia 267 

Orthocarpus .  329 

Oryzeae 32 

Osmaronia 199 

Osmorhiza 259 

OXALIDACEAE 229 

Oxalis 230 

Oxeye  Daisy 380 

Oxycoccus 277 

Oxyria 126 

Oxytropis 227 

Oyster  Plant 353 

Ozomelis 195 

Pachistima 234 

Pacific  Christmas  Fern 7 

Paeonia 161 

Paint  Brush,  Indian 327 

Painted  Cup 327 

Panicularia 58 

Paniceae 32 

Panicum • 35 

Papaveraceae 164 

Parnassia 188 

Parsley  Family '.  .  255 

Parsnip 262 

Cow 260 

Pasapalum 35 

Pasque  Flower 154 

Pastinaca 262 

Pear,  Prickly .  .'. 244 


Pearlwort 148 

Pedicularis 326 

Pellaea 4 

Penny  Cress 181 

Pentacaena 144 

Pentstemon 317 

Peony 161 

Peppergrass 179 

Peramium Ill 

Perennial  Rye-grass 61 

Petasites 382 

Phacelia 297 

Phalarideae 32 

Phalaris 36 

Phegopteris 3 

Philadelphus 188 

Phleum 38 

Phlox 293 

Phlox  Family 292 

Phoradendron 123 

Phyllodoce 281 

Phyllospadix 28 

Physostegia 312 

Picea 22 

Pigweed 134,  135 

Pimpernel 285 

False 320 

Pinaceae 17 

Pine 19 

Bull 20 

Ground 13 

Knobcone 20 

Lodgepole 20 

Running 14 

Sugar 20 

Western  White 19 

White-bark 19 

Yellow 20 

Pine  Family 17 

Pine  Lily 102 

Pinguicula 332 

Pink 142 

Deptford 142 

Indian 327 

Mullein 144 

Pink  Family 141 

Pinus 19 

Piperia 110 

Pipes 12 

Pipsissewa 273 

Piscaria 231 

Pityopus 271 

Plagiobothrys 304 

Platystigma 165 

Plantaginaceae 333 

Plantago 333 

Plantain 333 


INDEX. 


415 


Plantain,  Rattlesnake 112 

Water 30 

Plantain  Family 333 

Pleuricospora 271 

Pleuropogon 49 

Plum 199 

Indian 200 

Plumbaginaceae 286 

Poa 52 

POACEAE • 31 

Poison  Oak 234 

POLEMONIACEAE 292 

Polemonium 294 

POLYGONACEAE 125 

Polygonum 128 

POLYPODIACEAE 1 

Polypodium 2 

Polypody,  Leather-leaf 3 

Polypogon 39 

Polystichum 6 

Pond  Lily,  Yellow 151 

J'ondweed 25 

Horned 28 

Pondweed  Family 25,  86 

PONTEDERIACEAE 86 

Poppy,  California 165 

Poppy  Family 164 

Populus 118 

Portulaca 137 

PORTULACACEAE 136 

Potamogeton 25 

Potentilla 208 

Prickly  Lettuce 360 

Prickly  Pear 244 

Primocarex 66 

Primrose,  Evening 253 

Primrose  Family 283 

Primulaceae 283 

Prunella 311 

Prunus 199 

Pseudotsuga 21 

Psilocarphus 390 

Psoralea 218 

Pteridium 4 

Pteridophyta 1 

Pterospora 272 

Puccinellia 59 

Pulsatilla 154 

Pulse  Family 212 

Purslane 137 

Purslane  Family 136 

Pyrola 274 

Pyrolaceae 270 

Pyrola  Family 270 

Pyrus 200 

Quack-grass 62 


Quamasia 98 

Quercus 121 

Quillwort 15 

Quillwort  Family 15 

Rabbit's  Ear  Clover 221 

Radicula 179  . 

Radish 168 

Wild 168 

Rainiera 383 

Ranunculaceae 151 

Ranunculus 156 

Raphanus 168 

Rapuntium 343 

Rattlesnake  Plantain 112 

Razoumofskya 123 

Red  Alder 120 

Red  Clover 220 

Red  Fir 22 

Red-flowering  Currant 187 

Redtop 43 

Reed  Canary-grass 36 

Reed  Meadow-grass 59 

Rhamnaceae 236 

Rhamnus 236 

Rhinanthus 326 

Rhododendron 282 

Rhus 233 

Ribes 185 

Rock  Cress 169 

Rocket 173 

Rocky  Mountain  Juniper 18 

Romanzoffia 297 

Rosa 204 

Rosaceae 197 

Rose 204: 

Rose  Family 197 

Rotala 246 

Rough  Meadow-grass 54 

Rubiaceae 334 

Rubus 203 

Rudbeckia 375 

Rumex 127 

Running-pine 14 

Ruppia 27 

Rush 87 

Scouring 12 

Spike 82 

Wood 91 

Rush  Family 87 

Russian  Thistle 133 

Rye-grass 62 

English 61 

Italian 61 

Perennial 61 

Rynchospora 82 


4i6 


INDEX. 


Sagebrush 381 

Sagina 148 

Sagittaria 30 

Salal 278 

Salicaceae 112 

Salicornia 132 

Salix 113 

Salmon-berry 204 

Salsify 353 

Salsola 133 

Saltbush 133 

Salt-grass 56 

Sambucus 336 

Samphire 133 

Sandalwood  Family 124 

Sandwort 149 

Sanguisorba 206 

Sanicula 257 

Santalaceae 124 

Saussurea 396 

Saxifraga 189 

Saxifragaceae. 184 

Saxifrage 189 

Saxifrage  Family 184 

Scheuchzeria 29 

Scheuchzeriaceae 29 

Scirpus 83 

Scoliopus 101 

Scorzonella 353 

Scouring  Rush 12 

Scrophularia 319 

SCROPHULARIACEAE 315 

Scutellaria 309 

Sea-blite 132 

Sedge 66 

Sedge  Family 65 

Sedum 183 

Seed  Plants 16 

Selaginella 14 

Selaginellaceae 14 

Senecio 386 

Senecioneae 347 

Sericocarpus 369 

Service  Berry 200 

Sheep  Sorrel 127 

Shepherd's  Purse 181 

Sherardia 334 

Shield  Fern 7 

Shooting  Star 283 

Sibbaldia 210 

Sidalcea 238 

Sieversia 207 

Silene ;  .  . .  .  142 

Silver-top 47 

Silybum 394 

Sisymbrium 175 

Sisyrinchium 105 


Sitanion 64 

Sitka  Spruce 22 

Sium 267 

Skullcap 309 

Skunk  Cabbage,  Yellow 85 

Skunk  Weed 295 

Slender  Wheat-grass. 62 

Smartweed 131 

Smelowskia 174 

Smooth  Wild  Oat 46 

Snappers 123 

Snowberry 338 

SOLANACEAE 314 

Solanum 314 

Solidago 364 

Solomon's  Seal,  False 103 

Sorrel,  Mountain 127 

Sheep 127 

Wood 230 

Sow  Thistle 360 

Sparganiaceae .• 24 

Sparganium 24 

Spartina 60 

Spearmint 308 

Specularia 344 

Speedwell 322 

Spergula 145 

Spermatophyta 16 

Sphaerostigma 253 

Spike  Rush 82 

Spiraea 202 

Spirodela 86 

Spleenwort 6 

Common 6 

Spraguea 138 

Spruce 22 

Douglas 22 

Engelmann 22 

Sitka 22 

Tideland 22 

Spurge 230 

Spurge  Family 230 

Spurrey 145 

Squirrel  Rail 64 

Stachys 313 

Staff  tree  Family 234 

Star-flower 285 

Starwort,  Water 232 

Statice 286 

Stellaria 146 

Stenanthium 99 

Sticky  Laurel 237 

Stipa 38 

St.  Johnswort 240 

St.  Johnswort  Family : .  .  239 

Stonecrop 183 

Stonecrop  Family 182 


INDEX. 


417 


Strawberry 210 

Streptopus 101 

Struthiopteris 5 

Suhalpine  Fir 21 

Subularia 178 

Sugar  Pine 20 

Sullivantia 192 

Sundew 182 

Sundew  Family 182 

Sweethrier 205 

Sweet  Cicely 259 

Sweet  Clover 222 

Sweet  Coltsfoot 382 

Sweet  Gale 119 

Sweet  Gale  Family 118 

Sweet  Vernal-grass 37 

Symphoricarpos 338 

Synthyris 321 

Syringa 188 

Tall  Oat-grass 45 

Tanacetum 381 

Tansy 381 

Taraxacum 355 

Tares 223 

Tarweed. 303,  372 

Taxaceae 16 

Taxus 16 

Teasel 341 

Teasel  Family 341 

Tellima 194 

Thalesia 331 

Thalictrum 154 

Thelypodium 173 

Thcrmopsis 213 

Therofon 192 

Thimble  Berry 204 

Thistle 394 

Bull 395 

Napa 394 

Russian 133 

Sow 360 

Thlaspi 180 

Thorn 200 

Thrift 287 

Thuja 18 

Thysanocarpus 169 

Tiarella 193 

Tideland  Spruce 22 

Tillaea ! 183 

Timothy 38 

Mountain 39 

Tipton-weed 240 

Tissa 145 

Tobacco 315 

Tofieldia 100 

Tonella 320 


Touch-me-not 236 

Tragopogon 352 

Trautvetteria 154 

Trefoil,  Yellow 222 

Trichostema 307 

Trientalis 285 

Trifolium 218 

Triglochin 29 

Trillium 100 

Trisetum 47 

Trollius 162 

Tsuga 22 

Tule 84 

Tumbleweed 135 

Tumbling  Mustard. 176 

Turkey  Mullein 231 

Turnip 175 

Twin-flower 338 

Typha 24 

Typhaceae 23 

Ulex 217 

Umbelliferae 255 

Unifolium 104 

Urtica 122 

Urticaceae 122 

Utricularia 332 

Vaccinium 276 

Vagnera 103 

Valeriana 340 

Valerianaceae 339 

Valerinella 340 

Valerian  Family 339 

Vancouveria 164 

Vanilla-grass 37 

Vanilla-leaf 164 

Velvet-grass 44 

Venus' s  Looking  Glass 344 

Veratrum 103 

Verbascum 316 

Verbena 305 

Verbenaceae 305 

Verbena  Family 305 

Veronica 322 

Vervain 305 

Vetch 222 

Vetchling 223 

Viburnum 337 

Vicia 222 

Vignea 67 

Vine  Maple 235 

Viola 241 

ViOLACEAE 241 

Violet 241 

Violet  Family 241 


4i8 


INDEX. 


Wake  Robin 100 

Wall  Barley 64 

Wappato 30 

Washingtonia . 259 

Water  Buttercup 155 

Water  Crowfoot 155 

Water  Hemlock 263 

Waterleaf 298 

Waterleaf  Family 287 

Waterlily  Family 150 

Water  Milfoil 254 

Water  Milfoil  Family 253 

Water  Plantain 30 

Water  Plantain  Family 30 

Watershield 151 

Water  Starwort 232 

Water  Starwort  Family 231 

Waterweed 31 

Waterwort  Family 241 

Western  Bulrush 84 

Western  Hemlock 23 

Western  White  Pine 19 

Western  Yew 17 

Wheat-grass 61 

Slender 62 

Whin .  218 

Whipplea 185 

White-hark  Pine 19 

White  Clover 220 

White  Fir 21 

White  Hellebore 103 

Wild  Barley 63 

Wild  Carrot 258 

Wild  Cherry 199 

Wild  Crab-apple 201 

Wild  Geranium 228 

Wild  Ginger 125 


Wild  Hyacinth 94 

Wild  Lettuce 359 

Wild  Mint 308 

Wild  Radish 168 

Willow 113 

Willow  Family 112 

Willow  Herb 246 

Windflower 153 

Wokas 151 

Wood  Anemone 153 

Wood  Fern 7 

Wood  Rush 91 

Woodsia 8 

Wood  Sorrel 230 

Wood  Sorrel  Family 229 

Woodwardia 5 

Wormwood 381 

Wyethia 376 

Xanthium 361 

Xerophyllum 102 

Yarrow 379 

Yellow  Dock 128 

Yellow  Pine 20 

Yellow  Pond  Lily 151 

Yellow  Skunk  Cabbage 85 

Yellow  Trefoil 222 

Yerba  Buena 309 

Yew 16 

Western 17 

Yew  Family 16 

Zannichellia 27 

Zigadenus 99 

Zizia 265 

Zostera 28 


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THE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,   SANTA  CRUZ 

SCIENCE  LIBRARY 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  DATE  stamped  below. 


FP  9    1984 


"^  m{  u  1  '86 

P     REC'0FEB2  81986 
MAY  2  0  1992  RKO 


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